factors related to patterns of life after having joined...

,ffi.""

2 7 iuhl 2001

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FACTORS REI"ATED TO PATIERNS OF LIFE AFTER HAVING JOII\IEDTHE EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAMME: A STUDY OF TEACEERS

IN TITE CENTRAL REGION OX'TEE OFFICE OF TEE NATIONALPRIMARY EDUCATION COM1WSSION

PRAYOD CHAMKHAM?

A THESIS STIBI\IITTED IN PARTIAL FT,LFILLMENTOF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (POPULATION EDUCATTON)FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

MAHIDOL UMYERSITY2001

rsBN 974-66*262-lCOPYRIGHT OF MAHIDOL UNTVERSITY

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ThesisEntitled

X'ACTORS RELATED TO PATTERNS OF LIFE Af,'TER HAVING JOINEDTHE EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAMME: A STTJDY OF TEACIIERS

IN TIIE CENTRAL REGION OF THE OT'T'ICE OF TIIE NATIONALPRIMARY EDUCATION COMMISSION

S,- vM,,' lJ^ro*.-Mr. Sommai Wansorn, C.A.S.Major Advisor

*

(!oh ffiy*^*,/,*,Assoc.Prof. Pricha Hongskrailer, Ph.D.Co-advisor

/,Prof. Liangchai Limlomwonges, Ph.D. Assoc.Prof. Supavan Phlainoi, Ed.D.Dean ChairmanFaculty of Graduate Studies Master of Arts Programme in

Population EducationFaculty of Social Sciences and Humnaities

j, Copyright by Mahidol University

t

a

ThesisEntitled

T.ACTORS RELATED TO PATTERNS OX'LIFE AFTER HAVING JOINEDTIIE EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAMME: A STUDY OT.TEACI{ERS

IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF TIIE OFFICE OF THE NATIONALPRIMARY EDUCATION COMNISSION

was submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University for the

degree of Master of Arts (Population Education)

on

March 13,2001

P^y,d (hryhhlyMr. Prayod ChamkhamCandidate

-%^r*?t' LJ^*^-

o

-ztt_4/Prof. Mr. Satit Niyomyatrt, Ph.D.Member

Mr. Sommai Wansorn, C.A.S.Chairman

Assoc. Prof. Sasipat Yodpet, M.S.W.Member

4/ s/- g-Prof. Liangchai Limlomwonges, Ph.D.DeanFaculty of Graduate StudiesMahidol University

Assoc.Prof. Sivalee Sirilai, M.A.Acting DeanFaculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesMahidol University

I Copyright by Mahidol University

P

a

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep appreciation tomy Major-advisor Mr. Sommai Wansorn for the greatest of guidance, invaluableadvice, and supervision throughout.

I am equally grateful to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pricha Hongskrailers my co-advisor, for his valuable comments, refinement of my work, guidance, andsuggestion. I am also thankful to Dr. Satit Niyomyaht and Assoc. Prof. SasipatYodpet for valuable comments and guidance.

I would like to thanks to Sacred Light Baptist for the financial support. Andspecial tlranks to Rev. Poonsook Setsoponkul and her church committee for theirlove, kindness, and encouragement.

I would like to thank to Mr. Kumchad Jantavongso and Kung SiripornLeartprasittana and all of the officers of the Office of the National PrimaryEducation Commission. for their friendly and helpful services.

I am particularly indebted to Mr. Sommai Kochanam and all the classmatesof mine whose wonderful ability and experience assisted me with their suggestionsand direction in this research study.

I also deeply indebted to my beloved wife, Athitthan Chamkham who gaveme encouragement and inspiration. Finally, to my father and mother without whomit would have been impossible to pursue and compete this academic study.

Mr. Prayod Chamkham

o

t Copyright by Mahidol University

t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis/ iv

4137351 SHPEA{ : MAJOR: POPULATION EDUCATION; M.A.(POPITLATION EDUCATION)

KEY WORDS : PATTERN OF LIFE / EARLY RETIREMENTPRAYOD CHAMKHAM: FACTORS RELATED TO PATTERNS OF

LIFE AFTER HAVING JOINED TIIE EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAMME:A STUDDY OF TEACHERS IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF TIIE OFFICE OFTHE NATIONAL PRIMARY EDUCATION COMMISSION. TIIESIS ADVISORS:SOMMAI WANSORN, C.A.S., PRICHA HONGSKRAILERS., Ph.D. 145 P.ISBN 974-66s-262-l

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to thepattern of life of the teachers in the central region of the office of the NationalPrimary Education Commission who were early retirement n 1999. The sampleswere from 512 teachers, by using the simple random sampling method. The data wascollected from questionnaires. The data was amlyzed by using frequency,percentage, mean, standard deviation, range and chi-square test.

This study has five patterns of life which were the dependent variables as

follows: planning, resting, religion volunteer and social working, own business, andworking. Also, there were 13 independent variables as follows: sex, marital status,educational level, position level, duty, occupation progress, health, minor job,economic level, debts, family influence, social influence, andjob attitude.

The study results revealed that there were teachers: in the cental regionof the office of the national primary education commission in planning of l2.lpercent, resting of 58.2 percent, in religion volunteer and social working of 9.2percent, in own business of 18.6 percents, and working of 2.0

The study result of factors related to the patterns of life revealed that thereare five independent variables as follows: sex, health, minor job, debt, socialinfluence, and job attitude. The significance level was fixed at 0.05.

The study result suggesti.ons are that organizations which have

responsibilrty for this project should concem themselves about the factors which are

related to the patterns of life by changing qualiffing criteriq benefits and alsopreparation before and after early retirement officers, in order that the earlyretirements of officers could spend their lives with happiness and use theirexperience to be the highest benefit to themselves and the country.

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i

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LTST OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT @nglish)

ABSTRACT (Thai)

LTST OF TABLE

LIST OF FIGTIRES

CHAPTER

I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and significance of study

1.2 Objectives of study

1.3 Research question

1.4 Hypothesis

1.5 Limitation of the study

1.6 The definition of the terms

1.7 The usefulness of the study

1.8 Conceptual framework

II LMERATT'RE REVIEW

2.1 Administrative structure of thai public administration system

2.2 The administration structure of the offrce ofthe national primary

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education commission 24


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CHAPTER

.2.3

2.4

2.5

LIST OF CONTENTS (Cont.)

Concepts on manpower cut in the government sector

Official retirement law and concepts

Concepts and theory related to post-retirement life pattems

and other factors

Related research

Page

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75a 2.6

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Population

3.2 Sample size

3.3 Researches instrument

3.4 Instrument construction and development

3.5 Data collection

3.6 Data analysis

IV RESTJLTS

4.1 First Section: Characteristics of the samples

4.2 Second Section: Hypothesis testing

V DISCUSSION

5.1 Teacher's qualifications

5.2 Factors affecting pattern of life

5.3 Pattern of life

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LIST OF CONTENTS (Cont.)

CHAPTER

VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 The conclusion of this study

6.2 Analyticd results of relationship

6.3 Policy suggestions

6.4 Suggestions on family society

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX

BIOGRAPHY

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

I Statistics of Thai population of students and teachers ofthe office ofthe

national Primary education commission 5

2 The proportion between a teacher and studems in primary schools in Asia 6

3 Retirement age comparison and population working rate l0

4 Number and percentage distribution by sex age marital status and

education level

5 Number and percentage distribution by duty position occupation

l0

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12

progress and health

6 Number and percentage distribution by minor job,

7 Percentage distribution by family influence

8 Percentage distribution by social influence

9 Percentage distribution by job attitude

l3

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15

l6

t7

18

t9

9l

economic level, debt 92

94

96

Percentage distribution by early retirement program attitude

Number and percentage distribution by pattern of life

The relationship between sex and the pattern of lives

The relationship between age and the pattern of life

The relationship between marital status and the pattern of life

The relationship between education level and the pattern of life

The relationship between position level and the pattern of life

The relationship between duty and the pattern of life

The relationship between occupation progress and the pattern of life

The relationship between health and the pattern of life

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LIST OF TABLES (Cont.)

Table

20 The relationship between minor job and the pattern of tife

2l The relationship between economic lever and the pattern of life

22 The relationship between debt and the pattem of life

23 The relationship between family influence and the pattern of life

24 The relationship between social influence and the pattern of life

25 The relationship benveen job attitude and the pattem of life

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*

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

I The Population pyrarnid opinions on percent of age and sex in 1960-2010

2 Structure of organization according to manpower scheme

3 Organizational relationship and trend of resignation

4 A type of resignation orjob change according to the concept of March

and Simon

5 A type ofresignation orjob change according to the concept ofprices

6 variables supporting resignation according to the concept of Thomas A.

Decottis and TiMothy P. Summers

7 Model of Job quit according to concept of Willem H. Mobley

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{Fac.of Grad. Studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) / I

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and significance of the study

1.1.1 The problem of public administration systems

In 1995, Thailand became the member of World Trade Organization.

$nO). As a result, free and fair trade occurs. In other wordo every country that is

in the membership of this organization must accept free trade. Therefore, every

country including Thailand has to improve their products and services, such zrs

using high technology, reducing investment costs by decreasing officers, etc..

These can help them be ready for business competition in the world. (Pricha

Hangskrailers, 2000: 1)

The public administration system of Thailand are an important system that

has taken part in the development of our country for a long time, therefore the

public administration system has to adjust itself to the state of free trade. However,

there were a few reforms on the public administration system in the past. The first

time was in the age of Somdaj Par Balomtilognaj. (1445-1529) and the second time

was in the age of King Rama V (ACl892) in which King Rama V established some

ministries and departments. @oong Kaewdaeng, 1995: 19)

From 1892 until now no any reform has been done on the public

administration system. There are only some new departments and authorities.

Moreover, the expansion of departments and authorities has enlarged the public

o

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{Prayod Chamkham Introduction r 2

administration system. That causes serious problems for the government. The first

problem is that the government has to spend a substantial budget of about 342,209

million bath for authorities' salary . The budget accounts for 42.8 percent of all

budgets totaling 800,000 million bath in 1998. The second problem is the large

size of the public administration system that is more complex than earlier.

1.1.2 Public reengineering idea

Laissez Faire said, "The best government is the least govern.,, So many

countries have adopted this idea and have started reforming their public

administration system. Furthermore, they rcalize that the public administration

system has retarded the development of their countries. However, the public

administration system has to work for some important government jobs, therefore

many countries have been working out for the best way to improve the public system

administation. (office of Govemment System Reform commission,lggg: 69)

Manpower resource planning is the process to concern about reasonable

allotnent, appropriate property and timetable. Therefore, Thailand has planned for

this in term of public reengineering, such as:

1. Group of work

2. Set up the conformance to accord for the burden

3. Spread of the power

4. Transform

5. Using bottom-up system

6. Downsizing

a

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1Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) l3

1.1.3 Early retirement program

The pattern of downsizing is one of public reengineering, and this pattem is

organized and prepared by decision of the cabinet on June 29,lggg. The name of

this program is Change the way of Life : Early Retirement. This program has

started since October 1, 1999. According to the nation planning, public officers will

be decreasedby 20 percent in 2003.

Objectives of the early retirement program are to make the public

administration system smaller, compact and efficient. Therefore, principles of this

progftrm are:

To be voluntary of public officers

To reduce public officers by at least 80 percent of all project affiliated

offices.

To balance between early retirement officers and the budget aspects are:

Officers who have been over 50 years old or had 25 years experience in

public working since September 30, 1999.

They have to have at least one year remaining before 60 years old

since October 1,1999.

Benefits for early retirement offices are some special money each month

according to the following information.

A. Specialgilt: Thelastwage x 7 (paytwotimesayear)

B. Gratuity in cause isn't the member.

= The last wage x age of working

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o Copyright by Mahidol University

oPrayod Chamkham Introduction I 4

: The last wage x age of working

50

C. Retired officials in the form of monthly payments in cause are the

members.

: The average wage of last 60 months x age of working

All of these benefits must not exceed over 70 percent of the average wage

of last 60 months.

D. Special money each month for everyone who wants to get money

payment only.

: last wage x age of working

50

1.L.4 Rating of teacher of the pffice of the National primary

Education Commission

According to the Office of National Primary Education Commission,

there are more teachers applying for the early retirement program than other

govemment officers. There were 11,088 officers from the Offrce of National

Primary Education Commission who entered into the early retirement progams.

Overall, there were about 25,000 officers. Therefore, the researcher is interested in

studying a group of teachers of the Office of National Primary Education

Commission. The information of this department is as follows:

' The Office of National Primary Education Commission has started since

october 1, 1980. Therefore, primary schools are cumulated and managed by

this department. The National Primary Education Commission has had a lot of

officers to cover all the areas. According to studying of primary sources, it shows

a

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tFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 5

from 1980 until now officers of this department have been expanding. There are

three reasons. First, people like to work for the public including to be teachers in

public schools. Second, at that time it was the baby boom period, and so there were

more children in primary schools than normal time. Third, the government policy

wanted to develop up-country areas by building many schools. These reasons

made the quick expansion of offices of this departrnent.

Table 1 Statistics of Thai populations of students and teachers of the Office

of the National Primary Education Commission

Source : Office of National Statistics 1983,1992,1997The Office of the National Primary Education Commission, Policy and

Planning, 1989 - 1998

Office of Civil Service, 1997: llThe Office of the National Primary Education Commission, 1990: 16Administration Department, Registration Section, 1 989 - I 998

The table 1 shows that students of the Office of the National Primary

Education Commission in the pasd 20 years increased 3.3 percent. However,

a

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26.257.91634,397,374

55,888

59,095,419

3s6.856


tPrayod Chamkham Introduction I 6

teachers rose 16.9 percent. Thereforeo the increase of teachers is higher than

sfudents. According to the Unesco, the proportion between teachers and

students in Thailand is 1:17. If we compare this proportion with other counties in

the region, Thailand has more teachers but less students. Moreover, the sfudy of

Sirichai Chinathungur (1990: 67-73) says that the best proportion of teachers and

students should be in an average range of l:21-33.

According to table 2, it shows that Thailand has more teachers than other

counties. The proportion between teachers and students in Thailand is l:17. In Japan

and Malaysia, the proportion isl:20. China shows that of 1:22. Indonesia presents that

of :23. singapore shows the proportion of l:26. south Korea shows l:33. The

Philippines shows l:34. And, Vietnam shows 1:36.

Table 2 The proportion between a teacher and students in primary schools in

Asia

Countries The proportion of ateacher and students

Thailand

ChinaIndonesia

Vietnam

Source: UNESCO, World education report, 1995World population data sheet, 197 7

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$Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) / 7

Nowadays, technology plays a powerful role in many areas of management

including education. Department of Adult Education and Thai-Khom Foundation

have attempted to manage education satellite. It is possible that technology will

replace human in some areas; such as, paper works. This also makes less jobs for

people in all areas.

1.1.5 Population structure, human resource development and rate of

retirement ages

The objective of the early retirement program is not only to decrease

govemment charges but also to increase efficiency and take responsibility for

early retirement officer welfare. Therefore, population structure, human resource

development and retirement age rates in the past, present, and future should be

concemed.

The world population structure has undergone changes, people have

longer lives than before. That means our world will have a lot of elders who are

over 65 years old. Ellen (1991) and the report of the World .Health Association

in 1996 says that longer life of populations causes the important agenda of our

future world. The ratio of elders in development countries increases 200-400 percent.

The ratio of elders in Japan also increases 200 percent each year. (Yukiko &

Fumio, 1979:45)

I

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iPrayod Chamkham

Figure I

0{:J:t3313 (:e:io)

Introduction I 8

loEn(:o:r6!lo2JS3 (!OrO)

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G { : O 2( C tt5{3 (:OOO)

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The population pyramid opinions on percent of age and sex in 1960-2010

From: Chulalongkorn University, Population data sheet, 1998

Mahidol University, Population data sheet 2000

=l77.

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oFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Educatron) I 9

In the same way, Thailand has a sifuation similar to western counties.

According to the figure 1, in 1960 crud birth to 14 years old was of 39 percents,

populations from 15 years old to 59 years old were of 55 percents, elder population

who was 60 years old and over equals to 6 percents. In 2000, crud birth to 14

years old was 23.5 percents, populations from 15-59 years old were 67.5 percents,

elder population who was 60 years old and over was equivalent to 9.0 percents.

And, it is estimated in 2010 crud birth population to 14 years old will be of 23.5

percents, populations from 15-59 years old will be 59.5 percents, elder population

who is 60 years old and over will equal to 17.0 percent. The population pyramid

has revealed an increasing number of elders.

Precha Hongskrailers (1998: 9-10) and Sompoch Kasaemsin (1999:31) said

that human resources were very important for institutes, so all institutes should

take care of them. Human resource management should have vision, idea and

planning process. The

process of human resource development planning contains five steps as follows:

1. Put the right man on the rightjob

2. Potential development of human resources

3. Encourage and promote officers at appropriate time

4. Take care of these officers to be the institutes avail

5. Change old officers' attitudes

Somboon Salyacheewin (1989: 51) said that retirement rates in many counties

are different; for example, Japan has the retirement rate of 60 years old. Some

European countries show the retirement rate of 65 or 70 years old. In the USA, the

retirement rate is 65 years old . The retirement rate in some countries is 55 years old.

o

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t Prayod Chamkham Intoduction I 10

Table 3 Retirement age comparison and working population rate

Retirement

Age (l)*Life 121* Working Population Rate (3)*

Expectancy r5-54 l5- 59 is-aq r5-69Malaysia

Singapor,

Thailand

Vietram

Korea (S)

Japan

USA

Sweden

Denmark

55

55

60

60

60

65

65

65

68

72

76

69

67

73

77

73

79

5

I tz,s'go,ooo

| ,,ruo,ooo

| ,r,rrr,ooo

45,637,000

29,902,000)

69,931,000 i

59,306,000 I

5,2gg,000 |

2,924,OOOI

13,21I,00c

2,403,00(

40,570,00(

47,394,00a

31,823,000

78,661,000

72,914,000

5,739,000

3,273,000

13,759,000

2,521,000

42,332,000

49,094,000

33,623,000

86,336,000

t 83,754,000 ]

6,127,OOOI

3.s38.0001

14,129,000

2,614,000

3,704,000

49,094,000

34,951,000

93,403,000

93,230,000

6,499,000

3,760,000

Source: (l)* United Nations, population aging,1999(2)* World population datasheet, 1997(3)* United Nations world population prospects, 1999

According to the table 3, it shows that every country has diflerent retirement

rates. People in some Asian counties retire in a range of 55-60 years old. In European

counties, people retire at 65 years old and over. In the USA, people retire at 65 years

old.

In Thailand people retire at the age of 60 years old so that in 2000 there will

be 40,570,000 people who are in the labor force. If the retirement rate stays at 65

years, then there will be 42,332,000 people in the labor force. On the other hand, ifthe retirement rate is 55 years old, Thailand will have 38,020,000 people in the labor

force. The total of labor force is 4,312,000 people. Therefore, we have to think what

we are going to plan for the manpower resources.

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l Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 1l

Moreover, people who are between 50 to 60 years old and work for the

government have quality, potentialrty and experience, so that they should not retire

at the age of 60 years old but should retire at the age of more than 65 years old.

Particularly, teachers are professionally working, so the more they teach the

more they have experience. Then, there are a lot of teachers applying for the early

retirement program, it may cause quality loss in education. And, if teachers who

apply for the early retirement program have nothing to do, that means our society

will lose a type of valuable human resources by getting nothing too.

Therefore, in this study the researcher is interested in studying about the

patterns of life after having joined the early retirement program. The case study is

teachers of the Office of National Primary Education Commission in the central

region.

1.2 Objective of the study

To study characteristics of teachers of the Office of National Primary

Education Commission in the cental region who have applied for the early retirement

progrm.

l. To study the pattems of life of teachers of the Office of National Primary

Education Commission in the central region after having joined the early retirement

pro$am.

2. To study the relationship between independent variables and the

patterns of life of teachers of the Office of National Primary Education Commission

in the central region after having joined the early retirement program.

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IPrayod Chamkham Introduction r 12

1.3 Research questions

1.3.1 What are the characteristics of teachers of the Office of National

Primaty Education Commission in the central region after having joined the early

retirement program ?

1.3.2 What are their pattems of life after having joined the early retirement

program?

1.3.3 How should the relationship between independent variables and

dependent variables should be?

1.4 Hypothesis

Different independent variables including sex, marital statuso educational

level, position level, duty, occupation progress, health, minor job, economic

level, debts, family influence, social influence and job attitude also reflect

differeirt patterns of life.

1.5 Limitation of the study

This research will study about the patterns of life after having joined the

early retirement program of teachers of the Office of National Primary Education

Commission in the central region who have joined the early retirement program

since October 1,1999.

1.6 The definition of the study

' Criterion of early retirement is referred to age and time period that ones who

work for govemment and want to join the early retirement program. Therefore, they

must be over 50 years old or they must work for the government more than 25 years.

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iFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 13

Counting on the last day, September 30,1999, they also must have at least one year

leave.

Early retirement people are teachers in the central region of the Office of

National Primary Education Commission. Provinces chosen include Nakhon Patom,

Chainat, Angthong, Suphanburi, Ayudthaya, Petchaburi, Lopburi, Ratchaburi,

Uthaithari, Nonthaburi, Parthomtany, Samutpragan, Samutsakhol, Kanchanaburi,

Singburi, and Prachuap khinrikhan.

The patterns of life are life activities which are usually done by

teachers who have joined the early retirement program. There are five pattems of life

as follows:

1. Planing means the life pattern in which those engaged are planning for

their jobs or are studying about their jobs after early retirement. But

they have not decided yet.

2. Resting means the life pattern in which those engaged do not want to

work. They want to spend their free time with traveling and hobbies.

3. Religion volunteers and social works mean the life pattem in which

those engaged join activities on a basis of no money and benefits, such

as culture religion and other volunteer activities.

4. Own business means the life pattern in which those engaged work for

their own business, such as agriculture, handicraft, and business.

5. Working means the life pattern in which those engaged work for a

company and get sdary.

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t Prayod Chamkham Introduction t 14

The characteristics mean personality and quality of teachers who join the

early retirement program; such as, sex, marital stafus, educational level, position

level, duty, occupation progress, health, minor job, economic level, and debt burdens.

Marital status means the status of couples, such as married, widow and

single.

Educational level means the level of education teachers attain before joining

the early retirement program, such as below a bachelor's degrees, a bachelor's

degrees and diplomas.

Position level means the level of work positions teachers obtain before

joining the early retirement program, such as teacher I with level 3-6, teacher 2 with

level6-7 and teacher 3 with level 6-9.

Duty means the duty teachers take up before joining the early retirement

program. There axe two sections, teaching and administration.

Occupation progress means the level of occupation progress teachers attain

duing l0 years before joining the early retirement program. There are three groups of

occupation progress. First, the high occupation progress was the one that

teachers receive two ratings twice in the past l0 years. Second, it is the one that

teachers receive two ratings one time in the past l0 years. Thir4 it is the one that

teachers never have two ratings in the past l0 years

Health means the health of teachers who join the early retirement

progftrm. There are five groups i.e. very good, good, ill, percent and permanently ill.

Minor job means jobs teachers who joined the early retirement program have

while they are working for the government.

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$Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 15

Economic level means economic levels teachers who joined the early

retirement program are on by evaluating from properties and savings. This study

divides economic levels into three groups, such as good economic level, fair

economic level and poor economic level.

Debt burden means debts teachers who join the early retirement program

hold on by evaluating from spending and income. This study divides debt burdens

into two groups i.e. having debts and having no debts.

Family influence manes that teachers who joined the early retirement

program are influenced by their families for decision on the patterns of life. This

study divides family influence into five levels.

Social influence means that teachers who joined the early retirement progftlm

are influenced by the society for decision on the patterns of life. This study divides

social influence into five levels.

Job attitude means the level of attitudes teachers who joined the early

retirement program have to their occupations, such as adminishative justice, worker

relationship and wage. This study divides the level of attitudes into five levels.

1.7 The usefulness of the study

To be useful for human resource development planning, to give highest

benefits to person, quantum and society.

To be useful for welfare planning for officers who joined the early retirement

program.

To use the research information to determine qualification criteria in the next

early retirement program.

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iPrayod Chamkham Introduction r 16

To use the research information to determine activities in order that officers

who join the early retirement program could spend their lives in happiness and use

their experience to provide highest benefits to themselves, society and country.

1.8 Conceptual framework

Independent variables Dependent variables

oPersonal factorsSexMarital statusEducation levelPosition levelDutyOccupation progressHealthEconomic factorsMinorjobEconomic levelDebts

Social and Psycholory factorsFamily influenceSocial influenceJob attitude

Patterns of life afterearll' retirement1. Planning2. Restingl3. Religion volunteer and

social working4. Orvn business5. Working

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IFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) I 17

CIIAPTER II

LITERATT]RE REVIEW

This research is the study of factors associated with the patterns of life after

the early retirement program of public teachers - so called government officials -both with teaching in charge and with administration in charge at academic institutes

of Office of the National Primary Education Commission in the central region. The

researcher divides concepts, theories and related researches into parts, which are

adopted as guidelines, as follows:

l. History of Thai Public Administration System

2. Administrative Structure of Office of the National Primary Education

Commission

3. Concepts on manpower cut in the public sector

4. Laws and concepts regarding retirement in the public sector

5. Concepts and theories related to the patterns of life and several factors

6. Related researches

2.1 Administrative strucfure of thai public administration system

2.1.1 History of Thai public administration system

According to the study on the history of Thai public administration

system, beginning from the Phau Khun Ram Khamhaeng period of Sukhothai, the

public administration system was that a father takes care of a child and accepted that

the king is the center. Any in troubles could ring a bell for the king to listen. Later, the

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$Prayod Chamkham Literature Reviewr 18

the king is the center.Any in troubles could ring a bell for the king to listen. Later, the

Rama King I (Phra chao Auu Thong) period of Ayudhya placed a new public

administration system and the king still possessed the absolute power. However, there

were four ministers who took responsibility fqr four types of governance so called

"Jafusadom" consisting of

' wieng Khun wieng is the commander and responsible for

maintenance of peace and suppression of bad men.

Wang Khun Wang is the commander and responsible for activities in

the Royal Palace, maintenance of Royal Household and arrangement of royal

formalities.

Kang Khun Kang is the commander and responsible for royal

incomes kept in the Kang (so called Royal Bank) and those paid for govemment

afiflairs.

' Na Khun Na is the commander and has duty and responsibility for

maintenance of royal paddy fields and collection of paddy field rentals from people.

Likit Theeraveakin (1994:30-31) noted that in the period of Somdet

Pra Baromma Trai Lokanard, a new public administration system was established

with the two positions of Great Minister i.e. Samud Ha Pra Kalahome and Samud Ha

Na Yok who were the supervisors of the four ministers i.e. Khun Wieng, Khun W*g,

Khun'Kang and Khun Na. The two Great Ministers had the same governance

structure. Samud Ha Pra Kalahome controlled the entire southern part of Ayudhya

Kingdom and Samud Ha Na Yok looked after the entire northern part.

Thiruraphan Nakata (1990: ll-12) and Kramol Thongthammachat and

others (1989: 24-25) said that in the period of the King Rama V of Radanakosin the

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p Fac.of Grad. Studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) I 19

public administation system underwent a process of restructuring. The two Great

Ministers and the four ministers were withdrawn. There were 12 new goverrment

sections established. Initially, the 12 new government sections were Departrrent and

then changed to Ministry.

l. Ministry of Interior is responsible for contolling northem province

and Laos, the colony.

2. Ministry of Defense is responsible for controlling southern

provinces, eastern provinces and Malayu, the colony.

3. Ministry of Foreign Af[airs is responsible for foreign atrairs.

4. Ministy of Wang (or royal palace) is responsible for government

affairs in the Royal Palace.

5. Ministry of Nakornban (or metropolitan) is responsible for police

affairs and correction af[airs

6. Ministry of Pra Kang Matra Sombat (or royal bank with great

properties) is responsible for tax and tariff collection and money,

either received or paid.

7. Ministry of Justice is responsible for supervising nationwide courts

of civil, criminal and appeal.

8. Ministry of Yudhanathikan (or military/armed atrairs) is

responsible for army and navy af[airs.

9. Ministry of Kasetfrathikan (or agriculfire) is responsible for

farming, foresting, mining and trading.

10. Ministy of Dhammakan (or religious/education/public health) is

responsible for religious affairs, education and public health.

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IPrayod Chamkham Literature Reviewr 20

ll.Ministy of Public Works is responsible for construction, road

building, canal digging, general crafts.

12. Ministry of Murathathikan is responsible for protecting the national

coat-of-arms and the royal enactment and all government

documents.

2.1.2 Present laws regarding state administration regulations

The present law regarding state administration regulations is State

Administration Regulation Act B.E. 2535 that contains main contents on the public

administration structure as follows :

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2.1 .2.1 central public administration (government) consists of

1. office of the Prime Minister (with the status of Ministry)

2. Ministry or government bureau that has the status

equivalent to Ministry

3. Govemment bureau that belongs to office of the prime

Minister or Ministry

4. Department or govemment offices called in other names

and having the status of Department that belong to or do not

belong to Office of the prime Minister, Ministry or

Government Bureau

5. setting up or dissolving government offices indicated in to

1, to 4 has to be announced by acts.


tFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Educanon) l2l

2.1.2.2 Regional public administration (govemment) consists of

l. Province Gathering several districts to set up a province

that has the status of juristic person. Setting up, dissolving

and changing provinces have to be announced by acts.

2. District In a province, tJrere has to be a administration unit

smaller than a province that is so called a district. A district

may be divided into sub-districts. However, it is not

compulsory. The division of sub-districts takes place when

there is a necessity in terms of governance.

Following terms indicated in Regional Administration Act

B.E. 2475, each district (sub-district) is divided into a

tumbon and each tumbon is divided into a village that is the

smallest governance part.

2.1.2.3 Local administration (government) consists of

l. Sub-District Administration Office

2. Provincial Administration Office

3. Municipal administration, there are three types i.e.

3. 1 Metropolitan administration

3.2 Municipal of cities

3.3 Municipal of tumbons

Sanitation district

Other local administration as imposed by acts e.g. Bangkok,

and Pattaya (Office of Civil Service, Welfare Section, L997:

47 - s0)

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I Prayod Chamkham Literature Review I 22

At present, Thai public administation system consists of several

operational levels accordingto administation information 1998 as follows; number of

operations, cental adminishation

a

Ministry

Government bureau

Deparfuent

Independent govemment unit

Units higher than section

Units atthe level of section

Number of operations, regional administation

Province

Distict

Sub-district

Tumbon

Village

Number of operations, local adminisnation

Sub-Distict Adminishation Office

Provincial Administslion Office

Municipal administation

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9

485

12,376

75

795

8l

7,255

69,366

6,397

75

148

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58

Special tlpes of administation and state-owned enterprises

Special administration

State-owned enterpris es


tFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) 123

A manpower ratio of Thai public administration system on a basis of

classification and govenrment personnel :

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Civil officers

Staff and state-owned enterprise employees

Permanent employees

Temporary employees

Kamnan (chief of a group of villages),

Chief of a village (including village offrcers)

Military officers about

Source: Office of Civil Service Commission,1997: lB

13A0,664 people

324)96 people

300,341 people

349,325 people

114,008 people

550,000 people

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2.1.3 Classification of government parts of ministry of education

Established on ln April 1892 in the period of King Rama v, Ministry

of Education was named Ministry of Thammakan with five affiliated deparhnents i.e.

Cenhal Thammakan Departmen! Education Department, Nursing Departnent,

Museum Departnent and Religious Affairs Deparhent. There was the first education

project in 1868 of whichpattern was taken from England.

Ministry of Education has been going through a series of development,

with more departments and sections expanded. In 1895, there was the Ministry,

Departrnent and Section Improvement Act, and Ministry of Education has following

intrinsic sections;

1. Office of the Secretary to the Minister

2. Office of the Permanent Secretaryo Copyright by Mahidol University


3. The Religious Aflairs Department

4. Department of Non-Formal Education

5. Department of Physical Education

6. Department of curriculum and Instruction Development

7. The Fine Arts Department

8. Department of General Education

9. Department of Vocational Education

10. Rajamangala Institute of Technology

11. Office of the National Primary Education Commission

12. Office of the Private Education Commission

13. Office of the Teacher Civil Service Commission

14. Office of the National Culture Commission

15. Office of Rajabhat lnstitutes Council

2.2 The administration structure of the Office of the National primary

Education Commission

The Office of the National Primary Education Commission was

C establishedoq I't October 1980, by gathering the management of primary education

from provincial administration organizations and Department of General Education.

The primary education management according to Primary Education Commission Act

8.8.2523 consists of two parts i.e. the part of commission and the part of office.

2.2.1The part of commission is divided into three levels i.e.

1.1 National Primary Education Office

, 1.2 Primary Education Office of Provinces and of Bangkok

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Fac.of Grad. btudies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) 125a

1.3 Primary Education office of Disticts and Sub-disfiicts

2.2.2 A number of work units rmder Office of the National Primary

Education Commisslen in 1998 is as following;

1.1 Section / operation equivalent to section sections in the central

part 6

1.2 Office of Provincial Primary Education provinces 76

' 1.3 Office of Primary Education of Districts/Sub-districts

dishicts 976

1.4 School group 4,223

1.5 School 31,129

1.6 Classroom 3ll,l57

1.7 Student 6,707,449

1.8 Number of government teacher 355,304

1.9 Civil service 12,942

(Office of the National Primary Education Commission Planning and Policy

Departrnent,7998:2)

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aPrayod Chamkham Literature Reviewr 26

x'igure 2 Structure of organization according to manpower scheme (1g97-lg9g)

a

Office of District and Sub-District primary Education

A number of teacher govemment offrcials under the Sor Por Chor is classified into

levels

ContentUnit

Deputy Directorand SecretaryUnit

Public RelationsUnit

Design andConstructionUnit

CoordinationUnit

Level I

Level2

Level3

Level 4

Level 5

Level 6

LevelT

Administration

F"mance

BudgetAdministration

PaymentEramination

RctircmentpoymentPension

Administration

Developmentand Policy

Analpis andPlan/PmJat

Estimotion

Informatlon

Communimtion

GenemlAdministration

Research andEslimaiion ofEducotionQuality

Promolion ondDevelopment ofEducation

Quality

EducationCommunication

GeneralAdminlstration

Development ofsystem saructure

Persoael work

Welfarc andsecurity

Personneldevelopmcnt

Proctice andLcgal Unit

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Number

Number

Number

Number

Number

Number

Number

59 people

48 people

15,483 people

25,634 people

25,361people

112,508 people

172,079 people

Office of Natlonal Prlmsry EducBtion Commission

Oflice ofComunication and

Development ofEducation Standard


5Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Educ anon) I 27

4,060 people

T2people

355,304 people

Level 8

Level 9

Total

Number

Number

a

A number of government teachers

education basis

under Sor Por Chor is classified on a asis of

18,799 people

35,395 people

296,339 people

4,741people

30 people

355,304 people

(Office of the National Primary klucation Commissiorq Planning and Policy Departnent,

1998:280 -285)

characteristics of qualified teachers as a model are as folowing;

l. Good qualification is having good qualifications and characteristics; for

instance, knowledge, capability, characters, health, qualification, habits,

vision, value and each teacher's morale.

2. Good behavior is being a good person and following teachers, code of

ethics

3. Good work is having good teaching plans, good teaching, good advice,

good arangement of leaming activities, good management, good

Belowjunior degree

Junior degree

Bachelor's degree

Master's degree

Doctoral degree

Total

Number

Number

Number

Number

Number

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tPrayod Chamkham Literature Reviewr 28

estimation and doing everything with good intention and being a good

friend for every student.

Good performance is that learners pass a process of leaming, clever,

know how to think, smart, good, well-disciplined, happy and

independent.

Good welfare is receiving an appropriate level of benefits and career

progress according to practices and performance.

Good dignrty is being praised and given honor by colleagues, community

and society, that he or she is a good person of community, society and

country.

2.3 Concepts on manpo\iler cut in the government sector

Thailand has adopted a concept on manpower cut in the government sector

since the fifth National Economic and Social Development scheme. Related parties

had been drawing up policies on manpower cut until the eighth National Economic

and Social Development scheme that focuses on change from examination and control

on the government system to supervision and promotion and reduction of activities of

the govemment sector. To increase more roles of the pubtic and the private sector. the

govenment system is downsized by limiting an expansion of govemment

organizations and controlling govemment manpower (capacity). (Office of

Government Reformation Commission, 1999: 78)

The government under Chuan Leek-pai declared the policy in the Parliament

on November 20, 1997, on a reduction of govemment roles i.e. decreasing roles in

sgveral activities and supporting the private sector to take up such roles in cooperation

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t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Educanon) / 29

with the government or on a behalf of the govemment in a systematic and practical

way. The goal is to increase service efficiency for the public and, more important, to

reduce investment cost burdens in the government sector. (Office of Government

Reformation Commission, L999: 79)

Roong Kaewdaeng (1995:56 - 60) concluded a seminar by office of

the National Economic and Social Development Board and that by Board Structure

and Position Development Sub-Commission with substantial issues as followingi the

two seminars have reached the same preliminary conclusion i.e. Thai govemment

system is presently too large and clumsy and slow-moving with a large number of

govemment offrcials that is not necessary. Additional, the govemment system holds

many regulations and that causes a center of power.

Offrce of the Civil Service Commission has concluded u/ith nine

inefficiency on the government system i.e.

1. Over expansion of government sector

2. Over increase of government officials

3. Operational system and method that is not appropriate for the age

4. Center of power

5. Regulations not favorable to development

6. Loss of qualified government officials

7. Low payment not in line with a level of capability

8. Comrption, malpractice and not being devoted

9. Personnel administration system lacking efficiency

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tPrayod Chamkham Literature Reviewr 30

Chaianan Samuthvanich suggested that the private sector should be allowed

to take up govemment roles on education and public health from the government

sector in every level or process. For policeman affairs and general administration, the

private sector should be granted a level of participation. For academic af[airs, it is not

regulated that they have to be dealt by government officials, but in fact none of the

private sector has expressed interest. (Office of Govemment Reformation commission,

1999:80)

Leela Sinanukroaha (1987: t29) gave an opinion that important factors in

work units and organizations include personnel and good personnel management. The

management has to support and preserve as much as possible personnel with

knowledge and capability in work units and as long as work units require. A new

management approach is based on scientific methods added with human relations-

based management. According to a test by Professor George Elton Mayo and the

party that have studied and made experiment on an importance of personnel as

management constituent at Hawthron, Chicago, from 1927 to 1932. The experiment

found that

A worker is not a type of economic properties that can be treated in

the same way as physical factors, but a person has a life, so morale

is important in work atmosphere.

Work loads of a worker do not depend on physical capability on

but also social capability.

Mental value or pension in some case can be taken as a stimulus

and provide happiness with work rather than depending on only

prizes or money.

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t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 3l

Division of works according to particular work aspects does not

guarantee that highest interest will always be provided in work.

A worker will not separately have a way to respond to a management

or any pensions but to grve response as a group member.

2.4. Oflicial retirement law and concepts

2.4.1 Offrcial retirement law

According to the Official Retirement Benefit and Pension Act B.E.

2494, Section 19, officials who are fully 60 years old shall be terminated from official

services at the end of fiscal year in which officials are fully 60 years old. (This

section has been amended according to the Offrcial Retirement Benefit and Pension

Act (Copy 15) B.E. The statement in the first paragraph shall not be enforceable to

civil servants in ownership of the King, royal adjutants, assistant royal adjutants and

political officials. The temrination of civil servants in ownership of the King and

royal adjutants is subject to the King's disposition.

Section 21: Third paragraph : when an extension of any official'

service terrrs is ordered, the ministerial official concemed shall inform the official in

charge of retirement contol of the extension of service terrrso and the official in

charge of retirement control shall consequently inform ministry of the same matter.

Section 22:T\e first one-year extension of service terms starts counting

from thb date officials are fully 60 years, and if there is the extension of service terms

in a following year, the extension shall be ordered in advance not less than one month

in prior to the expiry date of the last extension of service terms division of law and

regulations. (Civil Offrcial Office, 1997:5-6)

4.

5.

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aPrayod Chamkham Literature Review/ 32

In the event of juridical offrcials as announced in the Government

Gazette, Legislation version, Volume 116, Section 75 Kor dated September 20, B.E.

2sqz,juridical officials who are fully 60 years old in the fiscal year prior to the fiscal

year in which they assume the position can assume the position of senior judge until

the full age of 65 years. In case that juridical officials have been estimated and

considered possessing a level of capacity to continue working, officials are allowed to

assume the official position until the end of fiscal year in which juridical of6cials are

futly 70 years.

Senior judges shall receive the same rate of salary. Assuming the

position of senior judge, except those who receive salary at the highest base, that

official is allowed to receive the salary higher than I level. In the next fiscal year, it is

allowed the salary base to be adjusted for each position in every year: I level per a

year without any promotion of salary for the position.

. In respect of the Ministy of Defence, the Ministry of Defence agreed

on regulations of early official retirement for the military officer subject to Kor Khor

Tor Meeting's resolution No. 7142 dated July 13, 8.E.2542. The Meeting gave the

military officer 2ways of retirement as follows:

First: The suggestive motivation is getting only the appointnent of a

special rank or promoting to higher rank as a special case without any adjustment of

higher salary subject to the new rank, except Por. Or officer rank, which salary is

allowed to be adjusted equivalent to Nor. 5 officer rank (Special Por. Or), the officer

rank equivalent to the current Nor. 4 rank (in case of having the same salary base) or

the officer rank which shall be claimed for higher level (in case of having the different

sdary base). The person, who will be appointed to higher rank or promoted in higher

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rank shall be appointed in such position not less than 3 years until on December I of

the fiscal year whenever official intends to resign. It is an exempt for the General

ranlg who shall be appointed in the previous position not less than I year, por Or rank

(Special) not less than 2 yqrs, and warrant officer in the rank of Sergeant 1tt Class

(Jor. Soe. Tor) - Master Sergeant (Jor. Sor. Thor) not less than I year until on

December I of the fiscal year whenever the official intends to resign.

Second: The suggestive motivation is getting a lump sum of severance

pay equivalent to 7 times of salary of the last month payable on 2 installments; once a

year. An additional monthly salary shall be given only to the person requested for

retirement benefit or monthly pension equaled to the last month salary plus the

official service period left minus 50. The additional monthly satary shall not be

exceeding 20 percent of the last month salary and retirement benefit plus monthly

pension. The aforementioned amount of salary shall not be higher than the last month

salary.

The qualification of the military officer, who has an intention to resign

subject to the 2 projects required the official whose age is over 45 yeils or having the

official service period (not including the additional period) over 25 years and/or

having official service period left at least over I year (Early retirement project of

Military Office, 1999:2)

2.4.2 Concepts on official retirement

According to an English - Thai Dictionary. the definition of "To

Retire'o is'oKasien At)ru" in Thai, meaning that withdrawal, retreat, isolating from a

society here life is busy, from business or any career.

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t Prayod Chamkham Literature Review/ 34

"Retiremenf' means termination, a particular age or reaching a

particular age. @oyal Institute, 1982: ll2)

Surakul Jenorbrom (1991: 52) has defined that retirement is a social

process of occupation indicating an individual who is employed has to quit his/her job

when reaching a range of ages required. In another sense, retirement merns oneself

withdrawal from a state to another state, from an environment to another

environment; for instance, withdrawing from a state of being a government official to

a state of independence without duties or to a state of private business, etc.

Pttthsurb IManeesri (L999: 5), Chairman of External Fublic Relations

Commissisn, Office of the Civil Service Commission" said a new range of retirement

i.e. between 50 years to 65 years, adding that work details of judge officials and

public prosecutor officials require those who possess a high level of knowledge,

capability and individual skills, including a shortage sf manFower in certain fietds

e.g. the field of science and technology, the field of research and development, etc.

Personnel in the group ofjudge officials, public prosecrilor officials and those who are

in rare fields are given an opportunity to retire on the age of sixfy-five. However,

work evaluation and health examination will be done every two years when the age of

fiffy-five starts.

Beqiama Laohapoonrangsee (1991: 33) said those who accept

retirement is a common incident every in the working age has to encounter

mavoidably and prepare a life plan after retiring in advance are those who can adjust

themselves and their mine and present appropriate roles more than those who do not

prepare anything. planning should be done in advance before retirement about 10 to

15 years.

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Bumside (1976:603) said retirement is a circle of life in a stage of

occupation that is regarded staying on the lowest level of employment. A level of

responsibilrty for careers and work opportunity will reach the lowest level. Those who

retire are provided retirement benefits without working. Therefore, retirement is a role

the society set and has a system of individual replacement as required in accordance

with right, duty and relationship with others. Moreover, retirement is still a process in

which individual prepares life for new discovery and adjustment or even staying away

from the society when retiring.

Ammarakul In-ochanon, the psychologist, suggested .oBy nature, those

who have just retired will be lonely and feel that they do not have value or something

has missed from their lives i.e. a society in which there are friends and works. They

should prepare a pre-retirement plan or plan what they will do after retirement. Those

who retire do not have to forget that 'odon't leave the society". Though they have

retired, they are still able to do some hobbies. They have to think that they are useful

and have more time to look after their house and to spend with children and

grandchildren, etc.. Another important thing is that they should understand the truth

that everything has to change through the course of time and they should not keep

themselves in loneliness. All things are in thought and it is just that they do not think

in negative ways about themselves. That is enough." (sidrat Saposing, 1999:5)

Kaseam Tantipalacheeva & Kulaya Tantipalacheeva (1985: 56) said

that retirement is a kind of problems for the aged who are government officials or

employees. They should pay attention to retirement preparation. To live happily they

should have themselves ready, physically and mentally, in several sides i.e. financial

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status, maintenance and taining of metal health, making friends, accepting facts,

family reuniting and preparing favorite activities and recreations.

First ten cormfries which have retires in 1999 are zls follows;

No.3 United States ofAmerica No. 45,180,000

No. 1 China

No.2 India

No.4 Japan

No.5 Russia

No.6 Germany

No.7 Indonesia

No.8 Itaty

No.9 Braztl

No.lO England

No. 126,161,000

No. 75,190,000

No. 28,603,000

No. 26,926,000

No. 18,678,000

No. 15,339,000

No. 13,712,000

No. 12,839,000

No. 12,276,000

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Thailand is ranked the 21s on the worl4 with a number of retired

people, the government sector and the private sector, is 5,166,000. (Sirirat Saposing,

1999: 5)

Retirement in the govemment sector in Thailand is presently of three

tlpes i.e.

l. Govemment ofEcials who reach the fulI year of 60, considered a

normal level of retirement.

2. Govemment officials who have been working for more than 25

years or reach 50 years old up, considered early retirement.

3. Government ofEcials who have extended govemment age and rethe

at 65 years to 70 years.o Copyright by Mahidol University

3Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Educatron) /37

2.5 Concepts and theories related to post-retirement life patterns and other

factors.

Participating in the early retirement program is different from normal

retirement because that means stopping undertaken works or leaving a job before

retirement age and that is willingty determined. Therefore, the study of post-

retirement life patterns includes concepts and theories related as follows;

2.5.1 Concepts and theories related to a decision

Normative or Prescriptive Theory offers a process of decision to

achieve a preferred destination, with definite types of three main groups, in order to

have fewest

mistakes.

1. Rational comprehensive theory is based on two principles i.e. (1)

drawing up a policy can put various target levels in line, including requirement and

value levels concerned. (2) Able to consider every choice, its positive and negative

results so that the best decision is made.

2. Incrementlism is the group that completely denies the two

principles adopted by Rational Comprehensive Theory, saying that the two principles

are impractical due to limits in several sides e.g. time, knowledge, resources and

several information. Incrementlism oflers the concept that people should determine on

a choice when he/she meets a choice they feel satisfied and practical, and then they

can consider other choices totally diflerent.

3. Mixed scanning is the group of theories that attempts to mix good

aspects of the both groups above by eliminating weak points. That is usage of data

analysis, on a macro level and a micro level, decision makers broadly consider

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Prayod Chamkham Literature Review/ 38

choices, when they are particularly interested in any choice, they make a careful

consideration on that choice again.

Therefore, it is possible ttrat government school teachers, decision to

participate in the early retirement program should respond to the three theories i.e. the

first group has already considered both positive and negative results, the second group

has a short period of time to make a decision and so consider a new choice different

from the original decision and the third group carefrrlly consider a new choice.

2.5.2 Concepts and Theories Related to Pushing Factors and Attacting

Factors

l. Factors that are pushing and attracting

Shikear & Freedenberg (1982 cited by Saijai Sitthisa 1997: l0)

said that there are two factors that are reasons of resignation i.e. the factor of pushing

and the factor of attracting. This group of scholars explain that the factor of pushing

occurs or exists within an organization (Intemal Factors) i.e.

Job dissatisfaction

Benefi t dissatisfaction

Unfriendly work colleagues

Organization size, resignation ratio in big-size organizations is

higher than that in small-sized organizations

Centralization of power

Formal communication

The factor of attracting occurs or exist outside an organization

@xternal factors) i.e.

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aFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) /39

- Size of family and responsibility

- Illness and pregnancy etc.

All the factors mentioned are those involving in the decision to resign

from a job. This group of scholars remark that each individual's decision whether

he/she will resign from a job is based on considering how one factor is more weighted

than others. A factor that is important and plays a significant role in the decision to

resign from a job is labor market or the state of unemployment.

2. concepts on constituents of organizational relationship

Steers & Porter (1983: 433-434) concluded that there are four

influential constituents of organization relationship i.e.

' Personal characteristics i.e. age, work period, motivation and a

level of education

' characteristics that are associated with work roles, valuable

works, prominent roles that are consistent with one's own and directly associated with

organizational relationship.

The well-patterned structure of an organization has aprominent

role, power decentralization, work distribution, and personnel takes part in making a

decision and in ownership of the organization. They will be positively associated with

organizational relationship.

Work experience is that personnel obtains while he / she is

working i.e. individual's attitude towards others in an organization, supervisors whom

he / she can depend on and operation. The state that one feels he / she is an important

person is influential in the relationship with an organization.

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t Prayod Cham}*ram Literature Review/ 40

According to the study by Steers & porter (1979:305), it was found

that the relationship with an organization is unpredictably associated with an

individual's desire to resign from a job, that is if an individual has a high level of

organizational relationship, he / she will have a low degree of desire to resign from a

job. By contrast, an individual who has a low level of organizational relationship, he /

she will have a higher degree of desire to resign from a job, as shown;

Figure 3 Organizational relationship and trend of resignation

Sowce : Stees & Porter, 1979:305

2.5.3 Concepts and theories on resignation

Concepts and theories on resignation present four interesting types of

resignation i.e.

1. A type of resignation or job change according to the concept of

March and Simon.

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high degree of desire to resign

organizatiotr relationshiphigh level ofsatisfaction to take partactivitles

o. Copyright by Mahidol University

IFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 4l

Figure 4 A type of resignation orjob change according to the concept of March and

Simon

Source : March & Simon, 1985: 99

March and Simon present the concept that resignation consists of two

parts i.e. realizing the desire to resign from a job and realizing convenience of job

change. According to the model above, it is found that an individual will consider a

work place, a work role and expects results that are associated with a job e.g.

colleagues, work environments, benefits or a tlpe of supervision and so considers

how much he / she feels happy with a job. That will lead to the decision to resign or to

change a job, added by infonnation on a possibility that he / she will get a new job.

2. A type of resignation or job change according to the concept of

James L. Price.

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Attitude ioward 8 prcsentjob Erpectation on rBults froEl I job Consideration on a role asslgned

Realizing a possibllity ofJob changeinertemal organization

Realizing the desire to resign from a Job orJob change


JlPrayod Charnkham Literature Review / 42

Figures 5 A qDe of resignation orjob change according to the concept of prices

Communication Means

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Formal Communication

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Centralization of Power Negative

Source: Mobley, 1982: 120

James L. Price proposed a number of preliminary variables in a process

of decision to change a job and a number of variables that are associated with a job

change i.e. job satisfaction and opportunity to change a job. The first four preliminary

variables include a level of benefit payment, unity or participating in organizational

activities, communication means and formal communication are positively associated

with a level ofjob satisfaction.

The centralization of power is negatively associated with a level ofjob

satisfaction. A level of job satisfaction is negatively associated with a job change.

Moreover, opportunity to change a job and job satisfaction are associated with each

other. Price proposed the preliminary concept that job dissatisfaction will result in a

job change when an individual has a high opportunity to choose a new job.

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3. Variables supporting resignation according to the concept of

Decottis Summers.

Figure 6 Variables Supporting Resignation According to the Concept of Thomas A.

DeCottis and TiMothy p. Summers

Source: DeCottis & Summers, 1987: 454

Thomas A. Decottis & Timothy P. Summers proposed a model of

resignation by adding another factor that is organizational relationship that causes

effects on resignation. The model consists of

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Behavlor of EscapeDesire to ResignWork Leave

Situational Characteristics



l. Personnel characteristics that are age, sex, education, working hours,

position, etc..

2. Situational characteristics include

- Structure of organization that is formality, centralization of power,

role conflicts, definition of roles.

- Process of organization that is independence, reliability, harmony,

i support, fairness, pressure, etc..

3. Job satisfaction that is an opportunity of progress, colleagues, incomes,

supervisors and general satisfaction.

4. Work morale

5. Benefits of an organization

6. Organizational relationship, whether this factor will play a significant

role results from the five factors above. Organizational relationship may

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IFac.of Grad . Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) I 45

4. Model of job quit according to concept of Willem H. Mobley

Mobley.

Figure 7 Model of Job Quit According to Concept of Willem H. Mobley.

r

Evaluation of Present Job

@@I evaluation oiN"*;oulI Seeking and Quit

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Seeking of Choice

Comparing Cholce andPresent Job

Quit / Stay on

(a) Choice in type of job quite.g. job absence, sluggishness

(b) Factors Unrelated to Job e.gjob shiftof marriage partners probably causingintention to seek a choice

Other choices (unintended) may stimulateevaluation ofchoice(d) Only one choice may cause job change

(choice evaluation is unnecessary)

(e) Immediate feeling (cause decision tochange job)

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o Source : Mobley, 1982:123Copyright by Mahidol University


Saijai Sitthisa (1997: 23) proposed a model of a process of decision to

change a job, indicating the connection between job satisfaction and job change. He

also indicated that job dissatisfaction is not a variable to directly cause a job change

but gives effects that encourage a job change or discovery of new jobs, an estimation

of altematives and an intention to change a job respectively. These results caused by

job dissatisfaction will cause a job change finally.

Moreover, Mobley still explained that a process of return can occur at every

step of aprocess ofjob change. Forinstance- if an individual is not successful ina

process of new altemative discovery may return to the step of estimation for existing

job again and adjust himself / herself to reach a higher level ofjob satisfaction, etc..

According to the study of four models of resignation or job change, it is

found that job satisfaction is an important constituent that plays a significant role in

decision to resigu from a job or to change a job. As seen in the model by March &

Simon and that by Price, job satisfaction is the last-step constituent that workers take

into account when they make a decision to resign from a job / change a job or to work

further in the present workplace. At the same time, the model by DeCottis and

Summer and that by Mobley show job satisfaction, though not the last-step

constituent before making a decision, is a factor that takes part in the decision to

resign from a job or change a job. Factors that encourage operators to feel satisfied

with jobs are different in each of the model, however, they can be divided into two

groups i.e. internal factors and personal factors.

2.5.4 Concepts on Retirement Periods

Atchley (1976 cited by Sasipat Yodpet, l99l: 128 - 131) presented

seven periods of pre-retirement life span and post-retirement life span i.e.

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First Phase Remote Phase is the period of life span that is far away

from retirement. Retirement is the matter each person think of because it is still too

long tq reach, so they do not worry about retirement.

Second Phase Near Phase is a period of life span when those who are

approaching to retirement start worrying that they are going to take the role of retirees

and about incomes, health and loss ofjob.

Third Phase Honey Moon Phase is the first period of life span that

there is no work but freedom of time and work responsibility. Retirees can do

whatever they want. It is the period when retirees are mentally and physically huppy

and take the world as their own.

. Fourth Phase Disenchant Phase is the period in which a high level of

tension exists, including unhappiness due to several reasons changeable e.g.

insfficient incomes, unemployment, self-adjustrnent to encounter the new society

and the decline of ever sophisticated social roles. There are psychological problems in

this period i.e. suffering, sadness, anger, tension and dissatisff.

Fifth Phase Reorientation Phase is the period in which adjustment to

the new society and reality is successful.

Sixth Phase Stability Phase is the period in which one can well

manag'e him/trerself not much depends on others, and everything is on a right track.

. Seventh Phase Termination Phase is the period in which health is much

poorer, and one needs to depend on others.

When retired, the aged will experience the seven phases but with

different details in each phase. Some may have a very short period in the third and

fourth phases or not experience the two phases. For instance, one who retires from

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one job may immediately get a new job. Or, some may have a very long period in the

fourth phase because failure of self-adjustment. They would be suffered a lot and may

pass away during this phase. Therefore, the fourth phase is very important and a

crucial turning point of life for the aged. If the aged have had good planning and

preparation, they will be able to enter the fifth phase.

2.5.5 Social theories regarding after-retirement life

' Social theories regarding after-retirement life are a group of theories

that explains the influence of environments on the adjustnent of human beings, that

will cause effects on behaviors in the aged. The group of theories is divided into three

theories i.e.

l. Disengagement theory explains that disengagement consists of two

cases i.e. the first case is that discharge ofsocial roles is good for both parties, young

people who have knowledge and capability can take up duties and old people can

prepare themselves to accept old age and the truth of life i.e. birth, illness and death.

The society will not lose its balance when that time comes. The second case is a

continued and unavoidable process and everyone has to experience the state of

disengagement.

2. Activity theory is a social theory widely accepted. Havighurst

proposed this theory, cited by Daranee Khamcharoen (1997-23). that social activities

are a real core of life and necessary for every age. For the aged activities are very

important because they make the aged achieve a high level of satisfaction, ffid

activities are those making the aged able to maintain roles and statuses. The aged will

feel they have value and are accepted by the society.

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IFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Educatior) I 49

Brugess (1982 cited by Nobparat Watanasingh, L993: 16) is the person

who supports Activity Theory and expresses his belief that it is not useful to the

society and the aged themselves if the aged do not have roles. Those who do not have

social roles will not have a level of harrrony. They will not be receive supports from

the society, so they will not take part in social activities.

Taylor (1982 cited by Surakul Jenorbrom, 1991: 81) divides social

activities in which the aged participate in as follows:

l. Occupational Therapy is the activity that promotes health,

solves the problem of solitary behaviors and encourages usage

of body muscles while working.

2. Recreation is the activity that promotes pleasantness and

happiness.

Vocation is the activity that hains the aged for appropriate

works.

Education is the activity that provides the aged continued

educational courses, self-study and chance to meet people in

same ages.

5. Library Services provide the aged chance to release tension by

reading and to develop brain power

3. Continuity Theory Disengagement Theory and Activity Theory

lead to the development of Continuity Theory by taking the two theories into analysis

to find a new conclusion. Continuity Theory explains that the aged who ever have

social roles will be happy when they have chance to participate in activities like

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young people, and the aged who never appreciate social activities will be happy when

they withdraw themselves from the society.

According to the theories and concepts regarding the aged and the

retired, the researcher has concluded that there should be any activity to support the

retired because the retired means those who are or are going to become old people.

Having daily activities, the retired will have a high level of satisfaction in life, feel

they have value and release their tension. Some activities can obtain incomes.

Therefore, activities after retirement will be useful to the aged and the retired.

2.5.6 Factors associated with life patterns

In the study of several factors associated with life pattems, the

researcher divides those factors into three groups i.e. 1. lndividual, 2. Economy, 3.

social Psychology. Each group is divided into small factors as follows:

1. Individual

Sex According to the reality of life we always see, from the way to

bring up children, male and female, in every age, experiences become part of life

behaviors that make difference between man and woman in physical and

psychological conditions. In the physical matter, it is found that male has muscles

stonger than female and that affects a choice of occupations in each period of life.

There are also dif;lerences in the psychological matter e.g. expression, decision, etc.

Umaporn Udomsappayakul (1993: 73) mentioned the matter of sex in

his research that is sex is not associated with life satisfaction of the aged. Diflerently

Chantana Kanchanapanang found that sex has a type of positive relationship with tife

satisfaction and activity involvement of the aged. Particularly, the male aged is

happier in life than the female aged. As well, the study by Sprietzer and Snyder and

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Miller and Russell found that sex is associated with life satisfaction of the aged and

that the male aged has a level of satisfaction higher than that for the female aged. The

reason may be that most of the aged living in Supanburi province had ever been

farmers, therefore there is no difference between sex because they had to help each

other.

Previously, the society divided male and female by family roles,

particularly male works to afford family while female looks after family and children.

However, it changes presently because both male and female have to work to afford

family, therefore impacts after retirement take place. The study by Norris and Murrel

found that the aged in Kentucky, USA, the female aged sufflered from greater

depression compared to the male aged and a higher level of tension according to the

statistic. (Ampha Vorawattanachai, 1989:. 99)

Prarnod Wangsaard (1987:99) made a study on the aged in Kanlasin

province and found that the male aged possessed psychological conditions better than

the female aged. Khemika Yamarat (1984: 74) made a study on Minisry of Agriculture

and Agricultural Cooperative's retired govemment offrcials and found that the male

aged felt happier in their lives than the female aged.

Komalin Satra (1988:79) analyzed his research work that male and

female had a level of depression that showed the significant statistic of difference at

the .05 level. The difference iri depression causes difference in other matters as well

e.g. hopeless, uncertainty and failure.

Spreitzer & Synder (1974:454 - 458) made a study on life satisfaction

of the aged in the United States of America and found that in the early stage of life,

1.8-64, female reached a higher level of life satisfaction compared to male. After that,

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IPrayod Chamkham Literature Review/ 52

male possessed a higher level of life satisfaction. Miller & Russell (1980 cited by

Daranee Khamcharoen, 1998: 37) made a study on the association of variables with

life satisfaction of the aged in Home for Elderly People and found that sex is

associated with life satisfaction of the aged. Or, male is happier than female, or four

out of six males are happier in their life while only seven females out of fourteen are

happy.

According to the study on concepts and researches regarding male and

female who are approaching to retirement and old age in several sides, tradition,

culture, satisfaction of retired people and psychology for the aged, it is found that

male and female in the period of old age adopt different concepts and practices.

Therefore, the factor of sex should be associated with life pattems in dif[erent ways

after participating in the early retirement.

Marital Status Marasri Nudsaengplee (1989: 93) made a study on

factors that influence life satisfaction of the aged in the Bon Kai community,

Bangkok, in 1989, and found that marital status causes effects on life satisfaction of

the aged, following incomes, health, education level, frequency of interaction with

children and grandchildren and hobbies.

Komalin Satra (1988: 80) concluded from the research that marital

status is associated with depression in difference, according to marital status e.g.

married, widow, divorced, separated and single. If each marital status is taken into

consideration, it is found that different marital status gives impacts on life satisfaction

e.g' negative feeling against oneself, self-blame, social escape, uncertainty and

distorted ideas about oneself. These impacts are serious in different levels and cause

effects on life patterns in diflerent ways as well.

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Suvimol Panathanyakul (1992 cited by Daranee Khamcharoen, 1998:

40) made a study on self-concept and self-caring capability and life qualtty of the

aged. Suvimol evaluated the quality of life in terms of happiness and life satisfaction.

The study found that the aged whose marital status is "married" have a higher level of

happiness and life satisfaction compared to those with "single", 'lridovf', oodivorced"

and o'separated".

Suvimol Panathanyakul (1991 cited by Thitipom Promthong,lgg2 31)

found that marital status is associated with activity involvement and self-caring

capability of the aged. The aged whse marital status is "married" have more activities

than those with "widow". It can be said that marital status is a factor that influences

Iife patterns, particularly emotion, idea and decision confidence.

According to the study of researches regarding marital status of the

aged which is similar to the retired, the marital stafus 'omarried", "single", 'lridou/',

"divorced" and o'separated" is associated with a decision to participate in activities or

on self-satisfaction and different levels of decision confidence. Therefore, the factor

of marital status should have association with life patterns after participating in the

early retirement.

Education Level Surakul Jenorbrom (1991: 43) said that n 1974

the National Aging Commission of the United States of America made a study on the

aged 's education background. The Aged is divided into three groups according to

education attained i.e. 0-12 years, totaling 12 years, and another 4 years in colleges.

The study found that the group that attains a high level of education spends their free

time with leisure activities e.g. recreation activities, hobbies, sports, club activities,

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political activities, volunteer activities or reading while the group with a low level of

education spends free time with watching television or doing nothing.

Rachanee Fonthongmongkol (1995:34) said the factor of education is

one factor that has connection with life pattems in several aspects because education

levels cause impacts on occupational type, income level, health, value, fashion, idea

about oneself and attitude to future education.

Napapom chayowan (1989: 165 - 17g) made a study on preparation

for old age and found that the aged who attains a higher-than-primary level of

education sees that preparation is important while those who have a lower-than-

primary level or primary level of education do not see the same.

Supatra Suparp (19SS: 39) said education plays a significant role in

the development of life quality because education helps develop idea, knowledge,

capability and make people understand the society in which they are a member and

adjust themselves to go along with others in the society.

The study found that a level of education is associated with life pattem

in several aspects and those who have a higher level of education will be associated

with life pattem that is different from that of those who have a lower level of

education. Therefore, the factor of education should have association with life pattem

after the early retirement.

The state of health, Need rheory and Herzberg's two-facto by

Frederick Herzberg, he proposes two motivation factors i.e.

Motivation Factor means the factor that motivates people to work i.e.

achievement, praise, acceptance amid colleagues, high responsibility, chance of

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progress, promotion, recognition, etc. Such factors make people feel good with

organizations.

Hygiene Factor means the factor that protects people from

dissatisfaction with present work. The Hygiene Factor is associated with physical

needs, safety and a need to be a group's part.

Harving Hurst cited by Suwat Wattanavong (1981: S - t0) said that the

aged has five development tasks i.e.

1. Learning and adjusting in part of physical deterioration, strength and

general health conditions.

2. Self-adjustment in part of retirement and a lower level of incomes

3. Self-adjustment to the state that his/her life partner leaves or being

widow.

4. Having role and relationship with people who have the same interest

and age.

5. Meeting and discussing people in the same age or making social

activities together sometimes

Becker (1977:348 - 366) made a study on the pattern of awareness or

belief on health when being ill, consisting of several parts as follows:

1. Motivation on Health According to the pattern of belief on health by

Becker, motivation means interest on one's own health, including intention to take

and give cooperation in practicing. The motivation is a type of external forces and

personal background of each person. A person who is interested in his/her health will

go for medical checks. It can be said that motivation on health is the factor persuades

people to follow medical treatment plans.

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IPrayod Chamlfiam Literatr:re Reviewr 56

' 2. Awareness of Chance to Have Illness Risks Becker said a patient who

knows his/her own result of medical check will have a chance to be aware of the

existence of diseases and others. They are different from those who do not know their

own result of medical check and general patients who are healthy. It is said that when

a person is ill and knows his/her own results of medical check, the awareness of a

chance to have risks will change in following ways:

A. Belief in diagnosis A person who does not believe in diagnosis or

respect a physician or have an inappropriate belief in health will wrongly be aware of

a chance to have illness risks.

B. Estimation of chance to have illness risks or having a chance to be

ill again if a person has ever been ill before.

C. People who are ill will have a higher level of awarenoss of chance

to have illness risks and a good feeling that they have more chance to have

complicated disease risks. According to several researches, it is found that the

a\ryareness of chance to have illness risks puts effects on illness protection, treatrent

and health promotion. The study of Becker and his party found that a mother's

awareness that her child has a chance to easily have illness risks when over weighted

is associated with cooperation in controlling food and causing a lost in the child's

weight.

3. Awareness of Serious Degree of Diseases Becker said that a person

will only aware. of that he/she has a chance to have illness risks is not enough to

motivate individual behaviors. However, that person has to believe that a disease

causies effects against health, mental and family relationship. Individual's professional

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t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) / 57

potential and hislher role in social environment. This encourages the patient to

respond collaborating feedback. The patient reacts with over-depress to his illness.

4. Awareness of positive results from practice and medical treatment

Awareness of positive results from medical treatment is one of important factors

which enables a patient to voluntarily keep on medical instructions. Thouglr the

patient is fully aware of illness risks and seriousness, his/her collaboration is

prompted by following conditions. He/she will evaluate whether medical treatrnent

can relieve the serious degree of illness and is worth spending his time and money as

well as uncomfortable lifestyle demanded during hospitalization. Also, unclear

medical advice deters cooperative reaction to treatment scheme.

5. Awareness of obstacles to medical practice Awareness of obstacles

to medical practice is an individual's prediction that put negative effects on health

adjustment. The negative efflects include expenses, time, satisfaction, inconvenience,

difficulty in practice, time consumption in practice, or against daily lifestyle. If there

are a lot of these effects, appropriate practice will be rejected and avoided.

Kanokwan Silapakampiset (1984: 69) concluded from the research

that retirees' good health is associated with self-adjustnent after retirement. Retirees

with sound health conditions will have a better level of self-adjustnent compared to

those with poor health conditions. The latter get depressed with their illness.

According to the study on the elderly 's behaviors and self-adjustment

in term of health, it shows the elderly puts efforts to adjust or develop themselves to

seek an appropriate balance with their retreating health conditions, especially those

with chronic conditions will desperately avoid daily routines harming present health

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tPrayod Chamkham Literature Review/ 58

conditions. Therefore, the factor of health conditions should be associated with an

individual's life pattern after the early retirement.

Job titles and responsibilities engaged Wanida Seanasuthiphan and

Pomsri Sri-adsadapom (1992: 13) said that job titles represent existing social statuses

and roles associated with education levels and incomes. Social status and role is a

constituent that put efflects on an individual's self-perceptiqn i.e. ide4 emotion, belief,

auitude and value that an individual have to themselves.

Flanagan (1978 cited by Siriwan Sinchai, 1988: 36) showed a concept

that job fulfillment means acceptance, interest and achievement are a constituent that

builds life satisfaction.

Khemika Yamarat (1984) studied contributing factors in association

with life satisfaction of pension retirees from Ministy of Agriculture and Agricultural

Cooperatives. It is found that the last job title the retirees held is somewhat in

connection with life satisfaction i.e the retirees who held high-ranked titles, for

exarrple deputy director or senior inspector achieve a high level of life satisfaction

while those with general official titles obtain a low level.

Uthai Hiranto (1982:87) said that how many personnel to be hired as

officials in organizations depends depend on duties and work responsibilities as well

as work loads and work types. Failure of appropriate manpower allocation leads to

low profile administration. Manpower shortage will definitely cause overloaded

conditions and low morale to personnel.

Positions and responsibilities held by school teachers in public schools

1. Teaching Line Generally, the work aspects include learning,

teaching, educating, haining, giving advice and educational and occupational

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t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ.

Teacher I

Teacher 2

Profiled teacher 1

Profiled teacher2

Profiled teacher 3

Assoc professor

Professor

M.A. (Population Education) / 59

consultation to students, including solving problems, providing academic knowledge

to community, contributing to religious activities, culture, research, analysis,

academic evaluation, initiating and revising curriculum, writing text books,

introducing innovative technology to learning and teaching process with an ambition

to increase efficient learning and teaching process and related activities.

Positions in teaching line are as follows:

D entitled to 1 - 3 salary level.

entitled to 2-4 salary level.

entitled to 3 - 5 and 6 salary level.

entitled to 6 - 7 salary level.

entilted to 6 -8 and 9 salary level.

entitled to 6-8 salary level.

entitledto 8-10 and 1l salary level.

T

2. Administration in academic institutions Generally,the work aspect

includes strategic planning, assigning jobs to personnel in the institutions, controlling

and pursuing academic-related work e.g. teaching and learning, personnel training,

teaching and learning evaluation, portfolio preparation, educational projec!

' preparation of handbooks and equipment for teaching, building care, financial issues,

enrollment, documentation as well as supervising teachers, students and staff in

schools. Additionally, the scope of work extends to procuring welfare for teachers,

students and staff, enhancing relationship among school parents and people in the

community, boosting quatity education and taking further step in institution

development and providing multi-channeled education i.e. academic and vocational

education to leamers and public.a Copyright by Mahidol University


Positions in administrative work are as follows:

l. Assistant to headmaster entitled to 4-5, 6 salary level.

2. Headmaster entitled to 5-6, 7 salary level.

3. Assistant to principal entitled to 5-6,7 sdary level.

4. Principal entitled to 6-7 ,8 salary level.

5. Assistant to school director entitled to 6-'1,8 salary level.

6. School director entitled to 7-8, 9 salary level.

(Departrnent of Government Teachers, 1994 : l-28)

Position ranking and responsibilities held produce both positive and

negative effects to personnel before and after retirement. If an official is

overwhehned with various assignments, he/she will become low-spirited and

discouraged. Job titles and duties in charge are likely to affect participants' lifestyle

after enrolling in early retirement project.

Somluck Wachirapatanaphum conducted a survey on requirements of

over 500 employees and obtained 10 requirements as follows:-

1. The need to be led by good leaders.

2, The need to be convinced of goal.

3. The need to be treated with digmty and understanding in their need

and work-related problems.

4. The need to initiate motivation and progressive career.

5. The need to freely contact with people around them and freedom to

create relationship with people in workplace.

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t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 6l

6. The need to be accepted and to have socializing activities.

Avoidance of mental conflicts.

7. The need to be secured and deniable to inational changes.

8. The need to receive reasonable salary.

9. The need to be successful in profession and be accepted by society.

10. The need to be justly treated in all aspects.

clifford (1961 cited by Sathien Lueng-alarm, 1976: 65) conducted

survey on work ambitions of around 4,000 employees and found that the higher

education they received, the higher a:nbition they have. Hersy & Blanchard (1972

cited by Prieb Panyawanich, 1978: 106) reached a conclusion that supervisors or

contollers consider job security and career progress of employers and employees

most important to work life while operation staff see satisfaction of achievements,

concentration and understanding to work-related problems and job security as crucial

factors.

Suporn Khammuang (1982:60-61) studied means that support morale

and career spirit of officials in state enterprise Metopolitan Electricity Authority and

reached conclusion that the staff have perception that their present job neither

encourages job promotions nor training both in and outside the enterprise. The

employees' satisfaction to job promotions is minimal. However, they consider job

permanent, salary and fringe benefits are determinations for secured life. Their

satisfaction in job security ranges from medium to high.

Nitaya Rasmeethad (1977 125-126) conducted a study on satisfaction

to career of employees in Family Planning Work, Health Centre, Bangkok and found

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IPrayod Chamkharn Literature Review/ 62

that ageing ofFrcials with good education and long years of profession are very

satisfied with their career advance and promotions.

Pussadee Satayamaan (1974:337-339) stated that government offrcials

perceive that job promotions i.e. higher rank and respectable titles lead to better career

and more responsibilities taken upgrade their economic status, however, the sfudy

does not cover salary increase which is considered as annual promotions. Criteria

applied forjob promotions are as follows:

1. Suggested poticy to internally recruit personnel with

appropriatequalifications.

2. Suggested trial or probation period for high-ranked officials.

3. Provide equal opportunities for eligible candidates.

4. In case of limited promotions, approved promotions should bring

positive results to institutions.

5. Flexible criteria to be applied as much as possible.

6. Junior heads are advised to contribute to setting up effective system

for tracking and recording job profile.

' Pussadee Satayamana suggested criteria for promotions of civil

servants as follows:

1. Comparision of achievements.

2. Seniority

3. Result from examination.

4. Probation period.

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Fac.of Grad . Studies, Mahidor u*f+'JJ'JItitots{ M.A. (population Education) / 63

t

)

According to Teacher Enforcements No. 20 (8.E. 2540) imposed in

accordance with Government Teachers Regulations B.E. 2543 on' salary increase

item no. 3, annual salary increase is to be effective as of October 1. Item no. 4 states

that maximum salary increase of government teachers does not exceed the job title

appointed, except for teachers designated to title lower than previously held. To this

exten! exceptional group receive salary as previously did and their eligible salary

promotion does not exceed maximum level stipulated.

Annual salary promotion categorized as follows:

1. Annual semi-Promotion.

2. Annual promotion.

3. Annual one and half Promotion.

4. Annual double promotion.

Principles and procedures to evaluate government teachers'

achievements comprise of

1. Quality of work

2. Quantity of work

3. Practical achievement

4. Years of civil service.

5. Students' achievements.

Administrators could consider teachers' ability in administration job

i.e. planning, work pursuant, ordering instructions, decision making, manpower

utilization, creativity, self-development, work approaches for promotions. Below

factors are brought to evaluation.

I



l. Knowledge and ability to work.

2. Disciplinary.

3. Diligence.

4. Responsibility.

5. Self-adaptation to teaching career.

Advancement in profession is a key indicator to teachers' enthusiasm.

Professional advancement influences job security. Title promotion brings permanent

honor to promoted teachers. Therefore, advancement in profession produces effects to

teachers' life after participating early retirement project.

2. Economic Factors

Minor Job after retirements refers to activities including regular,

temporary or ad hoc bringing income to those who take it. Puanpaka Chuensaengnet

(1995) conducted a study on family cortact, self-care and satisfaction of aging people

in EIdery Association in Eastern Coast Chonburi. She found that personal income

statistically brings satisfactory life. The more they earn, the happier they are. Ageing

people with sufficient income and savings live happier life than those who do not.

Jarunand Somboonsidh (1980) researched on population study,

activities in life and satisfaction of 306 senior citizen - members of Health

Development Club, Lopburi Nurse Collage. She concluded that income statistically

indicates level of satisfaction of ageing life.

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tFac.of Grad . Studies, Mahidol univ. M.A. (Population Education) / 65

Bumside (1976:605 -606) briefed that income planning before and

after retirement is a must and it must be prepared long before retirement. Eqioyrng

luxurious social life after retirement badly needs good planning long before

retirement. Secured economic life means good health and sound personality.

Leedy & Wynbrandt (1987: 85-36) provided guidelines for financial

planning as follows:

1. Settarget ofprofession.

2. Record all expenses after retirement.

3. Keep record of big possible expenses after retirement.

4. Keep record of assets and debt to be taken care.

5. Study whether income received after retirement is sufficient or not.

6. Investigate possible expenses possibly born before retirement.

7. Estimate expenses of living.

8. Keep tracking of funds and related income will receive during 55-

65 years ofage.

9- Preliminary management funds, assets, heritages, insurance

pension incurring after retirement.

10. Estimate benefits based on years of service.

ll.Estimate income from second career taking after retirement and

interest from bank deposit.

12. Carefully investigate benefits received upon retirement.

13. Assess ovrn ability to earn income after retirement.

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a Prayod Chamkham Literature Review/ 66

Minor job plays a very important role in retirees' Iife as it is a source

of income besides the regular pension. So, if retirees can find second career before

retirement, their way of living after retirement is much different that those who don't.

Therefore, second career is another mean taken for decision making whether to take

part in the early retirement project or not.

Economic status and personal debts According to a report

from Council of Teachers cited by Thitima Phromthong(1992:145), teaching career

is not likely to provide opportunity for teachers to take minor job, compared to those

with other occupations. Most of teachers cannot make their end meet.

Somchao Ketprathoom (1999: 5) Secretary to Council of Teachers

stated that the government can help solve teachers' debt problem by improving

teachers' learning and teaching skills. They need to be trained on thinking, writing

and practising process in order to generally improve quallty of education which will

directly benefit children's learning. This improvement can be recorded and treated as

an academic achievement submitted for job and salary promotion in addition to job

titled allowance. The solutions will help relieve obstacles in teachers' life.

Nobparat Watanasingh (1993: 87 -98) said that it concluded that 18.8

percent of retirees earn income from minor job in addition to regular pension and

17.7 percett receive financial support from their children and grandchildren while

12.3 percent obtain income from unidentified sources. Around 51.2 percent of retirees

do not have second source of income after retirement. And 86.7 percent of all live

their life without economic difficulties while 13.3 percent do and ease themselves by

selling their hard-earned assets as well as struggling to find a new job.

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eFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) I 67

Surakul Jenorbrom (1991: 74) below gave guidelines for ling good life

after retirement.

l. After retirement, control your spending in limited budget for I

month, review your assets and draft an effective spending plan.

2. Find a minor job. Presently, a number of American retirees

voluntarily join the early retirement plan said that they prefer to

refresh themselves and well prepare for minor job after retirement.

3. Find ways to decrease unnecessary expenses and add value to

assets presently held i.e. interest from saving and estate lease.

4. Set aside a sum of money for unexpected i.e. health care and

prepared for possible inflation.

5. Acquire different forms of low-risk saving e.g. bonds, health and

insurance policy. If the retirees want to invest in security

exchange, they need to have sufficient capital and intact E.Q.

In conclusion, retirees need secured economic stafus that will bring

happy and comfortable life. To reach the goal, retirees have to early start their plan

years early before retirement. Sound financial balance and well-managed expenditure

encourage excellent health, restful lifestyle and pleasure to planners.

Anyway, personal debt takes away happiness and security. Debt and

personal economic status are related to decision to participate in early retirement plan.

Social and psychological factors

Family Influence Sanith Samak-karn (1976: 5) defined that

family is a close-contact group of members living under the same roof.

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Sanur Indarasooksri (1983: l) defined that family is built up by father,

mother, children and relatives considered as members. Elderly members i.e.

grandparents or senior are considered important members.

Supatra Suparp (1982: l) adapted Burgess and Locke's theory that a

family comprises of people engaged with marital status. Family members can either

gather under the same roof or detach. Individual member designated with specific role

performs two-way communication. Their in-house culture mingles with non-family

members, building up their unique response to outsiders.

Aporn Sooksawas (1991: 2l) referred to Shanas and Sussman, 1981:

2l tlra;t for ageing people, family consists of ageing members grouped by lineage

relationship, legal bound, or marriage. Besides married couple, children and

grandchildren, family also includes in-laws and relatives.

Chaweewan Kaeuphrom (1987 : 45) viewed responsibilities of individual

member in family as follows:

l. Close relationship producing warmth and security among

members.

2. Sharing responsibilities, exchanging experience, information,

thoughts and admiration among members.

3. Caring to babies and ageing parents.

Aporn Sooksawas (1991: 22) stated that human being are social

creatures with relationship that primarily generates in family. Family relationship is

a natural phenomenon. Family is built up from members i.e. father, mother, siblings

with close affection and care, resulting social adaptation and individual role learning

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CFac.of Grad. Studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) I 69

and inter-exchanging as well as assisting among family members. This fulfills atl

members'need.

Kamala Saengseethong (1983: t16) refened that farnily is a result of

relationship performed by members in accordance with roles given. Caring and loving

relationship means sound family while controversial and conflicts brings opposite.

Srithabtim (Ratanakosol) Panichphan (1984: lt6) said that family

relation is love-bounded care and close contact among parents, children, relatives and

other close members living under the same roof. The relationship can generate

positive and negative to members.

Grandall (1980 cited by Aporn Sooksawas, L99l: 23) stated that

family relationship is primary relationship consisting of

1. simple and complex roles e.g. parenthood, instuctorship, care

taking, helper. Family members have inter-communication

developing values, belief and personality of individual members.

2. Primarily open communication i.e. free opinion exchange.

3. Primary emotion of different members brings affection" self-

bounded relation, emotional yearning, conflicts or even anger.

4. Emotional expression of an individual member in the family cannot

be easily transferred to another member. It is particularly self-

rooted feeling.

Two farnily cores :re Family relationship can be supportive and discouraging to way

of living of family members.

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2. Having ageing members means more responsibilities for the rest

members. Have or have-not senior members in family inevitably affect retirees, life

after retirement.

Social influence Prathoom Paensuwan (1976: 20-23) stated tha!

based on I inter-personal theory of psychological behavior, the theory developed from

multi-academic knowledge i.e. political, economic, sociology, psychology, social

psychology and humanitarian study and formed up a hypothesis that man is social

product. Personal value and behavior are influenced by social value through

socializing procedure. While employees in govemment sector are constantly in

emotional swing due to inconsistent circumstance in government sector,

psychological impact on the employees depends on how well individual build up their

self-protection process.

Prathoom Paensuwan added that social structure consists of different

social units e.g family, education, religious, economy. Each has its own disciplinary,

nouns and intercommunication which enhances social civilization and supportive to

people's way of living. Society is a group of people residing in the same place with

intercommunication. Each member is to conserve taditions, culture and being

disciplined in order to bring peice to their society. Therefore, every society requires

nonns which build up value of members. Norms unlike laws can be violated by

members of society but norms influence members to follow traditions and directions.

Allen (1965 cited by Prathoom Paensuwan,1976: 150-151) stated that

pressure will drive members of society to behave in the same direction. Normally,

when a new society is building up, its members will expect basic norms be followed

by members. According to a study by New Comb, (1952) it revealed that social

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t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) l7l

behavior will change to comply with norms. Negative and positive individual's

behavior can be developed, however, group's behavior will control individual's

behavior.

Based on social psychology study, social environment indicates

alterations to individual's behavior. Influential factors relatively related to life pattem

of employees after joining in early retirement plan.

Satisfaction in teaching occupation Occupation, according to

Intemational Committee of the United Nations, refers to job that individual does

regardless of types and status of doers.

Definition of o'attitudes" covers evaluation or judgement to objects,

incidents or persons, reflecting expression of person to surroundings. Attitudes are

built up by 3 means of perception i.e. understanding, emotion and behavior.

Understanding refers to knowledge and comprehension of person to

incident.

Feeling refers to emotion

Behavior refers to intended behavior of person to something or

somebody.

Attitude like value is influenced by parents, teachers and friends.

Individual observes behaviors accepted in family as well as behavior committed by

people around them and develop his/her own attitude to others. Attitude will not last

long. Current situations will change people's attitude against products and services

available in certain period.

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ilPrayod Chamkham Literature Review/ 72

Attitudes play significant role in organizations. It affects work culture.

If operation staff are convinced that their administrators join hands to shoulder them

with hard work without salary increase, they will develop bad attitude to their career

and could switch to newjob.

Auitudes are variable. This study focuses on work attitudes by

evaluating employees' positive and negative attitudes to work. Attitudes to work

environment comes in 3 aspects, satisfaction, cooperation and loyalty to organization.

1. SatisfactioninjobSatisfaction in job means attitude of person to

his/her job. People very satisfied with their job have positive attitude to their career

while those opposite don't. When study conducted on attitude, it normally focuses

on positive side. Varied attitudep of employees against their job can be observed

through their expression i.e. satisfaction, dissatisfaction, fulfillment, intention, thought

and concentation. Basically, job satisfaction includes individual employee's attitude.

Group's satisfaction is regarded as morale and will power. Satisfaction in job can

generally be interpreted through attitudes both from group and individual's attitudes.

However, this way of interpretation also has disadvantages i.e. unknown reason

hidden. Therefore, study of employees' satisfaction in job should be focused on

specific aspect e.g. wages, leadership, group working, work environment. Job

satisfaction comes in different facets. Administators should be keen on close

observation to measure employees' satisfaction.

Vulnerable satisfaction or dissatisfaction develops from employees'

awarenoss on information regarding the organizations they work for. Satisfaction is

time-consuming process while dissatisfaction is fast-dwindling process.

Administrators take years to build up satisfaction in employees' mind because job

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tFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 73

satisfaction is life satisfaction. Employees' background indirectly affect degree of

satisfaction. Job responsibilities are part of employees' pride. Job satisfaction brings

satisfaction to life. Thus, to create job satisfaction, administrators need to consider

factors i.e. work responsibilities, family, living environment, political background,

religion" recreation and hobbies bringing satisfaction to employees' life as well as

those bringing satisfaction in career.

2. Attitudes against cooperative working covers ability of awareness.

Employees Cooperatively contributing to work are very careful about their

responsibilities. They record minimal leave and unlikely quit their job. They dedicate

time, energy and will power to their job and consider their job as first priority. To

them, job responsibilities are pride and good reputation.

A research on cooperative behavior found that negative behavior in

one way relates to leave taking and resignation i.e. employees consider themselves as

part of organization and cooperative staffseldom take leave or quit their job. Loyalty

to organization is positive attitude and is a more ef[ective indicator to assure job

satisfaction, comparing to evaluation method. Feeling of dissatisfied with their job

does not mean dissatisfaction against the whole organization structure. However, ifan employee's feeling of displeasure tums to be against the organization, resignation

could be their choice.

3. Loyalty to organization defines degree of requirement to fully join

hands for sake of enterprises. This includes roles with which they cooperatively play

in order to bring achievements to organization. Employees highly loyal to enterprises

feel they are part of the organization.

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Effects on employeeso attitudes reflect employeeso behavior, indicating

foreseeable behaviors. Positive behavior creates intact behavior, the opposite fails

creativeness.

Both positive and negative behavior directly affect development of

organization" depending on degree of behavior. High negative degree inevitably

produces serious effects to the organization and its employees could express their

dissatisfaction through day dreaming, absent-minded working, taking leave without

permission, early quit routine, taking unusually long break, sluggish performing and

resignation while those who hold positive highly dedicate to their job and sometimes

are very pro-active. (Siriwan Seareerat, et al., 1998: 95-105)

Paul & Hung (1975 cited by Damrong Thandee, l9g4: 5g-59) study

that occupations generate classes in society. This can reflect through

1. Stable income and wealth.

2. Occupation.

3. Education

4. Declaration of social class

A research recently conducted classified 90 different occupations.

First top-eight occupations are as follows:-

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Occupation

Supreme courtjudge

Medical doctor

Nuclear physicist

Scientist

Rank

1

2

3

4Copyright by Mahidol University

tFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) 175

Government scientist 5

Government official 6

University lecturer 7

Member of Congress 8

* Teachers in primary school 9

* Teachers in primary school ranked 2g.5th from total 90 careers.

Satisfaction in occupation is the relation of person and occupation.

People with good work attitude have faith to their career while those who don't could

have degrees of dissatisfaction ranging from aggressive expression to resignation.

Satisfaction in teaching career affects pattem of living after retirement.

2.6 Related researches

Researches concerning early retirement so far have not been widely

conducted. However, the researches relating to timely retirement were considerably

conducted and can be brought for comparision study. Summaries of researches on

timely retirement are as follows:-

Thitima Phromthong (1992) studied on preparation for retirement of primary

school teachers approaching retirement age in wealthiest and poorest provinces of the

country. The study was performed with 170 teachers aged betrveen 58 and 59 in the

richest province Bangkok with 53 teachers and the poorest Srisaket with 54 teachers.

It focused on economic statuso health, social contact and population factor.

The conclusion obtained from the study stated that different forms of

preparation i.e. application for pension, second career and expenditure budgeting. It

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t Prayod Chamkham Literature Reviewr 76

was for:nd that teaching career discourages teachers from finding second career,

therefore, most of them couldn't find a new job after retirement.

On health issue, the teachers were reasonably prepared for future deteriorating

health by taking regular exercises and seeking medical consultancy. On housing issue,

they profoundly realized on need of housing and were well prepared for this aspect.

Leisure and pastime activities Teachers in both provinces already

prepared for their pastime e.g. social club for senior citizen established by

Deparhnent of Social Welfare, ageing people association, and religious-related clubs.

On population factor study Marital status i.e. single and divorced

from both groups had potential in preparing necessities for living after retirement and

well-planned.

Jarunand Somboonsidh (1992) conducted a study on interaction of

population factor, daily activities and satisfaction of ageing people. She reached the

conclusion that health condition, daily routine, housing, income, education, marital

status have influences on living satisfactory life. However, gender and age do not

determine satisfaction.

Regarding relation between population and daity activities, it was found that

good health considerably brings positive effects to daily life. Various factors have

influences on good life except gender which did not respond to hypothesis initiated.

Women are assumed to shoulder house works i.e. cooking, cleaning and errands while

men tend to enjoy social activities.

This study responded to activity theory stating that senior citizen taking part in

social activities are quite satisfied with life after retirement. However, deteriorating

health barred them from their favorite.

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IFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) 177

Nobparat Watanasingh (1993) conducted a study on self-adjustment of retired

teachers from primary schools in Ubonrachathanee province. The data was randomly

collected from 90 retirees previously registered with The National Council of Primary

Education in 4 districts of Ubonrachatanee i.e. Muang, Trakanpuedpol, Muangsamsib

and Kongiiem.

It was found that 5l.l of the random retirees had bad health i.e. high blood

pressure, joint ache, minor pain and mental problems. All of them are insomnia

prompting dullness, unstable emotion and loneliness. Most of them tumed to

meditation and senior citizen club.

Self-adjustment to changing economic status is practical among them. The

retirees kept expenditure down. However, the research found that 13.3 percent of the

retirees faced financial constaint, therefore, they looked for second career. Regarding

self-adjustment on social environmen! retirees have good housing and live married

life live smooth lifestyle as all of them enjoy living in extended family and club

activities. Most of them could afilord housing ownership and well prepared for it.

Rachanee Fonthongmongkol (1995) conducted a research on lifestyle of

retirees from civil service life by focusing on pensioners of Bangkok Metropolitan

Administration. She found that some pensioners had been advised of ways to manage

their life after retirement including pastime, health care, income planning and

housing. Their relationship with spouse and children appeared sound with fair

economic. status. Most of the income after retirement was pension and from second

ctueer. The retirees have positive attitudes after retirement. Health problems were

widely found in spite of desire of good health for vacation trip.

Their leisure includes writing, planting, taking care of pets, house worlq handcraft

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aPrayod Chamkham Literature Reviewr 78

and travelling, Sixty-seven point seven percent had leisure and were happy with their

life more than those who don't.

Daranee Khamcharoen (1998) performed a study on related factors affacting

pensioners of Bangkok Metropolitan Admiiristration. The study concentrated on

members of Senior Intellectual Association. Daranee found that the pensioners are

well planned for their pensioned life. They regularly took physical exercises and

perfomred domestic and social activities. Sixty-five point nine percent of them were

engaged with taking care of grandchildren, house reparing and cooking. Generally,

the pensioners lived on pension, insurance allowance, money given by their

grandchildren and income generated from errand jobs. However, these were not as

much as salary received during the late years of work life and higher expenditure was

predictable

The pensioners' social life is intact through various activities i.e. offering food

to monk, listening to Apidham recitation, meditation and participating in various

recreations provided by different social organizations.

They had good health plan. Most of them had second career and enjoy social

activities, considering themselves as valuable members of society.

'From results of all researches and sfudies conducted, researchers concluded

that there are five factors relating to lifestyle of people joining early retirement project

i.e. planning, living easy life, social contributions, independent career and taking a

second career. Also, they found that there are still independent factors affecting

retirees' way of living i.e. marital status, education background, job position held,

responsibilities engaged, cateer progression and health. Related economic factors

are second career, economic stafus and personal debt. Sociological and psychological

a

O


aFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ.

factors are family influence,

career. The researches and

secondary factors.

Gender

Marital Status

Education Level

Position Level

Responsibility

Occupation Progress

Health

Minor Job

Economic Level

Family Influence

Social lnfluence

Satisfaction at Occupation

O fTeacher

M.A. (Population Educatiofl 179

social influence and level of satisfaction in teaching

studies were based on relation between primary and

Concepts and theories related

Rational comprehensive theory

A decision to choose anything is based on

positive and negative results of each choice.

Theories related to pushing force and attracting

force

Pushing force is dissatisfaction with works,

dissatisfaction with colleagues, dissatisfaction with

operational systems

Attracting force is a family size that is taken into

responsibility, greater opportunity for advancement,

illness

Theories of Resignation

Types of resignations are as following:

1. lndividual Qualifications

2. Attitude on Works

3. Estimation on Work Results

4. Considering Assigned Roles

5. Possibility to Change Job

6. Payment

7. Job Satisfaction

t

Conclusion on variables, concepts and theories related

X'ree Variables

c

oCopyright by Mahidol University

conclusion on variables, concepts and theories related (conr)

t Prayod Chamkham

Following variables

Life pattern after early retirementl. Planning2. Relax3. Charity or public activities4. Independent careers5. Employment

Literature Review/ 80

Concepts and theories related

The phases according to the concept byAtchley

First Phase Remote phase

Second Phase Near phase

Thfud Phase Honey MoonPhase

Fourth Phase DisenchantPhase

Fifth Phase ReorientationPhase

Sixth Phase Stability phase

Seven Phase TerminationPhase

Disengagement TheoryThere are two concepts i.e. the first

concept provides young people a chancefor replacement and prepares for old age.The second concept is that everyone hasto experience the state of disengagemen!either quickly or slowly.

The Activity TheoryThe concept is that activities are

necessary for every dEa, particularlythose who are entering to the state of oldage because activities help the elderlymaintain social roles.

Continuity TheoryThe elderly who has ever held social

roles will be happy when participating inactivities like young people, and theelderly who has never appreciated socialactivities before will be happy whenwithdrawing themselves from thesociety.

t

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t Fac.of Grad . Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 8l

CIIAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This research is a tlpe of surveys studyng on factors related to the patterns

of life after early retirement: a case study is a group of teachers of the Oftice of

National Primary Education Commission in the central region. Methods of this study

are as follows.

3.1 Population

Population in this research is a group of teachers in teaching and

administration in the central region schools of the Offrce of National Primary

Education Commission who joined the early retirement program on October l,

1999. There are three educational areas that were used to sfudy; the educational

areas 1, 5, and 6, including 19 provinces. There are 2,146 teachers who joined the


3.2 Sample size

3.2.1 The sample size of this research uses the systematic method of

Yamanc. The Yamanc's method is:

Formula n

t

a

a1+1r1sz

simple sizeThen Copyright by Mahidol University

I Prayod Chamknam Methodology I 82

N = size oftotal population

@ = error of random sampling

The significance level was fixed at 0.05.

The size of total populations in this study is 2,146 teachers. The

replacement in the formula is as follows:

= 2146

t+2t46(0.05)2

= 399.91

Simple size = 400.00

3.2.2 The methods of sampling: The research uses the systematic method

of the simple random sampling according to probability research by taking the list

of provinces for eleven times. The provinces that were taken are Nakhon patom,

chainat, Angthong, suphanburi, Ayudthaya" petchaburi, Ratchaburi, uthaithari,

Nonthaburi, Parthomtany, Samutpragan and Samutsakhol.

3.3 Research instrument

The research instrument used to collect the data is a type of questionnaires

the researcher designed in accordance with concepts, theories and other

researches, including advice and reviews by a party of advisors and scholars. The

questionnaire is divided in to two parts as follows:

o

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a Fac.of Grad . studieq Mahidol univ. M.A @opulation Education) / 83

3.3.1 The first part of questionnaire consists of close and open questions. It

includes following independent variables i.e. sex , marital status, eduoation level,

position level, duty, progress, health level, minorjob, wealthy level, and own.

3.3.2 The second part of questionnaire contains ratting scale questions. It

includes questions related to dependent variables and independent variables as

follows: family influencg social influence, and attitude.

The measure ratting scale used Liket scale measurement by providing for 5

levels with positive and negative items. The positive items are l, 2,3, 4, s, and

negative items are 5,4,3,2,1. The meaning of different levels is provided below.

Retting scale Scoring

Positivestatement Negativestatement

Very much lYery agree 5 I

Much /Agree 4 2

Middle /Mddle 3 3

Few /Disagree 2 4

VeryFew I Yery disagree I 5

3,4 Test of instrument

3-4.1 Consulting several documents / researches concerned as a guideline

to design the instrument.

t

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I Prayod Chamkham Methodolory I 84

3.4.2 When the researcher completes the preparation of questionnaires, the

questionnaire was submitted to the party of highly qualified advisors who have

experienced for examining the consistency of contents and appropriate revision.

3.4.3 Test the newly revised questionnaire on the 40 early retirement

teachers in Samut-Sakhon province. The result was taken into the process to find the

value of reliability of the questionnaire by using the formula of Cronbach Alpha

Coeffrcient.

C

Ir n ( 1-Sr')

when

n-r (si)

Reliability value

Number of questionnaire

Proportion ofwrong answer for each item

Proportion ofwrong answer for all item

3.4.4 Thevalue of reliability is as follow.

The value ofreliability of family influence is 0.751.

The value of reliability of social influence is 0.781.

The value of reliability of attitude is 0.748.

3.5 Data collection

3.5.1 The researcher requested a recommendation letter from Mahihol

University in order to use the letter to ask for assistance and cooperation from

fs

n

Si

St

o


t Fac.of Grad . Studies, Mahidol univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / g5

Department of Teachers in the central region of the Office of provinces primary

Education Commission.

3.5.2 The researcher collected data by mailing about 1,292 mails in May

2000. Returned are 512 mails in June, 2000. Thereforg the number of mail is

enough for the simple size of 400 mails.

3.6 Data analysis

This researcher made the data analysis by the program Statistical package

of Sooial Sciences for Windows version 9.01.(SPSS/PC). The steps are as follows:

l. To correcttotal data

2. To design code

3. Make code book

4. Coding individual in-depth on scripts

5. To make descriptive analysis to carry out independent variables by

- Thefrequency

- Mean values

- Percentage

- Standard deviation

- Maximum-minimumvalues.

a

usln$:

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t Prayod Chamkham

6. The arulyzed.

and dependent variables uses

0.05.

Methodology/ 86

relationship between the independent variables

Chi-Square test. The significance level was fixed at

C

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IFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 87

CHAPTER TV

RESt]LTS

This research investigated the factors related to the patterns of life after

havingjoined the early retirement progftrm: a study on teachers in the cental

region under the Office of National Primary klucation Commission. The factors

were divided in three types i.e. personal factors, economic factors and social

psychology factors" The samples were a number of 512 teachers. The study results

are as follows:

In the frst section, to study characteristics of the samples, the data

descriptive analysis is example, the frequency, mean values, percentage, standard

deviation, morimum - minimum values.

In the second section, to test the hypotheses by studying the relationship

between the independent variables and the dependent variables. The analysis is

Chi-Square.

4.1 X'irst Section: Characteristics of the samples

4.1.1 The characteristics of the samples

The samples consist of a 60.4 percent ratio of female arrd a 39.6

percent ratio of male. The present ages between 44-49 years account for 8.1 percent,

between 50-54 years account for 19.2 percent, between 55-57 years accounts for 24.6

percent. The age of 58, 59 and 60 years accounts for 10.7 percent, 18.2 percent and

t

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I Prayod Chamkham Results / 88

l9.l percent respectively.The average age is 56.14 years. The maximum age is 60

years old and the minimum is 44 years.

Regarding the marital status of the samples, it is found that 80.3

percent of the samples are in the stafus of oomarried",13.9 percent in "widow" and 5.9

percent in "single". A31.6 percent ratio of the samples is found to have an education

level of 'ounder bachelor's degrees", 67.2 perceil has "bachelor's degrees" and 1.2

percent has "diplomas".

The educational level of the samples before early retirement is

divided into "under bachelor's degrees" of 31.6 percent, oobachelor's degrees" of 67.2

percent and'ograduated diploma" of 1.2 percent. (See table 4)

Table 4 Number and percentage distribution by sex, age, marital status and

education level

Characteristics of the samples Number Percentage

t

eSex

Age

Female

Male

44-49

50-54

55-57

58

59

60

60.4

39.6

309

203

a

42

98

r26

55

93

98

Min:44 Max: 60

8.2

19.2

24.6

10.7

t8.2

19.1

S.D.:3.77Mean : 56.14Copyright by Mahidol University

t Fac.of Grad . Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 89

Table 4 Number and percentage distribution by sex, age, marital status and

education level (Cont.)


t

Marital status

Manied

Widow

Single

4tt7t

30

80.2

13.9

5.9

o

Education level

Under bachelor's degrees 162 31.6

Bachelor's degrees 344 67.2

Graduated diploma 6 1.2

Major subjects

Mathematics, Science,

English and Social Study 118 23.0

Physical Education, Thai

.Primary Study, Art, etc. 394 77.0

The duty of the samples was that 19.7 percent in school administration

line and 80.3 percent in teaching line.

The samples' position levels are as follows: the last positions

before early retirement include the level 7 of school administration line equivalent

to 19.7 percent and the level 7 of teaching line equivalent to 80.3 percent.a Copyright by Mahidol University

t Prayod Chamkham Results /90

The occupation progress of the samples was divided into three

t1pes. First, tlre samples in high occupation progress are 48.2 percent. Second, the

samples in medium occupation progress are 34.8 percent. Thhd, the samples in low

occupation progress arc 17.0 percent.

The occupation progress accords to the study result of the

samples who obtain teaching awards. Therefore, 59.2 percent of the samples

obtain teaching awards and 40.8 percent did not obtain the awards.

The sarnples' hgalth in this study was divided into four t5pes.

The sarnples who had a very good condition of health were 46.1 percent, a good

condition of health were 33.6 percent, illness were ll.3 percent and permanent

illness were 9.0 percent.

a

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t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 9t

Table 5 Number and percentage distribution by dutyo position, occupation

progress and health


I

o

Duty

Administration

Teaching

Arvards

Received

Not received

First position

Tee (Ku-Tee)

To (Ku-To)

Teacher I level3

Last position

Teacher 2levelT

Administration level T

Occupation progress

High occupation progress

Medium occupation pro gress

Low occupation progress

Health

Very good health

Good health

Illness

Permanent illness

101

4tr

303

209

418

9l

3

413

9l

247

178

87

236

172

58

46

t9.7

80.3

s9.2

40.8

81.6

17.8

.6

80.7

17.8

48.2

34.8

17.0

46.1

33.6

1 1.3

9.0


t Prayod Chamkham Results /92

4.1.2 Economic status of the samples

In this study, the samples who have minor jobs are 25.6 percent and

do not have minor jobs are 74.4 percent.

a

sarnples who

level equal to

have debts are

Economic levels in this study are divided into three groups. The

have a good economic level equal to 6.1 percent, a middle economic

81.6 percent and a poor economic level equal to 12.3 percent.

Debts in this study are divided into two $oups. The samples who

14.3 percent and do not have debts are 85.7 percent. (See table 6) .

Table 6 Number and percentage distribution by minor jobs, econoniic

leve\ and debts

Economic Status of the Samples Number Percentage

Minor jobs

Minor jobsNon-minor jobs

Money savings

Savings 5 numberSavings 6 numberSavings 7 numberNon-savings

Economic levels

GoodMiddlePoor

Debts

Non-debtsDebts

131

381

25.674.4

t2.s40.6t4.t32.8

6.1

81.612.3

85.714.3

o64

20872

168

31

41863

43973


t

---\'t,\t

'<(1/,-€

tPIQS:fqs=,,rffiu.Y\

%aJi'J['\'*'${Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 93

4.1.3 Social psychology

Family influence in this study is divided into five levels i.e. very

mucb, much, middle, little, very little. The results of this study is as follows:

The question is "How much do you consult with your relatives

about the patterns of life?" The answer with very much and much is 47.g percent,

with middle is 38.1 percent and with little and very little is 14.1 percent.

The question is "How much of time do you want to spend for your

family?". The answer with very much and much is 63.8 percent, with middle is 25.2

percent and with little and very little is 11.0 percent.

The question is "Does your family want you to do your own

business?" The answer with very much and much is 23.3 percent, with middle is

20.3 percent and with little and very little is 56.4 percent.

The question is o'Do your family members want you to work until 60

years old?" The answer with very much and much is 10.1 percent, with middle is

21.1 percent and with little and very little is 68.7 percent.

The question is "Do your family numbers agree with your pattem of

life that your have chosen?" The answer with very much and much is 73.2

percent, with middle is 19.7 percent and with little and very liule is 7.0 percent. (See

table 7)

*

o


Prayod Chamkham

Table 7 Percentage distribution by family influence

Results /94ll

l}

Question Very Much much Middle Little Yery Little Average

1. Howmuch do you consult withyotr relatives about the patternsof life. 19.9 27.9 38.1 B.Z 5.9 3.5

2. Do you want to spend the timewith your family? 16.8 37.5 35.9 7.0 2.0 3.6

3. Do you decide for the patternsof life by yourself? 9.0 22.3 25.5 23.8 16.4 Z.g

4. Does your family want you totake a rest? 30.5 39.8 19.7 4.5 5.5 3.9

5. Does your family want you to doyour own business? 9.2 l4.l 20.3 19.1 37.3 2.3

6. Do you choose the patternof life in the present becauseyou want to spend the timefor your family? 24.2 39.6 ZS.2 5.3 5.7 3.7

7. Do your family members wantwant you to work until 60 yearsold? 3.7 6.4 zt.r 27.3 41.4 2.0

8. Does your couple agree with youin order to be volunteer? l4.l 24.6 39.1 8.6 13.7 3.1

9. Do your family members wantyou to work in the company? 1.8 2.5 I 1.3 23.0 61.3 1.6

10.Do your family membersagree with you about yourpattem of life that youhave chosen. 29.3 43.9 lg.7 3.1 3.9 3.3

c

c Copyright by Mahidol University


Social influence in this study is divided into five levels i.e. very

mucb" much, middle, little, very little. The results of this study is as follows:

The question is *Have the pattem of life that you chosen is

recommended by some people?" The answer is very much and much of 7.6percent,

middle of 14.3 percen! very little and little of 78.1 percent.

The question is "Do you think your neighbors influence your decision

making?" The answer with very much and much is7.6 percent, with middle is 14.3

percent and with little and very little is 78.1.1 percent.

The question is "Do you think your pattern of life that you

choose is influenced by the media?'The answer with very much and much is 10.2

percen! with middleis t7.4 percent and with litter and very little is72.5 percent.

The question is 'oDo you think your pattern of life that you

choose is influenced by the monks you respect?'o The answer with very much and

much is 10.1 percent, with middle is 13.5 percent and with little and very little is76.4

percent.

The question is ooDo you think you are influenced by your friends?,,

The answer with very much and much is 5.1 percent, with middle is 14.3 percent and

with little and very little is 80.6 percent.

t

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Prayod Chamkham

Table 8 Percentage distribution by social influence

Results /96t

a

Question Very much Much Middle Little Very little Average

1. Is the pattern of life thatyou chosen recommendedby some people? 1.2 6.4 14.3 20.3 57.8 1.7

2. Doyouthinkyourneighbors influenceyonrdecision making? 1.2 6.4 14.3 203 57.8 1.5

3. Do you think your pattemof life that you choose isinfluenced by the media? 2.0 8.2 17.4 2l.l 51.4 1.9

4. Do you think your patternof life that you choose isinfluenced by the monksyou respect? 3.5 6.6 13.5 16.6 9.8 1.8

5. Do you feel anxious whenyour neighbors ask you aboutyour pattern of life after earlyretirement? 0.4 2.0 8.4 18.0 57.8 1.4

6. Do you think you areinfluenced by your friends? 2.0 3.1 14.3 22.9 57.8 1.7

7. Do you choose the patternof life because you imitatethe respecting one? 0.8 2.5 7.8 20.9 68.0 1.5

8. Do you consult with someonebefore making decision? 5.5 8.4 13.3 20.1 52.7 1.9

Job attitude in this study is divided into five levels i.e. very much,

much, middle, little and very little. The results of this study are as follows:

c


aFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) /97

The question is "Do you have a good experience in your career? The answer

with very much and much is 83.2 percen! with middle is 12.3 percent and with little

and very little is 4.5 percent.

The question is ooDo you join the early retirement progftrm because you are

successful in your career? The answer with very much is 61.0 percen! with middle

is12.3 percent and with little and very little is 4.5 percent.

The question is "Do you feel bored in your career?" The answer with very

much and much is 19.5 percen! with middle is 28.9 percent and with little and very

little is 51.6 percent.

The question is Do not you agree with the administative system? The

answer with very much is 39.1 percent, with middle is 29.3 percent and with little

and very little is 31.6percent.

The question is *Have you chosen the present pattem of life at the present

because you did not get justice ?. The answer with very much and much is

28.7 percent, with middle is22.5.percent and with little and very little is 48.8 percent.

The question is "In the period time of working, did you feel free for working

and decision making?' The answer with very much and much is 46.4 percent, with

middle is 38.3 percent and with little and very little is 15.3 percent.

The question is "Is the transportation between your house and the place

you work comfortable? The answer with very and much is 72.3 percent, with middle

is 20.1 percent and with little and very little is 7.6 percent.

I

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a Results /98Prayod Chamkham

Table 9 Percentage distribution by job attitude

Question Very much Much Middle Little Very tittte Average

1. Do you have a good experiencein your career? 36.5 46.7 12.3 2.5 2.0 4.1

2. Do you join the early retirementprogram because you are successful

tin your career?

3. Do you feel bored in yourcareer?

24.0 4r.0 12.3 2.s 2.0 3.7

7.2 t2.3 28.9 28.1 23.4 2.5

t

4. Do you still go to visit yourfriend that your work with? l2.S 36.3 39.7 g.2 4.3 3.5

5. The pattem of life that youchoose at the present becauseyou have no friend inin your office. 2.1 1.8 13.5 18.4 64.3 1.6

6. Do not you agree with theadministrative system? 20.9 lg.2 29.3 17.2 14.5 3.1

7. Have you chosen the patternoflife at the present becauseyou did not get the justice ? 13.3 tS.4 225 Z3.g 2S.O 2.7

8. Do you close up with yourboss? 8.4 18.9 47.7 13.7 11.3 3.0

9. At the period time of working,did you feel free for working anddecision making? 9.8 36.7 38.3 tO.Z 5.1 3.4

10.At the period time of working,did you have opporrunity to dothe best thing for your work? lg.7 4t.6 29.5 4.9 4.3 3.7

l l.Do you have to work hard butget a little salary? 8.6 21.7 45.5 12.5 ll.7 3.0

12.Is the transportation betweenyour house and the place you worka comfortable? 38.9 33.4 20.t 2.5 5.1 4.0Copyright by Mahidol University

t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Educanon) I 99

4.1.4 The Attitude of Early Retrelent Program

The questions of the attitude of early . retirement program were

divided into three parts as follows: The questions from number I to 5 concern

attitude about early retirement program. The questions number 6-14 were life

attitude about the samples after early retirement. The questions 15-20 were attitude

about deparhnent impact.

The results of this study revealed that a majority of the sample has a

good attitude about the early retirement program.

The life attitude about the samples after early retirement revealed

that the majority of the sample had a good auitude about their lives after early

retirement.

The attitude about deparhnent impact, there were about 50 percent

agreed that their department will be better than before, but the another didn't agree

withthat.

Table 10 Percentage distribution by early retirement program attitude

Question Very much Much Middle Little Very little

t

cEarly retirement programl. Do you understand the information

of early retirement program? 32.2

2. Do you have enough time to decidebefore you chose the early retirement

t.40.69.656.3

program?

3. Which benefits you haveis good enough?

s4.7 10.5 2.0 0.8

s5.7 14.5 9.6 2.0

58.2 11.9 2.9 1.6

32.0

18.4

4. Have you really got benefitsas said in the information? 25.4a Copyright by Mahidol University

t Prayod Chamkham Results / 100

Table 10 Percentage distribution by early retirement program attitude

(Cont.)


Life attitude after early retirement

l. Do you think that the early retirementprogftun has a good chance forthe officers ? 31.8 55.5 10.4 1.0 1.4

2. Do you plan your patternof life before you choose the earlyretirement program? 21.9 48.8 23.8 23 2.8

3. Have your life after early retirementbecome better than before? 43.4 46.5 8.0 1.0 1.2

4. Is your pattem of life before choosingthe early retirement pro$amooworking"? 33.0 49.4 I4.3 2.3 1.0

5. Because you have to spend moneydo you go to this progmm ? 5.9 14.3 11.7 3l.l 37.1

6. Have your life after early retirementbecome better ? 32.6 51.8 13.3 1.4 1.0

7. After early retirement do your lifehave more freedom? 60.4 37.5 1.4 0.6 0.2

8. After early retirement do youlose your power ? 2.3 7.6 12.3 36.5 41.2

9. Do you waste your life afterafter early retirement ? 1.2 3.1 8.0 34.6 53.1

l0.Still did you want to go to the earlyretirement program if you couldchoose it again? 52.1 37.3 5.5 2.3 2.7

t

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t Fac.of Grad . studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / l0l

Table 10 Percentage distribution by early retirement program attitude (Cont.)

Question Very much Much Middte Little Very little

The Attitude about department impact

l. Do the early retirement program wastedepartments ? 9.8 18.2 39.6 20.7 ll.7

2. Do departments lose good officersbytheearlyretirementprogram ? 17.2 37.7 26.7 12.7 5.7

3. Is the early retirement programgood for the country ? 17.0 35.7 38.9 5.1 3.3

4. Can the early retirement progfttmreduce government offrcers? 29.7 56.1 10.0 3.1 1.2

5. Does the early retirementprogramlead to officer reductionprograms? 24.6 53.7 17.2 2.9 1.6

6. In fact, does the early retirement programhave many good things rather thanbad things? 26.8 43.0 24.8 3.7 1.8

t

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t Prayod Charnkham

Table 11 Number and percentage distribution by patterns of rife

Results / 102

Question Number Percentage

62298479510

]

Pattern of life

PlanningRestingReligion volunteer and social workingOwn businessWorking

The reasons

To changejobHealth problemNo justiceBenefitsTo take care of familySystem boring

'Others

1041306758333089

t2.t58.29.2

18.6

2.0

20.3

25.413.1

1 1.5

6.45.9

17.4

t

4.2 Second section: Hypothesis testing

The significance level of the hypothesis testing is fixed at 0.05 and the

pattems of life gathered from five patterns are rearranged to three patterns as

follows: first : planning, second : resting and third : working. The results of testing

are as follows:

Sex The results revealed that there is different between male and female

for selecting the pattern of life. According to the table 12, male,s selecting in

planning and working is higher than female. On the other hand, female's selecting in

resting is higher than male. So, this testing accepts the hypothesis at the significance

level 0.05.o Copyright by Mahidol University

Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 103

T

Table 12 The relationship between sex and the patterns of life

Patterns of life

Sex PlanningNumber (Percent)

Resting Working TotalNumber (Percent) Number (Percent)

C

Male

Female

Total

37

(18.2)

25

( 8.1)

62

(12.1)

103

(s0.7)

242

(78.3)

345

(67.4)

63

(31.0)

42

(13.6)

105

(20.s)

203

(100.0)

309

(r00.0)

512

(100.0)

-

t:42 .271 df:2 Sig: 0.000

Age This studying divides the ranges of sample ages into four groups,

such as 44- 49 years old, 50-54 years old, 55-57 years old afi 57-60 years old.

The results found that there is difference between the ranges of sample ages in

selectingthe patterns of life. According to the table 13, thesamples whoarein

the lower ranges of ages chose the patterns of life i.e. planning and working in a

higher ratio than those who are in the higher ranges of ages. On the other hand, the

samples who are in the higher ranges of ages chose the pattern of life i.e. resting in a

higher ratio than those in the lower ranges of ages. So, the testing accepts the

hypothesis at the significance level 0.05. (See table 13)


Prayod Chamkham

Table 13 The Relationship between age and the patterns of life

Results / 104t

Patterns of life

Age PlanningNumber (percent)

RestingNumber (percent)

Working TotalNumber (percent)

.Age M-49 years 8

(1e.0)

Age50-54 years 15

(1s.3)

Age55-57 years 16

(1s.3)

Age58-60 years 23

(r2.r)

t8

(42.e)

58

(se.2)

86

(68.3)

183

(67.4)

t6

(38.1)

25

(2s.s)

24

(1e.0)

40

(20.s)

42

(100.0)

309

(r00.0)

126

(100.0)

246

(100.0)

a

x2:20.440 df :6 Sig:6.9,

Marital status This studying divides marital status into three types

i.e. married, widow and single. The results show that there is not difference

between each type of marital status. According to table 14, it shows that the

percentages of each type of marital status: married, widow and single are not far

different among them. For example, the samples who are married selected the

resting pattern of life or 66.2 percent.

The marital status of widow selected the same pattem at a ratio of 70.4

percent and that of single also select the same pattern at a ratio of 76.7 percent.

Therefore, this testing doesn't accept the hypothesis at the significance level

0.05.a Copyright by Mahidol University


Table 14 The relationship between marital status and the patterns of life

Patterns of life

Marital status PlanningNumber (percent)

RestingNumber (percent)

Working TotalNumber (percent)

aMarried

Single

Window

Total

46

(11.2)

t2

(16.e)

4

(13.3)

62

(12.1)

272

(66.2)

50

(70.4)

23

(76.7)

345

(67.4)

93

(22.6)

9

(12.7)

3

(10.0)

105

(20.s)

4tl(100.0)

7l

(100.0)

30

(100.0)

512

(100.0)

a

X':6.878 df. -4 Sig.:0.142

Education level This studying divides education level into two types

i.e. below bachelor's degrees and bachelor's degrees. The results show that there

is not difference between the two types of education level. According to table 3, it

shows that 65.4 per cent of the samples whose education level is below bachelor's

degrees selected the resting pattern of life. Those of bachelor's degrees selected the

same paffern at a ratio of 68.3 percent. Those of below bachelor's degrees selected

the pattern of life i.e. planting at a ratio of 13.0 percent, those of bachelor's degrees

selected the same pattern at a ratio of l2.l percent. Those of below bachelor's

degrees selected the working pattern of life at a ratio of 2L.6 per cent, those of

bachelor's degrees selected the same pattern at a ratio of 20.0 percent.a Copyright by Mahidol University

aPrayod Chamkham Results / 106

Therefore, this testing does not accept the hypothesis at the significance level of

0.05. (See table 15)

Table 15 The relationship between education level and the patterns of life

aPatterns of life

Education Planning Resting Working Totallevel Number (percent) Number (percent) Number (percent)

Below graduate 21 106 35 162

(13.0) (6s.4) (21.6) (100.0)

Graduate 41 239 70 350

(11.7) (68.3) (20.0) (100.0)

Total 62 345 105 512

(r2.1) (67.4) (20.s) (100.0)

a

t =.416 df : 2 Sig:0.812

Position level This studying divides position level into two tlpes i.e.

Level 7 teachers and Level 7 administrative teachers. The results show that there

are not difference between the two types of position level. According to table 16, it

shows that the percentages of each type are not much different. For example, the

samples who are Level 7 teachers selected the pattems of life i.e. resting at a ratio of

68.8 per cent, working at a ratio of 20.8 percent and planning at a ratio of 10.4

percent.


I Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) / 107

The samples who are Level 7 administrative teachers selected the patterns

of life i.e. resting at arutio of 61.6 percent, working at a ratio of L9.2 percent and

planning at a ratio of 19.2 percent. There is difference only at the resting pattern of

life. Therefore, this testing does not accept the hypothesis at the significance

level of 0.05. (See table 16)

Table 16 The Relationship between Position Level and the Patterns of Life

Patterns of Life

t

Position level PlanningNumber (Percent)

RestingNumber (Percent)

Working TotalNumber (Percent)

Teacher 2levelT 43

(10.4)

Administration

level T

Total

t9

(re.2)

62

(12.r)

284

(68.8)

6l

(61.6)

345

(67.4)

86

(20.8)

t9

(re.2)

10s

(20.s)

413

(100.0)

99

(100.0)

512

(100.0)a

a

x2 = 5.793 df :2 Sig = 0.055

Duty This studying divides duty into two types i.e. teaching and

administration. The results show that there is not difference between the two

typesofduty. Accordingto table 17, it shows that the percentages of each type

of duty are not much different. For example, the samples whose duty is teaching


I Prayod Chamkham Results / 108

selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at 68.4 percent, working at 2}.9percent and

planning at 10.7 percent.

The samples whose duty is administration selected the pattems of life i.e.

resting at 63.4 percent, working at lg.g percent and planning at l7.g percent.

Therefore, this testing does not accept the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05.

(See table l7)

Table 17 The relationship between duty and the pattern of life

t

Pattern of life

Duty PlanningNumber / Percent

RestingNumber / Percent

Working TotalNumber / Percent

a

Teaching

Administration

Total

l8

(17.8)

44

(10.7)

62

(t2.r)

64

(63.4)

28t

(68.4)

345

(67.4)

I9

(18.8)

86

(20.e)

101

(100)

4tt(100)

512

(100.0)

105

(20.s)

o

12 : 3.868 df:2 Sie 0.14s

Occupation progress This studying divides occupation progress into

three types i.e. high progress, middle progress and low progress. The results

According to table 18, it shows that the percentages of each type are not much


a Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 109

different. For example, the samples who attain high progress selected the patterns of

life i.e. resting a|65.2 percent, working at2l.9 percent and planning at 13.0 percent.

The samples who attainmiddle progress selected thepatterns oflife i.e.

resting at 70.2 percen! working at 18.5 percent and planning at 11.2 percent. The

samples who attainlow progress selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at 67.8

percent, working at20.7 percent and planning at 11.5 percent. Therefore, this testing

does not accept the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05. (See table 18)

Table 18 The relationship between occupation progress and the pattern of life

Pattern of life

t

OccupationProgress

PlanningNumber (Percent)



o

High progress

Middle progress

Low progress

Total

32

(r3.0)

20

(11.2)

10

(1 1.s)

62

(r2.r)

t6l(6s.2)

125

(70.2)

59

(67.8)

34s

(67.4)

54

(2r.e)

33

(18.s)

t8

(20.7)

105

(20.5)

247

(100.0)

t78

(100.0)

87

(100.0)

5t2

(100.0)

o

X2 = 1.237 df : 4 Sig :0.872

Health This studying divides

good, ill and permanently ill. The results

health into four types i.e. very good,

show that there is no difference among


t Prayod Chamkharn Results / 110

these types of health. According to table 18, it shows that the percentages of each

tlpe of health are different. For example, the samples whose health is very good

selected the life patterns i.e. resting at 60.6 percent, working at28.4 percent and

planning atl 3.0 percent.

The samples whose health is good selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at

71.5 percent, working at 15.7 percent and planning at 12.8 percent. The samples

whose health is ill selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at74.l percent, working at

12.1 percent and planning at 13.8 percent. The samples whose health is permanently

. ill selected the pattems of life i.e. resting at 78.3 percent, working at 8.7 percent and

planning at 13.0 percent. Therefore, this testing accepts the hypothesis at the

significance level of 0.05. (See table l9)

t

t


I Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / l l1

Table 19 The relationship between health and the patterns of life

Patterns of life

Health PlanningNumber @ercent)

RestingNumber @ercent)


IVery good

Good

u

Permanently ill

Total

26

(l1.0)

22

(12.8)

8

(13.8)

6

(13.0)

62

(t2.1)

t43

(60.6)

t23

(71.s)

43

(74.1)

36

(78.3)

345

(67.4)

67

Q8.4)

27

(rs.7)

7

(t2.r)

4

(8.7)

105

(20.s)

236

(100.0)

172

(100.0)

58

(100.0)

46

(100.0)

5t2

(100.0)

t

X2 : 17.951 df=6 Sig: 0.006

Minor job This studying divides minor job into two tlpes i.e.

minor job and non-minor job . The results show that there is difference between

the two types of minor job. According to table 20, it shows that the percentages of

each types of minor job are different. For example, the samples who have minor jobs

selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at 35.1 percent, working at 55.0 percent and

planning at9.9 percent

The samples who have non-minorjobs selected the patterns of life i.e. resting


I Prayod Chaml*ram Results / 112

at78.5 percent, working at8.7 percent and planningat l2.9percent. Therefore, this

tesfing accepts the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05. (see table 20)

Table 20 The relationship between minor job and the patterns of life

aPatterns of life

Minor job Planning Resting working TotalNumber (Percent) Number (percent) Number @ercent)

Minorjob 13 46 72 l3t(e.e) (3s.1) (ss.o) (100.0)

Non- minorjob 49 2gg 33 3g1

(12.e) (7s.s) (8.7) (100.0)

Total' 62 345 105 St2(12.1) (67.4) (20.s) (100.0)

a

X2:129.80 df =2 Sig=6.00,

Economic level This studying divides economic level into three types

i.e. good level, middle level, and poor level. The results show that there is not

difference among these types of economic level. According to table 21, it shows

that the percentages of each type of economic level are not much different. For

example, the samples who have good economic level selected the patterns of life

i.e. resting at65.2percent, working at22.6percentandplanningat3.2percent.


I Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 113

The samples who have middle economic level selected the patterns of

lifei.e.resting at67.7 percen! working at2O.3percent and planning atl2.Opercent.

The samples who have poor economic level selected the patterns of life

i.e. resting at42.5 percent, working at 20.6 percent and planningat 17.5 percent.

Therefore, this testing does not accept the hypothesis at the significance level

of 0.05. (See table 21)

Table 21 The relationship between economic lever and the patterns of life

t

Patterns of life

Economic PlanningLever Number (Percent)

RestingNumber @ercent)

Working TotalNumber @ercent)

o

Good

Middle

1

(3.2) .

50

(12.0)

1l

(17.s)

62

(12.1)

23

(6s.2)

283

(67.7)

39

(42.s)

345

(67.4)

7

(22.6)

85

(20.3)

13

(20.6)

105

(20.s)

31

(100.0)

418

(100.0)

63

(100.0)

5t2

(100.0)

Poor

Total

o

x" :4 .089 df :4 Sig : .394

Debt This

The results show

According to table 20,

studying divides debt into two types, non-debt and debt.

that there is diflerence between the two types of debt.

it shows that the percentages of each type of debt areCopyright by Mahidol University

t Prayod Chamkham Results / I 14

different. For example, the samples who have no debts (non-debt) selected the

patterns of life i.e. resting at69.2 percent, working at 19.8 percent and planning at

11.0 percent.

The samples who have debts selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at 56.2 1

percent, working atz3.ipercent and plannin g at lg.2percenL Therefore, this testing 1

accepts the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05. (See table 22)

Table 22 The relationship between debt and the patterns of life

a

t

Pattern of life

Debt Planning Resting Working TotalNumber (Percent) Number (Percent) Number (Percent)

Non-debt 48 304 87 439

(r 1.0). (6e.2) (1e.8) (100.0)

Debt t4 41 18 73

(te.z) (s6.2) (24.7) (100.0)

Total 62 345 105 512

(r2.r) (67.4) (20.s) (100.0)

7"2 :9.892 df = 2 Sig : 0.055

Family influence This studying divides family influence into three types

i.e. low influence, medium influence and high influence. The results show that

there is no difference among these types of family influence. According to table23,a Copyright by Mahidol University

t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulationEducation) / 115

it shows that the percentages of each type of family influence are not much

different. For example, the sarrples who receive high farnily influence selected the

patterns of life i.e. resting at 62.5 percent, working at 16.7 percent and planning at

20.8 percent.

The samples who receive medium family influence selected resting at

69.1 percent, working atl9.9 percent and planning at 10.9 percent.

The samples who receive low family influence selected resting at 63.5

percent, working at 27.0 percent and planning at 9.5 percent. Therefore, this testing

does not accept the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05. (See table 23)

Table 23 The relationship between family influence and the patterns of life

Patterns of life

t

Family Influence Pldnning RestingNumber @ercent) Number (Percent)


o

Hish

Medium

Low

Total

l5(20.8)

40(10.e)

7(e.s)

62(r2.r)

45(62.s)

253(6e.1)

47(63.s)

34s(67.4)

t2(16.7)

73(le.e)

20(27.0)

105(20.s)

72(100.0)

366(100.0)

74(100.0)

5t2(r00.0)

o

x,' :8.068 df : 4 Sig:0.089


I Prayod Chamktram Results / 116

Social influence This studying is divides social influence into three tytrles,

low influence, medium influence and high influence. The results show that there

is difference among these types of social influence. According to Table 24, it shows

that the percentages of each tlpe of social influence are different. For example, the

samples who receive high social influence selected the patterns of life

i.e. resting pattern of 72.6 percent, working at 21.4 percent and planning at 6.0

percent.

The samples who receive medium social influence selected resting at 69.0

percent, working at L9.3 percent and planning at 1 1 .8 percent.

The samples who receive high social influence selected resting at 55.1

percent, working at 23.6 percent and planning at 21.3 percent. Therefore, this

testing accepts the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05. (See table 24)

Table 24 The relationship between social influence and the patterns of life

a

Patterns of life

o Social lnfluence PlanningNumber @ercent)



High

Medium

Low

Total

7(6.0)

36(l r.8)

t9(2t.3)

62(12.1)

85(72.6)

211(6e.0)

49(ss.1)

345(67.4)

25(2r.4)

59(1e.3)

2t(23.6)

10s(20.s)

tt7(100.0)

306(100.0)

89(100.0)

512(1oo.o)

oX2 :13.217 df :4 Sig = 0.010Copyright by Mahidol University

I Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulationEducanon) / ll7

Job attitude This studying divides job attitude into three types i.e

aversive attitude, medium attitude and complacent attitude. The results show that

there is different among these three tlpes ofjob attitude. According to Table 25, rt

shows that the percentages of each type ofjob attitude are different. For example, the

samples who have aversive attitude selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at 54.1

percen! working at 3l.l percent and planning at ll.Bpercent.

The samples who have medium attitude selected resting at 66.8 percent,

working atz}.2percent and planning at l3.l percent.

Table 25 The relationship between job attitude and the patterns of life

a

Patterns of life

Job Attitude PlanningNumber (Percent)



a

Aversive

Medium

Complacent

Total

9(r4.8)

48(l 3. l)

5

(6.0)

62(12.t)

33(s4.1)

245(66.8)

67(7e.8)

345(67.4)

t9(3 r.1)

74(20.2)

t2(14.3)

105(20.s)

6l(100.0)

367(r00.0)

84(100.0)

512(r00.0)

t

x2: 11.770 df = 4 Sig : 0 .019


a Prayod Chamkham Results / 118

The samples who have complacent attitude selected resting at 7g.8

percent working at 14.3 percent and planning pattern at 6.0 percent. Therefore, this

testing accepts the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05. (See table 25)

a

o


I Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / I 19

CHAPTER V

DISCUSSION

The research is on the factors related to the patterns of life chosen by retirees

after having joined in the early retirement program : the case study is government

officials under Nation Primary Education Commission in the central region.

Questionnaires were applied for data collecting. The research was conducted on,5l2

teachers in charge of administration and teaching under National Primary Education

Commission in the central region with the aim of

1. Studying characteristics of govemment teachers having joined the


2. Studying the related factors affecting the patterns of life after

having joined the early retirement pro$am i.e. gender, martial

stafus, education level, work experience, position level, duty,

occupation progress, healtlq minor job, economic level, debt,

family influence, social influence and satisfaction in teaching

profession.

3. Studying the patterns of life after having joined the early retirement

progmm.

5.1 Teachers' qualifications

From the results obtained from 512 samples i.e teachers registered with the

National Primary Education Commission in the central region to join the program,

t

o

aCopyright by Mahidol University

ll Prayod Chamkham Discussion / 120

300 out of 512 were female or 60.4 percent. The rest of 203 were male or 39.6

percent' These figures presented 20.8 percent of female dominating male sarnples.

From the overall sampres, their ages were grouped as follows:

8.1 percent was between4449 years old

19.2 percent was between 55-57 years old.

24.6 percent was between SS-57 years old

10.7 percent was between 58 years old

18.2 percent was between 59 years old

9.1 percent was between 60 years old.

The sampled group's minimum and maximum ages were between 44 to 60

years. The averaged age was 56.1 years (for precise counting, one year needs to be

deducted upon participation.) If considered the sample group of 58-60 years old, the

figure contributed to 48.0 percent , indicating that 52.0 percent of participants was

not approaching normal retirement age.

Marital status The married status represented 80.3 percent. Divorcees and

widodwidower or separated represented 13.9 percent while 5.9 percent lived alone.

All live in extended family which reflected strong family relationship in Thai society.

Members of the family rely on one another.

Education level The sampled group's education background classified into 3

levels i.e. 31.6 percent lower than bachelor's degrees,67.2 percent with bachelor,s

degrees and 1.2 percent with master's degrees. The major group holding bachelor,s

degrees was put in ageing and intellectual group. They were the most valuable group

ofsociety, being sophisticated and honorary. Seventy-seven percent out ofthe total

C

C


t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Educatiot) I l2l

taught general subjects i.e. health exercise, basic learning, education adminishation,

Thai language, art" agnculture while 23.0 percent was in charge of teaching

mathematics, science, social sfudy and English.

When taking view on education levels, 23.0 percent of the samples was

sophisticated and honorable and assigned for teaching subjects in manpower-shortage

field.

Responsibilities assigned From the total samples, 19.7 percent was school

administrators while 80.3 percent was engaged with teaching work. Their last

positions were assistant to headmaster (C7), headmaster (C7), assistant to principal

(C7), principal (C7), assistant to director (C7) and director (C), compiled up to 19.7

percent while 80.3 percent or 411 teachers titled with Teacher II (C7). Most of the

samples held Teacher II (C7) during late years of service in trvo different fields -.

teaching and adminisfiation - prior to retirement.

Occupation progress was divided into 3 levels based on salary promotion

during last 10 years before participating early retirement plan. Forty-two point trvo

percent of the teachers sarnpled received double promotions more than twice while

34.8 percent received double promotions more than once and 17.0 percent never

received double promotions. During the last 10 years before participating the projec!

73.0 percent earned progress in career. In addition, the study found tt;p1t Sg.Zpercent

of the teachers was granted with educational honour. This confirmed that over 50

percent of the samples with profound experience was well recognizedby society.

Health It was reported that79.7 percent of the samples had good health while

11.3 percent of them intermittently got sick and 9.0 percent had chronic illness.

Though the proportion of the officials with good and bad health was not remarkable,

I

o

tCopyright by Mahidol University

t Prayod Chamkham Discussion / 122

it was worth taking to consideration as health conditions relatively connected with

economic and living pattems of the teachers before and after retirernent. Health

problem was one of reasons contributing to decision making on participation in the

early retirement project.

Minor job Out of 512, l3l people or 25.6 percent had second career during

years of servjce while 381 or 74.4 percerrt did not. After retirement, 105 retirees or

20.5 percent with second career replaced their first career with the second while the

rest were considering whether they could turn in the same direction. Job mostly

chosen by the retirees was agriculture-related. The retirees having second job before

retirement could turn their second job into full-time immediately upon retiremen!

eaming income in addition to pension.

Economic level Six point one percent of the participants in early retirement

project lived in sound economic conditions and 81.6 percent lived moderate

condition while 12.3 percent was in difficulties. Clear evidences supporting the study

were their saving balances i.e. 67.2percent of the teachers had saving with breakdown

details as follows:

12.5 percent had five-digit saving figure.

40.6 percent had six-digit.

14.1 percent had seven-digit

32.8 percent said they had no saving.

The no-saving group lived on pension and stated that they could live on

pension alone provided that careful spending was met. Some of the retirees said they

t

a


IFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Educanon) I 123

could not solely depend on pension and they needed to earn additional income. All in

all, majority of the retirees was grouped in moderate economic status.

Debt The researcher classified retirees into two groups i.e. debt and non-debt.

Eighty-five point seven percent of the studied samples was non-debt while 14.3

percent was in debt. This conclusion was in agreement with economic level i.e. most

of the retirees neither had difficulties on living cost nor financial constraints. Most of

their income came through pensioning and interest from savings. Only minimal

number of the sampled retirees stuck in financial difficulties. This research supported

another conducted by Rachanee Fonthongmongkol (1995: 74-76) - Study on Patterns

of Life of Retirees: Case Study on Pensioners of Bangkok Metropolitan

Administation. Rachanee found that 86.0 percent of the retirees could make their

end meet while 14.0 percent could not.

5.2 Factors affecting patterns of life

The sampled goup was 512 teachers of National Primary Education

Commission in the central region. In the theoretical application, the researcher set

convincing criteria of 95 percent or 0.05 statistics mean. The researcher minimized

five living patterns to three i.e. l. planning stage, 2. vacationing (leisure and charity

work) 3.second career (freelance and employed). The study was conducted on the

following factors.

Gender Gender had influence on living patterns of early retirees. Based on

statistics mean of 0.05, male retirees were more active in planning and working than

their female counterpart. The latter preferred leisure and charity work. This was

probably because of society's focus on male and they are recognized as family leader.

C

o


r Prayod Chamkham Discussion / 124

Therefore, earning income is designated to male retirees. Related statistics revealed

that female retirees were more prone to sickness and this could contibute to reason

why female retirees preferred leisure and charity work. The research conducted by

Pram6d Wangsaard (1987: 99) supported the conclusion obtained. Pramod launched

a study on elderly people in Kalasin Province and he found that elderly men scored

higher in sound mental health than elderly women. Khemika Yarnarat Q98a:74)

conducted a study on retirees of Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural

Cooperatives and concluded that male retirees were more satisfied in life than women.

Komalin Satra (1988: 79) revealed data obtained from her study that male and female

retirees became drowzy in diflerent degree based on statistics mean of 0.05. Different

degrees of drowsiness brought desperation, uncertainty and hopelessness to the

retirees.

Age Independent means were not set up for this study because the researcher

had no clues of age gaps of participants in early retirement project, The researcher

later found that the participants' ages ranging from 44 to 60 years old. Therefore,

she/he launched a study on relation between ages by dividing alt participants into four

groups i.e. 44-49 years old, 50-54 years old, 55-57 years old and 58-60 years old.

The result from the study revealed that people with different age lived

different lifestyle. Younger scored high in planning for retirement while the older

scored higher in leisure. The study was based on statistics mean of 0.05 and in

agreement with Disenagagement Theory explaining that absence from social affairs

caused by two reasons i.e. stepping down to provide opportunity for the younger

intellectual and adapting themselves to ageing which was a rule of live.

T

c


IFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 125

Marital status The study combined marital status from four to three i.e.

married, divorced/widodwidower/separate and single. It was found that marital

status played no significant roles in living patterns. Based on negative hypothesis of

statistics mean of 0.05, the married retirees chose different patterns i.e. planning stage

with 11.2 percen! leisure taking 66.2 percent and working group representing22.6

percent. The divorced/widod widower/separate came in different answers i.e. 16.2

percent saylng they were in planning stage, 70.4 percent stating they preferred leisure

and 12.7 percent was in second career. The single retirees represented 13.3 percent,

76.7 perce* and 10.0 percent of planning, leisure and work respectively.

If studied in respective factors, difterent marital status produced slightly

different living patterns. The numbers of members in leisure and work group were

slighfly different. Probably, most of the participants were married - 80.2 percent -

deterring sample blending. Therefore, clearer conclusion could not be reached. Only

career pattem was found in low degree. The married group considered second career

while widodwidower and single group ended with leisure and planning for

retirement. The married group scored highest for second career among all. This

conclusion strengthened Thitima Phromthong's (1992:31) study that maried couples

participated in various activities more than widodwidower group did. Mariage is a

crucial mean af[ecting living pattern.

.Education level Three levels of education were studied namely, below

Bachelor's degrees, bachelor's degrees or equivalent and master's degrees or

equivalent however the three levels were combined into two i.e. 1. below bachelor's

degrees bachelor's degrees and master's degrees. Due to limited number of retirees

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IPrayod Chamkham Discussion / 126

with master's degrees six participants, the data obtained from this particular group

showed no relation between education level and the patterns of life during years of

retirement. The hypothesis of statistics mean of 0.05 was rejected to this specific

goup. All retirees' average age was 56 years old and left school for decades

therefore the participants of the two education levels were mostly graduated with

diploma and bachelor's degrees. The result of the study was not in agreement with the

hypothesis imposed.

The result of hypothesis studied in this research was not similar to the one

obtained by Rachanee Fonthongmongkol (1995: 34) which indicated that wider

education gap for exarnple, lower education received (elementary and secondary

school level) affected the patterns of life.

Position level Position level did not relate to the pattems of life, refusing

hlpothesis of statistics mean of 0.05. The ratio of Teacher II (C 7) and Administrator

(C 7) was presented as follows:

Participants inplanning state group 10.4:19.2 - slight difference

Participants in leisure preference soup 68.8 : 61.6 - slight difference

Participants running second career Soup 20.8:19.2 - close results

Because the retirees' last position levels held came in close ranking - Teacher

II, the data obtained confirmed no relation between position levels and the patterns of

life. Howev"t, th" remark lied betrveen administrator group and teacher group. As a

result, the position level was in no connection to the pafterns of life, refusing

hypothesis of statistics mean of 0.05.

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tFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Edtcation) I 127

This research was not in line with the one conducted by Khemika Yamarat

(1984) focusing on factors of satisfaction degree of pensioners of Ministry of

Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives. Khemika claimed that the last position

level held before retirement affected degree of satisfaction i.e. the higher position

held, the more satisfied they became. Khemika's work involved low profiled and

high profiled levels, as a result, her conclusion indicated different levels of

satisfaction in life. This research was conducted on similar sampled group.

Duty This research concentrated on two different t)?es of duty i.e.

administation in education institutes and teaching. The hypothesis studied found that

duty engaged did not relate to the patterns of life after retirements, refusing the

hlpothesis of statistics mean of 0.05. Significant reasons are that two groups of

retirees assigned with two different types of duty were similar in education level,

position level and work experience. Though particular duty was noted, the general

view was still perceived i.e. both groups were regarded as teachers. As a result, the

duty engaged did not affect the pattems of life in retirement years.

Occupational progress Occupational progress does not put effects on the

patterns of life chosen by early retirees, denying the hypothesis of statistics mean of

All the retirees sampled chose three similar patterns of life. The result was conhast to

the hypothesis due to similar education level, work experience and position level. The

retirees obtained similar levels of work promotions. This study focusing on the last

10 years of civil service did not reflect real occupational progress, contrasting to the

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I Prayod Chamtrfiam Discussion l'128

hypothesis set up. Comparison between first promotion and last promotion

recommended to the researcher in order to secure more accurate data.

Health Health could affect the pattems of life of early retirees, following

with the hypothesis of statistics mean of 0.05. Retirees with good health likely have

minor jobs while the opposite Soup did not. The latter group preferred leisure

activities to minor jobs. That proves that health in some way related to the patterns of

life because the retirees with bad health usually sustain unsound mental and become

worried about their illness.

The above conclusion responds to Frederick Herzverg's Two-factor Theory

saying that hygiene puts effects on physical and mental health. The theory also agrees

with the research conducted by Kanokwan Silapakampiset (1984: 69) claiming that

health conditions related to self-adjustment after retirement. Retirees with good

health have a better level of self-adjustment than those who appear in opposite.

Minor From the hypothesis studied, minos jobs career related to self-

adjustnent after early retirement, following the hypothesis of statistics mean of The

number of retirees with minor jobs said they were in planning stage or leisure scored

less than those without minor jobs. The minor job group scored higher in job finding

than those who had not minor jobs, representing a ratio of 55.0 : 8.7. The result

confimred that those with minor jobs adopted the minor jobs as their full-time after

early retirement while those having no minor jobs were in planning stage and taking

leisure. This conclusion responded to Burnside I.M., (1976:605 - 606) stating that

income planning for living before and after retirement was very essential and those

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}Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulationEducation) I 129

who would like to enjoy upper social class after retirement were suggested to very

early plan for themselves prior to retirement.

Therefore, finding minor jobs before retirement is very important especially

those who aim to work in retirement years. Learning and experiencing minor jobs

during years of service help the soon-to-be retirees for income planning and when

they come to the retirement age, they will find it easy to adjust themselves with the

changes. They will have low risk in minor job investrnent and will be able to eam

stable income which would bring good physicat and mental health as well as social

recognition.

Economic level From the collected dat4 economic level was classified into

three i.e. well-off, moderate and low. The economic level did not affect the patterns

of life in retirement years, denyrng the hypothesis of statistics mean of 0.05.

According to the data 81.6 percent belonged to moderate while 6.1 percent

was in well-off group aad 123 percent lied in poor group. The majority was in

moderate. As a result, the patterns of life chosen were slightly different. The

researcher was recommended to apply more accurate indicators to measure economic

stafus of the retirees.

Debt The retirees were grouped into two i.e. debt and non-debt. From the

study, no relation between debts and the patterns of life after retirement was found,

following to the hypothesis of statistics mean of 0.05. The non-debt group had less

preference to have minor jobs than those who were in debts.

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Leisure The largest group of leisure planners fell in debt-free group, beating

those who were in-debt. Both $oups scored close in planning stage. In conclusion,

slight difference was found in three pattems of life - minor job, planning and leisure -of retirees possibly due to 85.8 percent of the retirees was non-debt while 14.3 percent

ran into debt.

This conclusion responded to the research conducted by Rachanee

Fonthongmonkol (1995: 74-76) that focused on The Patterns of Life of Elderly after

Retirement : Case Study on Pensioners of Bangkok Mehopolitan Adminishation.

Rachanee found that 86.0 percent of the pensioners had sufficient income while 14.0

percent did not. Those with insufficient income or in-debt looked for second career

and special income earning.

Family influence From the hypothesis studn it found that family influence

has no efflects on the pattems of life after retirement, denying the hypothesis of

statistics means of 0.05. A number of retirees slightly affected by family influence

was lower than those relatively to severely affected by the same influence.

However, both groups scored close in leisure patterns. The less-affected group

stating they were in planning stage and scored higher than those relatively to severely

affected.

When studied in details, we found that the patterns of life chosen by both

groups were slightly different. This probably was because both groups received

family influence in form of consulting and morale support. However, when came to

the decision making on the patterns of life, retirees in both groups made the decision

by themselves. This study therefore did not comply with the hypothesis.

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t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 131

Social influence. From the study, social influence related to the patterns of life

of early retirement, following the hypothesis of statistics means of 0.05. The number

of early retirees receiving mild to moderate social influence scored less than those

who received strong influence. The slighfly-influenced group was the largest number

in leisure pattern, followed by relatively-influenced group. The strongly-influenced

group came last in leisure pattern. Anyway, the percentage of retirees slightly

influenced by society saying they were in planning stage scored lower than those

receiving moderate to stong influence.

From the study, we could conclude that social influence affected the patterns

of life chosen i.e. severely-influenced retirees chose opposite to those who were

slightly-affected, complying with theory of relation between personal psychology and

behavior, claiming that people's value and behavior were influenced by social value.

Satisfaction in teaching career

rt

From the hypothesis, the degrees of

satisfaction in teaching career related to the pattems of life in retirement years. This

explained that degrees of satisfaction in teaching career had effects on the patterns of

life of early retirees, following the hypothesis of statistics mean of 0.05. On the

contary, those having low degree of satisfaction scored highest in the minor job

Broup, followed by moderately satisfied and very satisfied group.

Retirees with lower degree of satisfaction who chose leisure scheme scored

the lowest while those with moderately satisfied degree scored higher. The retirees

with very satisfied degree rated the highest in leisure scheme.

The research concluded that degrees of satisfaction affected the pattems of life

of retiiees in retirement years i.e those with lower degree of satisfaction chose

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aPrayod Chamkham Discussion / 132

pattems.that opposite to the one chosen by those with highest degree. This conclusion

was in line with the study conducted by Siriwan Seareerat and others (1988: 95 -105) stating that positive attitudes of relationship and being parted of the organization

indicated creative behavior from employees while negative attitudes expressed though

inappropriate expression i.e. absent-minded, aggressive and resigning.

Teachers having lower degree of satisfaction in teaching career left their job

for new career. The number of this Soup scored higher than the very satisfied group.

The study on the hlpothesis on related factors found that marital status,

education level, position level, duty, career promotions, economic level, family

influence do not have effects on the patterns of life chosen by early retirees, rejecting

statistics relation mean of 0.05. Gender, age, health, minor job, social influence and

satisfaction in teaching career have effects on the patterns of life of early retirees at

statistics mean of 0.05.

5.3 Patterns of Life

From the study conducted on the 512 soon-to-be retiree teachers of National

Primary Education Commission in the central region participating the early retirement

program, it was found that l2.l percent was in planning stage for the retirement while

58.2 percent, 9.2 percent, 18.6 percent and 2.0 percent stated they were planning for

leisure time, social activities, charity work, minor job and find a hired job

respectively.

Planning stage. Twelve point one percent of the sampled teachers said they

were planning for the retirement, responding to the reasons they previously gave i.e.

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Fac.of Grad . Studies, Mahidol Univ.

13.3 percent reasoned they had less time for making decision to participate the

progftm. This proved that this group of samples did not intend to join the project

therefore during their retirement years they possibly face related difficulties,

especially regarding economic stability. This group of people aimed to find a second

job and they were in job finding and decision making stage. It was not easy for them

to find a new job and it takes time for self-employed.

This conclusion responded to the study prepared by Surakul Jenorbrom

(1991: 57-58) claiming that after retirement, the retirees' income and special earnings

declined while their expenditure was soaring owing to increasing health care. These

led to economic difficulties. Rachanee Fonthongmongkol (1995) obtained similar

conclusion from her study on living conditions of retirees. She found that the retirees

not having prepared for years of retirement were little satisfied with their life, causing

unhappy years of retirement.

The retirees saying they were planning for retirement probably were in mental

suffer after honeymooning. Atchley viewed that the mental suffer caused by

economic constraint, failing in finding a career, self-adjustment to new environment

and social role changing. Therefore, the retirees should regain self-esteem to recover

from mental suffer.

Leisure pattern. The study reported that 58.2 percent of the samples

belonged to this group, rejecting The Activity Theory by Havighurst claiming that

social activities were essential to life and needed by people of all ages. The activities

ware important for elderly people, bringing high satisfaction to their life and helped

maintain the elderly people' s roles and status as well as created feeling of being

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Discussion / 134

accepted by society. The two groups of retirees choosing leisure activities came with

different determinations i.e. fully and temporarily taking leisure.

Data collection was performed eight months before the actual retirement,

responding to Atchley's conclusion stating that from six months to one year after

retirement was the honeymoon of the retirees i.e. work free, free from time schedule,

free to take activities. This was a very happy time. Howevero it was remarked that the

samples taking leisure perhaps were in early honeymooning and when the

honeymooning ended, they would adjust their living patterns. This was supported by

the data collected from retirees in leisure goup. It revealed that this group consisted

of people with different ages i.e. rg percent of 44-49,59.2 percent of 50-54, 6g.3

percent of 55-57 aad67.4 percent of 58.60 years old, choosing leisure activities. The

data confirmed that some elderly in leisue group were not really elderly therefore it

was possible that they would adjust their pattems of life later. The other crucial'mean

worth taking consideration was the existing low bank saving interest rate. The retirees

depending on this source of income could not make their end meet. Seventy-nine

point seven percent of 345 with moderate economic level lived on saving interest and

pension, not having second career. The situations could force this group of retirees to

adjust their pattems of life after honeymooning.

However, most of early retirees aged between 58-60 tended to leisure activities

due to their sound economic status and age, responding to the Disengagement Theory

indicating two related reasons i.e. 1. stepping down to give opportunities to younger

and preparing for late years of life 2. Disengagement was natural phenomenon and no

one could escape from it.

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t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) i 135

Another group of retirees really needed leisure was people with chronic

illness, representing 9.0 percent of all samples. Their choice responded to Becker

K.H. 'view that illness affected physical and mental health and individual's social

roles. Retirees with illness avoided potential activities affecting their health. In

conclusion, retirees with sound economic level and those with illness participated the

early retirement because they really need rest. Related means namely economic, age

and health had influences on the patterns of life of the retireei.

Charity work and public activities. From the study, it was found that9.2

percent of participants chose this pattern. Their frequency of activities participation

escalated. They lived their life in accordance with the Activity Theory stating that

social activities were essential for people of all ages, especially elderly as it brought

satisfaction to the elderly people.

Daranee Khamcharoen (1998) reached a similar conclusion that retirees who

had satisfaction in life were those who participated religious activities i.e. offering

food to monks, listening to Buddhist recitation and taking meditation.

Career patterns. Eighteen point six percent of the samples said they had

minor jobs. From the actual data collected, it was found that retirees having minor

jobs prior to retirement could develop the minor job to their fuIl time. Yet, the

retirees without minor job in service years said they were planning for the retirement.

This convinced that second job taken during service years was essential as it could be

adapted as fulI time after retirement. The soon-to-be retirees should consider a minor

job at least two years prior to retirement and they should seriously study the feasibility

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t Prayod Chamkham Discussion I 136

of having minor jobs or early try it otherwise, they would encounter more difficulties

dwing retirement years. If they are well prepared, they will not become mentally

suffered.

Most of the retirees in minor job pattern entered agriculture section complying

to geographical environment - in the Central Area of Thailand. Only 2.0 becarne

employees. Two factors influencing career choosing were early preparation for what

to do after retirement and having minor jobs prior to retirement which help encourage

quick self-adjustment. Atchley stated that quick adjustrnent helped retirees skip the

mental suffer stage.

Notice: Remarks that should be taken to consideration were that the

participants of the early retirement project were qualified senior who contibuted to

good use of the nation and society for many years. Nevertheless, after they

participated in the project, most became unemployed. It was suggested that concerned

parties should provide opportunities or support to the retirees participating the early

retirement program by a:ranging public and social activities or giving them

opportunities to reenter the civil service with previous job title which would enable

the retirees to continue contributing not only to society but also the nation.

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IFac.of Grad . Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) I 137

CIIAPTER VI

CONCLUSION AI\D RECOMMENDATION

' This research is the study on the factors related to the pattems of life after

having joined the early retirement program: a study on teachers in the cental

region under the office of National Primary Education commission.

According to the literature review, there are five patterns of life i.e.

planning, resting, religion volunteer or social working, own business, and

working. These pattems of life are the dependent variables. Also, there are 13

independent variables as follows : sex, marital status, educational level, position

level, duty, occupation progress, health, minor job, economic level, debt, family

influence, social influence, and job attitude.

The Objective of this study

1. To study the characteristics of teachers in the central region under the

Office of National Primary Education Commission who have joined the early

retirement program.

2. To study the patterns of life of teachers in the central ,"gio, under the

Office of National Primary Education Commission after have joined the early

retirement program.

3. To study the relationship between the independent variables and the

patterns of life of teachers in the central region under the Office of National

Primary Education Commission after having joined the early retirement program.

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I Prayod Chamkham Conclusion and Recommendation / l3g

The researcher has collected data by posting about 1,292 mails in May

2000. Returned are 512 mails in June, 2000. Therefore, the number of mail is

enough for the simple size of 400 mails.

This researcher made the data analysis by the program Statistical package

of Social Sciences for Windows version 9.01. (SPSS/PC) The data analysis of

characteristics of samples used the descriptive analysis, such as the frequency,

mean values, percentage, standard deviation, maximum - minimum values.

The analyzed relationship between the independent variables and the

dependent variables used Chi-square test. The significance level was fixed at 0.05.

6.1 The conclusion of this study

The conclusion of this study result is as follows:

Sex There was 60.4 percent female and 39.6 percent male.

Age The goup of sarnples whose age is between 44-49 years equals to 8.2

percent, between 50-54 years equals to 19.2 percen! between 55-57 years and at 58

years equal to 10.7 percent, at 59 years equals to lg.2 percent and at 60 years

equals to 19.1 percent. The minimum age of the samples is 44 years and the

maximum is 60 years. The average age of the samples is 56.1 percent.

Marital status The marital status of the samples is ma:ribd - 80.3 percento

widow - 13.9 percent and single - 5.9 percent.

Educational level The educational level of the samples before early retire-

ment is that below bachelor's degrees - 31.6 percent, bachelor,s degrees - 67.2

percent and diploma- 1,2 percent

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Position level The last positions before early retirement of the samples are

Level 7 school administration - 19.7 percent, Level 7 teachers - g0.3 percent.

Duty The duty of the samples is school administrati on at !9.7 percent and is

teaching at 80.3 percent.

Occupation progress This study divides occupation progress into three

types' First, the samples in high occupation progress equal to 48.2 percent. Second,

the samples in middle occupation progress equal to 34.8 percent. Third, the samples

in low occupation progress equal to 17.0 percent. The occupation progress is in

line with the study results of the samples who have granted teaching awards. The

samples who have granted the awards equal to 59.2 percent and do not have granted

the awards equal to 40.8 percent.

Health This study divides health of the samples into three t1pes. The

samples whose health is very good equal to 46.1percent, good equal to 33.6 percent,

ill equal to 11.3 percent and permanently ill equal to 9.0 percent.

Minor job This study shows that the samples who have minor jobs equal to

25.6 percent and do not have minor jobs equal to gl.6 percent.

Economic level This study divides economic level into'three types. The

results is that the samples who have good economic levels equivalent to 6.1

percent, medium economic levels equivalent to 81.6 percent and poor economic

levels equivalent to 12.3 percent.

Debt The samples who have debts equal to 4.3 percent and who do not have

debts equal to 14.3 percent. The samples who have money savings eq;rtl to 67.2

percent.

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Family influence This study divides family influence of the sarnples

into five levels i.e. very high, high, medium, low, very low but changed to

three levels later i.e. high, medium and low. The results of this study are that the

samples whoreceivelowfamily influence are 14.1 percent, medium influenceare

71.5 percent and high influence are 14.5 percent.

Social influence This study divides social influence of the samples into

five levels i.e. very high, high, medium, low, very low, but changed to three levels

later i.e. high, medium and low. The results of this study were that the samples

who receive low social influence equal to 22.9 percent, medium social

influence equal to 58.8 percent and high social influence equal to 17.4 percent.

Job attitude This study divides job attitude into five levels i.e. very

high, high, medium, low, very low, but changed to three levels later i.e

aversive attitude, middle attitude and complacent attitude. The results of this study

are that the samples who have aversive attitude are 11.9 percent , medium attitude

are 71,7 percent and complacent attitude are 16.4 percent.

The Patterns of life In this study, the patterns of life are divided into five

Patterns. There are 512 samples. The results of this study are as follows: The

samples choosing the pattems of life i.e. planning equal to l2.l percent, resting equal

to 58.2 percent, religion, volunteer and social working equal to 9.2 percent, own

business equal to 18.6 percent and working equal to 2.0 percent. After having joined

the early retirement progftIm, the Pattems of life the sample groups choose most (or

the highest ratio of percentage)is relaxation and the one with the lowest ratio of

percentage is employment.

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6.2 Analytical results of relationship

In order to find out relationship between factors - sex, marital status,

education level, position level, duty, occupation progress, health, minor job, economic

level, family influence, social influence and satisfaction with job - and after-

retirement life patterns, the Chi-Square test of assumption at the significant level of

.05 found that the factors of sex, health, second career, social influence and job

satisfaction are associated with the choice of life patterns after early retirement. The

assumption is accepted at the statistical level of .05.

6.3 Policy Suggestions

6.3.1 The study found that a majority of government teachersunder Office of

National Primary Education Commission, Central Area, who participate in the early

retirement program, receive a bachelor's degree and have been ever given a certificate

in teaching. More important, they teach some rare subjects e.g. mathematics, sciences

?, Sociology and English, equivalent to 23.0 percent. It is found that the example

groups has a positive level ofcareer progress, considered that the group has a double

promotion of salary. In the past ten years, the example groups that has a double

promotion of salary account for 48.2 percent.

Most of the example groups have a good condition of health and do not have

any economic problem, with a medium level of economic status. About 14.3 percent

of the example groups sustain debts.

The conclusion is that most of those entering into the early retirement progtam

are well qualified and have financial security and capability and knowledge.

Therefore, there should be preventive measure to prevent the removal of these well

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aPrayod Chamkharn Conclusion and Recommendanon I 142

qualified people from the government system, otherwise the government system will

lose these well qualified people (Brain Lost). However, the early retirement is the

project requiring government officials who are willing to join the program. Therefore,

government organizations to which these qualified government officials belong

should play amajor role in promoting, encouraging and teating fair with every work

rank. That may maintain qualified personnel with the government system. What

should be a benefit for the government system at present is that those who join the

early retirement program should be given an opportunity to come back to work in the

former position, following the research result indicating that those who early retire are

well qualified, or there should be preventive measures to appropriately benefit from

these people who are the country and society,s value.

6.3.2 The study on "life patterns after retirement" found that the 58.2 percent

ratio of example $oups replies "relaxation", and the 56.1 percent ratio of them are

between 58 to 60 yeaxs. Therefore, the example groups who are of high ages want to

relax by discharging regular works. However, this group of retirees still has a long

period of living after retirement. Therefore, if we fully use knowledge and capability

of these people, these retirees themselves and the community will receive positive

results. For instance, volunteers, environmental concerns, community development,

education, etc. However, the retirees' readiness and willingness are required. Related

people should organize projects to give many opporflrnities to retirees. These projects

should be held in provinces as well with assistance from local cultures, natural

resources and environment.

6.3.3 According to the information, it is found that the l2.l percent ration of

exarnple groups is in the process of planning. It can be said that this goup of early

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retirement participants has not planned before what they would do after retired, or

planned life pattems may not be practical as expected. If the concept of Atchley is

taken into consideration, it will be found that this goup of retirees is in the forrth

phase i.e. Disenchant Phase in which retirees experience high tension and discomfort

from several changes e.g. no job, insuffrcient income, self-adjustnent to a new

society, declining social and tension. Though this group of early retirees is a small

number, people concemed should not ignore them. Therefore, those who are

responsible for early retirement programs should publicize, suggest and provide

information to those who are making decision to join early retirement prograrns for

them to consider reasons and practical reality. Planning before retirement is very

important for retirees because they can happily spend their life after retirement. There

are many researches on retirement that suggest the same.

In addition to suggesting retirees to make a plan before retirement, they should

be encouraged to have careers for extra incomes. That is important because the

analytical result of information shows that some of example $oups *t irt, choose the

life pattern of rela:ration accept relaxation for a while or those who are below 58

years because they are not too old. Additionally, the present economic crisis brings in

lower deposit rates but higher living costs, so retirees who receive incomes from

deposit rates will be seriously affected. Careers for extra incomes should mainly be in

line with the life style of retirees. The example groups this research studies include

government teachers in central provinces. Promotion for agriculfural careers or

processing of agricultural produces should be appropriate and support the life style of

exarnple groups. However, a careful study on retirees' desire and appropriateness has

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aPrayod Chamkham Conclusion and Recommendation I 144

to be done, and several other organizations, either government or private, have to take

involved as well.

6.4 Suggestion on family and society

4.1 The research result found that family and society influence a

choice of life pattems after early retirement. That shows family and society play a

significant role in living after retirement. Based on the information of marital status, it

is found that the 80.2 percent ratio of example groups are 'omarried'. It shows that

Thai social fundamentals are still strong. The institution of family still shows tight

relationship. Self-adjustment to roles and statuses of each in a family is what to learn

and act. Therefore, the researcher would like to mention the concept of Dr. Bunlu

Siripanich (1995: 4344) i.e. ooThai family is a type of expanding family, with the

elderly is closely looked after. Some families have got many children, and they all

cannot live together. The situation brings in the split of family but some children have

to take care of parents. When parents of closed people are old and not able to afford

family, children will take up the position of family head. Parents should reduce the

status to that of residents and consultants. It should not be supported that children

separate themselves like the western style of society because relationships will miss.

The elderly will be alone and lonely, No any other happiness for the elderly is better

than happiness with children.

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APPENDIX

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aPrayod Chamkham Appendix / 156

QUESTIONNAIRE

FACTORS RELATED TO PATTERNS OF LIFE AFTER HAVING ELECTEDTHE EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAM: A STUDY OF TEACHERS IN THECENTRAL REGION OF THE OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL PRIMARYEDUCATION COMMISSSION

Instruction : Please insert information in the place, or give a check mark in the

bracket conesponding to the selected answer.

Section I Questionnaircs about the general characteristics

l.Sex []l.Male l)Z.Female

2. Age in currently years old.

3. Marital status

[ ] l.Married I 12. Separate

[ ]3.Widow [ ]4.Single

4. Education level

[ ] l.Under bachelor degree [ ] 2.Bachelor degree

[ ] 3.Graduated diploma

5. Major subject

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6. Your first position when you used to work as an officer.

t I l.Tee (asoiy | 12. To (ngIY')

[ ]3.Teacherllevel3

7. What was your last position?

t ll.Teacherllevel t l3.Teacher2level

[ ] 2.Administration level .......

8. What was yow duty whenyou were working?

t ll.Administration [ ]2.Teaching

9. How was your occupation progress ?

t I l.High occupationprogress

[ ] 2.Middle occupation progress

[ ] 3.Low occupation progress

t 10. Have you got award while you were working?

[ ]l.Receip [ ]2.Nun-receiP

I l. How was good yotr health in the past 12 months?

[ ] l.Very good health [ ] 2.Good health

[ ]3.Illness [ ]4.Permanentillness

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Section 2 Questionnaires about current economic status

1. Did you have the minor job before you having elected the early retirement

program?

[ ] l.Yes

If you say yes, what hind of the minor job

[ ] 2.No

2. Where did you get some money before you having elected the early retirement

[ ] l.Salary ..........batrVmonth

[ ] 2.Minorjob... ...baht/month

[ ] 3.Rent. ...........ba]rUmonth

[ ] 4.Interest......... .bahUmonth

[ ] 5.Others ......baht/month

3. Where do you get some money now?

[ ] l.Pensionpayment ...........baht/month

[ ] 2.Minorjob........ .............baht/month

[ ] 3.Rent. .....baht/month

[ ] 4.Interest............ ..bahVmonth

[ ] S.Others ............bah1/month

Do you have saving money?

[]l.Yes []2.NoIf yes, how many number do you have? Number.... ......... unit

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5. How do you think about your economic level in the present?

[ ]l.Good [ ]2.Middle

[ ]3.Poor [ ]4.Verypoor

6. What were the things that you have to spend for?

[ ] l.Interest of the loan......... . ... ...baht/month

[ ] 2.House......... .........bath/month

[ ] 3.Car.. ...........ba]rt/month

[ ] 4.Land .........baht/month

[ ] 5.Home eletricity appliances. .........baht/month

[ ] 6.Social activity..... .........both/month

[ ] 7.Others........... .......batrt/month

7. What do you think about you spending?

[ ] l.Enough and have saving [ ] 2.Enough but non-saving

t I 3.Not enough

8. Do you have the debt?

[ ] l.Non-debt [ ] 2.Debt

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Section 3 Questionnaires about the social psychology

Appendix / 160t

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Family influence

t.Howmuch do you consult withyour relatives about the pattemsof life.

l. Do you want to spend the timewith your family?

I. Do you decide for the pattemsof life by yourself?

[. Do your family want you totake a rest?

i. Do your family want you to doyour own business?

i. Does you choose the pattemof life in the present becauseyou want to spend the timefor your family?

/. Do your family members wantwant you to work until 60 yearsold?

l. Do your couple agree with youin order to be volunteer?

). Do your family members wantyou to work in the company?

t0.Do your family membersagree with you about yourpattem of life that youhave chosen.


aFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) / 161

t


Social influence

1. Have the pattern of life thatyou chosen is recommendedby some people?

2. Do you think yourneighbours influence withyour decision making?

3. Do you think.your patternof life that you choose isinfluenced by the media?

4. Do you think your patternof life that you choose isinfluenced by the monksyou respect?

5. Do you feel anxious whenyour neighbours ask you aboutyour pattern of life after earlyretirement?

6. Do youthink you are

influenced by your friends?

7. Does the pattern of life thatthat you choose because youimitate the respecting one?

8. Do you consult with someonebefore making decision?

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Job influencel. Do you have a good experience

in your career?

2. Do you go to early retirementbecause you are successful inyour career?

3. Do you feel boring in yourcareer.

4. Do you still go to visit yourfriend that your work with?

5. The patter of life that youchoose in the present becauseyou have no friend inin your office.

6. Don't you agree with theadministrative system?

7. You have chosen the patternof life in the present becauseyou didn't get the justice.

8. Do you close up with your boss?

9. At the period time of working,did you feel free of working anddicision making?

0. At the period time of working,did you have opportunity to dothe best thing for your work?

[1. You had to work hard buteot a little salary?

t2. Is the transportation betweenyour house and the place youwork comfortable?

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Fac.of Grad . Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) / 163I

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Section 4 The early retirement program attitude


Early retirement program attitude1. You understand the information

of early retirement program.

2. You have enough time to decidebefore elected early retirementprogram.

3. The benefit ofwhich you haveis good enough.

4. You have got the benefit correctlyas say in the information.

5. You think that the early retirementprogrcm has a good change forthe officers

Life after early retirement attitude6. You have planed your pattern

of life before elected the earlyretirement program.

7. Your lives after early retirementhave become better than before.

8. Your pattern of life before electedthe early.retirement program isworking.

9. Because you have to spent themoney, so you go to this program.

l0.Your lives after early retirementbecome the better way.

l1.After early retirement your liveshave more freedom.

|2.After early retirement you havelose the yotu power.


I Prayod Chamkham Appendix / 164

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l3.Your lives after early retirementis waste.

14.You still want to go to the earlyretirement program, If you couldchoose it again.

The attitude about departmentImpact

15.The early retirement program hasmade the department be waste.

l6.Deparhnent is lose the goodofficen by early retirement prognux

17.The early retirement program isgood for the country.

l8.The early retirement program canreduce the government officers.

19.The early retirement programpilots to officer reductionprogram.

20.In fact, the early retirement programhas many good thins more thanwaste things.


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Section 5 The patterns of life after early retirement

l. What is your pattem of live after early retirement ?

t I l.Planning

f. 1 2. Resting

t I 3. Own business

f, | 4. OwnBusiness

t I s.Working

2. What is the real reason that make you to decide early retirement?

t ] 1.To change of the job

I 12. Health problem

t I 3.Non-justice

I l4.Benefit

t ] 5.To take care of family

t I 6. System boring

I lT.Others

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Prayod Chamkham

NAME

DATE OF BIRTE

PLACE OF BIRTH

INSTITUTIONS ATTENDEI)

BIGRAPTTY

Mr. Prayod Chamkham

3 August 1961

Samut Sakhon, Thailand

Bigraphy/ 166CI

I

Bansomdej Chaopraya Teacher' s

College 1983-1987 Bachelor of

Education.

Mahidol University, I 998-200 I

Mater of Arts @opulation Education)

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