Everything that has mass and volume is called matter.
_______: Amount of material in an object
Volume: ___________________________________
Elements: Substances that can NOT be broken into simpler substances
• Symbols: Latin and Greek in Origin– Usually given the 1st letter of the name or the
1st two letters in the elements name as the symbol
• Periodic Table– Organizes the elements horizontally by atomic
number– Vertically by similar element properties
Atoms
• Smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element
• Model– ___________ – moving charged particles with
a negative charge– Protons – _________________________– ___________ – in nucleus with no charge
How are Protons, Neutrons, & electrons related?
• ___________= atomic number
• # electrons = ______________________
• # protons + # neutrons ______________
Ions & Bonding
• ______: An atom with a positive or negative charge due to loss or gain of an electron– Gain ________________________________– Loss ________________________________– Opposites charges attract holding the atoms
together called ____________________
• _______________: electrons are shared by atoms instead of given up
Certain isotopes of elements are ___________, or __________.
(example: Carbon-14 and
Uranium-238)
These radioactive isotopes of elements allow us to do absolute-age dating!
A Mixture, on the other hand, is…
A substance ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Elements by themselves are much
less common than __________, because they tend to combine
with each other to form Compounds.
A _________ is a naturally occurring _________ with a
definite chemical composition and a ___________ structure.
That means that…
•It can’t be organic in origin•It can’t be a liquid and..•It has to have a crystal structure
Lets put that in a list format.
1. Minerals are a __________ occurring substance.
2. Minerals are ________.
3. Minerals have ________ __________________________________________________.
4. The atoms that make up minerals are arranged in an orderly __________________________________________________________
5. Minerals are inorganic. (______________________________________________________)
Most Minerals are Compounds___________________________________
Ex: Quartz: Silicon and Oxygen
Ex: Halite – Sodium and Chlorine
Ex: Galena – Lead and Sulfur
Minerals can have only 1 element
• ___________( native element)– Ex: Gold, Silver, Copper, Sulfur,
Diamond
More than ___% of all of the minerals in the Earth’s Crust,
however, are made up of compounds containing Silicon
and Oxygen, the two most abundant elements on Earth.
High Silica content forms light-colored rocks.
While _______ (but only by about 25%) Silica content forms darker-colored rocks.
Different types of minerals crystallize at different temperatures
Decreasing temperature
Mineral formation in a Magma Chamber___________ Reaction Series
2. Metamorphic Minerals:Some minerals occur as the
result of Recrystallisation and Reaction within existing rocks which produces new minerals
in response to changes in_____________& __________
How long does it take for minerals to form??
• Minerals in solution in water can form relatively ________ when the water evaporates.
• Minerals in magma can form as _______ as the magma/lava can crystallize (lava can cool in minutes, while magma can take thousands of years).
Although there are thousands of different types of minerals, their crystals come in six basic types
of shapes
•A Crystal is: A regular geometric solid with smooth surfaces called _________________
•The orderly arrangement of ______, _________, or ______, in any mineral determines the shape of its crystals.
Only 30 of the 4,000 known minerals are common.
These 30 minerals are known as the ______________________rock-forming minerals
Most rock-forming minerals are…
The percent composition of Silicate minerals in a rock determines the type of rock it is.
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•Rocks that have a low percentage of Silicates are dark in color, and are called ______ rocks.•Rocks are often made of several different _______
•Rocks that have a high percentage of Silicates are light in color, and are called ______ rocks.
How are minerals most often identified?
Minerals are most often
identified by inspecting their
___________ and ____________
Properties.
Color
Color is the most easily _______________,
but least ___________________ property of a mineral for identification.
This is because the color of many minerals
________________ with the kind of impurities in the mineral.
Luster
The way a mineral _________________ in the light.
Either _____________________ or
_______________________
Streak
Streak is the color of the _______________ left on a streak plate when a mineral is rubbed on it.
Why is streak more reliable than color?
Fracture
Fracture is the tendency of a mineral to ____________ in directions other than along crystal faces or cleavage surfaces.
Has ____________, rough, or jagged surfaces.
Hardness
Hardness is the ___________________ of a mineral to being scratched.
The __________ ________________ Scale is one of the most effective tool for identifying minerals.
Specific Gravity
• The specific gravity of a mineral is the ration of its weight ________________ with the weight of an equal volume of water
• Differences in density: D= ____________
• Gold has specific gravity of _____
• It means gold is _____ times heavier than water
Other Properties
• Reaction to _______________
• Striation
• Magnetism
• _________________
• Radioactivity
Mineral Groups
• Silicates (most abundant)• Non-silicates
- Oxides
- Carbonates
- Sulfides
- Halides
- Native elements (single ___________)