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8/12/2019 Enlightenment Gnatz (1)ronaldo

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The EnlightenmentSummary


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Objectives

How did scientific progress promotetrust in human reason?

How did the social contract and

separation of powers affect views ongovernment?

How did new ideas affect society andthe economy?

Identify the philosophies of major

Enlightenment thinkers such as: John


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Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment

1500-1700: European scientists usingreason to discover laws of nature

Very successful: Planetary movements,

chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc. Early 1700s: If people used reason to

find laws that governed the physical

world, why not use reason to discovernatural laws?

Laws that govern human nature

Reformers begin studying human nature


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Major Enlightenment Ideas

Every social, political and economicproblem could be solved through theuse of reason

Governments are created to secure anorderly society

Separation of powers is the best way to

protect human libertiesAll men are created free and equal

A free market should be allowed toregulate trade


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Enlightenment Thinkers

John

Locke

Baron deMontesquie

u

Voltaire


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Social Contract

Thomas Hobbes John LockeHumans are naturally cruel,

greedy and selfish.

To escape this brutish life

people entered into a social

contract.

Only a powerful government

could ensure an orderlysociety.

Believed only an absolute

monarchy could keep a

society completely orderly.

Humans are naturally

reasonable, moral and good

Humans have natural rights:life liberty and property

People form governments to

protect natural rights

Best government was onewith limited power

If a government violates

peoples natural rights, people

have the right to overthrow


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Separation of Powers

Baron de Montesquieu: Criticizedabsolute monarchy and admired British

government

British protected themselves from tyrannyby dividing powers of government between

three branches: legislative, executive and

judicial (misconception)Each branch of government should be

able to check the other two


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Enlightenment and the Economy

Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in

favor of a policy called laissez faire.

Physiocrats were Enlightenment

thinkers who focused on economic reforms Laissez-Faire:allowing business to

operate with little or no government

interference

Real wealth comes from productive land

not gold and silver


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Enlightenment and the Economy

Adam Smith:Free market should beallowed to regulate business activity Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and

economic growth are all linked to the marketforces of supply and demand

Where there is demand, suppliers will seek tomeet it because there are profits and economic

rewards to be had Smith supported laissez faire, but also

believed that a government had a duty toprotect society, administer justice, and

provide public works.


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Supply and

Demand


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Major Enlightenment Ideas for Society

Detested the slave trade and slavery Deplored religious prejudice

Defended freedom of speech

Attacked divine right theory

Urged education for all

Hated unequal distribution of property Believed governments should be freely

elected

Womens first duty was to her family


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Enlightenment Changes Society

Women:Women were not equal and werecriticized for attempting to gain equality

Salons:Men and women gather in livingrooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas (chatrooms)

Music:Ballets and operas become popular(Bach, Handel, Mozart)

Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art(simple, elegant and charming)

Literature: Novels become popularRobinson Cruesoe


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Enlightenment Changes Society

Majority/Lower Class/Peasants:Slow tochange and hurt the worst

Serfdom disappears in the west, rises in the east

Peasants in Western Europe allowed to own orrent land

All peasants throughout Europe dealt with

similar issues

Forced into military

Lands could be torn up without compensation

by nobility


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REVIEW QUESTIONS

Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy?

a) Montesquieu

b) Hobbes

c) Rousseau

d) Voltaire

Which of the following is true of the physiocrats?

a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism.

b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire.

c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire.

d) They focused on social reform.


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REVIEW QUESTIONS

Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy?

a) Montesquieu

b) Hobbes

c) Rousseau

d) Voltaire

Which of the following is true of the physiocrats?

a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism.

b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire.

c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire.

d) They focused on social reform.


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Enlightenment ThinkersIn republican governments, men are

all equal; equal they are also indespotic governments: in the former,

because they are everything; in the

latter, because they are nothing.

~Baron de Montesquieu The Spirit of

LawsBk. VI, Ch.2

The market price of

every particular

commodity is

regulated by the

proportion between

the quantity which is

actually brought to

market, and the

demand of those whoare willing to pay the

natural price of the

commodity or the

whole value of therent, labor and profit

which must be paid in

order to bring it

thither.

~AdamS

mit

hTheWealth

ofNationsVol.I,bk.1,ch.7

The reason why men enter into

society is the preservation of their

property, and putting themselves

under government, is the

preservation of their property.

~John Locke Second Treatise of GovernmentChXIX Of the Dissolution in Government

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