elements of surveying

8/12/2019 Elements of Surveying

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Elements of Surveying (CEL271)Gazala Habib

Dept. of Civil Engg.Contact:

Room No. 303, Block-4E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: 1192 (Office)


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Books Surveying by S K Duggal, Tata McGraw Hill, Vol 1 Surveying: Theory and practices, S. S Bhavikatti Surveying and levelling by N. N Basak

Plane surveying A M Chandra Surveying (Vol-1) by B. C. Punmia, Ashok K. Jain and Arun K.

Jain


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Laboratory Lab timing for all group: 2-4 pm (Monday-

Friday) Room Number: Block IV, 335 Contact: Mr. Rajeev Sharma (Phone: 6442)


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Attendance policy All students must attend all classes. Attendance record will be maintained

and will be periodically uploaded through the UG web-site.

Lectures: 70 marks for attendance, surprise quizzes, homework,assignments and exams

Laboratory: 30 marks for attendance, surprise quizzes, notebook, viva

If attendance of the student is greater than 90%, result of the best threequizzes will be considered else average of all quizzes will be considered.

If a students attendance is less than 75%, the student will be awarded onegrade less than the actual grade that he(she) has earned. For example, astudent who has got A grade but has attendance less than 75% will beawarded A- grade.


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Marks, Exam, Assignment

Lectures Lab

Minor 1 10 Viva 10

Minor 2 10 Surprise quiz 10

Major 30 Notebook 5

Surprise Quiz (any number) + Assignments +Homework

10 Attendance >=90%

5

Attendance (>=90%) + class participation (>=80% oftime) means out of 10 question asked in class at least8 should be correct

10


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Attendance Policy Contd. If a student has a valid medical certificate (from IITD hospital or a registered

medical practitioner) because of which he/she has missed an evaluationcomponent the compensation will be decided and put on notice board.

If a student has missed any of the minors due to medical reasons or familyemergency alternatives will be arranged. For example if a person misses

minor-1 because of health problem he/she should produce the medicalcertificate immediately after re-joining the class and the re-minor will beconducted last working day of next week after minor-1.

If a student misses Major examination he should apply for an I-grade or anextended-I grade. HOD will approve I-grade based on his/her assessment ofthe situation. In that case examination must be conducted within 10 days ofcompletion of the majors. Dean, UGS will award the extended-I grade and inthat case examination must be conducted within the first ten working days ofthe next semester.


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Marks policy Full marks will be awarded for correct procedure and correct answer. 3/4 marks for

correct procedure but wrong answer. Zero marks for wrong procedure and correctanswer.

All evaluation components including Minor and Major scripts will be shown to thestudents. Within 7-15 days after exam along with the model answer.

The date and time for showing script will be displayed in the notice board. Theschedule will be group wise.

Grading of a course will be finalized and displayed after following the process ofmoderation.

THEREFORE, NO INFORMATION WILL BE GIVEN ABOUT GRADING BEFORE THEMODERATION COMMITTEES MEETING, AND NO CHANGES WILL BE DONE ONCETHE GRADE IS DISPLAYED AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERATIONCOMMITTEES SUGGESTIONS. [PLEASE DO NOT BEG TO CHANGE THE GRADEONCE IT IS FINILIZED AFTER MODERATION COMMITTEES MEETING]


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Surveying What is surveying?Surveying may be defined as the science of determining theposition, in three dimensions, of natural and man-made featureson or beneath the surface of the Earth. These features may then

be represented in analog form as a contoured map, plan orchart, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematicalmodel stored in the computer.


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Application of surveying in civilEngineering

The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such asconstruction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc are based uponsurveying measurements.

Project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and pointsestablished by surveying. Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all CivilEngineering projects.

Other principal works in which surveying is primarily utilized are to fix the national and state boundaries; to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes; to establish control points to execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and mapping; and to prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth.


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Instruments Levelling Staff

Digital level

Tilting Level

Telescope is fixed cannot be tiltedor moved

Dumpy Level

Telescope can be tilted slightlyabout its horizontal axis with thehelp of tilting screw.

The line of collimation is madehorizontal for each observationwith the help of tilting screw

Instrument can be levelled automaticallywithin a certain tilt range


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Levelling staff


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Sewer Projects

1. Firm under contract2. Preliminary studies

1. General layout map2. Buildings located on general layout3. Treatment site search4. Preliminary paper layout

1. Make sure every building and potential building sitecan be served2. Manhole system placed on general layout


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Sewer Projects

5. Preliminary filed work1. Preliminary profiles

1. BM system established2. Manholes set

3. Profiles run4. Basement elevations acquired

2. Design mapping1. Final plans

3. Treatment area4. Boundary survey5. Complete topo of area


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Sewer Projects

3. Design process1. Sewer line design

1. Preliminary profiles drawn1. Basement elevations plotted

2. Manholes placed on profiles3. Slope between manholes computed4. Problem areas alternate service routes selected

1. Manholes set in field

2. Profiles run3. Revert to 3A


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Sewer Projects

2. Treatment plant design1. Topo map prepared2. Type system verified

3. Treatment system sized based on existing andprojected population

4. System designed

3. Plans drafted1. Sewer plans normally prepared on plan/profile sheets


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Sewer Projects

2. Treatment plant drawn using plan sheets and crosssections

3. Quantities computed

4. Specifications1. Written instructions on how every item to be built2. Include contract documents and bid proposal

4. Bidding procedure

1. Notice of bid advertised on local paper2. Pre-bid meeting


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Sewer Projects

3. Bidding1. Each contractor submits sealed bid2. Bids opened and tabulated

3. Engineer reviews proposals4. Engineer recommends which bid to accept

4. Contract awarded


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Sewer Projects

5. Construction1. Surveying

1. Contractor required to hire surveyor for stakeout

2. Manholes referenced3. Staking methods

1. Batter board method2. Laser method

4. Measurement of quantities

6. As Built


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Water distribution systems

1. Put under contract water district formed2. Preliminary studies

1. General layout prepared

2. Water district signs up users3. Water source located

4. Waterlines placed on general layout1. Hydraulic gradient plotted from USGS topo


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5. Pump station and water storage sites1. Property acquired by perpetual easement or purchased2. Boundary survey performed for each site3. Topo each site

3. Field work1. Plan preparation

1. Normally photogrammetrically1. Flight plan sent on general layout

2. Take photos and post measure horizontal control3. Plan sheets marked on photos using template


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2. Waterlines placed on plan sheets

2. Crossings and easements1. Every location where waterline crosses paved road,

railroad has to be topo, cross sectioned, and tied tonearest stationing or milepost

2. Crossings plotted and permits applied for railroads,state DOT, township and county roads

3. Easement descriptions prepared


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4. Final design1. All waterlines and appurtenances on plans,

easements, acquired and in docket form, rock

excavation on plans1. Quantities computed2. System driven to make sure nothing missed

2. Tanks and P.S.

1. Designed and sized2. Quantities computed


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5. Bidding6. Construction

1. Water distribution system1. Waterline stakeout

1. Each easement plotted on plans2. Crossings as permitted staked2. Quantities

2. Tanks and PS1. Foundation staked2. Must be checked for plumb

7. As built


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Architectural Projects

1. Firm Under contract2. Preliminary fieldwork

1. Boundary survey

1. Description provided2. Fieldwork

1. Monument search, traverse site2. Compute data and analysis3. Final stakeout

3. Easement and encroachment search4. Plat of survey


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2. Topo grid method most common1. Grid pattern 25 100 2. BM USGS

3. Entire tract topo and adjacent areas to access4. Utilities nearest tied in

5. Include all objects above, on or below, ground6. Prepare topo map

7. Field check map


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3. Construction1. Control

1. If large building you may want to establish TBMs on

control Mon.2. Stakeout

1. Convert architects dimensions to engineering2. Layout clearing and excavation limits

3. Layout underground piping


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4. Layout footings and foundations

5. Layout building corners and supports6. Locate roads and parking areas

7. Locate lighting and other project extras3. As built


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Structure and Terrain Movement

Used to monitor:1. Movement of buildings ( x, y, and z)2. Movement of bridges

3. Movement of dams4. Landslides and earthquakes

5. Amusement park rides


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Description error within system must beless than smallest movement to be observed

2 groups of monuments installed1. Reference or control monuments2. Deformation or movement monuments


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Control generally concrete pillars extending3-4 feet out of ground with tribrachpermanently attached

Movement monuments for earthquake orlandslide may be similar deep monuments


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Equipment:1. GPS2. Turned angles

3. Angle/Distance4. Leveling


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Classification of surveying: Based onfunction

Primary division based on shape of the earth Geodic survey: if the area surveyed is more than 1000 km 2 geodic

surveying must be employed Plane survey

Classification based on function of survey Control surveying: establishing the horizontal and vertical positions of

widely spaced control points using geodic method. Land surveying: to determine the boundaries and areas of parcel of

land. City surveying: urban planning Topographic surveys: depiction of topography of a region. Including

natural and man made features Engineering survey: for laying out engineering projects. Route survey: planning designing and execution of highways, railways,

canals, pipelines etc. Construction surveys: required to establish points lines, grades and for

staking out engineering works after the plans have been prepared andthe structural design has n=been done.


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Classification of surveying: Based onfunction

Astronomic survey: are conducted for the determination oflatitudes, longitudes, azimuths, local time etc. for variousplaces by observing heavenly bodies such as suns and stars.

Geological survey: to determine the strata of the earths crustfor geological studies.

Archaeological surveys: unearthing relics of antiquity Mine surveys: exploration of mineral deposits, and to guide

tunnelling and other operations associated with mining. Satellite surveys: to establish intercontinental, interdatum and

interisland geodic ties over the world by making satelliteobservations.

Military surveys: conducted for military purpose.

Cl ifi ti f i B d


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Classification of surveying: Based oninstruments

Chain survey: only linear measurements are made with chain or tape no angularmeasurements are taken

Compass survey: horizontal angles are measured with the help of magneticcompass

Plane table survey: The map is prepared in the field itself by determining thedirections of various lines making linear measurements, and plotting the detailson paper using a plane table

Levelling survey: this type of survey is used to determine the elevations andrelative heights of the points with the help of instrument known as level.

Theodolite survey: theodolite survey is primarily used in traversing andtriangulation for providing controls. The horizontal and vertical angles aremeasured with the help of theodolite.

Tacheometric survey: a special type of theodolite known as tacheometer, is usedto determine horizontal and vertical distances directly.

Photogrammetric survey: measurements are made with help photograph.

EDM Survey: linear measurements are made with the help of EDM instruments.


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Principles of surveying

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Principle of surveying Working from whole to part: to localize the errors and to control the accumulation of errors.

Establish primary control points with high precision Establish secondary and tertiary control points within

the system boundary and form triangle/rectangle may

be with less precision. This will help in localizing the error and to control the

propagation of error.


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Working from whole to part


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Errors

elements of surveying

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