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Energy Access, Household Energy
and Development
Daniel Kammen
Chief Technical Specialist for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
The World Bank
Green Household Energy Solutions Expo, African Energy Ministers Conference
Road to Durban, Promoting Sustainable Energy Access for Africa
Johannesburg, South Africa, September 16, 2011
2.7 billion people still rely on solid fuels for cooking and
heating in the 21st Century
Energy for cooking accounts for a high proportion of primary
energy in most of the least developed countries, particularly in
Sub-Saharan Africa
Source: IEA 2010
Reliance on solid fuels for cooking
People without access to electricity (millions)
There are 1.4 billion people lacking access to electricity today
Based on current trends, 1.2 billion people will still lack access in 2030
Another 1+ billion have intermittent/unreliable access
International Energy Agency
2010
Available online:
http://rael.berkeley.edu/node/775
http://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange
/blogs/daniel-kammen
The Costs of Cooking
Monthly Cooking Cost: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: 1990
2004
2004 2004
2004
2004
lowest cost option
Data Source: Hosier, R.H. and W. Kipondya, Urban household energy use in Tanzania. Energy Policy, 1993. May: p. 454-473. (1990)
Rebecca Ghanadan, PhD Candidate, Energy and Resources Group, University of California Berkeley, field research, (2004)
and 2004
1990 1990
1990
1990
1990
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
Charcoal
(improved)
Charcoal
(unimproved)
Electricity LPG Kerosene
Mo
nth
ly C
oo
kin
g C
ost
(19
94
TS
h/m
on
th)
Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) is a significant
public health hazard:
respiratory and cardiopulmonary infections,
premature deaths, lung cancer,…
Almost 2 million people die prematurely each year,
from IAP, women and children are disproportionately affected (WHO, 2006)
Unsustainable production of wood fuels a serious
threat to forest cover in SSA
2 tons of biomass energy burned per year by
average family in developing country – about
one billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted
into the atmosphere
Use of biomass has negative health and
environment impacts
Copyright © 2008 The World Bank – International Finance Corporation / Dalberg Development Advisors
Current spending on lighting by off-grid
households 100% =
Off-grid households spend US$8.2 billion annually
on inferior lighting fuels…
Fuel Spent : 2010 – 2015
27%
54%53%
32%
13%
10%
Biofuels
Kerosene
Candles
Other
% of lighting
spent
per household
$8.2 billion
4%
Primary light-
source
for household1
110 million
7%
Household lighting use surveys in 8 African geographies based on Lighting Africa and GTZ market research, extrapolated for other geographies and kerosene use triangulated with country-level data on kerosene consumption
Source: Lighting Africa, GTZ, country census data, Dalberg analysis.
$8.2 Bn
$1.2 Bn
Off-grid Households
On-grid Households
SMEs $1 Bn
$10 Bn
$9.7 Bn
$1.4 Bn
$1.2 Bn
$12.5B
n
2010 2015
Total
Fuel Based Lighting is Expensive, Unhealthy, and
Inefficient
Kerosene and other fuels for
Lighting is a $10+ billion per
year industry in Africa
Photo by Evan Mills Photo by Peter Alstone
Photo by Peter Alstone
Photos by Kristen Radecsky and Peter Alstone
Better value than fuel based lighting
Safer: less fire risk
Extra services: charge phone, etc.
Health benefits: reduced exposure to indoor air pollution
Versatile: Good for home use and small enterprises
Photos from Johnstone et al. (2009) Lumina Project Research Note #2
Access to high quality modern lighting improves lives …
and can be brought into the market
Source: IEA Universal Access Scenario, 2010
Investment requirements – Clean cooking (US$ billions)
Reliance on traditional use of biomass (population in millions)
Universal energy access in SSA by 2030:
Cooking
2009 2015 2030 2009 2015 2030
Rural Urban Total Total Total % % %
477 176 653 741 918 80 77 70
2010-15 2016-30 Total
4 9 14
On-grid Mini-grid Off-grid Total
195 187 80 462
Source: IEA Universal Access Scenario, 2010
Investment requirements (US$ billions)
Generation requirements (TWh)
2010-15 2016-30 Total
80 262 342
Population lacking electricity access (millions)
2009 2030
Urban Rural Urban Rural
120 465 108 544
Universal energy access in SSA by 2030:
Electricity
COOKING:
Green Household energy solutions to accelerate access
New technology developments in cookstoves facilitating
reduction in time to cook, fuel use, and emissions
Combustion and heat transfer efficiency can decreases fuel use by 30-50%
and emissions by 50-90%
Variety of improved cookstoves are available in the market meeting varied
needs and preferences: Rocket stoves, Fan Stoves, Gassifierstoves
Health, gender, and environment impacts of savings in fuel use and time
reduced emissions
World Bank Initiatives for household Energy
Solutions: Africa Clean Cooking Initiative (ACCI)
A market-transformation program with the objective to facilitate scale-up of private sector investments in clean cooking solutions in Africa…
Anchored in a strategic
partnership with the
Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves
Strengthen and support private sector
(international and local stakeholders)
along the value chain.
Scale-up of sales builds the green job
sector, provides a platform for innovation
and provides an outlet for
African entrepreneurs
Shared experience in household energy:
Leverage Lighting Africa experience: Address market barriers
Green Household energy solutions to accelerate access
New technology development in LEDs, PV and batteries create a
new market niche for lighting
Variety of off-grid lighting products designed for the needs of the “base of
the pyramid” consumers
Fast technology development improves performance and affordability of
modern off-grid lighting products.
People can get better lighting and save money on kerosene
Additional features, such as cell phone chargers, have become a standard.
Solar Panel: ~2.5 watt (0.3-8 watt range)
Battery: Small, low power lithium-ion; mid-
range NiMH; or large, powerful SLA
Light: Low intensity LED clusters; or CFL
Cost: ~$40
Battery Life: 4-6 hours
LED Lumens: 30-60
2015
2015: Holding performance constant….
$16-25
2015
$40
2010
$5-10
2015
$20
Median SPL Low-cost LED lantern
Solar Panel: 4 -6 watt
Battery: 2X lithium-ion battery power or
20-30% more NiMH power
Light: LED that is 3X intensity of today’s
attery Life: 6-10 hours
LED Lumens: >100
2015: Holding price constant…
Today’s Typical Solar Lantern
2010
Evolving household energy solutions further accelerate access…
Tomorrow: Better and cheaper
World Bank Initiatives for household Energy
Solutions: Expansion of the Lighting Africa Program
Joint World Bank/IFC Initiative, launched in September 2007, to facilitate
Rapid scale-up of access to clean, reliable and affordablelighting & basic
energy services for 250 million people across Africa, starting with 2.5 million
people (500,000 lights) by 2012
Piloted in Kenya and Ghana, expanding activities to East Africa, Nigeria and
Francophone West Africa
Addressing market barriers through five components:
Quality Assurance
Market Intelligence
Business Support and Access to Finance
Consumer Education
Policy and Regulation
Solar Advertising in Kenyan papers
www.lightingafrica.org www.cleancookstoves.org
Partner organizations
Extra
High reliance on solid fuels is an indicator of
poverty…
Source: WHO and UNDP, 2009
Pro
babili
ty (
AR
I)
Average Daily Exposure ( g / m3)
Illness Reduction Observed in Kenya (ARI = acute respiratory infection), Source: Ezzati& Kammen, The Lancet, 2001)
All ARI
ALRI,
Lower respiratory
Infections only
1.4B total DALYS: 10% of DALYS lost to ARI x 50% potential reduction
Greenhouse Gas Marginal Abatement Curves:
Communities of Orinoco & Marshall Point, Nicaragua
23 Casillas and Kammen (2010) “The energy-poverty-climate nexus,” Science, 330, 1182 - 1182