energy management planning

© 2001, 1999

Energy Management Planning

© 2001, 1999

Introduction

Alan R. Mulak, PE

29 Ernie’s Drive

Littleton, MA 01460

(978) 486-4484

[email protected]

© 2001, 1999

Introduction

1. Thank you

2. Credits!

3. My Opinion

4. Schedule

© 2001, 1999

EMP Seminar Outline

Today’s Schedule:

1. Before you begin the EMP…ask who, what, when, why, how.

2. First Steps…create the team, gather materials.

3. Next Steps… benchmarking, and energy audits.

4. Study the findings and make recommendations.

5. What will it cost? What will it save?

6. Finally, pulling it all together

© 2001, 1999

Why do we need an EMP?

December 1, 2005

Electricity costs to skyrocketBy DAVID SCHOETZ

STAFF WRITER

BARNSTABLE - The cost of the electricity supply for Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard

homeowners will increase by 81 percent starting with December meter readings.

The cost of the actual electricity on residential bills will climb from 7.132 cents per kilowatt hour to 12.92 cents….

(Cape Cod Times)

© 2001, 1999


Electric Costs per kwhr

$-

$0.05

$0.10

$0.15

$0.20

$0.25

86 96 06

© 2001, 1999

What if…?

What if you are

asked to develop

an Energy

Management Plan?

Is it Mission

Impossible?

© 2001, 1999

Before you begin…

•Who wants the report?

•Why do they want it?

•When do they want it

by?

•What language do they

speak?

•How much do you want

to spend?

© 2001, 1999

Before you begin…

Form a team!

Choose wisely!

© 2001, 1999

Before you begin…

Who should be on your “Dream” Team?

© 2001, 1999

First Step

Meetings1. Invite only those who need to be there

2. Send them an agenda ahead of time

3. Start on time

4. Stick to the agenda

5. Take notes

6. Assign action items – everyone should get one

7. Adjourn on time

8. Issue minutes

© 2001, 1999

First Step

Gather Materials• Energy bills: All fuels for at least 3 years.

• Graphs! Pictures are truly worth 1000 words.

• Drawings: Both building and equipment.

• Physical descriptions, occupancy patterns, age, etc.

• Pictures!

• Specifications (if available) for all major equipment.

• Preventative Maintenance program summary.

• Written O&M Procedures.

© 2001, 1999

First Step

Electric Usage

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan Dec Nov Oct

kwh

rs

Demand

0

100

200

300

400

500

Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan Dec Nov Oct

kVA

© 2001, 1999

First Step

Lighting, 39%

AC, 31%

Plug Load, 21%

DHW, 7%

Misc, 2%

Gas Usage

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Jul-0

4

Sep-0

4

Nov-0

4

Jan-

05

Mar

-05

May

-05

Jul-0

5

Sep-0

5

Second Dist

Superior

Probate

First Dist

© 2001, 1999

Next Steps

Benchmark• Compare your buildings to each other and

similar facilities.

• Good performers?

• See EPA Energy Star Building Portfolio

Manager

• https://www.energystar.gov

© 2001, 1999

Eligible Building Types

Hotels

Schools

Office Buildings Courthouse

Hospitals

Medical Offices

DormitoriesGrocery Stores

Warehouses

© 2001, 1999

Not All Buildings are Equal

Building Type Average Energy Use Intensity

(Annual BTU/sq ft.)

Unrefrigerated Warehouse 25.9

Refrigerated Warehouse 56.8

K-12 School 112.5

Economy/Budget Hotel 112.9

Residence Hall 155.2

Midscale w/o food and bev. 162.7

Office (Bank Branch) 173

Medical Office 177

Upscale Hotel 183.2

Upper Upscale Hotel 186.5

Midscale w/food and bev. 192.9

Office (Courthouse) 205

Office (General) 214.8

Office (Financial Center) 229.7

Supermarket 339

Hospital 441.4

© 2001, 1999

What Does a Rating Tell us?

Fuel Efficiency:

MPG

Energy Efficiency:

1 - 100

© 2001, 1999

Employing Portfolio Manager

Screening tool Identify poor performing buildings in need of

improvements

Scoping Tool Use the generated score to determine course

of action

Evaluation Tool Track and measure building improvements

Energy Management Tool Monitor building performance over time Track building performance across all

facilities

© 2001, 1999

Determining a Course of Action

© 2001, 1999

Before You Start: Collect Data

Mandatory Data Needs• Zip code (to normalize data for weather)• Gross square footage of facility (includes secondary

spaces)• 1 year of energy data (all fuel types)

Helpful Data • (defaults may be used in lieu of this info to generate

a rating)• Number of occupants• Number of PCs• Others (depending on space type)

© 2001, 1999

Getting Started:www.energystar.gov

© 2001, 1999

Login or New User?

© 2001, 1999

Eligible Space Types

Note: Effective Date MUST be the same as the first date of the billing cycle for which you enter information.

© 2001, 1999

Energy Meters

© 2001, 1999

Meter Type/Unit

© 2001, 1999

Beginning Date of Bills

© 2001, 1999

Electricity Usage

© 2001, 1999

Results

© 2001, 1999

Questions?

Contact:

1-888-STAR-YES

[email protected]

www.energystar.gov

© 2001, 1999

Award

© 2001, 1999

Next, the Energy Audit

• Energy Audits: walk through vs.

comprehensive energy audits

• Smoking guns? Ask your team!

• What can your utility tell you?

• COM Check at www.energycodes.gov for code compliance and

energy power density

• HUD Commercial Audit info at

http://www.globalgreen.org/pha-energytoolbox/energyaudit

• Best Practices Guide

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/omguide_complete.pdf

© 2001, 1999

Example

Church Project:

lighting (T12s)

controls

Results:

41% reduction in kwhrs

29% reduction in elec bill

1+ year payback

© 2001, 1999

Example

College Project?

ISO Load Response

Program

Results?

• 280 KW predicted

• 330 KW actual

• plus kwhrs

• plus LRP payment

• plus AC reduction

© 2001, 1999

Example

Navy Project:

Uncontrolled Testing Labs

Results:

• Turn them off!

• Savings - 14.8 MW to 8.2

MW

© 2001, 1999

Example

Project:

Hot water – 5 electric and 2 holding tanks off boilers

Results:

• 8% reduction in kwhrs

• $7500 cost for tankless

• 2 year payback

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audit Survey

• Lighting – simple, biggest bang for the buck.

• Controls – roof vent fans? Exhaust hoods? Water heaters?

• Old, neglected, out-of-tune equipment.

• Leaky ductwork (air systems)

• Hot air blowers

• Steam Traps

• Lack of O&M – filters, PM, etc.

• Cooling Towers – VSD?

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audit Tools

Always…•Layout Drawing

•Clipboard

•Flashlight

•2 Pencils

•Tape Measure

•Camera

•Safety Glasses

Sometimes…Light Meter

•Magnifying Glass

•Scrubby or Wipe

•CO2 Meter

•IR Thermometer

•Hand Tools (be careful)

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audit Findings

Three categories…

1. Immediate, ASAP.

2. Time bounded…next year or two.

3. Sometime in the future. Capital planning or

further study required.

© 2001, 1999

Recommended Measures

• Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) with

paybacks and rebates.

• Automation such as PM and EMS’s.

• Operational changes such as start and stop

times, load shifting, etc.

• Maintenance improvements. BOC!

• Future upgrades (upon burnout).

© 2001, 1999


ECM Basics:

Simple Payback = Cost – Rebate / Savings

© 2001, 1999


Cost?

• This should be the total cost to install

including labor, taxes, disposal, etc.

• Sometimes, call in a contractor for a cost

estimate.

• Err on the high side.

© 2001, 1999


Savings?

• This should be the energy and if

significant, labor savings.

• When possible, have someone check your

numbers.

• Err on the low side.

© 2001, 1999


Rebates and Tax incentives?

• www.energytaxincentives.org/

• USDA

Some resources:

• www.utility.com

• www.gasnetworks.com

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #1:

Repair or Replace Boilers?

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #1:Benefits – 25% fuel savings (14,800 therms), reduced

maintenance, less smoke

Considerations – Cost! ($160,000 +/-)

Help? – No.

Savings in fuel - $29,466 at $2 per therm

Payback – 5.4 years

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #2:

Repair or Replace Chillers

and Refrigeration

System?

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #2:Benefits – Reliability! Electric savings (186,000

kwhrs), Maintenance

Considerations – Cost! ($376,000)

Help? – No.

Savings in electric - $16,600 annually at $.07/kwhr


© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #3:

What to do about high

ventilation / cooling

expenses?

Demand control ventilation?

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #3:Benefits – Electric savings (596,225 kwhrs)

Considerations – Will they work? Cost! ($10,000 +/-)

Help? – Yes…100% rebate.

Savings in electric - $35,775 annually at $.07/kwhr

Payback – immediate

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #4:

Fix or replace RTU?

Existing – 5.5 EER

Choice #1 – 10.5 EER

Choice #2 – 11.5 EER

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #4:

Fix existing? $4,500 est

Choice #1? (10.5 EER) – No rebate, $9970

Choice #2? (11.5 EER) - $600 rebate, $10,338

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #4:Benefits – 19% electric savings (12,343 kwhrs),

reduced maintenance.


Help? – Yes...$600

Savings in fuel - $2,345 at $.09 per kwhr


© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #5:

Two 115 gallon electric hot

water heaters?

Replace with on demand

units?

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #5:Current usage – 60,400

kwhrs at $0.20 / kwhr

Cost - $12,808 annually plus pumping costs

Proposal – 16 Rinnai Continum’s at $1,200 each

(Keep one tank for heating)

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #5:Benefits – 50% electric savings (30,200 kwhrs).


Help? – Yes...$300 each unit

Savings (electric minus gas) - $3,378


© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #6:

Vs.

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #6: Truro C. C.

High Performance building BUT standard efficiency

HVAC units.

Try to make up the difference with solar and 50%

grant.

© 2001, 1999

Energy Audits

Case Study #6: Truro C. C.• Actual difference in demand via choice of

HVAC units – 26 KW

• Cost for 26KW of solar - $91,000

• Extra cost to go with HE HVAC - $75,000

• HE HVAC incentive - $2,430

• Cost diff = $18,430 or 5KW Solar

© 2001, 1999

CS#7: Solar Hot Water

© 2001, 1999

CS#7: Solar Hot Water

Project cost: $12,500Grant 50% $6,250Annual electric usage: 3,683 kwhrsAnnual cost (@$0.21 / kwhr): $773Estimated usage w/o panels: 9,369 kwhrsEstimated cost w/o panels: $1,967Difference: $1,194

Payback: 5.2 years

© 2001, 1999

Heating System ECOs

1. Motors on pumps

2. Downsize pumps and motors

3. Setbacks for night and unoccupied periods

4. Ceiling fans

5. Steam traps

6. Actuators

7. Full condensing boilers

8. Infra-Red Heat

© 2001, 1999

• Train your building operators!

• P&P a PM System

• Throw away incandescent bulbs.

• Know thy utility reps!

• Change your filters

• Electric motor game plan

• Take a field trip

• Plan to group relamp

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

Train your building operators!

People run your building.

Would you take your car to an untrained mechanic?

Technology and codes change constantly.

Very high turnover.

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

Purchase & Populate a Preventative

Maintenance System

Garbage in / garbage out

Good memory

Head’s up

SchoolDude.com

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

Low cost / no cost

261

© 2001, 1999

Throw away incandescent bulbs.

CFLs are 75% more efficient

CFLs last 8x longer

CFLs are cooler

CFLs are dimmable

CFLs have a good CRI

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

Know thy utility reps!

Knowledgeable

New Technologies

Incentive (aka rebate) programs

Grants

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

Change your filters

NAFA - National Air Filtration Association

ANSI / ASHRAE 52.2 – 1999

MERV (min. efficiency recorded value)

Fiberglass filter MERV < 1

Pleated filter MERV > 6

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

Electric motor game plan

“When I die, replace me with a …”

www.MotorUpOnline.com

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

Take a field trip

Why is that running?

What is that noise?

How is that controlled?

When is that turned off?

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

Low cost / no cost

Take a field trip

© 2001, 1999

What the…?

© 2001, 1999

What the …?

© 2001, 1999

Low cost / No cost: Air Compressors

A few notes from Jeff Wright…

1.Audible leaks - $1,5002.¼” leaks - $5,0003.Add VSD and expansion

tank – save 30 to 50% of energy

4.Roughly $1,000 per HP

© 2001, 1999

Plan to Group Relamp

T8s to Super T8s

Labor more expensive than lamps

Utility incentive

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

Plan to Group RelampTypical Fluorescent Lamp

Mortality Curve

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

20 40 60 80 100 120

Percent Average Life

Pe

rce

nt

Su

rviv

ing

Low cost / no cost

© 2001, 1999

ECO #1

Gymnasium lighting: HID vs T-5’s

© 2001, 1999

ECO #1

HID vs T-5’s

•Where? Gym’s, Boiler Rooms, Hockey Rinks, Wall wash, Garages, etc

•Where not? Above 50 feet, low ceiling direct

•Competition? ST8s

•Downside? Price, metric

•Lumen? Steady

•Rebate? Yes!

© 2001, 1999

ECO #1

Gymnasium lighting: HID vs T-5’s IECC: Gym floors 1.9 watts / SF

22-400 w Metal Halide (455 Watts) 1.6 watts / SF

22 - 4LT-5HO (254 watts) 0.9 watts / SF

Energy Savings = 44%

Utility retrofit rebate = $100 *

Estimated Installed Prices: Metal Halide - $375 T-5 - $400

Additional benefits: controllable, better mean lumens, better CRI

* Rebates are subject to program criteria, availability of program funding and pre-approval by the utility.

© 2001, 1999

ECO #1

© 2001, 1999

ECO #2

© 2001, 1999

Use with T5s in high bay applications from Hubble

Packaged Lighting and Air Conditioning (PTAC) Occupancy Control sold by B. C. Hydro and InnKeeper

ECO #2

© 2001, 1999

ECO #2

Occupancy Sensor for Gymnasium lighting

Existing lighting: 22-4LT5HO at 254 watts each

Annual useage: 3,480 hours

Reported “unused” time: 25% or 870 hours

Savings: 4,862 kwhrs * $0.13/kwh = $632

Rebate: $55

Installed cost: $340

Payback: 0.5 years

© 2001, 1999

ECO #2

0

10

20

30

40

50

Private Office

Open Office

Conference Room

Computer Room

Restroom

Typical Energy Savings (%)

© 2001, 1999

ECO #2

Occupancy Sensors:

Where? Bathrooms, private offices, conference rooms, etc

Where not? Constantly occupied spaces

Downside? Reputation

Make Sure! Two types of detection – IR and US

Rebate? Yes!

© 2001, 1999

ECO #2

And don’t forget daylight dimming systems!

© 2001, 1999

ECO #3

T8s and Super T8s

© 2001, 1999

ECO #3

Rated fluorescent

lighting system

wattage

Typical older

system

(EE T12 lamps &

en. eff. magnetic

ballasts)

Standard T8

system

(T8 lamps/

electronic ballast)

"Super T8" system

(approved T8

lamp/programme

d start electronic

ballast)

2-lamp fixture 70 60 47



© 2001, 1999

ECO #3

Typical Fluorescent Lamp Mortality Curve

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

20 40 60 80 100 120

Percent Average Life

Pe

rce

nt

Su

rviv

ing

…one manufacturer’s 700 series T8 lamp is rated at 2800 lumens, while the high performance version carries an initial lumen rating of 3150 lumens, a 12.5% improvement. The Super T8 lamps make use of improved phosphor technology, so they stay brighter over time. Lastly, better phosphor increases the color rendering index of Super T8 lamps to 85 vs. 75 for standard T8 lamps.

Why?When?

© 2001, 1999

ECO #3

T8s and Super T8s:

When? At group relamping

Remember! Sometimes new ballasts are

required

Rebate? Yes!

© 2001, 1999

ECO #4

Compact Fluorescent Lamps

© 2001, 1999

ECO #4

CFLs:Where? Wall sconce, ceiling fixtures, chandeliers, most

applications.

Where not? Above 30 feet, bright applications, some dimmers

Competition? Halogens, SW HIDs

Downside? Low efficacy

Lumen? Steady

Rebate? Sometimes…hard wired yes, screw-in no.

© 2001, 1999

ECO #4

Incandescent vs CFL - Wall Sconce, hotel

Existing - 246 65 w incandescent

Retrofit – 246 28 w quad CFLs (30 watts) @ $5.35 case lot

On hours – 4,380 annually

Utility retrofit rebate – None

Savings: (246*((65-30)/1000)*$0.13)*4380 = $4,902.53

Cost: 246*$5.35 = $1,316.10, installed by hotel staff

Payback = $1,316 / $4,902 = 0.27 years

Additional benefits: 4 to 8x longer life, less heat in the hallways.

© 2001, 1999

ECO #5

LED Lighting

© 2001, 1999

ECO #5

© 2001, 1999

ECO #5

Exit SignsExisting lighting: 30 watt twin incandescent

Annual usage: 8,760 hours

LED Exit: 3 watts

Savings: 27 w * 8760 = 236 kwhrs * $0.13/kwh = $31

Rebate: $12 retrofit kit, $ 20 new sign

Est. Installed cost: $65

Payback: 1.7 years 1.4 years

w/o considering labor / hassles to replace bulb periodically!

Typical life of 15 watt incandescent bulb is 1,000 hours

Typical life of LED in exit signs - 20 plus years

© 2001, 1999

ECO #5

© 2001, 1999

ECO #6

Small Wattage HIDs

Vs.

© 2001, 1999

ECO #6

Small HIDs:

•Where? Ceiling fixtures in auto showrooms and foyers. High ceilings.

•Where not? Frequent on/off, dimmers.

•Competition? Halogens, CFLs, huge incandescent.

•Downside? Expense.

•Lumen? Some depreciation.

•Rebate? Yes.

© 2001, 1999

ECO #6

Incandescent vs SW HID - Auto Showroom

Existing - 84 200 w incandescent

Retrofit – 84 70 w SW MH (80 watts) @ $130

On hours – 3,120 annually

Utility retrofit rebate* – $90

Savings: (84*((200-80)/1000)*$0.13)*3120 = $4,088.45

Cost: 84*$130 = $10,920 installed

Payback = ($10,920-(90*84)) / $4,088 = 0.82 years

Additional benefits: 3x longer life, more light.

*where applicable

© 2001, 1999

ECO #7

Demand Control Ventilation

© 2001, 1999

ECO #7

© 2001, 1999

ECO #7

Demand Control Ventilation:

•Where? RTUs, see next slide. Schools!

•Where not? Whole building, one zone systems. Not factories.

•Competition? None.

•Downside? Be careful not to drop below required ventilation.

•Upside? IAQ

•Rebate? Yes.

© 2001, 1999

ECO #7

DCV Savings? Occupancy fluctuations* in retail stores and other commercial facilities can amount to as much as $1.00 per square foot (ft2).

DCV Costs? CO2 sensor technology has improved substantially in recent years, and prices have dropped dramatically. From more than $800 to as low as $200, and several manufacturers offer CO2 sensors bundled with temperature and humidity or dew point sensors in the same housing, which further reduces total costs.

*from NSTAR’s Energy Advisor found at http://www.nstaronline.com/your_business/energy_advisor/PA_53.html

© 2001, 1999

ECO #7

DCV Additional Resources:Each of these programs can be used to evaluate potential energy cost savings from demand-controlled ventilation (DCV). They are all available free of charge.

Carrier – Energy Analysis Program

http://www.commercial.carrier.com/commercial/hvac

Honeywell – Savings Estimator

http://customer.honeywell.com/Business/Cultures

AirTest – Energy Analysis Program

http://www.airtesttechnologies.com/support/energy-analysis

© 2001, 1999

ECO #8

Full Condensing Boilers:

•Where? Anywhere hot water heat is required.

•Where not? No gas service.


•Downside? Expense.

•Upside? Very efficient, no stack required!

•Rebate? Yes.

© 2001, 1999

ECO #8

Library Heat: Radiant with FCB vs. Baseboard with SEB

Estimated gas savings: (e1-e2)*79% Est. Hr Use*$/therm = $7,760

Cost Differential: $37,500 installed

Rebate (BSG Partners in Energy) = 50% cost diff = $18,750

Payback = ($37.5K-$18.75K)/$7,760 = 2.4 years

Additional benefits: eligible for tax incentive, floor slab heat, longer life

equipment, combustibles outside.

© 2001, 1999

NEMA Premium Efficiency Motors

Higher Efficiency

Lower Operating Cost

Incentives Offset Higher First Cost

© 2001, 1999

#9 ECO

Electric Motors:

Cost of motor = 3% of life cycle

Conduct Inventory

Develop Policy – tag motors!

Use MotorMaster+ 4.0

www.MotorUpOnline.com

© 2001, 1999

Electric motors

1.1. 8,000 hours run time8,000 hours run time2.2. 60 HP60 HP3.3. 1 HP = 0.756 KW1 HP = 0.756 KW4.4. Annual kwhrs = 8000 x 60 x .756 = 362,880 kwhrsAnnual kwhrs = 8000 x 60 x .756 = 362,880 kwhrs5.5. Cost per kwhr = $0.20Cost per kwhr = $0.206.6. Cost of pollution = $72,500 every year!Cost of pollution = $72,500 every year!

#9 ECO

© 2001, 1999

ECO #10

IR Heat:

•Where? High ceiling, open space, overhead door.


•Competition? Blowers.

•Downside? None.

•Upside? Very efficient, very effective.

•Rebate? Yes.

© 2001, 1999

ECO #10

Replace Hot Air Blowers with IR Heating

Gas Utility findings: “Per blower vs. IR tube installation, actual measured savings

are 748 therms per tube.”

Municipal garage repair center: 2-100,000 btu blowers replaced with 2 Sealed

Combustion IR Tubes.

Savings: $2,992

Rebate: $1000

Cost: $6,800

Payback: 1.9 years

Additional benefit: productivity increased

© 2001, 1999

ECO #11

Tankless Water Heaters:

•Where? Anywhere where hot water is stored.



•Downside? Gas line size.

•Upside? Very efficient.

•Rebate? Yes.

© 2001, 1999

ECO #11

Fire Department: Replace Hot Water Tanks with Tankless

Original Condition: Four Fire Stations, each with gas-fired water heaters of

various sizes and ages.

Replace with 8 Tankless, 2 per station.

Measured annualized savings (all 4 stations): 2,480 therms or $4,960.

Installed Cost: $10,600.

Rebate: $300@ = $2,400

Payback: ($10.6K-$2.4K)/$4.96K = 1.65 years

Additional benefit: Space

© 2001, 1999

ECO #12

Variable Speed Drives (aka VFD’s)

IECC: Individual VAV fans with motors of 25hp or greater must be driven by a mechanical or electrical variable speed drives

Beyond Code: Use VSD’s on motors down to 5 HPBonus: Utility Rebates of $900 – 5 hp to $1,750 – 20 hp each

Rebate Criteria states that the VFD speed must be automatically controlled by differential pressure, flow or temperature


© 2001, 1999

ECO #12

How can you tell if a VSD will save energy & $$?Constant speed AC motor driving a non-constant speed device (i.e.; fan or

pump)

Variable load---moving air, water, sewage, etc

A large percentage of time at less than full load

Currently controlled by one of the following: Inlet throttling Outlet throttling By-pass loop No control Equipment operator (a person!)

© 2001, 1999

ECO #12 - VFDs Considerations

Some forward curve fans are not suited for VFD operation due to specific fan curve

Savings in applications with high static pressure could be very small

Some old motors can not be driven by frequency varying devices

Inverter duty motors are best suited for VFDs Applications that require high torque require

special VFDs Harmonic Distortion

© 2001, 1999

ECO #12

Variable Speed Drives:

Hospital kitchen exhaust fan – 15 HP motorInstalled Cost - $9,400Potential utility rebate - $1,250Projected savings - 25% for 4h/d, 50% for 4h/d, 75% for 4h/d

48,000 kwhrs/yr * $0.13 / kwhr = $6,240 Payback with rebate ($9,400 - $1,250 / $6,240) = 1.3 years


© 2001, 1999

ECO #13 - Energy Management Systems

Optimal Start/Stop Scheduling Temperature Set Point Control Ventilation Control Demand Control

© 2001, 1999

ECO #13 - EMS Considerations

An EMS does not save energy! The proper use of it does.

EMS adds complexity to the HVAC system – more problems to troubleshoot.

Compatibility/Proprietary Issues Continuous commissioning / re-commissioning

is critical

© 2001, 1999

ECO #14

“White reflective roofs can lower attic temperatures by up to 25-30 degrees F. Many commercial buildings with central AC have ducts in the attic where there is a significant amount of heat gain. The white roof lowers the attic temperature greatly increasing the air distribution efficiency of the HVAC system.”

Florida Solar Power Association

© 2001, 1999

ECO #15

•Vendor Mizers; www.electricitymetering.com

•Kitchen Economizers; www.nrminc.com

•Ice Machines

•Ultra Spray Nozzles; www.fisher-mfg.com

•Ice Rink Temperature Sensors

•LED Scoreboards

•Pulse start MH

© 2001, 1999

ECO #15

MH vs PSMH

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

0 1 2

Years

Lu

men

s1000w MH

875w PSMH

750w PSMH

© 2001, 1999

ECO #16

Worcester, Mass installation:

Actual installed cost = $10K / KW

Warranty period = 20 years

Estimated generation time at 90% = 27% or 2365 hours per year

Cost per kwhr = 0.23 $/kwhr

Grant paid 80%

© 2001, 1999

ECO #17

The biggest benefit of

GHPs is that they use

25%–50% less

electricity than

conventional heating

or cooling systems.

© 2001, 1999

ECO #17

Geothermal Heat Pumps:

General size? 5 tons

Downside? Up to 800 foot wells. Expensive!

Upside? Very efficient. Best for supplemental applications.

Rebate? Maybe.

© 2001, 1999

ECO #18

Mass Maritime Academy

•232 feet high

•45 db at 3X height

•660 KW or 28% campus load

•Estimated full load = 25%

•Estimated kwhrs = 1,460,000

•Cost = $1.48 million

•Grant = $500K

© 2001, 1999

ECO #18

Cost per kwhr

$-

$0.20

$0.40

$0.60

$0.80

$1.00

$1.20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

years

$/k

wh

r

© 2001, 1999

ECO #18

Windaus Energy Inc. 27 Copernicus Blvd. Unit #8 Brantford, Ontario, Canada N3P 1N4 Tel. 519 770 0546 Fax. 519 770 0595 [email protected]

© 2001, 1999

The Product

Your Energy Management Plan must:

• Come right to the point in the executive

summary.

• Be easy to read with a minimum of jargon.

• Be in the language of the reader.

• Offer details in the appendix.

• Have pictures and graphs and charts.

© 2001, 1999

The Product

Remember to:

• Have it reviewed by your team.

• Give credit to your team!

• Give all effected parties a “head’s up.”

• Discuss outcomes with your boss before it is in

print.

• Clean, crisp, sharp, and impressive.

energy management planning

Documents