Everything that has mass and volume is called matter.

_______: Amount of material in an object

Volume: ___________________________________

Atoms with certain consistent characteristics are called….

Elements: Substances that can NOT be broken into simpler substances

• Symbols: Latin and Greek in Origin– Usually given the 1st letter of the name or the

1st two letters in the elements name as the symbol

• Periodic Table– Organizes the elements horizontally by atomic

number– Vertically by similar element properties

Atoms

• Smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element

• Model– ___________ – moving charged particles with

a negative charge– Protons – _________________________– ___________ – in nucleus with no charge

How are Protons, Neutrons, & electrons related?

• ___________= atomic number

• # electrons = ______________________

• # protons + # neutrons ______________

Ions & Bonding

• ______: An atom with a positive or negative charge due to loss or gain of an electron– Gain ________________________________– Loss ________________________________– Opposites charges attract holding the atoms

together called ____________________

• _______________: electrons are shared by atoms instead of given up

But!!!Not all atoms of the same element are the same, either.

Certain isotopes of elements are ___________, or __________.

(example: Carbon-14 and

Uranium-238)

These radioactive isotopes of elements allow us to do absolute-age dating!

Most substances on Earth are not pure elements but rather….

???

A Compound is…..

A substance ____________________________________________________________________.

A Mixture, on the other hand, is…

A substance ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Elements by themselves are much

less common than __________, because they tend to combine

with each other to form Compounds.

Elements and Compounds in their solid form make up…

A _________ is a naturally occurring _________ with a

definite chemical composition and a ___________ structure.

That means that…

•It can’t be organic in origin•It can’t be a liquid and..•It has to have a crystal structure

Lets put that in a list format.

1. Minerals are a __________ occurring substance.

2. Minerals are ________.

3. Minerals have ________ __________________________________________________.

4. The atoms that make up minerals are arranged in an orderly __________________________________________________________

5. Minerals are inorganic. (______________________________________________________)

How many different minerals are there on Earth???

Answer:

Most Minerals are Compounds___________________________________

Ex: Quartz: Silicon and Oxygen

Ex: Halite – Sodium and Chlorine

Ex: Galena – Lead and Sulfur

Minerals can have only 1 element

• ___________( native element)– Ex: Gold, Silver, Copper, Sulfur,

Diamond

More than ___% of all of the minerals in the Earth’s Crust,

however, are made up of compounds containing Silicon

and Oxygen, the two most abundant elements on Earth.

High Silica content forms light-colored rocks.

While _______ (but only by about 25%) Silica content forms darker-colored rocks.

How do Minerals Form???

1. Minerals form in cooling ______ chambers

Different types of minerals crystallize at different temperatures

Decreasing temperature

Mineral formation in a Magma Chamber___________ Reaction Series

2. Metamorphic Minerals:Some minerals occur as the

result of Recrystallisation and Reaction within existing rocks which produces new minerals

in response to changes in_____________& __________

3. Some types of minerals form as water containing dissolved

______ slowly evaporates.Salt deposits

How long does it take for minerals to form??

• Minerals in solution in water can form relatively ________ when the water evaporates.

• Minerals in magma can form as _______ as the magma/lava can crystallize (lava can cool in minutes, while magma can take thousands of years).

Although there are thousands of different types of minerals, their crystals come in six basic types

of shapes

•A Crystal is: A regular geometric solid with smooth surfaces called _________________

•The orderly arrangement of ______, _________, or ______, in any mineral determines the shape of its crystals.

Only 30 of the 4,000 known minerals are common.

These 30 minerals are known as the ______________________rock-forming minerals

Most rock-forming minerals are…

The percent composition of Silicate minerals in a rock determines the type of rock it is.

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•Rocks that have a low percentage of Silicates are dark in color, and are called ______ rocks.•Rocks are often made of several different _______

•Rocks that have a high percentage of Silicates are light in color, and are called ______ rocks.

How are minerals most often identified?

Minerals are most often

identified by inspecting their

___________ and ____________

Properties.

Color

Color is the most easily _______________,

but least ___________________ property of a mineral for identification.

This is because the color of many minerals

________________ with the kind of impurities in the mineral.

Luster

The way a mineral _________________ in the light.

Either _____________________ or

_______________________

Streak

Streak is the color of the _______________ left on a streak plate when a mineral is rubbed on it.

Why is streak more reliable than color?

Cleavage

Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to

_____________ in a particular direction.

Fracture

Fracture is the tendency of a mineral to ____________ in directions other than along crystal faces or cleavage surfaces.

Has ____________, rough, or jagged surfaces.

Hardness

Hardness is the ___________________ of a mineral to being scratched.

The __________ ________________ Scale is one of the most effective tool for identifying minerals.

Specific Gravity

• The specific gravity of a mineral is the ration of its weight ________________ with the weight of an equal volume of water

• Differences in density: D= ____________

• Gold has specific gravity of _____

• It means gold is _____ times heavier than water

Other Properties

• Reaction to _______________

• Striation

• Magnetism

• _________________

• Radioactivity

Mineral Groups

• Silicates (most abundant)• Non-silicates

- Oxides

- Carbonates

- Sulfides

- Halides

- Native elements (single ___________)

Mineral Groups - Silicates

• Silicates

- Tetrahedron

- fundamental building block

- 4 oxygen ions surrounding

a much smaller silicon ion