factors affecting to violated traffic act of the driver : a case study...

1 4 JlJl'l 2002

Ii

FACTORS AFFECTING TO VIOLATED TP\AI'FIC ACT OF TTIE

DRIVER: A CASE STUDY OF TIIE NONCOMMISSIONED

POLICE OFFICERS IN METROPOLITANI POLICEDTVISION 7, 8 AND 9 METROPOLITANT POLICE

POL: CAPT. NITHI CHANPRASITPHOL

With comnplimemts

of

tiruft mlmurda ru'lTr urfru uBqn

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTOF TI{E REQIJIREMENTS FOR

TI{E DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS(CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL ruSTICE)

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIESMAHIDOL UNIVERSITY

2001ISBN 974-04-14s7-5

COPYRIGHT OF MAHIDOL UMVERSIry

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Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

Thesis

entitled

FACTORS AFFCTING TO YIOLATED TRAFFIC ACT OF TTIE DRTVER: ACASE STI.JDY OF TIIE NONCOMMSSIONED POLICE OFFICERS

IN METROPOLITANI POLICE DIVISION 7, 8 A}ID 9

METROPOLITA}IT POLICE

Jl*fl.t

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Po[. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitirhol

Candidate

Asst. Prof. Chankanit K.Cert. in Social Justice

Cert. in CCPMCert. in CPTEDMajor-Advisor

/;

Prof. Liangchai Limlomwongse, Ph.D.

DeanFaculty of Graduate Studies

IA

,:

I

elrr;A*ruurr*-

Cert. in Social Justice

Cert. in CCPMCert. in CPTEDCo-Advisor

fuLl &-r,-2.;;;ffiK;;**j;**";ffi:Cert. in CPTEDCo-Advisor

&^; \l^L*Ju*[,Asst. Prof. Asawin Watanavibool, M.A.Chair, Master of Arts Programme inCriminology and Criminal JusticeFaculty of Social Sciences and Humanities


a

Thesis

entifled

FACTORS AFFCTING TO VIOLATED TRAFFIC ACT OF THE DRTVER: ACASE STI.JDY OF THE NONCOMMISSIONED POLICE OFFICERS

IN METROPOLITANI POLICE DIVISION 7, 8 AND 9

METROPOLITA}.IT POLICE

was submitted to Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University forthe degree of Master of Arts (Criminology and Criminal Justice)

onApril 12,2002

,tlrfinPol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol

Candidate

, d*llK*Asst. Prof. Chankanit K.Cert. in Social JusticeCert. in CCPMCert. in CPTEDChair

V*Ail*... r\"r..As$. Prof. Jua

Ndn---Prof. Juan Chaisuwan, M.S.

Cert. in Social JusticeCert. in CCPMCert. in CPTEDMember

a

-Pol. Col. Suchart Kanchanavises,PUB.AD. (Police), M.A.Member

z^2J: L-Prof. Liangchai Limlomwongse, Ph.D.DeanFaculty of Graduate StudiesMahidol University

Cert. in CPTEDMember

DeanFaculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesM4hidol University

yarmanee, M.A.,


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The thesis on Factors Affecting Violations of the Traffic Acts of Car

Drivers: a Case Study of Noncommissioned Police Officers in Bangkok Metopolitan

Police Commission 7,8 and 9 under O of the National Police Bureau had successfully

achieved by the virtues of Asst. Prof. Chankanit K. Suriyarnanee, Asst. Prof. Juan

Chaisuwan, Asst. Prof. Nop Kanjanagrrnti who had contributed consultations and

corrections of the drawbacks initiating valuable benefits toward this research.

Gratefulness should be expressed in the sacrifice on valuable time of Pol. Col. Dr.

Lamduan Srimanee accepting as honorary expert committee member to thesis defense

and his resourcefulness to the researcher. Revered thanks to all instructors of the

Criminology and Criminal Justice Program who had bestowed knowledge and

consultations to this research.

Contribution to this accomplishment had to be merited to my parents, family

member and friends who fully bestowed moral supports. Respected thaoks to all

superiors and subordinates who contributed great cooperation and particularly, the

noncommissioned police officers who conferred collaborations responding

questionnaires and valuable suggestions in handling problems and barriers on data

collection.

Finally this study would contibute benefits to the National Police Bureau,

police ofEcers to which the worth of this study should go to my parents, instructors

and benevolent individuals who shared parts in this thesis contibuting knowledge,

thoughts, directions drawing the fulfillment of this research. And if there had been any

inadequacies, the researcher would profoundly accept for further improvement.

Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol

a


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / iv

4237614 SHCJA{ : MAIOR: CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE;

M.A. (CRTMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL ruSTICE)KEY WORDS : VIOLATION, CAR DRIVERS, TRAFFIC POLICE

POL. CAPT. NITHI CHAMRASITPHOL: FACTORS AFFECTING TO

VIOLATED TRAFFIC ACT OF THE DRIVER: A CASE STUDY OF TTIE

NONCOMMISSIONED POLICE OFFICERS IN METROPOLITAN POLICE

DIVISION 7, 8 AND 9 METROPOLITANT POLICE. THESIS ADVISORS:

CHANKANIT K. SURIMANEE, M.A., ruAN CHAISUWAN, M.S., NOP

KANCHNAKANITI, M.S. 149 p.ISBN 974-04-1457-5

The National Police Bureau arms to study opinions of the

noncommissioned police officers that affect (cause) taffic violations of the drivers

in the Mehopolitan Police Divisions 7, 8,and 9 including finding ways to improve

and solution to the stated violations.

306 noncommissioned police officers from 32 police stations were

respondents of questionnaires in the collection data of Computer were used in the

analysis of the data.62.4% of the samples were domiciled in provinces and 53.9%

are 4l-50 years of age with 39.5% have worked for ll-20 years of services

(average 15.8 years).64.1% have gained an educational level of Secondary high

school and 99.4Yo are Buddhists. 81.7% have been married ard 36.9Yo eam

between 8,000-10,000 Baht per month. 45.8% are Pol. Sergeant and4l.5% worked

in the taffic police with less than 5 years service (average 8.2 years) with 51.6%

having more than 4 people dependent on them. 62.1% live in the govemment flats

and 46.7Yo have attended l-3 meeting, training, and seminars for additional ftafficknowledge. 58.2% have moderately gained knowledge, understanding relative totraffic Acts and 32.7% have arrested 41-80 cases of trafftc Act violations.

Opinions of the causes of violations of traffic Acts of the driver withinthe division, it is found, most of the cases whether parking in the prohibited areas,

impeding park or careless driving are the results of a lack of discipline, an easy-

going and selfishness, they intend to violate and are fearless of the laws, the lightand improper punishment to the violation and there is no strictness and consistency

in the arrests by police offrcers.

In relation to the test of the hypotheses, it has been found that the sample

group has statistically significant difference in the causes of violated traffic Acts

i.e. 6-10 years of traffrc service officers have diflerent opinions about the causes ofviolated trafEc Acts than do the group of less than 5 years and ad the group ofmore than 11 years in traffic services in relative to parking in the prohibited areas,

transgressing taffrc signals and driving without license.


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / v

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ACT OF TIIE DRIVER: A CASE STUDY OF TIIE NONCOMMISSIONED POLICE

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LIST OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH

ABSTRACT IN THAI

LIST OF TABLES

CIIAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

l.l Nature of the Problems

1.2 Research Objectives

1.3 Research Framework

1.4 Definition of Terms

1.5 Research Variables

1,6 Research Conceptual Framework

1.7 Variables and Measurement Criteria

1.8 Hypothesis

1.9 Expected Benefits

CTIAPTER II: LITERATTIRE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of Traffic

2.2 Causes of Traffic Problems

2.3 Nature of TrafEc Violations

2.4 Related Researches

page

iii

v

viii

I

I

I

5

5

6

8

9

10

11

1t

t2

t2

23

26

,


CHAPTER III:

CHAPTER IV:

CIIAPTER V:

CHAPTERYI:

BIBLIOGRAPITY

APPEI\DD(

BIOGRAPITY

LIST OF CONTENTS (continued)

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Researchlnstrument

3.2 InstrumentatMethodology

3.3 QuestionnaireMeasurementCriteria

3.4 Populations and Sampling

3.5 Data Collection

3.6 DataAnalysis

3.7 StatisticalApplications

RESt]LTS

4.1 Data of Personal Background

4.2 Opinion of the noncommissioned police officers

toward the violations of traffic acts of car drivers

4.3 Test of Hypothesis

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS AI\D RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Research Objective

6.2 Recommendation from Research

6.3 Recommendation for Further Research

vll

page

47

47

47

48

49

49

49

50

5t

5l

59

70

88

93

93

96

97

98

101

t37


LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

I Frequency, Percentage of Samples Distributed by Personal Background 52

2 Mean (Xl and Standaxd Deviation (S.D.) of the Opinion of the

Noncommissioned Police OfEcers toward the Violations of Traffic

Acts of Car Drivers 59

3 Frequency, Mean, and Standard Deviation of Samples' Opinion on

Violations of Traffic Acts (Haste and Critical Urgencies) in the Case

of Prohibited Areas Parking 70

4 ANIOVA of Opinion of the Sample Group towards Causes of

Violating Traffic Acts 7l

5 Illustration of Pair-test on Dif[erences of Opinion on Violations of

Traffic Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of Scheffe' and LSD

(Haste and Critical Urgencies)


Violations of Traffic Acts (Inefficient Public Relations) in the Case

of Prohibited Areas Parking

7 ANOVA of Opinion of the Sample Group towards Causes of

Violating Traffic Acts

8 Illustration of Pair-test on Differences of Opinion on Violations of

Tra"ffrc Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of Scheffe' and LSD

(Ineffi cient Public Relations)

7l

73

73

74


ix

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table


Violations of Traffic Acts (Inefficient Public Relations) in

the Case of Transgression of Traffic Signs

10 ANOVA of Opinion of the Sarnple Group towards Causes of


11 Illustration of Pair-test on Difflerences of Opinion on Violations of

Page

Traffic Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of Scheffe'

and LSD (Transgression of Traffic Signs) 76


Violations of TrafFrc Acts (Lacking Knowledge and Understanding

on Traffic Acts) in the Case of Transgression of Traffic Signs 77


Violating Trffic Acts 77


Traffic Acts of the Sarnple Group by Methods of Scheffe'

and LSD (Transgression of Traffic Signs) 78

15 Frequency, Mean, and Standard Deviation of Sarnples' Opinion on

Violations of Traffic Acts (Lacking Knowledge and Understanding

on TrafEc Acts) in the Case of Not Carrying Driving License 79

16 A}{OVA of Opinion of the Sarnple Group towards Causes of

Violating Traffic Acts 79

75

75


x


Table

17 Illusfiation of Pair-test on Differences of Opinion on Violations of

Page

TrafEc Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of Scheffe' and LSD

(Driver's Lack of Knowledge and Understanding in Traffic Acts) 80


Violations of TrafEc Acts (New Practicing Driver) in the Case of

No Driving License 81


Violating Traffic Acts 8l


Traffrc Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of Scheffe'

and LSD (New Practicing Driver)

2l Frequency, Mean, and Standard Deviation of Samples' Opinion on

Violations of TrafEc Acts (Following Driving Tradition form Others)

in the Case of No Driving License

22 ANIOVA of Opinion of the Sarnple Group towards Causes of


23 Illustation of Pair-test on Differences of Opinion on Violations of

Traffic Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of Scheffe'

and LSD (Drivers Follow Driving Tradition from Others)

82

83

83

84



Table Page

24 Frequency, Mean, and Standard Deviation of Sarnples' Opinion on

Violations of Traffic Acts (Haste and Critical Urgencies) in the Case

of No Driving License 85


Violating Traffic Acts 85

26 Illustation of Pair-test on Differences of Opinion on Violations of

TrafEc Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of Scheffle'

and LSD (Haste and Critical Urgencies) 86


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) / I

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Nature of the Problems

At present, Bangkok id the capital located major governmental and business

offices both in industries and agriculture of Thailand. Being the Metopolis and

progress in all aspects turn to be difficult to avoid numbers of problems, particularly,

social problems e.g. poverlry, crimes, deteriorated areas and tenacious problems and

the most accelerating traffic problems

Bangkok is renown as the congestion capital of the world by its struck traffic

day through and gridlock, which might affect widely at any moment from day to night

(an Nuttall,1995:22). Bangkok has been appealed in the solving of tafific as priority

since it is the 14e large capital of the world @esearch Office of the Police

Deparbnent,BE2535:69). It encompasses 1,568 square kilometers (Office of Policy

and Plan, Bangkok Adminishation, BE2539:9). Bangkok is 2.7 times comparing to

Singapore (582.8 square kilometers) with the register population of 5,570,743 persons

excluded the population in the premises of 3,325,763 persons, which is 8,896,506

population in total (BE 2539). Bangkok population is 2.9 times of Singapore, which

accommodates only 3 million populations. Traffic problems directly and indirectly

creates disaster i.e. damages of economy, health, and property in budget and

invesfinent. (Sarawut Panaskhao, BE 2525 :44)

Trffic problems in Bangkok are caused by the rapid growth o the country

and the inefficiency of the responsible units in the government lacking the

eflectiveness in planning. Traffic police on road have to be the first to solve problems.

I


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Introduction / 2

The previous solution has been under the shortage of modern technology by using

human to face the tedious works and numbers of sfiategies in hands to improve the

situation. The direct effect toward the performers has been ignored which is the one of

the causes that results the severe traffic problem. Traffrc problems in Bangkok might

be derived from many factors. One of the significance factors and directly affects

traffic problem is behavior of lacking driving discipline of human caused by negative

values, attitudes and familiarity which results in the traffic violations.

Traffrc violations are counted as crimes in the context of Mala Prohibita.

(Clinard and Quinnley, 1967:14) since it is against Public Order. In the process of

enforcement under the Land Traffic Acts BE 2522 allowtng traffic officer to meet the

of[ender and make arestment to be forward to the investigation officer for

comparative fines. Following the Articles 140 of the stated Acts, empowering police

officers in issuing order receipt to further summon traffic violator for frning at the

station. This is the punishment to remind for the better conscientious driving to

directly prevent accident in one way. However, at present, there are still many traffic

violations. Most violators earn the afiitudes that traffic violations are tifles and able to

be easy matter or negotiable. Arresfrnent of traf[rc violation in Bangkok never

decrease as table shown below,


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) /3

Table 1.1 Lists of Cases Arrested under Order Receip Issued by Traffic OfEcers

in Bangkok 882539

Allegations/Charges Number Percentage

Prohibited Areas Parking

Impediment Pmking

Traffic Signs Violation

Wrong Lane Driving

Light Signal Violation

Awaiiing Lines

Not Carrying Driving License

No Driving License

Driving Truck During Prohibited Hours

Careless Driving

195,623

25,515

20,829

16,353

9,570

3,189

2,390

328

178

l3l

7r.37

9.31

7.60

5.97

3.49

l.l6

0.12

0.87

0.06

0.05

Total 274,106 100.00

(Source: Statistics of the Trffic Violation Arrestment of Trffic Headquarter Zone of the

North, the South, Thonburi on January-December BE 2539, Job l. Division 3, Trafic HQ., BE 2540)

There were 2,326,571order receipts issued during BE 2540 but t the report

for fines was low i.e. 65Yo of License Confiscation (found) arLd 58% of Vehicle

Attachment (unfound) . There was 35% of high rate in unpaying fines in the cases

license confiscation and 42Yo of the vases in vehicle attachment order as shown in the

following Table



Table 1.2 Fines Order and Payment

Introduction / 4

Year Total Order Confiscation AttachmentFine Payment

Conliscation Attachment

2535

2536

2537

2538

2539

z,',1,41,684

2,176,M9

1,882,621

1,577,427

2,326,571

1,720,223

1,737,609

1,370,762

1,109,342

1,387,960

521,661

438,859

5 I I,g5g

468,085

938,61I

5'lYo

640/o

4lo/o

57o/o

Therefore, in the haffic solution of Bangkok, the commissioned, and the

noncommissioned police officers are essential in the taffic management and its

solutions, particularly, the noncommissioned police officers who mange traffic in the

co-routes, and intersections where traffic is congested. These noncommissioned

officers works for long years and some might be 20-30 years. Such critical traffic

problem affect their health in this routine work in hearing and receiving lead. By

medical check provided to 1,751 Bangkok traffic police, 745 personnel are found with

malady - 43% on hearing effect, which is the highest, 3l% of lead in blood with 20

microgram. (Report of Police Hospital, BE 2535). These noncommissioned officers

are counted because they are the closest to the problem and clearly understand the

traffic problem of its the conditions, congestion or flows.

By the stated phenomenon, it makes researcher to be interested in the study

of Factors Affecting Violations of the TrafEc Acts of Car Drivers by investigating the

opinion from noncommissioned police officers in Bangkok metropolitan police

commission 7, 8 and 9, which are in Thonburi, areas where currently, the traffic is

increasingly congested adjoining to Bangkok. These areas accommodate numbers ofCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

Fac. of Grad. Studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) / 5

non-joint lanes, and steets including the expansion of the national economy under the

development plan BE2515-2526 concentating the expansfsn into Bangkok premises.

It caused many main roads in Thonburi i.e. Petchkasem, Borrom Rajachonnani, Rama

2, growing but without order in land using, city planning including problems with the

only 7 bridges over the Chaopraya River to connect Thonburi and Bangkok. Traffic

congestion happens during the rush hour since the lanes in the bridges are narrower

than the normal. Sample can be observed from inbound of Rajavidhi Road where there

are 5 lanes but the Ikung Thonburi Bridge has only 2 lanes, therefore the govemment

has planned to construct another 5 bridges. Such problems inevitably create fiaffic

problems and violations and persons directly being exposed to the work know best.

The researcher being the commissioned officer in the headquarter determined to sfudy

the problems in order to utilize findings for further traffic solutions.

1.2 Research Objectives

1.2.1 to study opinion of the noncommissioned police officers toward

factors affecting traffic acts violation of car drivers in the commission 7,8 and 9

1.2.2 to study solution in the traffic acts violation of car drivers in the

commissionT,S and 9 including other commission in Bangkok

1.3 Research Framework

This study is the research of factors aflecting traffrc acts violation of car

drivers by investigating opinion of the noncommissioned police officers in the

Metropolitan Commission 7,8,and 9 of the National Police Bureau assigned to traffrc


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Introduction / 6

works in the stated dependency of not less than a year within 32 stations and 10

officers of each station i.e.

Police stations of Bangkok-noi, Bangkok-yai, Bangsaothong, Tapra,

Borbornmongkol, Bangplad, Bangyikhan, Talingchan, Dhammasalq Saladaeng,

Bangkhunnont, Bangyirue, Taladplq Bubpharam, somdej chaopraya, Sarnrhe,

Bukkhalo, Rajaburana, Bangmod, Tungkhru, Bangkhorlaem, pakklongsan, Takham,

Bangkhuntien, Pasicharoen, Laksong, Nongkhaem, Petchkasem, Bangbon,

Nongkangplu, Samaedam, Tientale

1.4 Definition of Terms

"Trffic Police fficer" is defined as police officers mainly assigned to land

trffic job including arrestrnent under Traffrc Acts. In this study it is specifically

defined only the noncommissioned police ofEcers ranks of police private, police lance

corporal, police corporal, police sergeant, police staff sergeant and police saber

sergeant

"Violation" is defined as transgression or offending of not following traffic

rules.

"Trffic Lmtts" is defined as conditions, rules, regulations and obligation

enforced under the Land Traffic Acts BE 2522, Car Acts BE 2522, Land

Transportation Acts 8e2522 including Ministerial Obligations and Th Announcement

of the Traffic Officer.

"Trffic" is defined as route using of the car drivers


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) /7

"Route" is defined as lanes of the car, bus, road-side, walkway, crossings,

co-routing, intersection, slope, curves, bridge and open space in traffic uses or the

traffic offrcer announced as route under Land Traffic Acts and the rail is excluded.

"Vehicle" is defined as carrier, driving machine, which in this context, it is

defined as car.

"Car" is defined as automobile with wheels ranging from 3 wheels and

motioned by engineso electic power or other power and the engines on rails are

exempted.

"Driver" is defined as person who drives or stationed at engines,

transporta;tion equipment under tansportation laws.

"Road Environment" is defined as conditions in roads e.g. conditions

damaged road, numbers of connected sub-lanes, lanes, street lights, curve conditions,

smoke from the exhauster, number of cars in community, light signal conditions,

traffic signs, road signs, and etc.

" Personal Background or Social Background" is defined as factors ofage,

years of civil works, years of haffic works, marital status, number of children, number

of dependency, rank, unit of dependency, educational level, and domicile.

oo Social and Economic Factor" is defined as factors which are relative to

salary, special income, sfficient'income to expenses, residential condition, traffic

work experience, encouraged or supportive behavior to violate taffic acts

"Violation of Trffic Acts" is defined as transgression or offense of not

following traffrc laws of the car driver and in this study is concentrated only 2 types,

i.e.


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol lntroduction / 8

l. Movtng Violations, i.e. violation of light signal, risk overtaking, wrong

lane, far-left driving, and etc.

2. Parking Violations i.e. parking in the prohibited areas, paxking in the bus

areas, double-parking, intersection comer parking, and unnecessary parking in

walkway.

1.5 Research Variables

Variables in the study contains

1.5.1 Independent Variables i.e.

1.5.1.1 Personal Background or Social Background i.e. age, years

of civil works, years of taffic works, marital status, number of children, number of

dependency, rank, unit of dependency, educatioiral level, and domicile.

1.5.1.2 Social and Economic Factors i.e. salary, special income,

suffrcient income to expenses, residential condition, fiaffic work experience,

encouraged or supportive behavior to violate traffic acts.

1.5,2 Dependent Variables i.e. opinion of noncommissioned police

ofFrcers toward factors affecting violations of haffic acts of car drivers



1.6 Research Conceptual Framework

Independent Variables

Personal Background

. ?8e,

. years of civil works,

. years of fuaffic works,

o marital stafus,

o number of children,

o number of dependency,

o ralk,

o unitofdependency,

o educational level,

. and domicile.

Dependent Variables

@EB@

Opinion of

noncommissioned

police offrcers toward

factors affecting

violations of traffic acts

of car drivers

Social and Economic Factors

. salary,

o special income,

o suffrcient income to expenses,

. residentialcondition,

o traffic work experience,

. encouragedorsupportive

behavior to violate traffic acts.



1.7 Variables and Measurement Criteria

Introduction / 10

Variables Measurement

Criteria

Independent Variables

Age,

Years of civil works,

Years of traffic works,

Marital status,

Number of children,

Number of dependency,

Rank,

Unit of dependency,

Educational level,

Domicile.

Salary,

Special income,

Suffrcient income to expenses,

Residential condition,

Traffrc work experience,

Encouraged or supportive behavior to violate

traffic acts.

I)ependent Variables

Opinion of noncommissioned police officers

toward factors affecting violations of traffic acts

of car drivers

Ratio

Ratio

Ratio

Nominal

Ratio

Ratio

Interval

Nominal

Nominal

Nominal

Ratio

Ratio

Nominal

Nominal

Nominal, Interval

Nominal

Interval


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ.

1.8 Hypothesis

M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) / ll

1.8.1 The noncommissioned police officers with different social

background have different opinion toward factors affecting violations of trafFrc acts of

car drivers.

1.8.2 The noncommissioned police officers with different social and

economic factors have different opinion toward factors affecting violations of trafEc

acts ofcar drivers.

1.9 Expected Benefits

1.9.1 To know factors affecting violations of traffic acts of car drivers in

Bangkok

1.9.2 To know problems in violations of traffic acts of car drivers and to

signiff the violations, which generally viewed as insignificant and being ignored

1.9.3 To gain information and solution approaches and measures in traffic

1.9.4 To be as guides for further related study e.g. factors affecting

violations of traffic acts of pedestrians and bus passengers


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Literature Review / 12

CHAPTER TI

LITERATI]RE REYIEW

2.1 General Knowledge of Traffic

2.1.1 Definition of Traflic

Later in BE 2474, the word "Traffic" had been defined. The police

Deparbnent had proposed the Act of Land Transportation to the Ministy of Interior

under the drafting of PoI. Col. C.B. Follet who adapted it from the traffic law of

England to suit the country. This law had been endorsed by the parliament and

enforced in BE 2474. Ever since the word *taffic" was widely spread to the people.

o'Traffic" by definition of Land Acts BE 2522, Article aQ) is route using of

drivers, pedestrians or person who leads, rides or drive animals. Had such person used

taffic routes, they had to follow the traffic law. Therefore, the significance of this law

issued for the convenience and security of taffrc users. It is normal that ordinary

people would violate laws which results damage to social. The lightness and graveness

depends on case of action. When there is violation making social unrest, there is

penalty to prevent social members in order to keep the similar orders.

2.1.2 Traffic Police Works

Traffic jobs were the traffic management and control, prevention on taffic

violation, aresfinent of fuaffic offlenders, basic procedure on car accident,

recommendation and news on taffic for people and for the benefits of the people, etc.

prevention and suppression in case of necessity under laws, regulations or obligations

such as solving before serious ofFending, ceding, suppressing and arresting offenders,Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) / 13

helping and servicing people. Others related jobs were collecting data or jobs assigned

by superiors.

It was observed that apart from the routine assigned job, there were missions

involving prevention and suppression on crimes and sustaining law inclusion of

working on other many jobs assigned by superiors.

In the Act of Land Transportation, there were 2 words related to taffic for

operations, which were: -

Traffic Officer in the Article 4(37) was defined as police officers ranking

the commissioned such as the Director General had appointed traffic personnel

nationwide the Northern Commander or Traffic Commander to be taffic personnel in

Bangkok area.

Civil Officer in Article (38) was defined as police officers working on

traf,Frc control e.g. taffic police working on roads whether they were duties on contol

or facilitation on traffrc stated in the Act of Land Transportation BE 2522 who were

called "Civil Officer" to which Deputy Inspector or taffic police held 2 duties as

follows

1. Duty according to law

2. Dlty according to regulation of the National Police Bureau.

l. Duty According to Law was the duty as police officers that had the direct

duty on arrestnent of the offenders on criminal case of the act of land transportation,

the act of vehicles, the act of land tansportation and the act of protection for car

accident. All were the act imposed with criminal penalty. Therefore, when any traffic

police had found the offense that violates and articles in the act as stated or foundCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


offending as state in criminal law. The police held the authority of arestment as civil

police officers as the act of sub criminal case. Besides authority in arrestnen! there

were others responsibility to which the act of land transportation had stated to provide

facility and security in taffic as follows

1.1 Traffic signaling whether by hands or whistling. (Article 24,25)

1.2 Providing taffic signs (Article 23)

1.3 Providing temporary traffic n case of emergency or accident as

found proper for safety and conveniences. (Article 138)

1.4 Confinement by issuing order bill of traffic officer, calling for

driving license or cautioning. (Article 140)

1.5 Halting the improper condition vehicles or vehicles that drivers

violated traffic rules. (Article 142)

1.6 Moving immobile or obstructed vehicles or using devices to

immobile vehicles or parking (Article 59, amended in Issue 4882535, Article 12)

1.7 Testing drivers to check disabilities ( Article l42,paragraph2)

2. Duty According to Regulation of the National Police Bureau: the duty

of Deputy Inspector and Traffic police officer defined in the order of the National

Police Bureau, which detennine authority as follows

2.1 Duty of Trffic Deputy Inspector

2.1.1 Traffrc Management and Controls

(l) Contol, examine and supervise that officers followed

duty as in assigned points and time and mobile as seen fit.

(2) Counsel, recommend, improve, evaluate, coordinate

and solve problems of taffic job.Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


(3) Organize and control haffic by oneself in case of

necessity.

2.1.2 Collect haffic data and make use of new technology for

tafEc

(1) Collect haffic data being assigned by the Inspector.

(2) Collect taffic accident with Traffic format I or by

other formats determined by the National Police Bureau.

(3) Assist Inspector to analyze the collected data.

2.1.3 Provide knowledge and training to police officers

(1) Provide orientation to all officers to know traffrc plans,

traffic problem conditions, laws, regulations, orders, related obligations and others

necessary to follow duty each time prior to working.

(2) TruntafFrc officer knowledge and capability, behavior

and discipline to be proper for the job as stated in the policy of the Traffrc Inspector.

2.1.4 Supervise, patrol, and guide street users to follow laws,

regulations, orders and obligations of the tffic.

(1) Contol, examine, counsel, advise, improve, follow-up,

evaluate, coordinate and solve problems in tffic job of the offrcers. There should be

continuity in working to promote disciplines in taffic.

(2) The stated above should be part of self-practices.

2.1.5 Admonish and caution before issuing order bill or before

alaesment offenders of [aw, regulation, order and obligations of traffic.

2.1.6 htttialhandling on accident

(1) Inform immediately, the interrogative officers.Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


(2) Anive at the accident spot for initial handling.

(3) Maintain conditions; collect clues and evidences with

' proper methods.

(4) Organize both parties and witnesses to meet

interrogative officer on duty.

(5) Handte traffic at the spot of accident.

(6) Provide first aid or send the injured to hospital ifnecessary.

(7) Assist interrogative offrcer on duty at the accident spot.

(8) Report the accident in the format I or in other formats

determined by the National Police Bureau.

2.1.7 collect data and infonnation of fact beneficial to prevention

and suppression.

(l) Control, and supervise haffic police to practice the

above stated.

(2) Self-practice of the above stated.

(3) Report information or fact collected to traffic inspector

or in case of emergency, it had to be directly reported to the responsible personnel

before reporting to the traffic inspector.

By principles and methods, all determined practices should follow

the inspector or commander.

2.1.8 Extend collected information or fact to the Prevention and

Suppression Division.

2.1.9 Arrestment according to the following conditionCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

\_

Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminolory and Criminal Justice) / 17

(l) Encounter offending

(2) Ignorant of arresftnent could allow escape or cause ill

effect to charge the case.

2.1.10 Assist patol officers or other officers in subsiding,

suppressing or arresting offenders as fotrnd proper, such as upon meeting the subsiding

or arresting offenders, it was the duty to assist or when being requested by the

suppression officers on arrestnent, collaboration should be taken.

2.l.ll Upon order, either by immediate or by plan as determined

by superior, action should be taken in the suppression, arresftnent, and interception.

2.1.12 Assist trffic inspector according to duty as ordered by the

National Police Bureau, No. 507/BE zs38 dated April 30, BE 253g, Title: Job

Assignment of the Metropolitan police officers under the improvement of the station

project subjected to the responsibility of the fiaffic inspector or by the assignment of

the inspector.

2.1.13 Other jobs related to traffic.

2.1.14 Other jobs assigned by superior.

2.2 Duty of trffic police

2.2.1 Sfridy and collect information on traffrc and bring in

technology to be used in traffic.

(l) Collect traffic data as assigned by the deputy inspector

or the inspector of taffic.

(2) Traffrc accident had to be collected by format 1 or by

other formats ordered by the National Police Bureau.



2.2.2 Organrze and conhol haffic as assigned by the deputy

inspector or the inspector of taffic.

2.2.3 Supervise, patrol and guide drivers to follow the law,

regulations, order and obligations of traffic.

2.2.4 Admonish and caution before issuing order bill or before

arresting offenders of law, regulations, order, and obligations of traffic.

2.2.5 lf,itialhandling on accident

(l) Maintain accident spot, clues, witnesses and evidences

with proper methods such as separating involved parties to clear taffic and

immediately mark the wheels and traces of evidences at the spot inclusion of mapping

the accident spot with the all marks of evidences as follows

. Position of immobile vehicle after crash

o Position of the injwed or deceased after the accident

o Scratch on the road

o Marks of the brake

o Traces of the nearby mobile vehicles at the accident

spot

o Particles or brokerages on the roads on the accident

spot and incase of moving evidences, it had to follow

. Mark the spot of evidences appeared on the road by

chalk, color spray pencil, pen or charcoal etc., keeping the exact position of the

evidences, with clarity, accuracy while not making dirty on the road.

. Map in brief by measuring distances of evidences

and signed by both parties.Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


o Photograph (if any) by speciffing the position of the

photographer.

(2) Organize parties and witnesses to meet interrogative

personnel on duty. To this practices, find out the narne, address and call for licenses of

both parties.

(3) Handle traffic at the accident spot, if possible ty not to

allow people to make blockage but traffrc flows.

(4) Provide first aid or send the injured to hospital as

necessity due.

(5) Assist personnel on duty in handling accident.

(6) Inform immediately the responsible interrogative

personnel and traffrc deputy inspector.

(7) In case of abandoning duty on handling traffic,

immediate report had to be made to the responsible traffic deputy inspector to review

for assignment and the order had to be followed.

(8) Report traffrc accident to traffic deputy inspector or

inspector by using the format 1 or other formats determined by the National Police

Bureau.

2.2.6 Collect data and information of fact beneficial to prevention

and suppression by reporting information or fact collected to traffic deputy inspector

or inspector or in case of emergency, it had to be directly reported to the responsible

personnel before reporting to the traf,fic deputy inspector or inspector. By principles

and methods, all determined practices should follow the inspector or commander.



2.2.7 Submit information or fact to the Prevention and

Suppression Division.

2.2.8 Arrestment according to the following condition

(1) Encounter offending

(2) Ignorant of arrestnent could allow escape or cause ill

effect to charge the case.

2.2.9 Assist pahol officers or other officers in subsiding,

suppressing or arresting offenders as found proper, such as upon meeting the subsiding

or arresting offlenders, it was the duty to assist or when being requested by the

suppression officers on arestrnent, collaboration should be taken.

2.2.10 Upon order, either by immediate or by plan as determined

by superior, action should be taken in the suppression, arrestment, and interception.

2.2.11 Other jobs related to traffic

2.2.12 Other jobs assigned by superior

Some of the fiaffic police officers might have been assigned to office works,

which had to support the traffic job in the station or followed the order of the traffic

inspector or the deputy inspector. However, it had to be subjected to law, regulations,

order, and obligations on such causes or by the order of the superior. The practices had

to follow as below,

(l) errant on letters

(2) corresponding the traffic job

(3) typine

(a) fiting of documents

(5) collecting inforrnation oftrafficCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


(6) planning the traffic

(7) requisitioning on devices for taffic

(8) other jobs related to taffic

(9) otherjobs assigned by superior

2.1.3 Concepts and Theories on Traffics

Trafic Engineering

Traffic Engineering is a discipline relative to planing, designs and

controlling land tansportation system including the using of the neighboring lands and

the study of relationship with other systems of tansportation. Wither it might be

defined as applying principles, equipment, metfiods and techniques including scientific

researches to be applied for the better convenience, rapidness, security and

economizing in logistics of the passengers and things.

Factors of Trafrc

1. Driver and Pedestrian

Driver may cause 2 types of problems

Manners in driving

o Decision-making

Manners in Driving might cause from

l.l Environment Conditions i.e. climate conditions, geographicat

conditions, land using types, traffic conditions, routes for tavelling conditions and etc.

1.2 Psychological Factors i.e. driver's emotion, We, and gender

including drives, etc.

1.3 Physical Factors i.e. visionary ability, hearing, and reaction.Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

Pol. Capt Nithi Chanprasitphol Literature Review / 22

Perception-Reaction Time, PIEV is defined as period of the body in

perceiving by eye, ears, senses and perception of brains to order hands and feet to

brake including periods oftimes.

Theories of PIEV contain 4 factors as follows;

o Perception Time i.e. period of clearly seeing material and perceiving the

situation.

o Intellection Tirne i.e. period of reviewing, ffid analyang the seeing

things.

o Emotion Time i.e. period used in decision for action against situation or

the seeing materials.

. Volition Tirne i.e. period used in following the order of the brain. The

value of PIEV is critical to traffic problems. One of the causes of accident is the

volition decision of the driver. Ordinary people should have l-2 seconds of PIEV. The

standards of PIEV are designed for 2-2.5 seconds. However, when the body meets

retards by long drives or meets with difficulties indecision-making. The period of

reaction should increase to 4 seconds. Security in save stop distance of traffrc

engineering is calculated and the amber time is designed. In taking 3-5 seconds. If the

period is shorter than 3 seconds are, there will be accident and insecurity. In case of

the drive to drive through the intersection and the amber time is designed for 5

seconds, the driver will take more advantages violating the intersection.



2.2 Causes of Traffic Problems

M.A. (Criminolory and Criminal Justice) /23

There are 3 major factors involved i.e. road, vehicle, and human

Human is the principal factor in naffic problems on the undisciplinary

driving behavior arising from values, attitudes and familiarity of violations and

causing other problems.

2.2.1 lncorrect driving behavior is the major cause of road accidents

causing life loss and injuries or traffic jams. Incorrect driving behavior contains 2

characteristics i.e. undisciplinary and selfi shness

2.2.2 Brequent driving behavior

o Violation of light signal at intersection during the continuity of

driving in the middle of the intersection causing other to halt

r Cession of vehicles impeding flows from lanes and obstructing

other vehicles not to proceed fearing ofthe front blockage

o Parking on prohibition

o Miss-driving of ways and slow down to take the cross lanes

entering department stores

o Overtaking to take the fly-over

. Cession on the left-tum blocking the turns

o Parking to debarking the goods on main road impeding others

o Making debris falls on roads of the trucks

o Double parking of the bus and taxi for passengers or unneatly park

impeding traffic



Most violation have the attitudes that haffic violation is trifles and should be

less strict or negotiable without thinking that, it can ueate taffic problems in general.

When there is arestrnen! there is also negotiation and bribery for the sake of less

strictress toward the violator. Some of the violators might boast around of their social

stafus wealth to lower the police in threat and avoidance of arrestnent. Some might be

tricky and boasting to make police annoyance not to handle violators. Some traders

might make intimate relations with police by supporting police activities and welfare

to ask facilitation or prevention of being distubed.

Some violators are influential groups e.g. trailer groups, and oil tansports

groups, who use to make intimate relation with politicians, civil servants or police

superiors in forms of cronyism or patron-client. It makes the subordinate unable to

impose laws against such type of violators. IN some cases, police has been bullied e.g.

accusation, or filing complaints till being remarks and under discipline investigation.

Therefore, many police use avoidance-methods in handling problems. It changes from

strict law follower to staying without enmity. Some police changes behavior to accept

benefits in forms of submissiveness or do-as the Romans-do. Bargaining the state

power done by violators in forms of pleading, pressures by influences or incentive in

motivation are underlying with intention that police should avoid doing duty, which is

the social behavior that create fiaffic problems in Bangkok

2.2.3 Existing causes of violations or not correcting behavior of

violations may derive from following factors

1) Ineffectiveness in issuing driving license: previous issuance of

driving licenses has been very simple and without screening to gain quallty drivers.

Therefore, issuance of driving licenses should be revised e.g. attending drivingCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


schools, improving the driving curricular, and shict teaching on driving to allow new

generations of drivers knowledge, maturity and high skills in driving.

2) Shortage of lnformation Technology to contol the driving order

receipt issued by arresfrnent of police, nationwide including the reduction of scores in

the point system to drivers for the purpose of collecting dataand controlling offenders.

When there is shortage of information technology, violators can commit offenses in

many areas disrespect to law. Further, there is shortage in fundamental factors to

distinguish different violators.

3) Shortage of systematic education to consistently provide

knowledge for people e.g.

o Providing knowledge in schools

o Providing knowledge to risk group e.g. truck drivers, etc.

o Providing knowledge of consistently campaigning traffrc

disciplines via media

. Providing knowledge through driving schools

o Establishing traffic school to train state agencies

r Imposing re-correction measures e.g. probation, social

volunteering and allowing private sectors to participate in

the solution and taffic volunteer

Shortage of training causes traffic users unawareness of haffic

disciplines, unskillfulness and selfishness.

4) taits of serious law enforcement: because traffic management

has been viewed as priority while there is shortage in incentive, devotion and needs to

acquire external systems of money from taders.Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

F-'B


5) Thai driving behavior and disrespect of laws, which can be

witressed from the statistics of order receip issued in Bangkok during BE 2540 has

been2,326,571 receipts. However, few showed up to pay the fine i.e. confiscation of

driving license of 65%o (found), and attachment of order at the vehicles (unfound) of

58Yo, and no show for paying the fines of confiscation is as high as 35% and

attachment types of 42Yo.

Nature of Traffic Violations

Traffic violation is classified in definition of crimes stipulated in Mala

prohibita and categorized criminal behavior as major factors in determination the types

of crimes. The violation of haffrc is crime against public order crime

Violation in criminal principles is distinguished into 2 types as follows;

l. Mala in se

2. Malaprohibita

The first violation is counted as violent crime i.e. gangs robbery, theft,

snatching and murder.

The latter is counted as non-violent crimes. However, the laws have

stipulated prohibitions for the pu{poses of allowing social order are imposed in human

society. Such violations happen numerously each day e.g. garnbling, prostitution, and

fraffic violation, etc.

Traffic Violation is classified in Mala prohibita and can be distinguished

into2types, i.e.

2.3



l. Moving Violations, which are defined as drivers commit violation

during driving e.g. violation of light signals, overtaking at risk, miss-driving of lanes

and driving too close to the left, etc.

2. Parking Violations, which are defined as drivers commit violations

after cession i.e. parking at prohibited areas, paxking in the areas of the bus stops,

double parking, parking at turning point of intersections and parking in the walk-ways

without necessity and etc.

2.3.1 Social Status and Social Mood

On account of most traffic violations have coded as offense. Therefore,

lawyers of Criminological Institute and Social Decorum of Prof. Sutherland viewed

that ofifense of prestige should be categorized in crimes that violators should be

subjected to criminal laws.

Criminal offense should contain,

l. Factors of action

2. Factors of mind

Action in itself causes no criminal oflense excep Mens rea, which are

usually understood as despiritualrty or offending mind. Actually, at present Shearman

J. cited that the precise meaning of Mens rea was offending intent or intention to act as

termed offending. Therefore, ill intention is meant only as factor of mind necessary to

any offending. In most offenses, ill intention is intention. However, in some cases of

offenses, which require special intention, such ill intention is similarly termed as

special intention.



Though ill intention is understood as above, it is found usuatly untrue. Some

criminal laws of some counties do not stipulated only intent action. However,

counting factors of mind, criminal violation is distinguished into 3 types as follows;

1. Criminal offense intentionally committed is count as offending

2. Criminal offenses counted as offending when carelessly offend

3. Offense of stict responsibility is counted as oflense even though

without intent or carelessness

While haffic violation is precise to the definition of crimes, but in each case

the result by public opinion counts as ungenuine crime because such violation is Mala

in se. If it were the offense coded it was not against conduct nonn. Therefore, it was

not counted as offense by prestige as crime committing. Particularly, in Thai society,

cultures in using vehicles is still rather new and a personal culture, taking advantages,

bureaucratic, and discarding others' rights. Besides, Bangkok society requires

competition since time is money; therefore, the traffic violation seems to be normal

deeds.

Reflecting traffic violations, it corresponds 2 types of offenses i.e. intent

offending and careless offending. Sutherland, therefore, states that by such issues, it

could be viewed ttrat taffic violator is white-collar crime. To support his statement, it

is observed that traffrc violators mostly are in high society and the higher education

eams the more violation of trffic. Traffic violation and white-collar crime are similar

in one aspect i.e. law violation but it is not condemned by pubtic like other crimes

stated in the codes of laws. Though violators are more from high societal class than

other types of violations but among traffrc violators, there are not only white-collar

groups but also the blue-collar groups i.e. ta:ri drivers, bus drivers, and truck drivers.Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


Therefore, this issue is irrelevant to traffic violators as defined by Sutherland, who

cited that traffic violators are only specified with white-collar crimes.

There are numbers of traffic violations. A reason stated by Sutherland

against the white-collar crime was that the lacking of consciousness an! responsibility

toward public, in general. In this meaning, the tuaffic violation is compared to white-

collar crime. Quantity of naffic violators are numerous and it is the type of leading

offense among white-collar. Sutherland recalled the reason that public has not

condemned trafEc violators and lacking of the public responsibility to help coding new

laws in USA stating on taffic violation.

Marvin E. Wolfgang and Franco Rerracutico-author in a thesis studied on "

Subculture of Violence". They studied on the relationship in the subculture of

societies, promptness of social members to express aggressiveness, social conduct

nonns, which explain the living of the society and the social formulation including

socialization of the society. They referred to nature of violation and the complexity of

cultural groups. The question was raised whether nature of subculture in each societal

group has influence against individual behavior of the societal members. They would

suggest that there were 3 mechanism in subculture relative to violence, which could

influence drivers' behavior.

First, 2 components of the subcultue relative to violence, which are clearly

found, is intention to cause injuries to others and the self-life risk to satisff self-

aggressiveness. They are probable to cause dangers both to self and to others. Such

aggressive behavior person accepts such things and count that driving is the face-to-

face interaction, which satisfu them.



Second, members of the society are forrnulated in the understanding and

accepting the aggressive behavior. Such person count that rapidity of the vehicles is

useful to release and compensate self aggressiveness while they can not express the

aggressiveness against individuals or any thing, which have direct ill intention toward

them while such society counts it as social norms of prohibiting to harm ill intended

persons.

Third, expression or maruler of the drivers, which mostly express in

aggressively hot-heartened or less catn while driving and following the nature of

human class e.g. lower class or labor class, all are the basic cause of the subculture of

violence.

Had three types been related including the behavior of driving, social groups

with aggressive behavior would also highly express their aggressiveness in driving.

Actually, the influence of the subculture can not explain the entire individual violent

behavior. However, he existing question is whether the forms of haffic accidents in

the urban are similar to criminal deeds and support the hypothesis that desire or

expressed intentions of aggressiveness tend more to cause risk taking while driving is

similar to whether are there increases of tendency in individual behavior of risk taking

Traffic violation is the firndamental cause that affect traffrc accidents and

traffic violation is another form of risk taking which increase the death rate resulted

from tra"ffrc. It is one of the forms of risk taking in our society. There are

academicians in engineering, medical and psychology, which study problems and

causes of accidents and it was found out that there are factors of sociology and

criminology involved.


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminolory and Criminal Justice) /31

Traffic laws have been determined to protect life and properly. The trafEc

violators is similar to violators of criminal laws i.e. being harmful to life and property

of self and other, when violations have been committed.

In the study of M. Greenwood, it was found out that causes of traffic

accidents are resulted from nature of mind and individual behavior. More

academicians have conducted sfudies and it was found out that traffic accidents have

relationship with problems of individual behavior e.g. alcoholism, mental problems or

family problems.

There are studies in relative to discarding taffic laws of drivers and it is

found out that it is also related to personal background or the background of bias

behavior. Some studies concentrated to individual personality and relationship

between individual driving behavior and variables of social culture. It is found out that

individual driving behavior is influenced by social culture learned and perceived,

which are related to the adoption of practices to be their own behavior.

Viewing the crime of murder or assault, the traffrc accidents are differed and

are in forms of impersonal violence rather than interpersonal, which specifically harms

or assault others. The latter is directly corresponded with a type of crimes e.g. murder,

or assaults. However, had traffic accidents happened, they would have been

impersonal or unintended motive to cause danger to the person.

The National Safety Council of USA has assumed that half of the accidents

caused by the drunken driving. It is found in the study that physical condition has

statistically significant relationship to risk taking at the 0.00 level. When criminal files

have been studied, it is found out that such relationship would not happen with normal

crimes but found only in taffic. However, some of these criminals have been foundCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasiphol Literature Review / 32

violating traffic laws after drinking but not in drunken state. Therefore, it can be

concluded that drinking has statistically significant relationship with risk taking. To

the non-criminal drivers and actual criminals, there are more tendencies in risk taking

of driving after drinking. The studies observe that in groups of actual criminals, taffic

violation while drunken indicate the tendency to expose self and others to danger

rather than taffic violation by drunkenness carses only the loss of self consciousness.

2.3.2 Effects of Traffic Violations

Moving violations is said to be the highest cause of traffic accidents and the

violence, which causes death and also darnages properly. Epidemists view that traffic

accidents are a type of epidemics with high rate in occurrence particularly in Thailand,

it is 3 times of haffic accidents higher than USA which cause death more than

Vietnam.

Traffic violations on parking in the prohibited areas, even though it creates

less traffrc accidents but chances of traffrc halt becomes easier since it reduce the

space of taffic. It becomes the obstacles of traffics.

2.3.3, Punishment of Traffic Violators

On account of being offense against Land Transportation Acts, Automobiles

Acts and other Acts related to automobiles is civil offense and imprisonment is not

exceeding I month with fines of no not exceeding 1,000 Baht or both.

Practically, most punishment in case of against Traffic Acts is fines, rryhich

is periodically acceptable intemationally. Criminal offense in lighter cases, which

offenders should not be imprisoned, the fine penalty on property is one of the best

methods to avoid short period of imprisonment, which is useless to violators in allCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

Mtra\Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ.l

cases. The fine being popularly exercised in Thailand is fixed to each offending

depending on lightness or severity of the violations, which gives the priority to this

type of punishment. It deems a fair deal on equality inpunishment without cronyism.

2.3.4 Order Receipt Issuance of Traffic Police

For its completeness, that taf,fic authority or officers indicated in Land

Transportation Acts BE 2522 to issue order receipt stated in Land Transportation Acts

B.82522, Article 140 follow laws, regulation, obligations and related orders including

being conveniently to collect data for analysis with computer, It is useful to enforce

the Land Transportation Acts BE 2522 and related laws, issuance of order receipt

should be mentioned as details follows;

Order Receipt Format

Land Transportation Acts BE 2522, Article 140 section 7 stated, " Order

receipt and substitution receip of driving license must follow the indication of Traffrc

Officers". Currently, the order receipt is under the determination of the Police

Deparhnent. Payment through mail, order receipt format and values of fines

comparative to the violation of Land Transportation BE 2522 (znd,Copy) 8E2542 and,

all the order receip must be used kingdomwide.

On account of order receipt issued by Director General of the Police

Deparhnent acting as tuaffic police kingdomwide; the receipt contains the width of

12.5 cms, length of 25 cms. designed for less viriting and for the usefulness in data

analysis by computerized programs including payment by mail. A book contains 25

sets with running numbers from 1-25 at the top right corner and serial number of the

book is stated in the top left of the book. Each set contains 4 papers - the white for the

4Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasiphol Literature Review / 34

violators, the yellow for the job l, Division 3, Traffic Head Quarter (in Bangkok

areas), the pink for investigation officers with driving license and the blue to be kept

as copy in book for evidence. There is only once in writing without any carbon paper

requfued. The order receip is sponsored by Bangkok Metopolis Printing.

Procedures of Requisition and Implementing Order Receipt

Following the regulations stating on using computer in organizing system of

order receipt of the haffic violators Copy 2882532, it determines the implementation

of the order receipt with traffic violator and the using of computer should be related as

in No 312(l) od chapter 3 character 9 of the police regulations on cases. The

procedures of requisite and the implementation should be stated for the units working

in Bangkok areas, as follows;

L Units using order ieceip at each station in Bangkok Metropolis must

report the name of the implementers of the receipt to the Division 3, Traffic Head

Quarter to determine personal code in issuing order receipt and to enlist requisition for

distribution to traffic police of dependency.

2. Issuing police officer might temporary retrieve driving license but

substitution must be issued for the driver and the officer must immediately submit

order receipt with driving license to investigation officer within 8 hours as stated in

Land Transportation Acts BE 2522,Article 140, Section 2.

3. Units using order receipt collect yellow copy to be submitted to Division

3. Traffic Headquarter everyday with running serial number whether damaged or not

there should be cross-lined and remarks of its cancellation by running number from

lesser to greater.


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. (Criminolory and Criminal Justice) /35

4. When driver reports for fine payment, investigation officer on duty in

each shift enlists the report as stated in the regulation to be submitted to Division 3.

Traffic Headquarter everyday before duty adjournment. On account of order receipt

format indidates the initial of tafiEc officers, therefore, the distributed book to the

units in the Head Quarter of Bangkok Metropolitan Police will be attached with the

signature of Traffic Police Commander acting as taffrc offlrcer in Bangkok areas

responding to the order of the Ministry of Interior NO. 387/8 E 2541dated 14 August

BE 2541, subject: Assignment of Traffrc Officer under the Land Transportation BE

2522. Regarding order receipt issuing by traffic offrcers or authority in other

provinces or other units under the dependency of the National Police Bureau e.g.

Marine Police, Train Police and Highway Police, the Provincial Police or the

Commander of the Unit has full authority to initial as taffrc officer in authorized areas

and to take the responsibility under the order of the Ministry of Interior No. 387/ BE

2541as stated.

Completion on Data and Facts in the Format

Land Transportation Acts BE 2522, Article 140 states,

"Upon finding that driver violates or does not follow the code of this Acts or

the laws related to automobile, traffic police or offrcer must either caution driver or

issue order receipt to pay the comparative fines. Tying or attaching the order to the

vehicle easily seen must be made in case of unfound driver."

For the orderliness and usefulness in computer analysis in enforcing laws,

traffrc ofiicer or authority issuing order must reflect the completion of data and facts in

the format, correctly, completely and clearly else it wold affect the comparativeCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


investigation and the reports to registar as stated in the automobile laws and land

Transportation Acts to cede the annual ta>r of the Land Transportation Acts BE 2522,

Article 141, subsection of amendment by Article 19 of the Land Transportation Acts (

Copy 4) BE 2535, including the follow-up of the order recerpt. Further, the issuance of

the order receipt must be in hand-writing literally and easily to read and the numbers

must be in Arabic ball pens must be used, which can be pressed for 4 copies. In every

issuance hard board must always be backing not to allow the pressure to the next set.

The completion of data in order receipt is as follows for its correctness, completeness

and perfection:

l. Completion of car type found violation by marking in the block in front

of types of vehicles, which are distinguished in 4 types in the order i.e.

(1) Motorcycles i.e. motorcycle registered under Cars Acts Be 2522

(2) Private car i.e. private cars registered under Cars Acts 8E2522

(3) Other types i.e. vehicles uncompulsory enforced under Land

Transportation Acts 8E2522 and are not motorcycles or private car e.g. private truch

which is not used in personal delivery transportation under laws of hansportation

(4) Transportation vehicles i.e. vehicles compulsory under Land

Transportation Acts BE 2522 e.g. bus on route, bus off route, private bus, truck on

route, truck offroute and private truck, etc.

Simple observations on vehicles under enforcement of the Land

Transportation Acts 882522, are on their plates using 2 numbers as code to illushate

types of transportation and followed by 4 numbers. Numbers to illustrate types of

tansportation based on the following principles: -



illustrated by 10 - 19

illusnated by 20 -29

illustrated by 30 - 39

illustrated by 40 - 49 and 50 - 59

illustated by 6A - 69

illustuated by 70 -79

illushated by 80 - 89 and 90 - 99

l. Bus on Route

2. Small size Vehicles

3. Bus offRoute

4. Private Bus

5. Truck on Route

6. Truck offRoute

7. Private Truck

In completion of types of vehicles, the brand rurmes of the vehicles

must be mentioned for cleamess and correctness.

2. Recording the car registration number must be done by alphabetical

group and clear regishation number in the small block in order receipt and must

denote the provincial plate by marking in the small block either of Bangkok or block

of province. IN case of the provincial block, it must state the nirme of the province.

Further, the color of plate must be indicted by marking in the block prepared i.e.

white, yellow, green, red and blue and apart from the stated color, it should be marked

in block stated others.

3. Recording the accusation or violation-based in the form. The frequent

violation has been prepared. The issuer can immediately mark in front of the

accusation blocks or violation-based. In case of many violations found, it can mark

accordingly. If cases unfound in the form, it must be stated in the block of others and

stated the violations under the offenses stated in the laws e.g. Land Traffrc Acts BE

2522, Car Acts B.E2522 and Land Transportation Acts 8E2522 or as the obligations

of the Police Deparhnent determining the fines under the violation against Land

Traffic Acts BE 2522 (Copy 3) BE 2540 andthe obligation under payment of fines byCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


mail, by order fonns and amount of fine set in comparative fining under the violations

of Land Traffic Acts BE 2522 (Copy a) BE 2sfi}.Individual wordings on accusation

are prohibited.

4. Recording location, date and time of the incidents must be completed in

every block-lane/soi, road, TamboVsub-distric! district/Zone, province. The date and

time must be accurate for the advantages of investigation and the filling up of

comparative record (yellow paper) to be further submitted to public prosecutor.

5. Recording or indicating the station to pay fines, under the Land Traffic

Acts BE 2522, Article 141, the issuer must clearly record place to pay fines for drivers

whether it is police station or the non-police station e.g. offices of tanspiration regions

where investigation officers are authorized rn the comparative fines. To better

facilitate people, rubber stamp of the desiguated station with telephone number should

be used for its literacy and easily to call if it is hard to find. If it is unknown, the map

should be attached with the order receipt. Stations of paying fines work everyday, but

some of them open only office weekdays, therefore, specific period should be fixed by

using rubber starnp in making it clear to people not to miss the appointed period.

6. Recording the name of the post offrce and amount of fines under the

obligation of Police Department; on account of the present order receipt is designed to

allow offenders able to pay by mail, therefore, the nearby post offrce to the police

station is stated for the reports. Police has to review the convenience of people to make

payment at the post office that accurate record could be made. If it is really unknown

post ofEce, during issuing the order receipt, officers could stated that any post office

could be contact for information. The Communication Authority of Thailand has been

circulated nationwide conceming this maffer of fines and payment under theCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


obligations of the Police Deparhrent as stated in the payment by mail, format of order

receipt and designated date of payment on the violation against the Land Traffrc Acts

BE 23522 (Copy 3) BE 2540. Other cases of rrnstat€d violation should not be

recorded. In the block of bank draft, there is no agreement between the National Potice

Bureau and the banks, therefore, it I unnecessary to fill up.

7. Recording the details in part of the driving license substitution in the

order receipt under the Land Traffic Acts BE 2522, Article 140, Section 3 and 4, the

officer should fully fill up all the detail following the data from the driving license as

process below;

7.1 Name of the driver and serial number of ID (if any) should be

clearly recorded.

7.2 Numbers of driving license/copy and date of issuance under Car

Acts speciffing temporary or life. The Land Transportation Acts indicates only the

copy. Therefore, officers should not be confused in the type license since the Land

Traffic Acts indicates "Driving License" while the Land Transport Acts indicates

"Operating License".

7.3 Clearly record the names of provincial registrar branch offrce

since in Bangkok and some provinces there are many branch offices.

7.4 Clearly state the type for license of e.g. license for motorcycle,

tricycle, car, truck or others

7.5 Clearly state license type e.g. temporary, one year, life, public,

private or general.

8. When all records have been made, the issuer must sign in the order

receipt and the code of issuer by using the rubber stamp to indicate rank, name andCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


position for the benefit of later inforrration in case of necessity. The Issuer' code is

designated by Metopolitan Police Division 3 of the Traffic Police under the regulation

od Police Deparhent stating on the application of computer in organizing the system

offorder receipt of the violators in taffic, copy 2,882532. Sample of recording is in

appendices No.4.

Procedures in Arrestment, Accusations and Trafric Order fssuance

Issuing order under the Land Traffic Acts B 82522 as stated, before, dwing

and after issuing order, it must follow the Letter of the Police Commander of

Metropolitan Police Bureau No. 0609. (OrKor) 43t24123 dated 16 October BE

254begarding Practices of Traffrs and the Letter of the Commander of Traffic No.

0609 (JorRor) 6617488 dated 20 October BE 2541 regarding Procedure of Strict

Enforcement on Law of Arresftnent and Investigation on Violations of Traffrc. The

procedures can be concluded as follows;

1. Arrestor must be in the location of clear view without any concealment.

Expression must be in clear view to people and any deception or happing must be

totally lifted.

2. Halting for arestrnent must use the whistle or hands signals with

politeness with direction for safe parking and secure the traffic.

3. Approaching the arrested must be at the side of the violator with

salutation and courtesy in greeting expression and explain the cause of halting with

(clear) accusation before checking the driving license. Prohibition on confiscation of the

car key or using hands or holding materials e.g. wireless devices or antenna to hamper

the vehicle of the arested are imposed. Arreshrent must not be in form of finding faults



or searching retums. Arrestnent must be based on clear violations, without hatting to

find faults and must maintain equaltty.

4. Conversation or explanation must be done with politeness, no btasphemy

expression is allowed but polished manners.

5. Issuance eof order receip must be immediate, opened, accurate, and

lenient to be hand over to the arrested at the arrest point. Salutation must be made after

issuance.

6. The arrested is totally not permitted to enter the kiosk or signal control

post to bargain on order receip since it would create negative image to traffic police.

Immediate actions on issuance and announce clear accusation to the driver and make

salutations with thanks or apology in the inconvenience.

7. Remarks under the Land Traffrc Acts BE 2522 must be made with

courtesy, no bargaining words which might express immoral motive.

8. Submission of driving license must be forwarded to the locale station or

the related unit or in urgencies within 8 hours after arrestnent and issuance of order

receipt.

The Follow-up of Self-Report to Pay Fines

After issuance, there is investigation process in case of the arrested select to

pay by mail or by self as designated station indicated in the Land Traffic.Acts BE

2522, Article 141 admitting the amount of fine as being comparative. The criminal

case has to be lifted under the criminal code Article 37 or under the Land Traffic Acts

8E2522, Article L4l (2) or ether cases.

Case filing will be forward when the driver appears to the investigation

offtcer but discontent with the fines by submitting the investigation filing to the publicCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


prosecutor to be further exarnined in court.. In case of the driver or vehicle owner does

not follow the Land Traffic Acts BE 2522, Article 141 amended under the Land

Traffic Acts BE 2535, Article 19 that upon receiving order receip 6,11 4issarding to

pay the fines either by mail or by self to the investigation officer; the officer must

follow the effect of the issuance. The Lend Traffic Acts BE 2522, Articlel4l (sub)

indicated practices that investigation officer must issue warant to the driver or the

vehicle owner. If the said person is against the warant without sound legal reason, the

investigation officer can issue arresh:nent warant under the criminal case Article 66(3)

followed by the arrestnent process.

Had the warrant can not reach the driver or the vehicle owner, listing must

be forwarded to the vehicle registrar under the laws of Land Traf[rc to withdraw

annual vehicle taxation.

Paying Fines by Mail

At present, driver or vehicle owner receiving order receip can pay by mail

the amount charged by mail order or bank order by registered mail under the Land

Traffic Acts BE 2522, Articles 141 amended under the Land Traffrc Acts (Copy 4) BE

2522,Article l8 as follows

(1) Paying the full amount charge in the order receip or by the investigation

officer inform aaatthe station indicated in the order receipt or the station determined

by the General Director in the Royal Decree as day and date designated.

@ Paying the full amount indicated in the order receipt by mail order or

bank order by registered ail payable to the General Director enclosing copy of the

order receipt to the station and within the designated date. Upon fines has been paid by

the recipient of the order, the case will be lifted. I case of driving license has beenCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


confiscated, it must be returned immediately to the payer. The receipt of the mail order

of the bank order attached with order receip are counted as driving license for 10 days

counting the day of mailing. Paying fines by registered mail in associated with the

retuming of the driving licenses are subject to the obligations determined by the

General Director.

Upon receiving the mail order or the bank order from the driver, the part of

the investigation officer of the locale station or the units of investigation as indicated

in the order receipt must follow the regulation of the Police Department in relative to

the payment fines by mail and the return of the driving license of BE 2540 i.e. the

Head of the station or unit authorized inn investigation on cases of land haffrc holding

the position of Inspector or the Commander of the Traffic Police Bureau under the

Order of the Police Department No. 757lBE 2540 dated I I July BE 2540 and the

avthoization be given to the police holding the rank of Police Sub-Lieutenant and

above to collect the mail order or the bank order. Upon the fines has been paid, the

investigation officers must make comparative record and issue the receipt with seal

under the statement of: " paying by mail in the comparative records". Receip, and

copy of the receipt including driving license (if any) and the receipt of the fines must

be sent within the day of issuing receip or the following day for the latest and daily

record on the matter must be done to be kept as evidence



2.4 RelatedResearchess

Literature Review / 44

Supot Siriyothin @E 2520: Kor) reported in the research on "Traffic

problem in Bangkok". He cited that haffic problems did not only bring damage to the

economy such as petol, deteriorated engines but causing more selfishness in the

streets by violate laws, taffic decorum for self-advantages.

Wittayalarn Chiangful (BE252l) observed that trafEc violation in Bangkok

depends on the lack of culture in using roads. Road using was still rather new to Thai

people. During the time, it was not so significant as fundamental culture and the

attributes being tained and added by the mean influence of the selfish culture, and the

culture of competition. In those days, drivers attempted to adherely maintain their

benefits, particularly, in the society of claiming the competition. It caused many

drivers to drive faster and more violated traffic laws.

Petchiit Ketphasoof (BE 2522:11-26) wrote in the research report on

"Problem on traffic in Bangkok" which stated on the causes of taffic halt such as

congested vehicles, road conditions, responsible police officer, city structure and plan

and education. Besides, damages, which impact economy concerning petol

consumption of the driver and economic society by overview. Trafific halt per hour in

Bangkok by statistics of BE 2513 consumed petol 548,675.80 Baht and 3l,726Baht

for lubricant oil.

Sarawuth Panaskhao @E 2526) studied the problem of traffic violation in

Bangkok and it was found out that causes that raised traffic problems were the

competition for ways and others e.g.Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


l. Haste in tavelling, particularly in the rush hour both in the monring and

in the evening when each wanted to reach the destination on time without sacrifice for

others even in the least thing and there was the competition for ways.

2. Selfishness for self-convenience in more rapidrty than the others e.g.

halt or over cross the haffrc channel.

3. Bureaucraticism and consider oneself as haughty to do whatever one

wants and cares no ones e.g. impeding other to over take but like to over take others.

4. The privileged that accommodated fellows for help when offending.

This type of people cared no sufferings of others and maniacally drove.

5. Those who did not know traffrc laws, or unlikely to know, pretended

not to know, discarding or those who never study the route before. They usually

violated traffic laws and caused accidents or impeding fiaffrc.

Pratuang Yimyai (882534) studied "Opinion of People on Traffic Problems

in the Muang Nakhonratchasima Municipality". It was found out that causes of traffic

problem were resulted from personal conduct of the road users, no respect to trafFrc

laws and no considerateness to each others, slow vehicles impeded traffic and the

traffrc problems highly impact economy, social including physical and mental health.

Ross (1967) observed that taffrc violation was a crime called "local crime"

under the following criteria

1. Disorganized society and the advancement of the vehicles will determine

the criteriq and the obligations were not the specifically r:rgent wants of anybody.



2. T\e decree of laws was meant to be the criteria for such situation by

adding more details and it would re-categorize the crimes with different normal

crimes.

3. In particular, when such offenses created indirect impact or probability

the re-decree of laws might not relevant to the values actually existed.

4. Criminal behavior in the context of local crime might be determined not

only within the low class group culture but also among group with the changes of

social and advancement of technology. The decree of laws was also attempted to

protect such individuals. White-collar crimes were critical in the local crimes. They

derived from decree of laws, which regulated business and commerce, finance and

trafflrc, which influenced over such group class, and it spread into the local crimes.

5. Significantly, more people including high-class people would be counted

as traffic violators, which was the critical change in social.

6. The unlikely unsettlement between the old laws and the new laws i.e.

violators who might be the biggest groups in social tended to be distinguished to the

group under charges of crime justice and counted as local crime in view of ordinary

people.


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) /4i

CHAPTERIII

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Instrument

Questionnaire is the instrument in data collection. It contains Muttiple

Choices and the Open-ended to allow respondents freely expressing their opinion and

choices for selections of responding. The content encompasses 3 parts i.e.

Part 1: Personal Background and the social and Economic Factors, which

are the independent variables.

Part2: The opinion of the noncommissioned police officers toward the

violations of haffrc acts of car drivers

Part 3: Data of Suggestions

3.2 Instrumental Methodology

Preparation of instrument is as following methodology

3.2.1 Reviewing the related literature by studying theories and concepts on

factors affecting the violations of taffrc acts by car drivers from textbook, journals,

researches, theses and related documents.

3.2.2 Determining content of questionnaire by using Likert Scale in the

opinion of the noncommissioned police officers toward the violations of traffic acts of

car drivers.



3.2.3 Prepared questionnafue is submitted to 3 experts i.e. Asst. Prof.

Chankanit Kor. Suriyamanee, Asst. Prof. Juan Chaisuwan and Asst. Prof. Nop

Kanjanagunti for corrections to find out Content Validity

3.3 Questionnaire Measurement Criteria

3.3.1 Criteria

Rating Scale based on Likert Scale is employed in the questionnaire on the

opinion of the noncommissioned police officers toward the violations of haffrc acts of

car drivers allowing respondent to choose 5 opinion i.e. strongly agree, agree,

uncertain, disagree and stongly disagree.

3.3.2 Scoring Level

Positive content scoring is placed by strongly agree = 5, agree:4, uncertain

= 3, disagree:2 and stongly disagree = 1, while the nrgative content will reverse in

scoring i.e. strongly agree : 1, agree : 2, uncertain = 3, disagree : 4 and sfiongly

disagree:5.

3.3.3 Questionnaire Checking

After being corrected by experts, the questionnaire is improved for further

Pre-test conducted with the 40 noncommissioned police officers under the

Commission 6 i.e. 5 officers each from the Mefiopolitan police sua*tions of

Prarajawang, Chakkrawadhi, Sarnranraj, Plabplachai I and Yannawa which face the

congestion in rush hours and neighboring to the Commissions of 7,8, and 9 where the

research are going to be conducted. Alpha Coefficient of Cronbach is used for



reliability test the level of 0.82. Later the questionnaire is used in the data collection

with the target population.

3.4 Populations and Sampling

This study is concentrated only with the noncommissioned police officers

under the 32 Metopolitan police stations of the Commissions 7,8,and 9 of the

Metopolitan Police Headquarter. Noncommissioned police officers in the Traffic

Headquarter are not collected since they are not directly manage the Bangkok taffic

but temporarily help fiaf;fic management in the sub-urban. No Sampling has been

made with the noncommissioned police offrcers of the 32 Metropolitan police stations

of the Commission'1,8, and 9. However, in each station, the purposive sampling is

used viewing the ratio of the number of taffic police offrcers and the population are

320 respondents (10 each from 32 stations)

3.5 Data Collection

Questionnaire is the instrument and the data collection methodology is

provided with 2 months times for each respondent to respond the questionnaire during

June and July BE 2544. lnstructions have been made to clear the understanding of the

respondents and for further collections.

3.6 Data Analysis

All returned sets of questionnaire are checked for accuracy. On account of

the populations are Dffiy, it is inconvenient to do by hand. Therefore, they are

computerized for the analysisCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


3.7 Statistical Applications

Percentage, Mean, Standaxd Deviation, ANOVA and Multiple Classification

Analysis are used as statistical application



CHAPTER TV

RESt]LTS

Results contain the following;

4.1 Dataof Personal Background

4.2 Opinion ofthe noncommissioned police officers toward the violations

of taffic acts of car drivers

4.3 Test of Hypothesis

4.1 Data of Personal Background can be distinguished and distributed as

shown in Table I follows

Table 1 Frequency, Percentage of Samples Dishibuted by Personal Background

Personal Background X'requency Percentage

Police Station (assigned)

Borbommongkol,

Bangkhunnon!

Tapra,

Saladaeng,

Bangkok-yai,

Bangsaothong,

Talingchan,

Dhammasala

Bangkok-noi,

5

11

10

l0

l0

9

l0

10

10

1.6

3.6

3.3

3.3

3.3

2.9

3.3

3.3

3.3


Pol. Capt. Nittri Chanprasitphol Results / 52

Table I Frequency, Percentage of Samples Distibuted by Personal Background

(Continued)

Personal Background l|'requency Percentage

.tsangplad,

Bangkhuntien,

Bangyikhan,

Pakklongsan,

Takham,

Pasicharoen,

Laksong,

Petchkasem,

Nongkangplu,

Nongkhaem,

Bangbon,

Samaedam,

Tientale

Bangyirue,

Bubpharam,

Bukkhalo,

Samrhe,

Somdej Chaopraya,

Rajaburan4

Tungkhflr,

Bangmod,

Bangkholaem

Taladplu,

1t

t2

10

8

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

l0

l0

10

t0

10

10

10

10

10

10

3

10

3.6

3.9

3.3

2.6

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

1.0

3.3Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

\--


Table 1 Frequency, Percentage of Samples Distributed by Personal Background

(Continued)

Personal Background l('requency Percentage

Domicile

Bangkok

Provinces

Age

Less than 30 years

Between 3l-40 years

Between 41-50 years

More than 50 years

Years of Civil Senices

Less than l0 years

Between ll-20 years

Between 21-30 years

More than 3l years

(average, X :37.5 years)

Educational Level

Secondary Level M. 1- 6

Vocational Certifi catelDiploma

Pre-Bachelor

Bachelor

Master

ll5

191

40

165

92

9

26

tzt

29

10

t96

334

18

56

2

37.6

62.4

13.1

53.9

30.1

2.9

28.1

39.5

29.1

3.3

64.1

1 1.1

5.9

18.3

0.7


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Results / 54

Table I Frequency, Percentage of Sarnples Distributed by Personal Background

(Continued)

Personal Background Frequency Percentage

Religion

Buddhism

Christianity

Muslim

Marital Status

Single

Maried

Staying together (without being

married)

Widod Divorce/ Separation

Monthly Income

Less than 8,000 Baht

Between 8,001-10,000 Baht

Between 10,001 - 12,000 Baht

More than 12,001 Balrt

Rank

Police Lance Corporal

Police Corporal

Police Sergeant

304

I

I

4T

2s0

5

10

92

113

43

58

24

53

39

99.4

0.3

0.3

13.4

81.7

1.6

3.3

30.1

36.9

14.1

19.0

7.8

17.3

t2.7



Table I Frequency, Percentage of Sarnples Distributed by Personal Background

(Continued)

Personal Background Frequency Percentage

Police Stalt-Sergeant

Police Saber Sergeant

Traffic Work Experience

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

(average, X :8.2 years)

Number of Dependency

I person

2 persons

3 persons

more than 4 persons

Residential Condition

Private Residence

Private Flat/ Condominium

Rented house/ commercial

building/apartment

Governmental residence/ Flat

Others (specified)

1 40

t26

152

190

50

105

75

52

7l

25

5r

t8

37

10

45.8

16.3

41.2

34.3

24.5

17.0

23.2

8.2

s1.6

16.77

5.9

t2.t

62.1

3.3



Table I Frequency, Percentage of Samples Distibuted by Personal Background

(Continued)

Personal Background f,'requency Percentage

Ever participated in meeting/ additional

training in Traffic

Never

l-3 times

4-6 times

More thanT times

Knowledge and understanding in Traffic

Acts

Most

Much

Moderate

Less

Arrestment of Violators of Traffic Acts

Less than 40 cases

Between 41-80 cases

Between 81-120 cases

More than 120 cases

(average, i = 74.6cases)

5l

143

8l

31

10

t07

178

11

79

100

97

30

16.7

46.7

26.5

10.1

3.3

35.0

58.2

3.6

25.8

32.7

3r.7

9.8



From Table 1, it was found out the personal background that

Regarding assigned police stations, it was found out that samples has been

assigned of 1.6 % to Borbornmongkol, 3.60/o to Bangkhunnont, 2.9% to

Bangsaothong,2.6Yo to Bangplad,3.9Yo to Bangkhuntien,3.6Yo to Pakklongsan, and

3.3Yoto each of Tapra, Saladaeng, Bangkok-yai, Talingchan, Dhammasal4 Bangkok-

noi, Bangyikharl Takham, Pasicharoen, Laksong, Petchkasem, Nongkaneplu,

Nongkhaem, Bangbon, Samaedam, Tientale, Bangyirue, Bubpharam, Bukkhalo,

Samrhe, Somdej Chaopraya, Rajaburana, Tungkhru, Bangmod, Bangkholaem,

Taladplu,

It has been found in relative to domicile of the samples that 37.6%o are in

Bangkok ard 62.4%o are in the Provinces.

It has been found in relative to age of the samples that l3.l% are less than

30 years, 53.9% are between 31-40 years,30.l% are between 41-50 years, and29%

are more than 50 years (37.5 years of age by average)

It has been found in relative to years of civil services of the samples that

28.1% are less than l0 years, 39.5% are between ll-20 years, 29.1% are betweenZl-

30 years, and3.3Yo rue more than 31 years (15.8 years by average)

It has been found in relative to educational level of the samples that 64.1%

are Secondary Level M. 1- 6, ll.lyo are Vocational Certificate/Diploma, 5.9Yo are

Pre-Bachelor,l8.3Yo are Bachelor, and 0.7Yois Master.

It has been found in relative to religion of the samples that 99.4Yo arc

Buddhism, 0.3Yo eachare Christianity, and Muslim.



It has been found in relative to marital status of the sarnples that l3.4Yo are

5ingle, 81.7% are married 1.6% are staying together (without being married), and

3.3o/o are widod divorce/ separation.

It has been found in relative to monthly income of the samples that 30.1%

are less than 8,000 Baht, 36.9% are between 8,001-10,000 Baht, l4.l% are between

10,001 - 12,000 Baht, wrd 19.0% are more than 12,001 Baht.

It has been found in relative to rank of the samples that 7.8o/o are Police

Lance Corporal, 17.3% are Police Corporal, I2.7% are Police Sergeant, 45.8Yo are

Police StaffSergeant, and 16.3% are Police Saber Sergeant.

It has been found in relative to fiaffrc work experience of the samples that

41.2% are less than 5 years, 34.3% are between 6-10 years, and24.5%o are more than

I I years (8.2 years by average)

It has been found in relative to number of dependency of the samples that

17.0% are I person,23.2Yo are 2 persons,8.2Yo are 3 persons, and 51.6% axe more

than 4 persons.

It has been found in relative to residential condition of the samples that

16.7% are private residence, 5.9Yo are private flatl condominium, l2.l% are rented

house/ commercial building/apartment, 62.1% are governmental residencel flat, and

3.3Yo are others e.g. with parents, or relatives

It has been found in relative to ever participate in meeting/ additional

training in taffic of the samples that 16.7% are never, 46.7% are l-3 times, 26.5%o are

4-6 times, and 10.1% are more thanT times.



It has been found in relative to knowledge and understanding in Traffic Acts

of the samples that3.3o/o are most, 35.0% are much, 58.2% are moderate, and 3.6Yo are

less

It has been found in relative to arrestrnent of violators of Traffic Acts of the

samples that25.8% are less than 40 cases, 32.7% are between 4l-80 cases, 3l.7Yo arc

between 81-120 cases, and3l.l% are more than 120 cases (74.5 cases by average)

4.2 Opinion of the noncommissioned police officers toward the

violations of traffic acts of car drivers, it is illustrated in Table 2 a follows

Table2 Mean tXl and Standard Deviation (S.D.) of the Opinion of the

Noncommissioned Police Officers toward the Violations of Traffic Acts of

Car Drivers

Causes of Violations x s.D.

Transgression of Traffic Acts in Prohibited Areas

Parking

Lacking discipline

Easy-going and selfishness

Unintended

Drunkenness or lacking consciousness control

Haste and critical urgencies

Lacking knowledge and understanding of traffic

rules

4.57

4.45

3.22

3.42

3.30

3.35

0.58

0.68

0.94

1.05

1.02

I 11


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasiphol Results / 60

Table2 Mean (Xl and Standard Deviation (S.D.) of the Opinion of the


Car Drivers (Continued)

Causes of Violations x S.D.

Intent transgression and fearless to laws

Viewing as insignificant violations

Light penalty and inappropriate to offender's

conduct

Uncertainty and inconsistency in the sfricfiress,

arrestnent and punishment imposed by officers

Inefficiency in public relations (prohibition of

parking)

Transgression of Trafric Acts in Impediment Parking

Lacking discipline

Easy-going and selfi shness

Unintended



Lacking knowledge and understanding of taffic

rules

Intent tansgression and fearless to laws

Viewing as insignifi cant violations

3.99

3.99

4.53

4.47

3.29

3.36

3.25

3.35

4.03

3.97

4.12

3.72

3.32

0.88

0.99

0.64

0.63

l.t2

1.07

1.06

1.07

1.18

0.87

1.15

0.86

0.96



Tabte2 Mean tXl and Standaxd Deviation (S.D.) of the Opinion of the



Causes of Violations x S.D.


conduct

Uncertainty and inconsistency in the shictness,

arestment and punishment imposed by officers

Transgression of Trafric Acts in Trafric Sigus

Lacking discipline


Unintended

Unfamiliar to the route

Unclear traffic signs




rules




conduct

Uncertainty and inconsistency in the strictness,

arrestnent and punishment imposed by officers

Inefficiency in public relations (prohibition of

parking)

4.05

3.60

4.51

4.45

3.3s

3.47

3.46

3.38

3.31

3.49

4.01

4.02

4.04

3.73

3.39

0.91

1.07

0.s9

0.64

r.10

0.93

1.02

t.07

1.05

1.1 1

0.86

0.92

0.89

1.05

t.t2Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


Table2 Mean (X) and Standard Deviation (S.D.) of the Opinion of the




Transgression of Trafhc Acts in \ilrong Lane Driving

Lacking discipline


Unintended




rules




conduct

Uncertainty and Inconsistency in the strictness,

arrestment and punishment imposed by offrcers

Transgression of Traffic Acts in Light Signal

Lacking discipline

Easy-going and selfi shness

Unintended

4.47

4.4s

3.31

3.42

3.30

3.41

4.06

4.02

4.10

3.2t

4.49

4.43

3.37

0.62

0.64

1.06

1.07

0.09

r.t7

0.86

0.88

0.8s

t.04

0.64

0.69

1.13



Tabte2 Mean fXl and Standard Deviation (S.D.) of the Opinion of the







rules




conduct

Uncertainty and Inconsistency in the sfiictness,

arestnent and punishment imposed by officers

Transgression of Traffic Acts in Awaiting Line

Lacking disciptine


Unintended




rules /6P"'\

4.t0

3.72

3.47

3.39

3.37

4.06

4.00

4.42

4.38

3.50

3.51

5.25

3.M

0.89

1.08

1.08

1.09

t.2t

0.89

0.99

0.68

0.72

1.15

1.1 1

t.t7

t.t7

ofi

-e'l

l+

/oF"

/fr\Qrrrart9

il;ffis.$



Table2 Mean (xl and Standard Deviation (s.D.) of the opinion of the


Car Drivers (Contirnred)





conduct

Uncertainty and Inconsistency in the stictness,

arrestment and punishment imposed by offrcers

Transgression of Traffic Acts in Not Carrying Driving

License

Lacking discipline

Forgetfu lness and easy-going

Unintended


Intent of not carrying driving license and fearless

to laws


rules



conduct

Uncertainty and Inconsistency in the stictness,

arresfinent and punishment imposed by officers

4.02

4.03

4.27

4.r4

3.51

3.37

3.82

3.49

3.89

4.02

3.74

4.t1

3.71

U.EE

0.91

0.78

0.87

1.08

1.08

1.80

0.99

0.83

0.89

1.07

1.03

1.13



Table2 Mean txt and standard Deviation (s.D.) of the opinion of the




'l'ransgression of Traffic Acts in No Driving License

Lacking knowledge and understanding of fraffic

rules



New practicing driver

Following driving tradition from others


conduct

Uncertainty and Inconsistency in the strictness,

arresftnent and punishment imposed by officers

Transgression of Traffic Acts in Careless Driving

Lacking discipline


Unintended

Drunkenness or lacking consciousness contol



rules

3.80

4.05

4.02

3.56

3.39

4.08

3.69

4.53

4.49

3.s9

3.85

3.44

3.58

t.20

0.94

0.93

t.t2

I.t7

0.93

0.61

0.61

1.15

1.06

1.1 1

r.I4

1.10



Table2 Mean (xl and standard Deviation (s.D.) of the opinion of the

Noncommissioned Police Officers toward the Violations of TrafEc Acts of






conduct

Uncertainty and Inconsistency in the sfiictness,

arestnent and punishment imposed by officers

4.U4

4.06

4.12

3.66

0.92

0.88

0.94

r.l9

It is found in Table 2 that interested opinion toward violations of Traffic

Acts of car drivers are as follows;

In relative to prohibited areas parking, samples sfiongly agree with drivers

lack driving discipline (X =+.Sl) and are easy-going and selfish 6 =q.qr. Samples

agree with the light punishment and improper to the driver's conducts 1X = +.t21, the

driver intended to fiansgress and fearless to laws (X = 3.gg), driver views as

insignificant violations (X =:.gq) and the strictness, ar.restment and punishment are

uncertain and incorsistent 1V =l.lZ1.It is uncertain on carelessness or unintended ( X

=3.22), haste and critical urgencies 1X = f .fO;, lacking knowledge and understanding

in traffic ( X = S.:S) and the inefficient public relations (i =l.ZZ)



In relative to impediment parking, it is found out that samples stongly agree

with lacking of discipline (x = 4.53), and easy-going with selfishness 1x =+.+11,

intended to transgress the law and fearless to taffic law ( X = 4.03), viewing as

insignificant violations 1X = W), light and improper punishment to the driver's

conducts (X = 4.05) and stictlress, arresfrnent and punishment are uncertain and

inconsistent (X = l.OO). Sanrples are uncertain with unintent driver behavior (X =

3.29), drunkenness and lack of consciousness control 1X =:.fq, haste and critical

urgencies 1x = r.zsl and lack of knowledge and understanding in taffrc 1x = r.:s1

Regarding the transgression of Traffic Acts in traffic signs, samples strongly

agree that drivers are lacking discipline 1 X = +.S t I and easy-going and selfishness ( X

:4.45). Samples agree that drivers are unfamiliar with the route (X : 3.47),unclear

haf,fic siens (X =3.46),lacking knowledge and understanding of taffrc (X = 3.4g),

intent tansgression and fearless to laws 1X = +.0t), viewing as insignificant violations

(X = 4.02),light penalty and inappropriate to offender's conduct (X : 4.04), arrd

uncertainty and inconsistency in the sfiictress, arestment and punishment of the

officers (X - 3.73).It is uncertain with unintended (X :3.35runkenness or lacking

consciousness control (X : 3.38aste and critical urgencies (X : 3.31), and

ineffrciency in public relations (X : l.fq).

Regarding fransgression of Traffic Acts in wrong lane driving, samples

strongly agree that drivers are lacking discipline ( X = 4.47), and easy-going and

selfishness (X = 4.43). Samples agree that drivers intend transgression and fearless to

laws (X :4.06), viewing as insignificant violations (X = 4.02),light penalty andCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


inappropriate to offender's conduct (X = 4.10), and uncertainty and inconsistency in

the strictness (X =3.71),arreshent and punishment of the officers (x :3.31). It is

uncertain in the unintentional, dtunkenness or lacking consciousness control ( X :

3.42), haste and critical urgencies (x = 3.30), and lacking knowledge and

understanding of taffrc (X : 3.41).

In relative to transgression of Traffic Acts in light signal, sample strongly

agree that drivers are lacking discipline (X = 4.4g), and easy-going and selfishness

( X = 4.43). Samples agree that drivers are in drunkenness or lacking consciousness

control (X = 3.47), intent transgression and fearless to laws (X = 4.06),viewing as

insignificant violations (x : 4.00), light penalty and inappropriate to offender's

conduct and uncertainty and inconsistency in the strictness (X : +.f O), arresfinent and

punishment of the officers (X = 3.72).It is uncertain with unintentionul (X = 3.37),

haste and critical urgencies (X = 3.3g), and lacking knowledge and understanding of

traffic (V =z.lt).

In relative to the tansgression of Traffic Acts in awaiting line, samples

strongly agree that drivers are lacking discipline (X : 4.42), and easy-going and

selfishness (X = 4.38). Sarrples agree that drivers are unintended (X = 3.50),

drunkenness or lacking consciousness control (X = 3.51), lacking knowledge and

understanding of traffic (X = 3.44), intent transgression and fearless to laws (X =

4.02),viewing as insignificant violations ( X = 4.03), light penalty and inappropriate to

offender's conduct (X = 4.02), uncertainty and inconsistency in the stictness,



arrestnent and punishment of the officers (X : 3.74).It is uncertain with haste and

critical urgencies 1X = f .ZS1.

Regarding tansgression of Traffic Acts in not carrying driving license,

sample stongly agree that drivers are lacking discipline (X = 4.27). Samples agree

that drivers are forgeffirlness and easy-going and selfishness (X :4.14), unintended

(X = 3.51), intent of not carrying driving license and feaxless to laws (X = 3.82),

lacking knowledge and understanding of traffrc (X = 3.4g),viewing as insignificant

violations (x : 3.38), light penalty and inappropriate to offender's conduct (x :

4.1l), and uncertainty and inconsistency in the stictness, arresfunent and punishment

of the officers 1X = :.Zt;. It is uncertain with haste and critical urgencies ( X = f .lZ).

In relative to tansgression of Traffrc Acts in no driving license, samples

agree that drivers are lacking knowledge and understanding of trafEc (x :3.g0),

intent tansgression and fearless to laws 1X : +.0S1, viewing as insignificant violations

(x = 4.02), new practicing driver (x :3.56), light penalty and inappropriate to

of[ender's conduct (X = 4.08), uncertainty and inconsistency in the strictness,

arrestrnent and punishment of the officers (X : 3.6g).It is uncertain with following

driving tradition from others 1X ::.fl;.

Regarding transgression of Traffic Acts in careless driving, sarrrples strongly

agrees that drivers are lacking discipline ( X : 4.53), easy-going and selfishness ( X =

4.49). Samples agree that drivers are unintended (X : 3.59), drunkenness or lacking

consciousness control (x :3.85), haste and critical urgencies (x = 3.44),lacking

knowledge and understanding of taffic (X = 3.58), intent transgression and fearless toCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


laws (X :4.04), viewing as insignfficant violations (x = 4.06), light penalty and

inappropriate to offender's conduct (i : 4.12), uncertainty and inconsistency in the

stricfiress, arrestnent and punishment of the officers 1X = f .OO1.

4.3 Test of Hypothesis; the test of hypotheses of 1.8.1 and 1.8.2 can be

considered in their details as follows in Table 3 -26

Table 3 Frequency, Mean, and Standard Deviation of samples' opinion on

Violations of Traffic Acts (Haste and Critical Urgencies) in the Case of

Prohibited Areas Parking

Haste ad Critical Urgencies N Mean S.D Std. Error

95% Confidence

Interval for Mean

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Years ot liattlc worl( bxperience

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

126

105

75

3.48

3.17

3.17

.91

1.07

1.1I

8.1lE-02

.10

.13

3.32

2.96

2.92

3.64

3.38

3.43

Total 306 3.30 1.02 5.86E-02 3.t9 3.42


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) / 7l

Table 4 ANOVA of Opinion of the Sarnple Group towards Causes of Violating

Traffic Acts

Opinion ss df MS F sig.

I,etween uroup

Within Group

7.2t I

313.129

2

303

3.605

1.033

3.489 .o3z

Total 320.340 305

Table 5 Illustration of Pair-test on Differences of Opinion on Violations of Traffic

Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of Scheffe' and LSD (Haste and

Critical Urgencies))

Method

Years of

Work

(l)

Years of Work

(r)

Mean

Difference

(l-D

std.

Errorsig.

95% Confidence

lnterval forMean

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Schett-e Less tnan

5 years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

,3 I

.31

.134

.148

.06u

.l l3

-t.77E-Oz

-5.39E-02

.64

.68

IJetween

6-10 years

Less tnan ) years

Morethan Il years

.Jl

-1.90E-03

.l34

.154

.06u

1.000

-.64

-.38

;t'tE-uz

.38

More tJran

ll years

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

-.3 I

-1.90E-03

t4E

.154

ItJ

1.000

-.ou

-.38

s.39-02

.38



Table 5 Illustation of Pair-test on Differences of Opinion on Violations of Traffic

Acts of the sample Group by Methods of scheffe' and LSD (Haste and

Critical Urgencies) - (Continued)

Method

Years of

Work

(l)

Years of Work

(D

Mean

Difference

(l-D

std.

Errorsig.

9)7o Contldence

Interval for Mean

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

LSD Less than 5

years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

.31x

.31*

.t34

.148

.021

.037

4.848-02

1.908-02

.5U

.60

Iretween o-

10 years

Less than 5 years

Morethan ll years

.3 Ix

-1.90E-03

.I 34

.154

.vzt

.990

-.)u

-.30

4.44}j-02

.30

More than

I I years

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

-.3 1*

,1.90E-03

t4E

.154

.u5't

.990

-.ou

-.30

t.908-02

.30

* The mean dffirence is signiJicant at the.05 level

From Tables 3 and 4, it is found out that sample group with different years

of faffic work experience have statistical significant differences in opinion toward

causes of violation in Traffrc Acts of car drivers (case of prohibited areas parking)

particularly in the case of haste and critical urgencies at the .05 level (Sig. of F. :

0.032)

When pair-test method of Scheffe' and LSD is employed - in Table 5, it is

found out that sarnple group with difterent opinion from other group, is the group of

having less than 5 years of experience. This group agrees with the cause of haste and

critical urgencies, which leads to the violation of trafEc acts in prohibited areas

parking. While the group with 6-10 years experience and more than ll years are

uncertain with such cause.Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

Fac. of Grad. Studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) /73

Table 6 Frequency, Mean, and Standard Deviation of samples, opinion on

Violations of Traffic Acts Qneffrcient Public Relations) in the Case of

Prohibited Areas parking

Ineffi cient Public Relations N Mean S.D Std. Error

9570 Confldence

Interval forMean

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Years of Traffic Work ExperienCe

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

t26

105

75

3.48

3.02

3.47

l.l6

t. l5

t.t9

l0

lt

t4

3.28

2.80

3. l9

3.69

3.24

3.74

Total 306 3.32 Ll8 6.768-02 3.I9 3.45

TableT ANOVA of Opinion of the Sample Group towards Causes of Violating

Traffic Acts

Opinion SS df MS F sig.

lretween uroup

Witttin Group

I 4.51 8

412.097

2

303

7.259

L360

5.337 .005

Total 426.6t4 305



Table 8 Illustation of Pair-test on Differences of opinion on Violations of Traffic

Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of scheffe. and LSD (Inefficient

Public Relations)


of traffic work experience have statistical significant differences in opinion toward

causes of violation in TrafEc Acts of car drivers (case of prohibited areas parking)

particularly in the case of inefficient public relations at the O.0llevel (Sig. of F. :

0.00s)

Method

Years of

Work

(l)

Years of Work

(,

Mean

Difference

(l-J)

std.

Errorsig.

95"/o Contldence

Interval for Mean

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Scheffe' Less than 5

years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan Il years

.47*

1.758-02

.t)4

.t70

.0 ll

.995

8.60E-02

-.40

.84

.44

Between 6-

l0 years

Less than 5 years

Morethan ll years

-.47*

--45*

.t)4

.176

.UI I

.041

-.84

-.88

-u.oulr-uz

-1.398-02

More than

ll years

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

-1.75E-02

.45*

.r'lu

.176

.995

.041

-.M

1.398-02

.40

.88

LSD Less than 5

years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

.47*

l.7sE-02

.l 54

.170

.003

.918

t6

-.32

.77

.35

Between 6-

l0 years

Less than 5 years

Morethan ll years

-.4-11

-.45*

.t54

.176

.003

.012

-.77

-.79

-.1 6

.10

More man

I I years

Less tltan 5 years

Between 6-10 years

L;t)b-uz

.45*

.I 70

.r76

9 l8

.012

35

.10

.32

.79

* The mean dffirence is signi/icant at the.05 larcl



when pair-test method of scheffe' and LSD is employed - in Table g, it is

found out that sample group with different opinion from other group, is the group of

having 6-10 years of experience. This group is uncertain with the cause of inefficient

public relations, which leads to the violation of taffic acts in prohibited areas parking.

While the group with less than 5 years of experience and more than l l years agree

with such cause.

Table 9 Frequency, Mean, and standard Deviation of Samples, opinion on

Violations of Traffrc Acts (nefficient Public Relations) in the Case of

Transgression of TrafFrc Signs

Inefficient Public Relations N Mean S.D Std. Error

95% Confidence

Interval for Mean

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Years of Traffic Work Experience

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

126

t05

75

3.48

3.16

3.53

1.08

l.l6

l.l I

9.61F.-02

.l I

.t3

3.29

2.94

3.28

3.67

3.39

3.79

Total 306 3.39 t.t2 6.42E.-02 3.26 3.51

Table 10 ANOVA of Opinion of the Sample Group towards Causes of Violating

Traffic Acts

Opinion SS df MS F sig.

Iretween Group

Within Group

E.l 14

376.383

2

303

4.057

t.242

3.266 .040

Total 384.497 30s



Table 1l Illusfration of Pair-test on Differences of Opinion on Violations of Traffic

Acts of the sample Group by Methods of Scheffe' and LSD

(Transgression of Traffic Signs)


of tffic work experience have statistical significant differences in opinion toward

causes of violation in Traffic Acts of car drivers (case of transgression of taffrc signs)

particularly in the case of inefficient public relations at the 0.05 level (Sig. of F. :

0.040)

Method

Years of

Work

(t)

Years of Work

(D

Mean

Difference

(l-J)

std.

Errorsig.

9)70 Uontrdence lnterval

for Mean

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Scheff-e Less man )

years

t etween o-lu years

More than I I years

.5'2.

-4.928-02

.t4't

.163

.093

.955

-4.01E-02

-.45

.6E

.35

t etween o-

l0 years

Less than 5 years

More than l1 years

-.32*

-.37*

.t4 I

.169

.UYJ

.090

-.ou

-.79

4.OtE-02

4.3t8-02

More than

ll years

Less uran ) years

Between 6-10 years

4.928-VZ

.37*

.l oJ

.t69

.9))

.090

-.J5

4.318-02

.45

.76

LSD Less than 5

years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

.321

4.92E-02

.l47

.t63

.o29

.762

3.24E.U2

-.37

.6t

.27

Between 6-

10 years

Less than 5 years

Morethan ll years

-.32*

-.37*

.147

.169

.029

.028

-.61

-.70

-3.248-OZ

-3.98E-02

More than

ll years

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

4.92E-Uz

.37*

.loJ

.169

;loz

.028

-:zt

3.98E-02

.3t

.70

* The mean dffirence is significant at the .05 level



when pair-test method of scheffe' and LSD is employed - in Table l l, it

is found out that sample group with different opinion from other group, is the group of

having 6-10 years of experience. This goup is uncertain with the cause of inefficient

public relations, which leads to the-violation of traffic acts in traffic signs. While the

group with less than 5 years of experience and more than I I years agree with such

cause.

Table 12 Frequency, Mean, and standard Deviation of samples' opinion

Violations of Traffrc Acts (Lacking Knowledge and Understanding

Traffrc Acts) in the Case of Transgression of Traffic Signs

Lacking Knowledge and

Understanding on Traffic ActsN Mean S.D Std. Error

957o Contldence

Lnterval for Mean

Lower

Bound

upper

Bound


Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

t26

105

75

3.56

3.14

3.39

t.t4

1.29

l. l8

l0

l3

t4

3.35

2.89

3.t I

3.76

3.39

3.66

Total 306 3.37 t.2l 6.948-02 3.24 3.51


Traffic Acts


Between Group

Within Group

9;t't4

439.755

2

303

4.8E7

1.451

3.367 .036

Total 449.529 305



Table 14 Illusfration of Pair-test on Differences of Opinion on Violations of Traffic

Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of schefle' and LSD

(Transgression of Traffic Signs)

From Tables 12 and 13, it is found out that sample group with different

years of tafEc work experience have statistical significant differences in opinion

toward causes of violations in Traffic Acts of car drivers (case of transgression of

tralfic signs) particularly in the case of lacking knowledge and understanding in

Traffic Acts at the 0.05 level (Sig. of F. = 0.036)

Method

Years of

Work

(l)

Years of Work

(J)

Mean

Difference

(l-J)

std.

ErrorSig.

957o Confidence

Interval for Mean

Lower

Bound

upper

Bound

Scheffe' Less than 5

years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

.41,I

.17

t)9

.t76

.016

.630

2.ttE-02

-.26

.80

.60

Between 6-

l0 years

Less than 5 years

Morethan ll years

.4t

-.24

r)9

.182

.u36

.409

-.80

-.69

-z.ttE-02

.20

More than

ll years

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

t't

.24

,t'to

.t82

.630

.409

-.60

-.20

.26

.69

LSD Less than 5

years

tsetween 6'10 years

Morethan ll years

4t-

.17

l)9

.176

-0lu

.337

9.948-tJ2

-.18

73

.51

Between 6-

l0 years

Less man ) years

Morethan ll years

-4t

-.24

t59

.182

.010

.182

-.73

-.60

-9.94E-02

.11

More than

I I years

Less man ) years

Between 6-10 years

t'l

.24

.l 76

.182

.337

.182

5l

-.1I

IE

.60

* The mean dffirence is signifrcant at the .05 larcl



when pair-test method of Scheffe' and LsD is employed - in Table 14, it

is found out that sarnple group with different opinion from other group, is the group of

having less than 5 years of experience. This group is uncertain with the cause of

lacking knowledge and understanding of TrafEc Acts, which leads to the violation of

taffic acts in traffic signs. While the group with 6-10 years of experience and more

than 11 years are uncertain with such cause.

Table 15 Frequency, Mean, and Standard Deviation of Sarnples' opinion

Violations of Traf[rc Acts (Lacking Knowledge and Understanding

Trafflrc Acts) in the Case of Not Carrying Driving License

Lacking Knowledge and

Understanding on Traffrc ActsN Mean S.D Std. Error

YJTo Uontrdence

Interval for Mean

Lower

Bound

upper

Bound

Years of Trattrc Work Experience

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

Morethanllyears

126

105

75

3.70

3.29

3.43

1.09

t.2s

1.24

9.71E.-02

.t2

.14

3.51

3.04

3.14

3.89

3.53

3.71

Total 306 3.49 t.20 6.848-02 3.36 3.62


Traffrc Acts

Opinion SS df tus F' sig.

Between Group

Within Group

lu. l)o

426.315

2

303

5.078

r.407

3.609 .028

Total 436.471 305



Table 17 Illustation of Pair-test on Differences of Opinion on Violations of Traffic

Acts of the sarrple Group by Methods of Scheffe' and LSD @river's

Lack of Knowledge and Understanding in Trffic Acts)

From Tables 15 and 16, tt is found out that sample Soup with different

years of traffic work experience have statistical significant differences in opinion

toward causes of violations in Traffic Acts of car drivers (case of not carrying driving

license) particularly in the cause of lacking knowledge and understanding in Traffic

Acts at the 0.05 level (Sig. of F. : 0.028)

Method

Years of

Work

(l)

Years of Work

(r)

Mean

Difference

(l-J)

std.

Errorsig.

95oZ Confidence

Interval for Mean

Lower

Bound

upper

Bound

Schelfe Less than

5 years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

.41,.

.27

157

.173

o3z

.293

z;t tB-tJz

-.15

EO

.70

lretween

6-10 years

Less tnan 5 years

Moretlan ll years

.+l

-.t4

.l 57

.t79

.o32

.734

UU

-.58

-2.71E.-02

.30

More than

I I years

Less than ) years

Between 6-10 years

.27

.14

t't J

.179

.283

.734

70

-.30

.l 5

.58

LSL' Less than

5 years

Eeuween o-lu yeani

Morethan ll years

.41*

.27

t)t

.173

.UU9

.tt7

.10

-6.878-02

'12

.61

Between

6-10 years

Less man ) years

Morethan ll years

.41r

-.14

l5-/

.179

.009

.432

7Z

-.49

-.10

.21

More than

ll years

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

-2't

.14

.l73

.179

ttt

.432

.6t

-.21

6.E7E.-OZ

.49

8 The mean dffirence is significant at the .05 larcl


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Jusrice) /gl

when pair-test method of scheffe' and LSD is employed - in Table 17, it


having 6-10 years of experience. This group is uncertain with the cause of not carrying

driving license, which leads to the violation of traffic acts in lacking knowledge and

understanding Traffic Acts. While the group with less than 5 years of experience and

more than 1l years agree with such cause.

Table 18 Frequency, Mean, and Standard Deviation of samples, opinion on

Violations of TrafEc Acts (New Practicing Driver) in the Case of No

Driving License

New Practicing Driver N Mean s.D Std. Enor

9570 Contidence

lnterval for Mean

Lower

Bound

upper

Bound


Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

126

105

75

3.75

3.36

3.53

1.09

l. t3

I.l3

9.69E-02

.l I

.13

3.5s

3.14

3.27

3.94

3.58

3.79

Total 306 3.s6 .t2 6.41E.-02 3.44 3.69


TrafEc Acts


lJetween Group

Within Group

E.533

374.787

2

303

+.z00

1.237

3.M9 .033

Total 383.320 305



Table 20 Illustation of Pair-test on Differences of Opinion or Violations of Traffic

Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of scheffe' and LSD (New

Practicing Driver)

From Tables 18 and 19, it is found out that sample group with different


toward causes of violations in Traffic Acts of car drivers (case of no driving license)

particularly in the cause of new practicing driver at the 0.05 level (Sig. of F. = 0.028)

when pair-test method of scheffe' and LSD is employed - in Table 20, Lt

is found out that sarnple group with different opinion from other goup, is the group of

Method

Years of

Work

(l)

Years of Work

(r)

Mean

Difference

(l-D

Std.

Errorsig.

95% Confidence

Interval for Mean

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Scheffe' Less man

5 years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

.3U.

.21

.147

.162

.o34

.424

Z,ZOE.UZ

-.19

:2,.ZOE-UZ

.24

t etween

6-10 years

Less than 5 years

Morethan ll years

-.3 8x

-.17

r47

.168

.UJ4

.59s

15

-.59

t9

.59

More than

I I years

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

,2 I

.17

.t62

. t68

.424

.595

.6 I

-.24

.67

.53

LSD Less than

5 years

Between 6-10 years

More than 1l years

,3U'

.21

.147

.162

.009

.191

v.49E-02

-.1I

67

.53

lretween

6-10 years

Less than 5 years

Morethan ll years

..JUN

-.17

.t47

.168

.009

.309

.67

-.50

-9.49H-OZ

016

More than

I I years

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

.zl

.17

.t62

.168

.l9l

.309

.53

-.t6

.t I

.50

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 larcl


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Jusfice) /83

having 6-10 years of experience. This group is uncertain with the cause of no driving

license, which leads to the violation of Traffic Acts. While the group with less than 5

years of experience and more than 11 years agree with such cause.

Table 21 Frequency, Mern, and Standard Deviation of Samples' Opinion on

Violations of Traffic Acts (Following Driving Tradition form Others) in the

Case ofNo Driving License

New Practicing Driver N Mean S.D Std. Error

Y)7o U0ntlden0e

lnterval forMean

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Years ot'lrattlc wofl( bxpenence

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

126

r05

7s

3.52

3.13

3.53

l.l3

t.23

1.09

l0

t2

l3

3.32

2.89

3.28

3.72

3.37

3.79

Total 306 3.39 t.r7 6.688-02 3.26 3.52

Table2? AIIOVA of Opinion of the Sample Group towards Causes of Violating

Traffic Acts

Opinion SS df MSi F sig.

Between uroup

Within Group

10.713

406.229

2

303

).J)O

1.341

3-995 0.19

Total 4t6.941 305



Table 23 Illustration of Pair-test on Differences of Opinion on Violations of Traffic

Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of Scheffe' and LSD @rivers

Follow Driving Tradition from Others)

From Tables 2l alnd 22, rt is found out that sample group with different


toward causes of violations in Traffic Acts of car drivers (case of no driving license)

particularly in the cause of drivers follow driving tradition from others at the 0.05

level (Sig. of F. :0.028)

Method

Years of

Work

(l)

Years of Work

(J)

Mean

Difference

(l-J)

std.

ErrorSig.

9570 Conndence

Interval for Mean

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Schetl-e Less man )

years

t etween o-tu years

Morethan ll years

.39.

-9.528-02

.l )J

.169

.u4u

.998

t.4tE-02

-.42

.77

.41

lretween o-

l0 years

Less than ) years

Morethan ll years

.39'

-.40*

.r53

.175

.040

.075

-.77

-.83

-t.4rE-02

3.06E.02

More tnan

I I years

Less tJran 5 years

Between 6-10 years

9.52E-O2

.40*

.169

.175

.998

.075

-.41

-3.06E.02

.42

.83

LSD Less than 5

years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

.3 9'r

-9.52E.-02

.l53

.169

0u

.955

6,y48-U'Z

-.34

.o9

.32

Between 6-

I0 years

Less than 5 years

Morethan ll years

-.39*

-.40*

.r53

.175

.ul I

.023

-.b9

-.74

-a-948-02

-5.55E-02

More than

I I years

Less tnan 5 years

Between 6-10 years

9.52E-OZ

.40*

.169

.175

.955

.023

..JJ.

5.55E-02

.J4

,74

* The mean dffirence is signiJicant at the .05 level.



When pafu-test method of Scheffe' and LSD is employed - in Table 23, it

is found out that sample goup with different opinion from other Broup, is the group of

having 6-10 years of experience. This group is uncertain with the cause of no driving

license, which leads to the violation of Traffic Acts. While the group with less than 5

years of experience and more than l l years agree with such cause.

Table24 Frequency, Mean, and Standard Deviation of Samples' Opinion on

Violations of Traffic Acts (Haste and Critical Urgencies) in the Case of No

Driving License

New Practicing Driver N Mean S.D Std. Error

Y)7o L:Onildence

Interval for Mean

Lower

Bound

upper

Bound

Years ot'Iraftrc wofl( Bxpenence

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

Morethan ll years

126

105

75

3.63

3.33

3.25

1.00

1.15

l.l9

8.92E-02

.l I

.14

3.46

3.1 I

2.98

3.81

3.56

3.53

Total 306 3.M II 634E-02 3.31 3.56


Traffic Acts


Eetween uroup

Wittrin Group

E.594

366.726

.Z

303

4.29't

1.210

J.))U .030

Total 375.370 305



Table 26 Illusfiation of Pair-test on Differences of Opinion on Violations of Traffic

Acts of the Sample Group by Methods of Scheffe' and LSD (Haste and

Critical Urgencies)

From Tables 2l and 22, rt is found out that sample goup with different


toward causes of violations in Traffrc Acts of car drivers (careless driving) particularly

in the cause of haste and critical urgencies from others at the 0.05 level (Sig. of F. :

0.028)

Method

Years of

Work

(l)

Years of Work

(J)

Mean

Difference

(l-D

std.

EnorSig.

9570 Contldence

Interval for Mean

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Scheffe Less than

5 years

Eetween o-lu yeani

Morethan ll years

.30"

.38*

.145

.160

.l I 8

.061

-).outs-uz

-l.3lE-02

.60

.78

Between

6-10 years

Less man ) years

Morethan ll years

-.30x

8.00E-02

. Izt)

.166

rt6

.891

-.oo

-.33

).6UI1-02

.49

More than

I I years

Less than 5 years

Between 6-10 years

..JU'

8.00E-02

.l 60

.166

.061

.891

-.78

-.49

r.3tE-o2

.33

LSD Less man

5 years

Between 6-10 years

More than 1l years

30x

.38*

t4f

.160

.UJ9

.018

t.558-02

6.s98-02

.59

.70

tsetween

6-10 years

Less than 5 years

Morethan ll years

30t

8.00E-02

.14

.166

.039

.631

.)y

-.25

-1.55E-02

.41

More than

ll years

Less man ) years

Between 6-10 years

-.3 8'l'

8.00E-02

.160

.t66

UIU

.631

'tu

-.4r

-b.59E-ttz

.25

* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.



when pair-test method of schefle' and LSD is employed - in Table 23, it


having less than 5 years of experience. This group is agrees with the cause of no

driving license, w]rich leads to the violation of Traffic Acts. While the group with 6-10

years of experience and more than I I years are uncertain with such cause.

It can be concluded that by Tables 3-26, they can confirm the hypothesis

1.8.1 (assuming that the noncommissioned police officers with ditrerent social

background have different opinion toward factors affecting violations of haffrc acts of

car drivers.). therefore, the hypothesis is accepted. The personal background on years

of taffic work experience causes difterent opinion in this study.

However, different opinion in most aspects are differed between the agreed

group and the uncertain $oups and not between the greed group with the disagreed

group.

In the hypothesis 1.8.2 (assuming that the noncommissioned police officers

with diflerent social and economic factors have different opinion toward factors

affecting violations of traffic acts of car drivers.). This study proves that the

hypothesis is rejected and the researcher does not illustate its results.


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Discussion i 88

CHAPTERV

DISCUSSION

This study concentrates gn investigation of factors affecting violations of the

fiaffic acts of car drivers: a case study of noncommissioned police officers in Bangkok

Metopolitan Police Commission 7,8 and 9 under the Offrce of the National Police

Bureau.

It was found in this study that the noncommissioned police officers had

similarly viewed on the causes of violation of the traffic acts and the violation of the

car drivers. IF there was differences, it was by characteristics of agreeing or trncertain

and it was not from agreeing and disagreeing.

Analysis illustated that whether in the case of parking in the prohibited

areas, impeding the traffic, violation of tafEc signs, wrong lane driving, violations of

the signal lights, intrusion of the fiaffic line, not carrying driving license, no driving

license and careless driving, taffic officers had similar opinion. Major violation of

traffic acts in Bangkok (Commission 7,8, and 9) was the drivers lacked driving

disciplines, easy-going and selfishness, intention to violate and fearless to laws,

Drivers viewed that it was trifle mistakes and the punishment was not severe and

proper to violators' behavior including the strictness, arrestnent and punishment from

the offrcers were uncertain and inconsistent.

Other causes viewed by the noncommissioned police officers was the

unfamiliadty with the routes, drivers lacked knowledge and understanding of traffic

acts with the trafflrc signs were unclear.



Causes of ignorance might be resulted from critical emergencies, not

carrying driving license and unintended motive, drunkenness, less conscientiorxtness,

haste and critical emergencies.

However, the above stated were overview without distinguishing to personal

background and social and economic factors.

In distributions, it was found out that there were statistical significant

differences in opinion according to period of traffic work and personal background.

The difference of opinion came from traffic police with the 6-10 years of work e.g.

parking in the prohibited areas and violations of naffic sigus. Such violations were the

results of lacking the effective public relation of the involved unit. Regarding not

carrying driving license, it was the results of lacking knowledge and understanding of

traffic acts. IN relative to driving without license, it was the results of new in driving

and adhered to the driving traditions from otler. These events made the traffic police

wittl 6-10 years work were uncertain to the causes, whereas traffic police with less

than5 years and more than 11 years of work agreed to the causes.

However, opinion of raffic police officers against causes in violations of

traffic acts are completely distinguished but just only with the agreed group and the

uncertain Broup, only and unlikely to the content. The more signifisanse was many

causes of violations were similarly resulted from 2major causes:

First, it evolved with the violators i.e. lack of disciplines, easy-going and

selfishness, intention to violate the taffic acts and fearless to the punishment. Drivers

viewed as tifles mistakes.


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Discussion / 90

Second, it evolved with taffic police officers and the responsible units i.e.

uncertainty of stictness, arrestnent and punishmen! ineffective public relations and

light punishment unsound to violators' behaviors.

With these 2 major causes, it served the government to initiate fraffic order

being enforced on 16 January BE 2545 Q002) (see appendix). The project had

stipulated violations corresponding to some cases in this research out of l6 offenses by

using score cards, training, testing violators and suspension of driving license to be

imposed to the violations of impeding taffic, violations of light signals (red) and

careless or risky driving.

The government (by the National Police Bureau) had filed such violations

into the measures might be caused from major habitual violations as stated. In

particular the personal causes in violations viewed by police with 8 years (by average)

of experienced samples in the study, it was found out that violators lacked disciplines,

easy-going and selfishness, intention to violate, fearless to taffic laws, and viewing

that the violations was trifles. Such reasons might be critical reflecting behaviors in

violations of traf[rc acts of car drivers in Thai societies. It consequently served to set

the traffic policy and projects. Policy was definitely based by causes of violations and

parts were from opinion of involved individuals (tuaffic police).

However, arguments from many criminologists had been risen that whether

such policy would be successful. Since the past to the present, enforcement of laws by

officers were uncertain, inconsistent and based on preferences of avoiding to take

action. For examples of careless driving, violations of taf[rc lights or impeding traffic,

etc. were frequenfly witnessed, and only some officers took action on arrestnent but

some avoided. There might have been reasons of personal intimacy or other reasons orCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


installing checkpoints, some might take action but some abstained. Such practices

corresponded to the second causes, which noted that trffic police agreed to such

causes.

For its fruitfulness, the Law Enforcement of the tffic police in every cases

(16 violations-based) had to be certain, constant, equated and fair otherwise such

policy would be short tiding as many had concerned.

Besides certainty and consistency of Law enforcement, another parts should

be paired with the law enforcement - the punishment of violators / offenders. It should

be severe and proper to violators' behavior like some States in the USA, which put

into action currently. For example, parking in the prohibited areas (parking in the

airport), violators would be fined a 100 dollars or 4,400 Bath. Besides such driver

would be recorded in computer files similar to what Thailand was doing. The driver

would drastically lose the credit in driving and affect social economic credibility.

Punishment should be amended was in relative to violation of taffic lights

in the Article 22(2) of not exceedingl, 000 Baht fine, fast drive ignoring safety and

suffers of others (prohibited offiicer to fine according to Article 140) as in Articte 160

Section 3 was subjected to be imprisoned for 3 months or fining of 2,000 -10,000

Baht. Careless driving or risk that caused danger against individual and property

Article 43 (4) would be fined 400-1,000 Baht. Unnonnal driving (prohibited officer to

fine according to Article 140) Article 43 (5) was subjected to be imprisoned for 3

months or fining of 2,000 -10,000 Baht or both. Overtaking at rislq Article 64(4) was

subjected to fines of 400-1,000 Baht. Such fines and punishment above stated should

be amended to higher charges, which would correspond to social and economic rapid


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Discussion / 92

changes. However, determination of increases in fines and penalty should be initially

further studied in each Article

Had government or the National Police Bureau concentated to pursue and

supervise in the Law Enforcement of the traffic police for its certainty, consistency,

seriousness and attempts to amend laws proper to social situation and violators'

behavior, policy on tafEc order would have been fruitful in the near fufire.

Systematic and orderly fiaffic-based would as part benefit people in general



CHAPTER YI

CONCLUSIONS AI\D RECOMMEI\DATIONS

The objectives in this study of factors affecting violations of the taffic acts

of car drivers: a case study of noncommissioned police officers in Bangkok

Mehopolitan Police Commission 7,8 and 9 under the Office of the National Police

Bureag were determined to study opinion of the noncommissioned police officers

toward factors affecting taffic acts violation of car drivers in the commission 7,8 and

9, and to study solution in the taffrc acts violation of car drivers in the commission 7,

8 and 9 including other commission in Bangkok.

Data collection had been coiducted from

questionnaire as instrument. 306 set had been returned,

31 stations employing

and the data had been

analyz.ed by computer with the following results

6.1 Research Objective

6.1.1 Samples' Personal Background

It was found in relative to domicile of the 62.4% samples that are in the

Provinces, with the age of 3l-40 years at 52.9Yo (37.5 years of age by average), and

l.l-20 years of civil services at39.5% (15.8 years by average). Their educational level

are Secondary Level M. l- 6 at 64.1%, ard 99.4oh are Buddhists, It was found in

relative to marital status of the samples thatgl.T% are married, with monthly income

between 8,001-10,000 Balrt or 36.9Yo, and designated of Police Staff Sergeant

at45.8Yo, allocated in taffic work experience of less than 5 years at 4l.2% (8.2 years

by average), fostering number of dependency of more than 4 persons x 5L.6% by

ffi


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Conclusions and Recommendations / 94

62.1% residing in governmental residence/ flat, 46.7% are 1-3 times participate in

meeting/ additional fraining in taffic, moderately earning knowledge and

understanding in Traffic Acts of 58.2yo, and imposing arrestnent of violators of

Traffic Acts between 41-80 cases or 32.7%(74.5 cases by average).

6.1.2 Opinion toward Traffic Acts Violations of Car Drivers are as

follows;

6.1.2.1 In relative to prohibited areas parking, samples strongly agree

with drivers lack driving discipline, easy-going and selfish and intended to tansgress

and fearless to laws including view as insignificant violations and light punishment

and the strictness, arrestment and punishment are uncertain and inconsistent.

6.1.2.2 In relative to impediment parking, violations of taffic signs,

wrong lane driving, violation and traffic lights are similar causes of the parking in the

prohibited areas.

6.1.2.3 In relative to the tansgression of Traffic Acts in awaiting

line, not carrying driving license, causes had been found similar to parking in

prohibition area with additional causies of unintended, drunkenness and lacking of

knowledge and understanding of taffic acts.

6.1.2.4 In relative to transgression of Traffic Acts in no driving

license is similar to parking in prohibited areas but finding no causes from lacking of

driving disciplines, easy-going and selfishness. The additional cause is being the new

driver.

6.1.2.5 Regarding fiansgression of Traffic Acts in careless drivinB,

samples stongly agrees that it is similar causes as parking in the prohibited areas but



there are 4 additional causes i.e. habitual and ignorance, drunkenness, haste and

emergencies and lacking of knowledge and understanding fiaffic acts.

6.1.3 Test of Hypothesis.

This study accepted the hypothesis of item 1.8.1 assuming that *The

noncommissioned police officers with different social background have different

opinion toward factors affecting violations of naffic acts of car drivers, which

concerned with period of trafFrc works of the police officers

It was found out that police with 6-10 years of working in taffic differently

viewed on causes of traffrc acts violations of car drivers in Bangkok from police who

work less than 5 years and more than 11 years in statistical significance in many cases

e.g. parking in the prohibited areas, violation of traffic signs. It was the results of

ineffectiveness of public relations of the involved units.

In the case of not carrying driving license while driving, it was because of

lacking of knowledge and understanding of traffic acts.

In relative to no driving license, driver was new practitioner and adheres to

the driving tradition derived from others as nonns in driving in Bangkok. Traffrc

police with the service years of 6-10 years were uncertiain to the causies. However,

police with the years of service of less than 5 years and more than I I years agreed to

theses calrses. The differences were between the agreed group and the uncertain group.

It was not the differences between the agreed and the disagree groups, which there was

no content relevancy.



6.2 Recommendation from Research

Conclusions and Recommendations / 96

By this study, it has been found out the causes that car drivers in Bangkok

(Commission 7,8 and 9) violated taffic acts was resulted from 2 major causes i.e.

individuality and traffic police (the noncommissioned) who enforced laws should

improve both at present and in the future. It is recommended that:

6.2.1 Aggressively promote knowledge on taffic acts and driving manners

to public through all media.

6.2.2 Encourage social belief and values in self-regulation, particularly, in

tra"ffrc acts to public not only in Bangkok but also through the institutions of family,

education, religion and media directly and indirectly.

6.2.3 Establish taining centers in aspects of respect to regulations regarding

traffrc, driving skills and social responsibility including morality in driving vehicles to

train applicants of driving license before license permit issuance. In case of being

punish on taffic acts violations subjected to taining and score card records (records

on 16 vocations-based in the project of taffic order of the National Police Bureau)

should be constructive in many spots sufficient to the needs of public.

6.2.4 Supervise and check license permits of the directly responsible unit,

should be stict, tansparent and accountable. It should be straightforward and strict to

all with no exceptions to the disqualified applicants.

6.2.5 Supervise the Law Enforcement of the ofEcers, particularly the

noncommissioned police to be certain, consistent and no preference to individuals

including courageous enough to handle violators with powerful and influential peers,

in all cases.



6.2.6 Top management should take responsibility and to protect the

subordinate, particularly, the noncommissioned taffic police officer subjected to

complaints, intimidation and pressure from the wealthy, powerful and influential

incase of law enforcement

6.3 Recommendation for Further Research

6.3.1 Major content rather than this study should be investigated e.g. risky

overtaking and forwarding (Articles 4449), the starting, the turning and rehacing

(Articles 50-53) and contents in relative to speed (Articles 67-70).

6.3.2 The similar research should be conducted zrmong the

noncommissioned police officer in other Metropolitan Commission or in other

provinces.

6.3.3 The similar research should be conducted among Bangkok people and

in other provinces.

6.3.4 The similar research as in 6.3.1 should be conducted among the

noncommissioned police officer in other Metropolitan Commission or in other

provinces.

6.3.5 The similar research as in 6.3.1 should be conducted among Bangkok

people and in other provinces.


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasiphol Bibliography / 98

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Thai Bibliography

Division of Research and Plan, the Police Deparhent (BE 2535), Master Plan of the

Police Deparhent Copy 2, BE 253 5-2539.

Bangkok. @E 2522) ( Bangkok: Transportation study) (copy) Mor. por. por. Traffic

Acts.

Kulphol Pholwan. (BE 2522). Unfair Laws, Journal of Public Prosecutor (year 2,

Vol.17 BE2s22).

. (882522). *How to Make Effective Laws", Journal of public prosecutor

2 (October 882522).

. (882526). ooHow to Make Effective Laurs", Joumal of Public prosecutor

( Year 2 Yol.22OctobqBBzl2z).

Pratuang Yimyai @82534) Public Opinion on Traffic Problem in the Municipality of

Muang Nakhonratchasim4 Thesis of Master Degree of Social Science,

Prograrn of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Faculty of Graduate Studies,

Mahidol University.

lPetchjit Ketphasuk @E 2522). Traffic Problem in Bangkok. Research Document for

the Curriculum of Police Inspector, Batch 16, School of Investigation, the

Police Department, Bangkok.

Wittayakom Chiangkul (BE 2521). ooReflection of Traffic Problem", Economic

Journal 1 (August BE25ZI}Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


Sarawut Panalfiao. (BE 2522). Local Crimes: Violations of Traffic Acts. Thesis of

Master Degree of Social Science, Prograrn of Criminotogy and Criminal

Justice, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Matridol University.

Samanchai Hongthong (BE25l7). Briefing of Trffic Police Performance. (copy)

Office of Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. (BE 2539). Statistics of Bangkok.

(copv)

Supot Siriyothin. (BE 2533). Traffic Problem in Bangkok. Seminar Documents of the

Faculty of Medical, Siriraj Nursing, Mahidol University.

English Bibliography

Borkenstein. R.F., et al (1964). The Role of the Drunken Driver in TrafEc Accidents.

Deparhnent of Public Administation, University of Indiana.

Haddon, William. (1964). Accident Research. New York. Harper and Row.

Nuttail, Lan. (1995). Traffic Technology International. (spring).New york.

ogburn, William. F. (1968). 'o culture Lag Theory" in Marshall B. Clinard 9ed0.

Sociology of Deviant Behavior. New York: Holt, Rineharts and Winston.

Porterfileld , Austin. (1960). "Traffic fatalities, suicide and homicide" .American

Sociology Review. Vol.25.

Ross,L.H. (1967). "The Traffrc Law Violations: A Folk Crime" in Criminal Behavior

System A Typology. New York: Holt, Rineharts and Winston.

Sutherland, Edwin H. and Cressey, Donald R. (1966). Principles of Criminology. New

York: J.B. Limpicoll Co.Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasiphol Bibliography / 100

Thomas F. Adarns. (1973). o'The Traffic Problem and the Police Role". Law

Enforcement, 2nd . ed. Prentice-Hall, hc., Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

Wolfgang, Maxin E., and Ferracuti, Franco. (1967). The Subculture of Violence.

London: Tavistock Publication.



APPEI\DD(


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Appendix / 102

Illustrations of Frequency, Mean, Standard Deviation of Opinion of Samples inRelative to Causes of Traffic Acts Violation of Car Drivers, Which IIad noStatistical Significant Differences

N Mean

Srd

IE^ffi-Srd"

Enbr

95% Confidence

htervalfor Mean

Mni I\[nx

Iower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Case of Prohibited Areas Parking

Cause I Lacking Discipline

1

2

3

Total

t26105

75

306

4.51

4.59

4.63

4.57

.65

.51

.51

.58

5.83E-02

5.01E-02

5.93E-02

3.298-02

4.39

4.49

4.57

4.50

4.62

4.69

4.74

4.63

2

3

3

2

5

5

5

b

Cause: Easy-going and Selfishness

I2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

4.43

4.47

4.47

4.45

.79

.61

.58

.68

7.08E-02

5.91.E-02

6.678-02

3.90E-02

4.29

4.35

4.33

4.37

4.57

4.58

4.60

4.53

t

3

3

t

5

5

5

5

Cause! Unintended

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.30

3.L 3

3.19

8.22

.89

1.03

.91

.94

7.9L8-O2

.L0

.11

5.40E-O2

3.15

2.93

2.98

3.11

3.46

3.33

3.40

3.32

1

I1

I

5

5

5

5

Cause: Drunkenness and Lacking Consciousness Control

't

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.47

3.42

3.35

3.42

.96

1.16

1.06

1.05

8.568-02

.11

.12

6.O2E-O2

3.30

3.L9

3.10

3.30

3.64

3.64

3.59

3.54

L

L

L

1

5

5

5

5


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) / 103

N Iv[ean

Std

Deviati

on

sd"

&ror

95% Confidence

InuvalforMean

Mni Ivlax

Iower

Bormd

Upper

Bound

Causc Iacking Knowledge ardUndermrding ofTraffic Rules

1

2

3

Total

726

105

75

306

3.41

3.19

3.45

3.35

1.11

1.L6

L.O2

1.11

9.918-02

.11

.L2

6.34E-02

3.22

2.97

3.22

3.22

3.61

3.42

3.69

3.47

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: InEntTransgession urdRaless to Laws

1

2

3

Total

L26

L05

75

306

3.95

3.98

4.O5

3.99

.89

.93

.80

.88

7.96E-02

9.08E-02

9.288-02

5.05E-02

3.79

3.80

3.87

3.89

4.11

4.L6

4.24

4.09

1

1

1

I

5

5

5

5

Carse Viewing asftnignificarce Violaions

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.9L

4.01

4.08

3.99

L.O2

1.00

.90

.99

9.09E-02

9.81E-02

.10

5.638-02

3.73

3.82

3.87

3.88

4.09

4.20

4.29

4.10

IL

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: UghPenalty ad Inappropim b Offender's Confrrct

L

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.L7

4.O7

4.tt4.L2

.84

.86

.94

.87

7,458-02

8.378-02

.11

4.968-02

4.O2

3.90

3.89

4.O2

4.31

4.23

4.32

4.22

It

1

1

5

5

5

5

Carse Uncerairry ardlrmnsigrcy in Stictnesq Ausne,ff and Punistnnerr knpced loy Officem

1

2

3

Total

726

105

75

306

3.82

3.57

3.75

3.72

1.05

t.L3

1.01

t.o7

9.39E-02

.11

.12

6.13E-02

3.63

3.35

3.51

3.60

4.00

3.79

3.98

3.84

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5



N Mean

std

Deviati

on

sd"

Frror

95% Confidence

InervalforMean

Mini Ivfax

l.ower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Case of Impediment Parking

Cause: Lacking Discipline

1

2

3

Total

t26105

75

306

4.55

4.57

4.52

4.53

63

69

58

64

5.59E-02

6.788-02

6.678-02

3.65E-02

4.44

4.38

4.39

4.46

4.66

4.65

4.65

4.60

2

1

2

I

5

5

5

5

Causei Easy-going and Selfishness

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.49

4.51

4.37

4.47

.65

.57

.67

.63

5.83E-02

5.608-02

7.778-02

3.628-02

4.38

4.40

4.22

4.40

4.6t

4.63

4.53

4.54

2

3

2

2

5

5

5

b

Cause: Unintended

I2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.37

3.21

3.28

3.29

1.02

L.L7

L.23

t.72

9.06E-02

.11

.L4

6.428-02

3.19

2.98

3.00

3.16

3.54

3.44

3.56

3.42

1

1

L

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: Drunkenness ar

1

2

3

Total

rd Lacki:

:^26l

105 I

751

so6 I

ng Conr

3.41 I

3.30 I

3.37 I

3.36 I

iciousness

1.03

1.09

1.11

1.07

Control

9.L78-O2

.11

.13

6.11E-02

3.23

3.08

3.t2

3.24

3.59

3.51

3.63

3.48

1

I1

L

5

5

5

5

Causet Haste and Criti

1

2

3

Total

cal Urge

126 I

105 I

?5 I

306 I

nctes

8.26 I L.oz

B.B1 I L.oz

s.ls I 1.16

B.2s I 1.06

9.10E-02

9.978-02

.13

6.O3E-02

3.08

g.L2

2.88

3.L3

3.44

3.51

3.41

3.37

1

1

1

I

5

5

5

5

Cause: Lacking Knowledge and Understanding of Traffic Rules

1

2

3

Toal

126

105

75

306

3.44

3.74

3.49

3.35

L.t2

t.20

1.11

1.15

9.98E-02

.12

.13

6.598-02

3.24

2.9L

3.24

3.22

3.63

4.38

3.75

3.48

1

1

1

1

5

5

5



N I!{ean

Srd"

Deviati

on

SrC-

Bror

95% Corfidence

Interval for Mean

Mni tvlax

Iower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Causel Intent Transgression and Fearless to Laws

L

2

3

Total

L26

to5

75

306

4.O4

4.01

4.O5

4.03

,85

.87

.88

.86

7.598-02

8.51.8-02

.10

4.948-02

3.89

3.84

3.85

3.94

4.19

4.18

4.26

4.1.3

II1

I

5

5

5

5

Cause: Viewing as Insignificant Violations

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.96

3.95

4.00

3.97

.96

.92

1.04

.96

8.548-02

9.O28-O2

.72

5.5lE-02

3.79

3.77

3.76

3.86

4.13

4.13

4.24

4.08

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Causel Light Penalty and inappropriate to Offender's Conduct

1

2

3

Total

L26

L05

75

306

4.L 3

3.96

4.O4

4-O5

.81

1.01

.91

.91

7.278-02

9.858-02

.10

5.18E-02

3.98

3.77

3.83

3.95

4.27

4.L6

4.25

4.L5

L

1

2

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: Uncertainty and Inconsistency in Strictness, ArresEnent and Punishment Imposed by

Officers

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.63

3.44

3.77

3.60

1.1.0

1.08

.97

t.o7

9.81E-02

.11

.11

6.LoE-02

3.43

3.23

3.55

3.48

3.82

3.65

4.00

3.72

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Case of Transgression of Traflic Signs


1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.50

4.52

4.5L

4.51

56

62

60

59

5.01E-02

6.O7E-O2

6.948-02

3.388-02

4.40

4.40

4.37

4.44

4.60

4.64

4.64

4.58

3

2

2

2

5

5

5

5


1

2

3

Total

1.26

L05

75

306

4.43

4.49

4.44

4.45

6L

65

66

64

5.458-02

6.36E-02

7.658-02

3.648-02

4.32

4.36

4.29

4.38

4.54

4.6L

4.59

4.52

3

2

2

2

5

5

5


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Appendix/ 106

N Mean

Sril

Dwiati

trl

SrC"

Bror

95% Corfidence

Inerval for Mean

Nfini I\,Iax

lowqBound

Upper

Bound

Causel Unintended

I2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

3.42

3.37

3.2L

3.35

.98

t.18

1.19

1.10

8.758-02

.12

.L4

6.318-02

3.25

3.14

2.94

3.23

3.59

3.60

3.49

3.48

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: Unfamiliar to the Route

I2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

3.54

3.45

3.37

3.47

.81

1.03

.98

.93

7.18E-02

.10

.11

5.328-02

3.40

3.25

3.15

3.36

3.68

3.65

3.60

3.57

2

1

L

1

5

5

5

5

Cause! Unclear Traffic Signs

I2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

3.42

3.48

3.52

3.46

.98

1.09

1.00

L.O2

8.758-02

.1L

.12

5.86E-02

3.25

3.26

3.29

3.35

3.59

3.69

3.75

3.58

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Causel Drunkenness and Lacking Consciousness Control

t

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

9.42

3.39

3.31

3.38

L.O4

1.11

1.08

t.o7

9.258-02

.tL

.12

6.1lE-02

3.24

3.18

3.06

3.26

3.60

3.60

3.55

3.50

IIt

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: Haste and Critical Urgencies

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.37

3.23

3.32

3.31

.97

1.06

L.1.8

1.05

8.63E-O2

.10

.L4

6.O1E-02

3.19

3.O2

3.05

3.19

3.54

3.43

3.59

3.43

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause! Lacking Knowledge and Understanding of Traffic Rules

1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

3.53

3.36

3.60

3.49

l.o2

1.19

1.15

1.11

9.06E-02

.L2

.13

6.35E-02

3.35

3.13

3.34

3.37

s.7l

3.59

3.86

3.62

I1

1

1

5

5

5

5



N Mean

sd-

Deviati

m

sd"

Bror

95% C,onfidence

Inuvalfor Mean

t!fini I\{ax

Iower

Bound

upprBound

Cause! Intent Transgression and Feadess to Laws

I2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.O7

3.93

4.O3

4.O1

.74

1.00

.85

.86

6.59E-02

9.788-02

9.86E-02

4.948-02

3.94

3.74

3.83

3.92

4.20

4.13

4.22

4.11

2

1

1

1

5

5

5

5


t

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.O4

4.05

3.93

4.O2

.86

.92

L.O2

.92

7.688-02

9.O2E-O2

.L2

5.27E-O2

3.89

3.87

3.70

3.91

4.L9

4.23

4.L7

4.L2

I1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause Light Penalty and Inappropriate to Offender's Conduct

2

3

Total

105

75

306

4.O2

4.Ll

4.O4

.90

.89

.89

8.778-02

.10

5.O78-O2

3.85

3.90

3.94

4.L9

4.31

4.14

1

2

1

5

5

5

Causel Uncertainty and Inconsistency in the Strictness, Aresfrnent and Punishment knposed by

Officers

1

2

3

Total

t26L05

75

306

3.82

3.57

3.81

3.73

L.O2

1.13

.97

1.05

9.L LE-02

.11

.11

6.00E-02

3.64

3.35

3.59

3.61

4.00

3.79

4.O4

3.85

It

L

1

5

5

5

5

Case of Wrong Lane Driving


1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.49

4.49

4.4L

4.47

58

56

77

62

5.13E-02

5.43E-O2

8.928-02

3.56E-02

4.39

4.38

4.24

4.40

4.59

4.59

4.59

4.54

3

3

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause ! Easy-going and Selfishness

1

2

3

Total

L26

L05

75

306

4.44

4.50

4.29

4.43

.59

.56

.80

.64

5.23E-O2

5.438-02

9.268-02

3.66E-02

4.34

4.40

4.1't.

4.36

4.55

4.61

4.48

4.50

3

3

1

1

5

5

5



N Mean

sd"

Deviati

on

Srd.

Bror

95% Corfidence

htsrval forMean

Ivlini IVIax

[.ower

Bomd

Upper

Bound

Cause! Unintended

1

2

3

Total

'126

105

75

306

3.34

3.45

3.07

3.31

'1.00

1".00

1.19

1.06

8.888-02

9.768-02

.L4

6.03E-02

3.17

3.25

2.79

3.19

3.52

3.64

3.34

3.43

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Causei Drunkenness and Lacking Consciousness Control

1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

3.46

3.50

8.23

3.42

1.01

1.05

1,.L7

L.O7

8.998-02

.10

.13

6.09E-O2

3.28

3.29

2.96

3.30

3.64

3.70

3.50

3.53

1

1

1

I

5

5

5

5

Causet Haste and Critical Urgencies

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.34

3.32

3.20

3.30

1.01.

1.11

L.2L

1.09

9.03E-02

.1. L

.t4

6.25F-02

3.16

3.11

2.92

3.18

3.52

3.54

3.48

3.42

I1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause! Lacking of Knowledge and Understanding of Traffic Rules

1

2

3

Total

t26105

75

306

3.56

3.28

3.36

3.41

1.09

L.20

L.22

t.L7

9.73E-O2

.L2

.t4

6.66E-O2

3.36

3.04

3.08

3.28

3.75

3.51

3.64

3.54

1

I1

1

5

5

5

5

Causei Intent Transgression and Fearless to Laws

1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

4.15

3.97

4.03

4.06

77

91

93

86

6.868-02

8.928-42

.1L

4.938-02

4.O2

3.79

3.81

3.96

4.29

4.75

4.24

4.L6

I1

1

I

5

5

5

5


L

2

3

Total

L26

t05

75

306

4.L2

3.89

4.O3

4.O2

8L

93

90

88

7.L88-O2

9.1lE-02

.10

5.02E-02

3.98

3.7L

3.82

3.92

4.26

4.O7

4.23

4.12

1

I1

1

5

5

5

5



N N4eart

std

Deviati

on

sd"

&!or

95% Confidence

htsval for Mean

Ivfini N{ax

kwerBound

Upper

Bound

Cause! Light Penalty and Inappropriate to Offender's Conduct

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.14

4.00

4.19

4.10

.82

.89

.83

.85

7.288-02

8.678-02

9.628-02

4.848-O2

4.OO

3.83

3.99

4.01"

4.29

4.L7

4.38

4.20

2

1

2

1

5

5

5

5

Causel Uncertainty and lnconsistency in the Strictness, ArresEnent and Punishment Imposed by

Officers

1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

3.75

3.51

3.91

3.7L

1.03

1.05

.99

t.o4

9.228-02

.10

.11

5.928-02

3.56

3.31

3.68

3.59

3.93

3.72

4.L3

3.82

1

1

t

1

5

5

5

5

Case of Transgression of Light Signals

Causei Lacking Discipline

1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

4.47

4.49

4.52

4.49

.63

.65

.66

.64

5.60E-02

6.36E-02

7.688-02

3.68E-02

4.36

4.36

4.e7

4.4L

4.58

4.6L

4.67

4.56

1

3

2

1

5

5

5

5


1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.42

4.46

4.40

4.43

.70

.67

.72

.69

6.218-02

6.49E-O2

8.278-02

3.948-02

4.30

4.33

4.24

4.35

4.54

4.59

4.56

4.5t

1

2

2

L

5

5

5

5

Cause! Unintended

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.46

3.36

3.23

3.37

L.O7

L.1,4

L.20

1.13

9.548-02

.11

.14

6.468-02

3.27

3.L4

2.95

3.24

3.65

3.58

3.50

3.50

1

1

I1

5

5

5

5

Causet Drunkenness and Lacking Consciousness Conrol

1

2

3

Total

1.26

105

75

306

3.52

3.51

3.33

3.47

.98

1.10

L.20

1.08

8.718-02

.11

.L4

6.16E-02

3.34

3.30

3.06

3.35

3.69

3.73

3.61

3.59

I1

t

1

5

5

5


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Appendix / I l0

N I\dean

sd-

Deviati

on

src"

Bror

95%Corfrdnce

hterval for Mean

IVfini N[ax

lower

Bound

Upper

Bound


1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.46

3.43

3.27

3.39

1.01

1.10

1.1I

1.09

8.99E-02

.11

.14

6.228-02

3.28

3.22

2.94

3.27

3.64

3.64

3.49

3.51

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: Intent Transgression and Fearless of Laws

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.08

4.03

4.08

4.06

.85

.97

.87

.89

7.6L8-O2

9.428-02

.10

5.118-02

3.93

3.84

3.88

3.96

4.23

4.22

4.28

4.16

I1

I1

5

5

5

5

Causet Viewing as krsignificant Violations

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.10

3.87

4.03

4.00

.90

1.06

1.03

.99

8.OOE-02

.10

.L2

5.65E-02

3.94

3.66

3.79

3.89

4.25

4.07

4.26

4.LL

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause! Light Penalty and Inappropriate to Offender,s Conduct

I2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.L7

3.99

4.12

4.10

.84

1.00

.82

.89

7.48E-O2

9.7L8-O2

9.48E-O2

5.10E-02

4.03

3.80

3.93

4.00

4.32

4.18

4.31

4.20

1

1

2

1

5

5

5

5

Cause! Uncertainty and Inconsistency in the Srictness, ArresEnent and Punishment Imposed by

Officers

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.84

3.46

3.87

3.72

1.08

L.09

1.00

1.08

9.668-02

.11

.12

6.188-02

3.65

3.25

3.64

3.59

4.03

3.67

4.LO

3.84

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Case of Transgression of Awaiting Line

Cause! Lacking Discipline

1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

4.47

4.47

4.44

4.42

67

69

70

68

5.93E-02

6.78F-02

8.11E-02

3.91E-02

4.26

4.33

4.28

4.34

4.49

4.60

4.60

4.50

1

2

2

t

5

5

5


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) / I I I

N Mean

std.

Deviati

on

sd.

Ffior

95% Confidence

krtsrval forMean

Nfini NIax

lower

Bound

Upper

Bound


1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.33

4.44

4.39

4.38

72

68

77

72

6.46E-02

6.628-02

8.88E-02

4.t7E-O2

4.20

4.31

4.2t

4.30

4.45

4.57

4.56

4.46

2

2

1

I

5

5

5

5

Cause: Unintended

t

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.52

3.43

3.55

3.50

1.09

1.18

L.20

1.15

9.748-02

.11

.L4

6.55E-02

3.33

3.20

3.27

3.37

3.72

3.66

3.82

3.63

1

1

1

L

5

5

5

5

Cause: Drunkenness and Lacking Consciousness Control

1

2

3

Total

L26

1.05

75

306

3.54

3.53

3.43

3.51

L.L2

L.72

1.10

1.11

9.99E-02

.1.1

.13

6.378-02

3.34

3.32

3.17

3.38

3.74

3.7 5

3.68.

3.64

1

1

L

1

5

5

5

5


1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.37

3.2L

3.08

3.25

1.11

't.22

L.2L

L.L7

9.87E-O2

.12

.t46.71E-O2

3.18

2.97

2.80

3.11

3.57

3.45

3.36

3.38

1

1

1

I

5

5

5

5

Causel Lacking of Knowledge and Understanding of Traffic Rules

1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

3.59

3.30

3.40

3.44

1.15

1.2't

1.15

L.1.7

.10

.L2

.13

6.708-02

3.39

3.06

3.14

3.31

3.79

3.53

3.66

3.57

1

1.

L

1

5

5

5

5

Causei Intent Transgression and Feadess of Laws

L

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

4.L7

3.84

4.O4

4.O2

79

99

85

88

7.01E-02

9.68E-02

9.768-02

5.O68-02

4.03

3.65

3.85

3.92

4.3t

4.03

4.23

4.L2

L

1

2

1

5

5

5

5



N I!{eflr

Sri"

Deviati

on

sd"

Bror

95% Confidence

lnterval for Mean

Mni Ivlar(

lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Causei Viewing as Insignificant Violations

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.09

3.97

4.03

4.O3

.88

.92

.96

.91

7.81E-02

9.O28-O2

.11

5.278-02

3.93

3.79

3.81

3.93

4.24

4.L5

4.25

4.L4

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Causet Light Penalty and Inappropriate to Offender's Conduct

L

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.O7

3.90

4.11

4.O2

.85

.92

.92

.89

7.578-02

8.978-02

.11

5.1lE-02

3.92

3.72

3.89

3.92

4.22

4.O7

4.32

4.L2

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: Uncertainty and Inconsistency in the Strictness, Arestrnent and Punishment Imposed by

Officers

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.83

3.55

3.85

3.74

L.t2

L.O7

.95

1..07

1.00E-01

.10

.11

6.138-02

3.64

3.34

3.63

3.62

4.03

3.76

4.O7

3.86

1

1

2

1

5

5

5

5

Case of Not Carrying Driving License

Causel Lacking Discipline

1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

4.29

4.31

4.20

4.27

.77

.75

.84

.78

6.84E-01

7.33E*02

9.688-02

4.45E-O2

4.L5

4.L7

4.O1

4.L9

4.42

4.46

4.39

4.36

2

2

L

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: Forgeffirlness and Easy-going

872 1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

4.2t

4.L2

4.O4

4.14

.88

.86

.88

.87

7.83E-02

8.42E-O2

.10

4.998-02

4.O5

3.96

3.84

4.O4

4.36

4.29

4.24

4.24

1

1

I1

5

5

5

5

Cause : Unintended

1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

3.58

3.50

3.40

3.5r.

1.08

1.03

t.L4

1.08

9.59E-02

.1.O

.13

6.158-02

3.39

3.30

3.14

3.39

3.77

3.69

3.66

3.63

1

L

1

1

5

5

5



N IMeart

sd.

Deviati

on

sd"

Error

95% Confidence

InuvalforMean

Mni Ivlil(

lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Causel Haste and Critical Urgencies

L

2

3

Total

126

l"o5

75

306

3.50

3.29

3.25

3.37

.1..05

1.04

1.16

1.08

9.948-02

.10

.13

6.15E-02

3.32

3.09

2.99

3.24

3.68

3.49

3.52

3.49

I1

1

L

5

5

5

5

C.ause: krtent TFansgression and Fearless of Iaws

1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

4.06

3.72

3.55

3.82

.89

1.06

1.13

1.03

7.91E-O2

.10

.13

5.8gE-O2

3.90

3.52

3.29

3.70

4.21

3.93

3.81

3.93

2

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Causet Lacking of Knowledge and Understanding of Traffic Rules

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.70

3.29

3.43

3.49

1.09

L.25

L.24

L.20

9.718-02

.L2

.14

6.848-02

3.5 L

3.O4

3.1,4

3.36

3.89

3.53

3.71

3.62

1

1

t

1

5

5

5

5


877 I2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.10

3.79

3.67

3.89

.84

1.05

1.08

.99

7.51E-O2

.10

.L2

5.68E-02

3.95

3.59

3.42

3.77

4.24

3.99

3.92

4.00

1

1

1

I

5

5

5

5

Causel Light Penalty and Inappropriate to Offender's Conduct

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.'J,5

3.98

4.23

4.L't

.80

.83

.85

.83

7.13E-02

8.t28-O2

9.798-02

4.728-02

4.01

3.82

4.03

4.O2

4.29

4.L4

4.42

4.20

2

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause! Uncertainty and Inconsistency in the Shictness, Arestment and Punishment Imposed by

Officers

I2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

3.75

3.58

3.80

3.71

1.19

1.11

1.05

1.13

.1L

.1t

.L2

6.468-02

3.54

3.37

3.56

3.58

3.96

3.80

4.O4

3.83

t

L

1

L

5

5

5

5


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Appendix / I 14

N Mean

srd

Deviati

on

sd-

Fmor

95% Confidence

hErval for Mean

Ivfini Nttax

lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Case of No Ihivilrg License

Causel Lacking of Knowledge and Understanding of Traffic Rules

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.92

3.69

3.77

3.80

1.09

1.26

L.27

t.20

9.73E-02

.72

.15

6.848-02

3.73

3.44

3.48

3.67

4.Lt

3.93

4.O7

3.94

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5


1

2

3

Total

-t26

105

75

306

4.13

4.01

3.96

4.O5

.89

.96

1.01

.94

7.978-02

9.33E-02

.L2

5.39E-02

3.97

3.82

3.73

3.94

4.28

4.ts

4.L9

4.L5

1

t

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: InentTransgression and Fearless of Laws

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.L2

3.99

3.89

4.O2

.90

.88

1.O5

-93

8.O28-O2

8.61E-02

.L2

5.34E-02

3.9t

3.82

3.65

3.91

4.28

4.t6

4.L3

4.L2

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: New Practicing Driver

1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

3.75

3.36

3.53

3.56

1.09

1.L 3

L.13

L.L2

9.69E-02

.11

.13

6.4L8-O2

3.55

3.74

3.27

3.44

3.94

3.58

3.79

3.69

1

L

1

1

5

5

5

5

C-ause: hllowing Diving Tradition from Orhers

1

2

3

Total

126

105

75

306

3.52

3.13

3.53

3.39

1.13

L.23

1.09

1.L7

.10

.L2

.13

6.68E-02

3.32

2.89

3.28

3.26

3.72

3.37

3.79

3.52

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: Light Penalty and Inappropriate to Offender's Conduct

1

2

3

Total

t26105

75

306

4.08

4.O4

4.L2

4.08

96

95

84

93

8.55E-02

9.27E-O2

9.67E-O2

5.298-02

3.91

3.85

3.93

3.97

4.25

4.22

4.3L

4.18

1

1

2

1

5

5

5

5


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) / I 15

N I\Cart

sd-

Deviati

on

sd"

Error

95% Confidence

krErvalforMean

IVftri IVIax

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Cause: Uncertainty and Inconsistency in the Strictness, Arestnent and punishment knposed by

Officers

1

2

3

Total

126

t05

75

306

3.86

3.44

3.76

3.69

L.L2

t.2L

1.01

1.14

9.93E-02

.12

.L2

6.49E-O2

3.66

3.20

3.53

3.56

4.05

3.67

3.99

3.82

t

1

t

1

5

5

5

5

Case of Careless Driving

Cause! Lacking Discipline

1

2

3

Total

t26105

75

306

4.54

4.56

4.48

4.53

.57

.60

.66

.61

5.L28-O2

5.89E-02

7.688-02

3.478-02

4.44

4.45

4.33

4.46

4.64

4.68

4.63

4.60

2

2

2

2

5

5

5

5


1

2

3

Total

t26105

75

306

4.50

4.49

4,49

4.49

63

59

62

61

5.618-02

5.768-02

7.20E-02

3.50E-02

4.39

4.37

4.35

4.42

4.6L

4.60

4.64

4.56

2

2

2

2

5

5

5

5

Cause: Unintended

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.72

3.54

3.43

3.59

1.13

L.t4

1.19

1.15

.10

.11

.L4

6.588-02

3.52

3.32

3.15

3.46

3.92

3.76

3.70

3.72

IL

1

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: DrunkemneSs and lacking Consciousness Control

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.98

3.77

3.76

3.85

.94

1.13

1.13

1.06

8.398-02

.11

.13

6.O48-O2

3.81

3.55

3.50

3.73

4.14

3.99

4.O2

3.97

1

1

1

1

5

5

5

5


1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.63

3.33

3.25

3.44

1.00

1.15

1.19

1.1L

8.928-02

.11

.L4

6.348-02

3.46

3.11

2.98

3.31

3.81

3.56

3.53

3.56

L

1

I1

5

5

5


N Mean

sd.

Deviati

on

sd-

Bror

95% Corfidence

Inerval for Mean

Mni I\4ax

I-ower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Cause kcking of Knowledge ard Understarding of Thffic Rules

1

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

3.73

3.42

3.56

3.58

.99

1.23

L.O7

1.10

8.83E-02

.L2

.14

6.30E-02

3.56

3.18

3.31

3.46

3.90

3.66

3.81

3.71

2

L

I1

5

5

5

5

Carc:IrrerfTlansgrmio andFtz lsoLa t6

1

2

3

Total

L26

l05

75

306

4.O7

3.92

4.15

4.O4

.89

1.03

.77

.92

7.90E-02

.10

8.848-02

5.238-02

3.92

3.72

3.97

3.94

4.23

4.12

4.32

4.L4

1

1

2

L

5

5

5

5

Cause: Viewing as Lrsifficant Violations

L

2

3

Total

L26

105

75

306

4.14

3.90

4.L3

4.06

.84

1.01

.72

.88

7.458-02

9.90E-02

8.35E-02

5.O4B*O2

4.00

3.7L

3.97

3.96

4.29

4.10

4.30

4.16

I1

2

1

5

5

5

5

Cause: Light Penalty and Inappropriate to Offender's Conduct

1

2

3

Total

726

105

75

306

4.L6

4.01

4.2L

4.L2

.93

.97

.92

.94

8.31E-02

9.42E-02

.11

5.38E-02

3.99

3.82

4.OO

4.01

4.92

4.20

4.42

4.23

1

1

1

I

5

5

5

5


Notes: | = Lessthanbyears

I = 6-10 years

g = More than 11 years

Appendix / I 16



PROJECT OF TRAF'FIC ORDER

Introduction

The government has qet the policy on o' project of Traffic order,

detennining to reduce taffic halts, accidents, pollution under the:' Project of Villager

Trffic". It is the sub-project focusing on collaboration and understanding between

state agencies and public in association with every part of society i.e. government and

private to share the project.

The Metropolitan Police Commission imposes measure i.e. strict arrestnent

of 5 major allegation. The National Police Bureau will impose on sore records,

training and test offending drivers and suspension of driving license to be enforced in

16 violation-based within 16 January BE 2545 (2002). For the benefits and

understanding of the stated measures, Viriya Insurance Company Limited had

publicized the details of measures in sore records to be distributed to public.

Using Measures on Score Card Record, Training and Testing

Offending Driver and the Suspension of Driving License.

Background

Traffrc Acts amended (Copy 4) BE 2535 stipulated the authority of police

officers in the confiscation of driving license, sore records at the back of the license,

training, testing and suspension of the license in Article 16l as follows:

Article 16l, o' In case, any drivers violate this Acts, The Commander of the

Metropolitan Commission, the Commander of the Provincial Police, the Commander

of Traffic Police, the Commanders of Highway Police or the authorized persons by theCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Appendix / I l8

stated position eams the authority to confiscate driving license within the specific

period ofnot exceeding 60 days"

The authority of the confiscation of driving licenses as stated in Section 1

might record the confiscation and score at the back of the confiscated driving license

and resume the training and testing of the re-violators of twice within I year including

to suspend the driving license of losing more scores of not exceeding 90 days a time.

Score recording, training, testing the driver and the suspension of the driving

license must follow the order of the general director promulgated in the govemment

gazette.

Driver of confiscated license under Section I or suspension of the licensee

under Section 2 hold the rights to file appeal to the general director within 15 days

counting from the date of confiscation or the suspension. Authorizing the general

director to examinee the appeal under Section 4 within 30 days counting from the day

of receiving the appeal. Upon judgement exceed the justified period, it is counted as

the general director does not permit to consfisticate or suspend the license according to

the appeal. The judgement of the general director counts as finalized.

Score Card Recording

Obligations of the National Police Bureau determined that violations

subjected to score records contain 16 violation-based as follows;

l0 Scores to each Violation

1) driving as to impede traffic

2) driving on walkways with unsound reasons



20 Scores to each Violation

3) Left side overtake and unsafe

4) overtake on slope, bridge, curye, and within 30 meters before

cross road, two-ways, intersectiono qircle or a constructed sfieet isle or overtake amid

fog, rain, dust or smoke with clear view of not exceeding 60 meters or risky overtake

or safety zone or overtake at the danger signs.

5) Paring on the walkway or road-side without light on or

insufficient lights

6) Taxi driver refuses to transport passengers

7) Taxi driver leaves passenger during the way.

30 Scores to each Violation

8) Driving while under less capability to drive

9) Careless drive or risk drive

10) Deviant drive like normal drive

I l) Ignorance to otherso safety and suffers

12) Over speed limit

40 Scores in each Violation

13) Not stop before stop lines under red light traffic or red sign

traffic with word "STOP" (violation of red light signal)

14) Drive while drunken or under other intoxication

15) Causing damages to individual or other's property, non-stop for

reasonable assistance, non-appeaxance and place notice to offtcers on duty nearby

16) Racing on roadsCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


Recording Methods

By obligation, the police has determined to records at the back of the license

pr on computer of POLIS system by recording the scores after interrogation officers

has comparatively fines or the case.finalized

Training and Testing Drivers

Violators must attend training and testing before the license retumed. It

refers to any twice re-violators of any 16 cases of the same allegation within 1 year

counting from the first violation.

Content of Training and Testing

3 hours will be taken among the following topics,

1) Traffic Acts

2) Causes and Prevention of Traffrc Accidents

3) Responsibility of Driver Both in Civil and Criminal Case

4) Manners, Morality and Spirit in Driving

5) Others necessary to traffic problems

Upon completion of haining, the violators will be tested on knowledge and

understanding by written exams and the criteria is 50 scores. Underachiever must

retake the test till achieving the criteria

Suspension of Driving License

Violation to suspension of driving license refers to violation with records of

scores and the total scores are over 60. The suspension will not exceed 90 days.

Authorized personnel on suspension are The Commander of the Metopolitan

Commission, the Commander of the Provincial Police, the Commander of TrafficCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) / l2l

Police, the Commanders of Highway Police or the authorized persons by the stated

position.

lf there is re-violation of twice within I year and the total score do not

exceed 60, the violator is subjected to attending the taining, testing inctuding the

suspension of the driving license.

Suspension of Driving License refers to the suspended driving license owner

is restricted to drive within the period of suspension during which driver is not allow

to drive. Any violations are subjected to law transgression both drivers and the

vehicles


Pol. Capt. Nithi Chanprasitphol Appendx/ 122

(Garuda )

The Traffrc Acts

BE 2s22(Le7e)

Article 4 in this Constitutions

(1) " Traffi.c" refers to using routes of the rivers, pedestrian or person

who leads, rides or herding.

(15) "Automotive" refers to every vehicle excluded tain and tram

(16) o'Caf'refers to automobile counting from with three wheels and

being moved by power, electrical engine or other power excluded

automotive moved on trail.

(20) "Truck" refers to car built for transportation of things or animals

(28) "Driver" refers to motoris! a person at driver, seat of

transportation

machine under laws of tansportation or a person who pushes and

pulls vehicle

(37) ooTraffic Offrcer" refers to the commissioned police appointed by

the

minister as traffic officer

(38) "Authorized staff'refers to police contolling traffic

Article 18 : School bus, truck or bus used tin transporting any or any types

of human, animal or things or a t any characteristics must be under the criteria and

method determined by the ministerial rules



Article 19: In case of necessity to hansport human, animal or things rather

than criteria and methods determined by the ministerial rules and being pleaded by

automotive owner, the taffic offtcer might allow by issuing temporary permit by case.

Article 20: Driver who.transports human, animal or things must provide

protection not allowing human, animal or things loaded to fall, leak, scent, reflect or

being thrown from the automotive which might suffer, disturb, be dirty, taint or

damage the health of people or be hannful to individual or property.

Article 43: Driver is prohibited on

(l) during lacking ability to drive

(2) during being drunken or other drunken effect

(3) impeding trafEc

(4) carelessness or risk, which might be harmful to individual or

property

(5) abnormal state of normal driving or invisibility of the front or

rear or any side or both sides to the safety

(6)

(7)

crossover or on the sign or lane excluded the changing of lane

or taking a tum or a U-turn

walkway with proper cause excluded drawing baby trolley, the

sick the disable

negligence of safety or harmfulness to others

Prohibition to stop automotive

on lane excluded stop at leffrnost in case of no bus lane

on walkway

on the bridge or the tunnel

(8)

Article 55:

(r)

Q)

(3) Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


(4) on intersection

(5) on the sign of non-stop

(6) on the entrance of exit and entry of the establishments or lane

(7) on safety zone

(8) on impeding traf;fic

Statements in (1) is not imposed to urgent stop upon barriers in lane or

brokerage of the engine or devices or in case of following traffic signals or traffic

signs.

Article 57: Exclusion of codes, rules or obligations either determined in

this constitution; it is prohibited to park.

(1) on walkway

(2) on the bridge or the tunnel

(3) on intersection or 10 meters to the intersection

(4) on crossways or 3 meters to the crossways

(5) within signs of restricted areas

(6) within 3 meters to the extinguisher pipeline

(7) within 10 meters to the trafEc signals

(8) within 15 meter to the bypass train

(9) doubling to the previous pa*ing automotive

(10) on the entrance of the exit- entry of the establishments or lane or

within 5 meters to the bus entrance

(11) between the safety zone and way-edge or within l0 meters

counting from rearmost of both sides of the safety zone

(12) critical areasCopyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University

Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Jusrice) / 125

(13) within 15 meters ante bus-stop sign and 3 meters of yonder

(14) within 3 meters to mail post

(15) on impeding traffic

Article 114: Prohibition to place, erec! stand or hang things or any deeds

impeding traf,fic excluded being permitted by the authority

The violator in section one is not only subject to violation of Article 148 but

also allowing the authority to remove or move the impediment. Upon being retaliated

to the removal or move, the authority is authorized to remove and move.

Article 115: Prohibition to shoulder, carry or draw as impediment to taffic

Article 128: Prohibition to place, pour or throw glasses, nails, strings,

lubricant, can or others things or any deeds which is harmful or damaging vehicles or

individual or impeding traffic

Article 147: Violator or violations of Articles 12, 80, 81, 82,1,03,104, 105,

106, 1 15, 1 16, ll7, 131, 132 is subject to fine ofnot exceeding 200 Baht.

Article 148: Violator or violations of Article 6 section one and two, and

Article 8 section one, Articles 9, 10, ll,14,42,44,51,54,55,57,58, 60, 62,63,68,

69,70,71,73,74, 76,93,94,97,99,96,97,101,107,109,109,110,111,112,114,

l18, 119,120, 121,122,123,124,126,129, or 133 is subject to fine of not exceeding

500 Baht.

Article 150: Any person

(1) violates regulation or the zmnouncement of the general director

deterrrined in Article 8 section two or Article 14 section two,

(2) violates conditions imposed by the general director determined

in Article 13 section two,

(3) violates the ministerial rules imposed in Article 18Copyright by Mahidol UniversityCopyright by Mahidol University


(4) retaliates the order of the authority under Article I13, or

(5) retaliates fiaffic officer or authority imposing Article L4O

section 2

is subject to fine of not exceeding 500 Baht.

Article 152: Violator orviolations of Articles 7, l0 (sub), 13 section one, 15

section one, 16, 2l section one,22,,23 (l),25,26,29,49,50, 56, 64,67 section one,

73 section one, or section three, 77 section one, 85, 86, 89 section one, 90, gl,g2,g3,

94 section one, 95, 99, 127, 128 or 130 or not following the announcement of the

general director determined in Article 15 section two, is subject to fine of not

exceeding 1,000 Balrt.

Article 157: violator or violations of Articles 35,43 (3) (4) (6) or (7),4s,

46,47, 48, 53,63, section one or 125, is subject to fine of 400-1,000 Baht.

Article 160: Violator or violations of Articles 78 is subject to imprisonment

of not exceeding 3 months or being fined of 2,000 - 10,000 Baht or both.

Violation of Article 78 causing other person severe injury or death, it is

subjected to be imprisonment or being fined of 5,000 - 20,000 Baht or both.

violator or violation of Article 43 (1) (2) (5) or (8) is subject to

imprisonment f not exceeding three months or being fined of 2,000 - 10,000 Batrt of

both



QTIESTIOI\NAIRE

Title:

FACTORS AX'FECTING VIOLATIONS OF TIIE TRAF'FIC ACTS OF CAR

DRrvERs: A GASE sruDY oF NoNCoMMrssIoIyED poLICE

OFFICERS IN BAIIGKOK METROPOLITAI\ POLICE

CoMMISSSION 7,8 AI\D 9 UIYDER TIIE OFF,TCE

OX'TIIE NATIONAL POLICE BUREAU

Please mark orftll up the blanlw asfact

Part I Data of Personal Background

l. Police Station Commission

2. Domicile

Bangkok

Provinces

3. Age... ... . ...years

4. Years of Civil Services. ......years. ...months

5. Educational Level

Secondary Level M. l- 6

V o cational Certifi cate/Diploma

Pre-Bachelor

Bachelor .

Master



Religion

Buddhism

Christianity

Muslim

Others (specified)

Marital Status

Single

Married

Staying together (without being married)


In case of Married/ staying together

Children.. Persons

Single


Others (specified)

9. Monthlylncome(includingotherincome)...... ....Baht

10. Rank

Police Lance Corporal

Police Corporal

Police Sergeant

Police StaffSergeant

Police Saber Sergeant

Appendix / 128

6.

7.



I l. Traffrc Work Experience (including other police stations). years

12. Number of Dependency

None

person (s)

13. Residential Condition

Private Residence

P rivate Flat/ Condominium

Rented house/ commercial building/aparhent

G o vernmental residence/ Flat

Others (specified)

14. Ever participated in meeting/ additional training in Traffic

Never

. ... time(s)

15. Knowledge and understanding in Traffic Acts

Most

Much

Moderate

Less

Least

Others (specified)

16. Arrestnent of Violators of Traffic Acts per month. cases



Part2 CauseslFactors on Violations of Traffic Acts

(cars are referred to private car, pichup, van, jeep andfour-wheel drive)

QUESTIONSxbI)trok

C')

0)c)o0

GILoocD

c)0)a0al(h

o

ho0

ok+,al. Transgression of Traffrc Acts in Prohibited

Areas Parking

l.l Lacking discipline

1.2 Easy-going and selfishness

1.3 Unintended

1.4 Drunkemess or lackin@

1.5 Haste and critical urgencies

1.6 Lacking knowledge and un@

1.7 Intent transgression and fearless to laws

1.8 Viewing as insignificant violations

1.9 Light penalty and inappropriate to offendEr-i

conduct

1.10 Uncertainty and inconsistency in the shictness,

arresfinent and punishment of the officers

1. 1 I Ineffrciency in public rela@

parking)


Fac. of Grad. Studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. (Criminology and Criminal Justice) / 13l

QrrEsTroNshbI)Hoka

()oLra0

dEo)o

o)okbo(tlv,

a

>\b0Hok+)(r)

2. Transgression of Trafifrc Acts in Impediment

Parking

2.1 Lacking discipline


2.3 Unintended

2.4 Drunkenness or lacking consciousness contol

2.5 Haste and critical r:rgencies

2.6 Lacking knowledge and understanding of taffic



2.9 Light penalty and inappropriate to offender's

conduct

2.10 Uncertainty and inconsistency in the strictness,

arrestment and punishment of the offrcers

3. Transgression of Traflic Acts in Trafric Signs



3.3 Unintended

3.4 Unfamiliar to the route

3.5 Unclear traffic signs




QrrEsTroNs>tb0Hoa

o)ouo

cll.c)oD

o6)h0clU'

o

>ro0

ofr(n


J.U Lacking knowledge and understanding of taffic

3.9 Intent hansgression and fearless to laws

3.I I Lrght penalty and inappropriate to of[ender's

conduct

3.12 Uncertainty and inconsistency inthesfrctness,

arrestment and punishment of the officers

3.U3 Inetticiency rn public relations (prohibition of

parking)

4. l'ransgression of Traffic Acts in Wrong Lane

Driving



4.3 Unintended



4.6 Lacking knowledge and understanding of trafEc

4.7 Intent tansgression and fearless to laws

4.E Vrewing as rnsigniticant violations



QTJESTIONShbI)co+,a

c)(,)L.h0

dE(l)otr

oo)h0GIU)

o

ho0troE{+,a


conduct


arrestment and punishment ofthe officers

5. Transgression of Trafric Acts in Light Sigual



5.3 Unintended

5.4 Drunkenness or lacking consciousness control


5.6 Lacking knowledge and understanding of traffic




conduct

5.10 Uncertainty and inconsistency in the stricuress,

arresfrnent and punishment of the ofEcers

6. Transgression of Traffrc Acts in Awaiting Line



6.3 Unintended



I

QUESTIONShb0cot{+,a

(l)o1..bo

6lLc)otr

ooh0GIIA

a

boHo1..P

(n

TFDrunkennessorlackingconsciousnesscontol

6.5 Haste and critical urgencies '

6.6 Lacking knowledge and understanding of tatlic



6.9 Lighfpenalty and inappropriate to offender's

conduct

6.10 Uncertainty and inconsistency in the stictness,


7. Transgression of TrafFrc Acts in Not

Carrying Driving License



7.3 Unintended


7.5 Intent of not carrying driving license and

fearless to laws

7.6 Lacking knowledge and understanding of haffic



aJaestment and punishment of the officers



QUESTIONSho0trok+)a

(u(l)

bo

GItr(DC)trp

(l)oL.bI)clon

xh0trots{

aU. 'l'ransgression of Traffic Acts in No Driving

License

8.1 Lacking knowledge and untre@

6.2 lntent transgression and fearless to laws


8.4 New practicing driver

E.4 New practicing driver

8.5 Following driving tradition from others

8.6 Light penalty and inappropriate to offenderls

conduct

8.7 Uncertainty and Inconsistency in the strictness,


9. Transgression of Traffic Acts in Careless

Driving



9.3 Unintended

9.4 Drunkenness or lacking consciousness control


9.6 Lacking knowledge and understanding of traffic

9.'l Intent tansgression and tbarless to laws


!-i

t


Part 3 Additional Suggestions/opinions (if any)

Appendix / 136

QrrEsTroNsh6I)Hok+a(r)

o(l)l-rb0

dUL.(t)otr

(l)(1)l-{o0clU'

a

xo0HoHa

9.E Viewing as insignificant violations


conduct

9. I 0 Uncertainty and inco@

.urestment and punishment ofthe officers

(Th an ks fo r y o ar co op e rafio n)

II


:t'

di9


Name:

Date of Birth

Place of Birth

Education

Experience

M.A. (Criminolory and Criminal Justice) / 137

t:I

_)

BIOGRAPHY

Pol. Capt. Nithi ChanprasitPhol

12 November BE 2511 (1968)

Province of

Bachelor of Laws (Ramkhamhaeng University )

Master of Arts (Criminology and Criminal Justice) - Mahidol

University

Deputy Inspector of Protection and Suppression

Metopolitan Police Station of Buppharam

30 September BE 2535- I I February BE 2545

Inspector of Protection and Suppression

Metropolitan Police Station of Nongiok

1I February BE2545 -present

.T

,,Yl-v

Yfi-
