Emotions and Motivations

week 7

Emotions and feeling

Affect guides behavior, helps us make decisions has a major impact on our mental and physical health…

Emotions and feeling

• An emotion is a mental and physiological feeling state that directs our attention and guides our behavior.

• A motivation is a driving force that initiates and directs behavior.

• Biological /food, water, se.../• personal and social • for social approval and acceptance, • to achieve, • to take, or to avoid taking risks

Fundamental emotions

the basic emotions are: anger                 disgust                        fear                           happiness                                     sadness                                            surprise

The basic emotions are determined

the limbic system, including the amygdala, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus

Emotions relation with:

•Needs • Interest

•Satisfaction

Emotions The Oxford English Dictionary

defines emotion as

“any agitation or disturbance of mind, feeling, passion, any vehement or excited mental state”.

Mental (or emotional)

States MoodAffect Stress

EmotionFrustration

PassionStress

Biological emotions (according to the needs)

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E m o t i o n sAccording to some theorists the following clusters or groups

of emotion are universal: • Anger: fury, outrage,

resentment, wrath, exasperation, indignation, vexation, acrimony, animosity, annoyance, irritability, hostility, and perhaps at the extreme, pathological hatred and violence

• Sadness: grief, sorrow, cheerlessness, gloom, melancholy, self-pity, loneliness, dejection, despair, and when pathological, depression

Fear: anxiety, apprehension, nervousness, concern, consternation, misgiving, wariness, qualm, edginess, dread, fright, terror, and when pathological - phobia and panicEnjoyment: happiness, joy, relief, contentment, bliss, delight, amusement, pride, sensual pleasure, thrill, rapture, gratification, satisfaction, euphoria, whimsy, ecstasy, and when pathological , mania

E m o t i o n s

E m o t i o n s• a. Love: acceptance, friendliness, trust,

kindness, affinity, devotion, adoration, infatuation, agape

• b. Surprise: shock, astonishment, amazement, wonder

• c. Disgust: contempt, disdain, scorn, abhorrence, aversion, distaste

• d. Shame: guilt, embarrassment, chagrin, remorse, humiliation, regret, mortification, and contrition

Maslow's hierarchy of needs 1. Self- actualization needs(Need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential)2. Esteem needsa. Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence and independence;b. Need for recognition and respect from others3. Belongingness and love needsa. Need to love and to be loved, to belong and be accepted;b. To avoid loneliness and alienation4. Safety needsa. Need to feel that world is organized and predictable;b. Need to feel safe, secure, and stable5. Psychological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirstThere is a different classification of motives that pull us toward activity.

They are grouped by few criteria

Motivation

is a need or desire that serves to energize behavior and to direst it toward a goal

Theories of motivationInstincts

Drive-reduction theoryOptimum arousal

The Secondary Emotions

The cognitive interpretations that accompany emotions—known as cognitive appraisal—allow us to experience a much larger and more complex set of secondary emotions.

 Emotions and motivation

involve arousal, our experiences of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). “hot”—they “charge,” “drive,” or “move” our behavior

Emotions or strong motivations

the sympathetic nervous system provides us with energy to respond to our environmentthe liver puts extra sugar into the bloodstream, the heart pumps more blood, respiration increases, we begin to perspire to cool the body.

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released

The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

• James-LangeAccording to the James-Lange theory of emotion, our experience of an emotion is the result of the

arousal that we experience.

Schachter & Singer the experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, but that the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be. an arousal factor and a cognitive factor

Emotion = arousal + cognition

Conclusions• Emotions are the normally adaptive mental and

physiological feeling states that direct our attention and guide our behavior.

• Emotional states are accompanied by arousal, our experiences of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

• Motivations are forces that guide behavior. They can be biological, such as hunger and thirst; personal, such as the motivation for achievement; or social, such as the motivation for acceptance and belonging.

Conclusions• The most fundamental emotions, known as

the basic emotions, are those of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

• Cognitive appraisal allows us to also experience a variety of secondary emotions According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, the experience of an emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal.

Conclusions• According to the two-factor theory of emotion, the

experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, and the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be.

• When people incorrectly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing, we say that they have misattributed their arousal.

• We express our emotions to others through nonverbal behaviors, and we learn about the emotions of others by observing them.