integrated planning: the links between urban waste management, sanitation and energy
TRANSCRIPT
Issues and challenges
Global trend – rapid increase in volumes and changing characteristics of municipal solid waste
Average annual increases in China 2000-2006- Non-industrial waste water: 6.4 %- Municipal solid waste: 13 %
E-waste: China produced 2.3 million tons in 2011 but 70% of global e-waste ends up there
MSW varies by GDP level
Types of MSW produced change according to the standard of living in the city
Financial, environmental and health impacts
In developing countries, MSW management costs 20-50 % of city budget
But often only covers 50 % of urban population
In low-income countries, MSW collection alone drains 80-90 % of waste management budgets
Open dumps and open burning continue to be the primary method of MSW disposal in most developing countries; hazards to human health
Conventional urban waste management
Focuses largely on waste collection, treatment (composting and incineration) and disposal (landfills)
Little or no resource value since no separation of wastes occurs
No attention to new waste streams
Landfill leachate pollutes ground water
Health hazards to waste workers; child labor
Integrated solid waste management
Waste prevention: more sustainable production processes
Waste minimization: ex. Reduction of packaging
Waste separation and recycling of valuable resources (e.g., plastics, glass, metals, biogas, e-waste)
Re-use (ex. construction waste, also example of cement plant)
Waste to energy schemes using high calorific value fraction of waste (incineration for electricity production or biogas generation)
Composting of biodegradable waste for fertilizer
Sanitary disposal: environmentally designed landfills reduce impacts
Utilization of wastes and by-products in a cement factory
廃タイヤ、鋳物砂 下水汚泥、浄水汚泥
塗料残留物 都市ごみ焼却灰
高炉スラグ、製鋼スラグ 蒸留酒残渣、廃ガラス
集塵灰 肉骨粉、プラスチック
製紙汚泥、焼却灰 建設発生土
建設廃材
石炭灰、排煙脱硫石こう 廃油、廃触媒
汚泥
焼却灰、廃プラスチック 廃溶剤、廃触媒
廃プラスチック
非鉄鉱さい 焼却灰、廃溶剤
廃プラスチック
古畳 廃プラスチック
セメント工場
自動車業界
鉄鋼業界
製紙業界
電力業界
地方自治体
食品業界
建設業界
石油業界
廃棄物処理業界 化学業界
精錬業界 印刷業界
農業住宅業界
Automobile industry
Steel industry
Paper industry
Electricity industry
Waste disposal industry
Refining industry
Housing industry
Local government
Food industry
Construction industry
Petroleum industry
Chemical industry
Printing industry
Agriculture
Waste tire, molding sand
Cement factory
Paint residue
Blast-furnace slag, steelmaking slag
Fly ash
Paper-making sludge, incineration ash
Coal ash, flue-gas gypsum
Incineration ash,waste plastic
Sewage sludge, water purification sludge
Municipal wasteincineration ash
Distilled liquor residue,waste glass
Meat and bone meal,plasticSoil put out inconstruction
Construction anddemolition waste
Waste oil, waste catalyst
Sludge
Waste solvent,waste catalyst
Waste plastic
Nonferrous slag
Waste tatami mat
Incineration ash,waste solvent
Waste plastic
Waste plastic
Policy options for urban waste management
Developing meaningful partnerships with private sector to take pressure off public services and financing, and boost the local economy
Organize informal workers and communities for effective implementation of ISWM and 3Rs, particularly to increase recycling
Reducing MSW and aiming for “zero waste” (e.g., extended producer responsibility, such as vehicle tires and batteries)
Policy options (cont.)
Capturing energy from the waste stream Incineration of high calorific
value waste for electricity generation
Gasification of sewage sludge
Capture and use of landfill gas
New industrial process: plastics yield bio-diesel
Increasing the reuse of by-products and waste by industry (ex. Re-use of construction waste)
Key takeaway points
Integrated urban planning is the key to sustainability
Engage all city departments in city planning, as operations will be increasingly linked
Sustainability yields enormous economic, social and environmental benefits