Rhodophyta

Domain EukaryaKingdom

Rhodophyta/Biliphyta?Phylum Rhodophyta

Looking Back at Bio 115The Organism as a Unit of Life

Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!

Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)

Growth = irreversible change in size

Reproduction…failure = extinction

Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior

Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

Shifting Kingdoms2 3 5 6 8

Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria

Archaebacteria

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteri

aArchaebacteri

aArchaebacter

ia

Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans

Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids

Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes

Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae

Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae

Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae

Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds

True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi

Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes

Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes TracheophytesTracheophyte

s

Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans

Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Multicellular Animals

Lumpers Splitters

Plantae Protista Rhodophyta

How Many Kingdoms?Multicellul

ar Animals

Myxozoans

Protozoans

Tracheophytes

Bryophytes

True Fungi

Slime Molds

Red algae

Brown Algae

Green Algae

Chrysophytes

Euglenoids

Archezoans

Archaebacteria

Bacteria

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

8

5

3

2

1

Rhodophyta• Photosynthetic, mostly marine red

algae

• Odd features Body multicellular, supported by water, so

simple thallus

• Thallus attached to substrate by holdfast

• Rarely pelagic (floating)

Chloroplasts have three membranes (secondary endosymbiont)

Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin…colors can be red, brown, purple, blue, green, blackish!

Storage materials: floridean starch in cytosol (-1,4-glycan)

Wall polysaccharides: cellulose and agar or carrageenan

No flagella, so centriole missing

Gametangia: spermatangia (male) and carpogonium (female)

Some species encrust with calcium carbonate…contribute to reefs

• 4000 species

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://www.dennerle.de/images/pflanzen/algen/bartmic.gif

Compsopogon

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Caloglossa.jpg

Caloglossa

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex/photogallery/Callithamnion_baileyi_lb2306.jpg

CallithamnionQuickTime™ and a

TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.

http://www.cibnor.org/colecciones/malgas/img/poc.jpg

Porphyridium

Here are some of the example red algae some of these you should have observed in laboratory.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://www.bio.mtu.edu/the_wall/phycodisc/RHODOPHYTA/gfx/PORPHYRIDIUM_UNICELL.jpg

Porphyridium

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Mitochondrion

Nucleus

Stellate Chloroplast

Floridean Starch

Vacuole

Polysiphonia nigrescens

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://www.com.univ-mrs.fr/IRD/atollpol/ecorecat/images/polyser.jpg

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Polysiphonia_tetraspores.jpg

Polysiphonia nigrescens

2N tetrasporophyte

tetrasporangium

tetraspore (meiospore)

benthic (attached)

filamentous

common on New England rocky coast

Qu

ickTim

e™

an

d a

TIF

F (

Uncom

pre

sse

d)

de

com

pre

ssor

are

nee

de

d t

o s

ee t

his

pic

ture

.

http://www.microscopy-uk.net/mag/imgmar99/polys7c.jpg

Tetraspore (meiospore) germinates into isomorphic homothallic gametophyte (1N) thallus

Male branches near the tops of the plants produce spermatangia

Female branches near the bottom of the thallus produce carpogonia

Polysiphonia nigrescens

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/ marine/algae/polysiphonia%20male.jpg

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Tetraspore (meiospore) germinates into isomorphic thallus

Male branches produce spermatangia releasing spermatia

Polysiphonia nigrescens

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Polysiphonia_female.jpg

Female branches produce carpogonium with trichogyne.

Trichogyne receives spermatium (no flagellum!)

trichogyne

spermatium

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/marine/algae/Polysiphonia%20nigrescens450.jpg

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://www.microscopy-uk.net/mag/imgmar99/polys11b.jpg

Polysiphonia nigrescens

The 2N zygote develops inside the cystocarp attached to the gametophyte (1N) thallus.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://www.microscopy-uk.net/mag/imgmar99/polys3.jpg

The cystocarps expand and mature into carposporangiaCarposporangia release diploid carpospores which then germinate into diploid tetrasporophytes.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

carpogonium

Polysiphonia Life Cycle

Qu

ickTim

e™

and

aTIF

F (

Un

com

pre

ssed

) d

ecom

pre

sso

rare

nee

de

d t

o s

ee t

his

pic

ture

.

Gametophyte isomorphichomothallic

1N 2N

syngamy

meiosis

Carposporophyte (inside cystocarp)

spermatangium

spermatium(released to water)

trichogyne

Note: See previous slides for photo credits!

cystocarp

zygote (inside

cystocarp)

carpospore(released to watersettles to substrategrows by mitosis)

Tetrasporophyte

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

tetrasporangium

tetraspore

(released to water

settles to substrate grows by mitosis)

gametes

(produced by mitosis)

tetrasporocyte