es 4498g lecture 2 - 2010

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ES 4498G

Engineering Ethics,

Sustainable Development andthe Law

January 11, 2010

TheThe UniversityUniversity of of Western OntarioWestern Ontario

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Outline of Today’s Class


Ethics – Why study engineering ethics?

– Ethical Theory – Reie! of the "EO Code of Ethics

Regulation of the rofession – The "rofessional Engineers #ct

– $egligence, inco%&etence and &rofessional %isconduct

– 'isci&linary &o!ers and &rocedures

Review and discussion of disciplinar! cases

Discussion of osition aper "ssignment

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Ethics


( Ethics is classified as one of the fourtraditional )ranches of "hiloso&hy*

– +ogic( The study of reasoning, analysis synthesis, critical

thin-ing

– E&iste%ology( The theory of -no!ledge – !hat is it, ho! do !e get it,

ho! do !e -no! !hat !e -no! – .eta&hysics

( The study of the nature of e/istence, &redecessor toscience

– Ethics

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Ethics


( Ethics is the study of* – ood and Eil

– Right and Wrong – O)ligations and Rights

( 3ut !hat is ood? 4Eil, Right,Wrong56

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Why 7tudy Ethics?


( 8s the goal an 8ndoctrination to an identical %oral syste%or to deelo& .oral #utono%y?

( .oral autono%y* the s-ill and ha)it of thin-ing rationally

a)out ethical issues on the )asis of %oral concern9( +eels of .oral 'eelo&%ent – "re:Conentional – Conentional – "ost:Conentional

( Theories of .oral 'eelo&%ent

– +a!rence ;ohl)erg s9 Carol illigan –

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Ethical Theories


"ristotle#s $irtue Ethics( #ristotle 4>@:>22 3C6

(

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Ethical Theories


Loc%e#s Rights Ethics

( John +oc-e 41>2:1D0@6

( #ll indiiduals are free and eAual andeach has a right to life, health, li)erty,&ossessions and the &roducts of his orher la)our9

( Eeryone has a duty not to infringe on therights of others9

( 7o%eti%es rights conflict9

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Ethical Theories


&ant#s 'ormalism (Dut!)based Ethics*

( 8%%anuel ;ant 41D2@:10@6

( Each &erson has a duty to follo! thosecourses of action that !ould )eacce&ta)le as uniersal &rinci&les foreeryone to follo!9

( 8ntention to do one’s duty 4good !ill6 %orei%&ortant than the result of actions9

( 'ifficult to &ut in &ractice, since infle/i)le9

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Ethical Theories


+ill#s tilitarianism( John 7tuart .ill 410:1D>6

( #n action is ethically correct if it &roducesthe greatest )enefit for the greatestnu%)er of &eo&le9

( The duration, intensity and eAuality of

distri)ution of the )enefits should )econsidered 4e9g9 seat)elt, s%o-ing la!s69( .ost co%%only used theory in

engineering and general society9

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Ethical Conflicts and 'ile%%as


( Ethical theories are %ost often inagree%ent 4e9g9 the olden Rule69

( #n ethical dile%%a occurs !hendifferent ethical theories suggestdifferent and conflicting courses of

action9( Conce&ts such as the golden %eancan hel& to resole such dile%%as9

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Resoling Ethical 'ile%%as


( 'eelo& an Engineering 'esign &rocessto !or- through assigned case studies

and real life &ro)le%s*19 Recogni=e the $eed or "ro)le%

29 ather 8nfor%ation and 'efine the "ro)le%

>9 enerate #lternatie 7olutions 47ynthesis6

@9 Ealuate #lternaties 4#nalysis6

9 'ecision .a-ing and O&ti%i=ation

9 8%&le%entation

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Resoling Ethical 'ile%%as


( #lso, read section on 7te&s inConfronting .oral 'ile%%as in Why

Study Engineering Ethics 4Course $otes6

( We can also loo- to codes forguidance5

– +a!s, Regulations, Co%%on +a! – Religious te/ts

– "hiloso&hical te/ts

– "rofessional Codes of Ethics5

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The Code of

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The Code of Ethics


( Eery "roince and Territory has a codeof ethics s&ecified in the #ct regulating the

&ractice of engineering9( Ontario is the only "roince in !hich the

Code is not directly enforcea)le under the #ct9 The Code is a guide to desired

)ehaiour, )ut only conduct thatconstitutes &rofessional %isconduct4defined else!here in the #ct6 is su)Fect todisci&linary action9

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The Code of Ethics


( Ontario’s Code of Ethics is co%&rised of articles &rescri)ing the ethical res&onsi)ilities ofa &rofessional engineer9

( The Code of Ethics is a )asic guide to&rofessional conduct and i%&oses duties on the&ractising &rofessional engineer, !ith res&ect to*

– societyG – e%&loyersG

– clientsG – colleagues, including e%&loyees and su)ordinatesG – the engineering &rofessionG and – hi%selfHherself9

( from PEO Website

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-ode of EthicsI7ection DD of Ontario Regulation @1H0, esta)lished under 7ection D41620 of

the "rofessional Engineers #ctK

DD9 The follo!ing is the Code of Ethics of the #ssociation*

19 8t is the duty of a &ractitioner to the &u)lic, to the &ractitionerLs e%&loyer, to

the &ractitionerLs clients, to other %e%)ers of the &ractitionerLs &rofession,and to the &ractitioner to act at all ti%es !ith,4i6 fairness and loyalty to the &ractitionerLs associates, e%&loyers, clients,

su)ordinates and e%&loyees,4ii6 fidelity to &u)lic needs,4iii6 deotion to high ideals of &ersonal honour and &rofessional integrity,4i6 -no!ledge of deelo&%ents in the area of &rofessional engineering

releant to any serices that are underta-en, and46 co%&etence in the &erfor%ance of any &rofessional engineering serices

that are underta-en9

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29 # &ractitioner shall,4i6 regard the &ractitionerLs duty to &u)lic !elfare as &ara%ount,4ii6 endeaour at all ti%es to enhance the &u)lic regard for the

&ractitionerLs &rofession )y e/tending the &u)lic -no!ledge thereofand discouraging untrue, unfair or e/aggerated state%ents !ithres&ect to &rofessional engineering,

4iii6 not e/&ress &u)licly, or !hile the &ractitioner is sering as a!itness )efore a court, co%%ission or other tri)unal, o&inions on&rofessional engineering %atters that are not founded onadeAuate -no!ledge and honest coniction,

4i6 endeaor to -ee& the &ractitionerLs licence, te%&orary licence,li%ited licence or certificate of authori=ation, as the case %ay )e,&er%anently dis&layed in the &ractitionerLs &lace of )usiness9

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>9 # &ractitioner shall act in &rofessional engineering %atters for eache%&loyer as a faithful agent or trustee and shall regard asconfidential infor%ation o)tained )y the &ractitioner as to the)usiness affairs, technical %ethods or &rocesses of an e%&loyerand aoid or disclose a conflict of interest that %ight influence the&ractitionerLs actions or Fudg%ent9

@9 # &ractitioner %ust disclose i%%ediately to the &ractitionerLs clientany interest, direct or indirect, that %ight )e construed as&reFudicial in any !ay to the &rofessional Fudg%ent of the&ractitioner in rendering serice to the client9

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9 # &ractitioner !ho is an e%&loyee:engineer and is contracting in the&ractitionerLs o!n na%e to &erfor% &rofessional engineering !or-for other than the &ractitionerLs e%&loyer, %ust &roide the&ractitionerLs client !ith a !ritten state%ent of the nature of the&ractitionerLs status as an e%&loyee and the attendant li%itationson the &ractitionerLs serices to the client, %ust satisfy the

&ractitioner that the !or- !ill not conflict !ith the &ractitionerLs dutyto the &ractitionerLs e%&loyer, and %ust infor% the &ractitionerLse%&loyer of the !or-9

9 # &ractitioner %ust co:o&erate in !or-ing !ith other &rofessionals

engaged on a &roFect9

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D9 # &ractitioner shall,4i6 act to!ards other &ractitioners !ith courtesy and good faith,4ii6 not acce&t an engage%ent to reie! the !or- of another

&ractitioner for the sa%e e%&loyer e/ce&t !ith the -no!ledge ofthe other &ractitioner or e/ce&t !here the connection of the other&ractitioner !ith the !or- has )een ter%inated,

4iii6 not %aliciously inFure the re&utation or )usiness of another&ractitioner,

4i6 not atte%&t to gain an adantage oer other &ractitioners )y&aying or acce&ting a co%%ission in securing &rofessionalengineering !or-, and

46 gie &ro&er credit for engineering !or-, u&hold the &rinci&le ofadeAuate co%&ensation for engineering !or-, &roide o&&ortunity

for &rofessional deelo&%ent and adance%ent of the&ractitionerLs associates and su)ordinates, and e/tend theeffectieness of the &rofession through the interchange ofengineering infor%ation and e/&erience9

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9 # &ractitioner shall %aintain the honour and integrity of the&ractitionerLs &rofession and !ithout fear or faour e/&ose )eforethe &ro&er tri)unals un&rofessional, dishonest or unethical conduct)y any other &ractitioner9

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The Code of Ethics


( These articles are not e/haustie

( They &roide guidance to the &rofessional

( #n ethical dile%%a %ay arise !hencertain as&ects of the Code co%e intoconflict !ith one another

( The ethical theories and decision:%a-ing

&rocedures descri)ed earlier can )e usedto hel& resole such dile%%as

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The Code of Ethics


( #s a self:regulating &rofession, it isengineers !ho hae drafted the Code of

Ethics and engineers !ho hae theres&onsi)ility to ensure that it continues toreflect the alues of the &rofession and to%odify it if necessary9

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Outline of Today’s Class


Ethics – Why study engineering ethics?

– Ethical Theory

–

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Ontario "rofessional Engineer’s #ct


Mederal oern%ent4Canada6

"roincial oern%ent4Ontario6

+icensing andRegulating 3ody forEngineering 4"EO6

8ndiidual Engineers4"9Eng96

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( Reised 7tatutes of Ontario, 10,Cha&ter "92htt&*HH!!!9e:la!s9go9on9caHht%lHstatutesHenglishHela!sNstatutesN0&2Ne9ht%)-

8ncludes definition of engineering,%e%)ershi& reAuire%ents, disci&linary&o!ers9

( Ontario Regulation @1 is %ade under the #ct and includes the code of ethics andthe definition of &rofessional %isconduct9

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( "rofessional Engineers Ontario 4"EO6 – "EO is the licensing and regulating )ody for

engineering in the &roince9 8t fulfills the sa%e role forengineers as the College of "hysicians and 7urgeonsfor doctors or the +a! 7ociety of P&&er Canada forla!yers9

– Pnder the "rofessional Engineers #ct, a &roincialstatute, "EO is res&onsi)le for the licensing and

disci&line of engineers and co%&anies &roidingengineering serices9 "EO &rotects the &u)lic )yensuring all &rofessional engineers are Aualified forlicensing9

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"rofessional .isconduct


I7ection D2 of Ontario Regulation @1H0, esta)lished under7ection D41621 of the #ctK

D29 416 8n this section,

harass%ent %eans engaging in a course of e/atiousco%%ent or conduct that is -no!n or ought reasona)ly to)e -no!n as un!elco%e and that %ight reasona)ly )eregarded as interfering in a &rofessional engineeringrelationshi&G

negligence %eans an act or an o%ission in the carrying out ofthe !or- of a &ractitioner that constitutes a failure to%aintain the standards that a reasona)le and &rudent&ractitioner !ould %aintain in the circu%stances9

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"rofessional .isconduct


426 Mor the &ur&oses of the #ct and this Regulation,&rofessional %isconduct %eans,

4a6 negligenceG

4)6 failure to %a-e reasona)le &roision for thesafeguarding of life, health or &ro&erty of a &erson!ho %ay )e affected )y the !or- for !hich the&ractitioner is res&onsi)le,

4c6 failure to act to correct or re&ort a situation thatthe &ractitioner )eliees %ay endanger the safetyor the !elfare of the &u)lic,

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4g6 )reach of the #ct or regulations, other than an action that is solely a )reach of thecode of ethics,4h6 underta-ing !or- the &ractitioner is not co%&etent to &erfor% )y irtue of the

&ractitionerLs training and e/&erience,4i6 failure to %a-e &ro%&t, oluntary and co%&lete disclosure of an interest, direct or

indirect, that %ight in any !ay )e, or )e construed as, &reFudicial to the&rofessional Fudg%ent of the &ractitioner in rendering serice to the &u)lic, to ane%&loyer or to a client, and in &articular, !ithout li%iting the generality of the

foregoing, carrying out any of the follo!ing acts !ithout %a-ing such a &riordisclosure*19 #cce&ting co%&ensation in any for% for a &articular serice fro% %ore than one&arty929 7u)%itting a tender or acting as a contractor in res&ect of !or- u&on !hich the&ractitioner %ay )e &erfor%ing as a &rofessional engineer9>9 "artici&ating in the su&&ly of %aterial or eAui&%ent to )e used )y the e%&loyeror client of the &ractitioner9

@9 Contracting in the &ractitionerLs o!n right to &erfor% &rofessional engineeringserices for other than the &ractitionerLs e%&loyer99 E/&ressing o&inions or %a-ing state%ents concerning %atters !ithin the&ractice of &rofessional engineering of &u)lic interest !here the o&inions orstate%ents are ins&ired or &aid for )y other interests,

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4F6 conduct or an act releant to the &ractice of&rofessional engineering that, haing regard to all thecircu%stances, !ould reasona)ly )e regarded )y theengineering &rofession as disgraceful, dishonoura)leor un&rofessional,

4-6 failure )y a &ractitioner to a)ide )y the ter%s,conditions or li%itations of the &ractitionerLs licence,li%ited licence, te%&orary licence or certificate,

4l6 failure to su&&ly docu%ents or infor%ation reAuested )yan inestigator acting under section >@ of the #ct,

4%6 &er%itting, counselling or assisting a &erson !ho isnot a &ractitioner to engage in the

&ractice of &rofessional engineering e/ce&t as &roided forin the #ct or the regulations,

4n6 harass%ent9

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.isconduct and 8nco%&etence


Section .8 of the rofessional Engineers "ctrofessional +isconduct426 # %e%)er of the #ssociation or a holder of a

certificate of authori=ation, a te%&orary licence, a&roisional licence or a li%ited licence %ay )efound guilty of &rofessional %isconduct )y theCo%%ittee if,

4a6 the %e%)er or holder has )een found guilty of anoffence releant to suita)ility to &ractise, u&on&roof of such conictionG

4)6 the %e%)er or holder has )een guilty in theo&inion of the 'isci&line Co%%ittee of&rofessional %isconduct as defined in theregulations9

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.isconduct and 8nco%&etence


/ncompetence4>6 The 'isci&line Co%%ittee %ay find a %e%)er of the

#ssociation or a holder of a te%&orary licence, a &roisionallicence or a li%ited licence to )e inco%&etent if in its o&inion,

4a6 the %e%)er or holder has dis&layed in his or her &rofessionalres&onsi)ilities a lac- of -no!ledge, s-ill or Fudg%ent ordisregard for the !elfare of the &u)lic of a nature or to ane/tent that de%onstrates the %e%)er or holder is unfit tocarry out the res&onsi)ilities of a &rofessional engineerG or

4)6 the %e%)er or holder is suffering fro% a &hysical or %entalcondition or disorder of a nature and e/tent %a-ing it

desira)le in the interests of the &u)lic or the %e%)er orholder that the %e%)er or holder no longer )e &er%itted toengage in the &ractice of &rofessional engineering or that hisor her &ractice of &rofessional engineering )e restricted9

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'isci&linary "o!ers


( #uthority to &rosecute &eo&le !ho&ractise unla!fully and to disci&line

licensed &ractitioners !ho are foundguilty of &rofessional %isconduct,negligence or inco%&etence is

granted to the #ssociation undersection 2 of the "rofessionalEngineers #ct9

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Pnla!ful "ractice


( 8t is an offense under the #ct for anunlicensed &erson to*

– "ractise &rofessional engineering – Pse the title "rofessional Engineer – Pse a ter% or title to gie the )elief that the

&erson is licensed – Pse a seal that leads to the )elief that the

&erson is licensed( The #ssociation initiates action( Case heard )y a trial Fudge !ho assesses

the &enalty 4ty&ically a fine6

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'isci&line for "rofessional .isconduct


( Mor licensed %e%)ers, disci&linary action for&rofessional %isconduct or inco%&etence is

conducted !ithin the #ssociation )y a disci&lineco%%ittee for%ed of %e%)ers9

( The disci&line co%%ittee inestigates cases of* – "rofessional %isconduct 4incl9 negligence6

– 8nco%&etence

– 3reach of the code of ethics 4other &roinces6 – Coniction of an offence 4ethical )earing6

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'isci&linary "rocess


( #ny %e%)er of the &u)lic can %a-e aco%&laint against a licensed engineer,

although ty&ically )uilding officials,ins&ectors or other &rofessionals9

( "rocedure %ust )e fair, and seen to )efair9

( Three:stage &rocess, !ith differentindiiduals inoled !ith each stage toensure i%&artiality9

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'isci&line "rocess


( 7tage 1* athering 8nfor%ation4"EO staff6

– 7u)%ission of co%&laint

– "reli%inary inestigation

– Co%&laint is signed and sent to

co%&lainant for res&onse

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'isci&line "rocess


( 7tage 2* Ealuation of the Co%&laint4Co%&laints Co%%ittee6

– .ay refer to 'isci&line Co%%ittee

– .ay refer to the 'isci&line Co%%itteeia 7ti&ulated Order

– .ay dis%iss co%&laint – 7end letter of adice to Engineer

– 'irect staff to o)tain %ore infor%ation

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'isci&line "rocess


( 7tage >* Mor%al

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'isci&linary "o!ers


( Reo-e license( 7us&end license u& to t!o years

( 8%&ose li%itations on the license( ReAuire e/a%inations to )e !ritten

4including ""E6( Re&ri%and, ad%onish%ent or counselling

( 8%&ose a fine 4u& to Q0006( "u)lish details or su%%ary of casefindings, !ith or !ithout na%es

( "ay costs of hearing and inestigation

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'isci&line Cases


( The results of disci&line hearings%ay 4de&ending on the details ofthe case6 )e &u)lished in the)lue &ages of Engineering'i%ensions

( #aila)le electronically throughthe "EO !e)site

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'isci&line Cases


( John C9 Mollo!s, "9Eng9 and #ndre!s Ca%&)ell #ssociates – What are the facts of the case?

– What are the releant issues?

– What are the releant &arts of the #ct?

– What did the co%%ittee decide? – 'o you agree !ith the decision and

&enalty?

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'isci&line Cases


( # %e%)er

( $ican "roFect .anage%ent +td9( Richard +9 3ergha%%er

( Others 4refer to "EO !e)site6

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"osition "a&er


( .onday, Me)ruary , @*00&%

( 7u)%it )oth to loc-er outsideroo% 20D and electronically toturnitin9co% 4through We)CT6

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$e/t Class


0opics

– +i)rary "resentation

– Ethical and &rofessional issues for engineers inindustry

– Case studies

Readings – #ndre!s, Cha&ter and 12

– Course notes, &ages @>:11

es 4498g lecture 2 - 2010

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