elements of surveying (cel271) gazala habib dept. of civil engg. contact: room no. 303, block-4...
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Elements of Surveying (CEL271)Gazala Habib
Dept. of Civil Engg.Contact:
Room No. 303, Block-4E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 1192 (Office)
Books
• Surveying by S K Duggal, Tata McGraw Hill, Vol 1• Surveying: Theory and practices, S. S Bhavikatti• Surveying and levelling by N. N Basak• Plane surveying A M Chandra• Surveying (Vol-1) by B. C. Punmia, Ashok K. Jain and Arun K.
Jain
Laboratory
• Lab timing for all group: 2-4 pm (Monday-Friday)
• Room Number: Block IV, 335• Contact: Mr. Rajeev Sharma (Phone: 6442)
Attendance policy• All students must attend all classes. Attendance record will be maintained
and will be periodically uploaded through the UG web-site.
• Lectures: 70 marks for attendance, surprise quizzes, homework, assignments and exams
• Laboratory: 30 marks for attendance, surprise quizzes, notebook, viva
• If attendance of the student is greater than 90%, result of the best three quizzes will be considered else average of all quizzes will be considered.
• If a student’s attendance is less than 75%, the student will be awarded one grade less than the actual grade that he(she) has earned. For example, a student who has got A grade but has attendance less than 75% will be awarded A- grade.
Marks, Exam, Assignment
Lectures Lab
Minor 1 10 Viva 10
Minor 2 10 Surprise quiz 10
Major 30 Notebook 5
Surprise Quiz (any number) + Assignments + Homework
10 Attendance >= 90%
5
Attendance (>=90%) + class participation (>=80% of time) means out of 10 question asked in class at least 8 should be correct
10
Attendance Policy …Contd. • If a student has a valid medical certificate (from IITD hospital or a registered
medical practitioner) because of which he/she has missed an evaluation component the compensation will be decided and put on notice board.
• If a student has missed any of the minors due to medical reasons or family emergency alternatives will be arranged. For example if a person misses minor-1 because of health problem he/she should produce the medical certificate immediately after re-joining the class and the re-minor will be conducted last working day of next week after minor-1.
• If a student misses Major examination he should apply for an I-grade or an extended-I grade. HOD will approve I-grade based on his/her assessment of the situation. In that case examination must be conducted within 10 days of completion of the majors. Dean, UGS will award the extended-I grade and in that case examination must be conducted within the first ten working days of the next semester.
Marks policy• Full marks will be awarded for correct procedure and correct answer. 3/4 marks for correct
procedure but wrong answer. Zero marks for wrong procedure and correct answer. • All evaluation components including Minor and Major scripts will be shown to the
students. Within 7-15 days after exam along with the model answer.
• The date and time for showing script will be displayed in the notice board. The schedule will be group wise.
• Grading of a course will be finalized and displayed after following the process of moderation.
• THEREFORE, NO INFORMATION WILL BE GIVEN ABOUT GRADING BEFORE THE MODERATION COMMITTEE’S MEETING, AND NO CHANGES WILL BE DONE ONCE THE GRADE IS DISPLAYED AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERATION COMMITTEE’S SUGGESTIONS. [PLEASE DO NOT BEG TO CHANGE THE GRADE ONCE IT IS FINILIZED AFTER MODERATION COMMITTEE’S MEETING]
Surveying•What is surveying?Surveying may be defined as the science of determining the position, in three dimensions, of natural and man-made features on or beneath the surface of the Earth. These features may then be represented in analog form as a contoured map, plan or chart, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer.
Objective of course
• To understand the basic concept of surveying
• Apply the surveying concept and equipments in real life
• You should be able to use a set of tools to solve the problems in an optimal way
• You should be able to understand the pitfalls (sources of error) to avoid them
Application of surveying in civil Engineering
• The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such as construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc are based upon surveying measurements.
• Project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and points established by surveying. Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering projects.
• Other principal works in which surveying is primarily utilized are • • to fix the national and state boundaries;• • to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes;• • to establish control points• • to execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and mapping; and • • to prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth.
Instruments…Levelling Staff
Digital level
Tilting Level
Telescope is fixed cannot be tilted or moved
Dumpy Level
Telescope can be tilted slightly about its horizontal axis with the help of tilting screw.The line of collimation is made horizontal for each observation with the help of tilting screw
Instrument can be levelled automatically within a certain tilt range
Levelling staff
Sewer Projects
1. Firm under contract2. Preliminary studies
1. General layout map2. Buildings located on general layout3. Treatment site search4. Preliminary paper layout
1. Make sure every building and potential building site can be served
2. Manhole system placed on general layout
Sewer Projects
5. Preliminary filed work1. Preliminary profiles
1. BM system established2. Manholes set3. Profiles run4. Basement elevations acquired
2. Design mapping1. Final plans
3. Treatment area4. Boundary survey 5. Complete topo of area
Sewer Projects
3. Design process1. Sewer line design
1. Preliminary profiles drawn1. Basement elevations plotted
2. Manholes placed on profiles3. Slope between manholes computed4. Problem areas – alternate service routes selected
1. Manholes set in field 2. Profiles run3. Revert to 3A
Sewer Projects
2. Treatment plant design1. Topo map prepared2. Type system verified3. Treatment system sized based on existing and
projected population4. System designed
3. Plans drafted1. Sewer plans normally prepared on plan/profile sheets
Sewer Projects
2. Treatment plant drawn using plan sheets and cross sections
3. Quantities computed4. Specifications
1. Written instructions on how every item to be built2. Include contract documents and bid proposal
4. Bidding procedure1. Notice of bid advertised on local paper2. Pre-bid meeting
Sewer Projects
3. Bidding 1. Each contractor submits sealed bid2. Bids opened and tabulated 3. Engineer reviews proposals4. Engineer recommends which bid to accept
4. Contract awarded
Sewer Projects
5. Construction1. Surveying
1. Contractor required to hire surveyor for stakeout 2. Manholes referenced3. Staking methods
1. Batter board method2. Laser method
4. Measurement of quantities
6. As Built
Water distribution systems
1. Put under contract – water district formed 2. Preliminary studies
1. General layout prepared2. Water district signs up users3. Water source located4. Waterlines placed on general layout
1. Hydraulic gradient plotted from USGS topo
Water distribution systems
5. Pump station and water storage sites1. Property acquired by perpetual easement or purchased2. Boundary survey performed for each site3. Topo each site
3. Field work1. Plan preparation
1. Normally photogrammetrically1. Flight plan sent on general layout2. Take photos and post measure horizontal control3. Plan sheets marked on photos using template
Water distribution systems
2. Waterlines placed on plan sheets
2. Crossings and easements1. Every location where waterline crosses paved road,
railroad – has to be topo, cross sectioned, and tied to nearest stationing or milepost
2. Crossings plotted and permits applied for – railroads, state DOT, township and county roads
3. Easement descriptions prepared
Water distribution systems
4. Final design1. All waterlines and appurtenances on plans,
easements, acquired and in docket form, rock excavation on plans1. Quantities computed2. System driven to make sure nothing missed
2. Tanks and P.S.1. Designed and sized2. Quantities computed
Water distribution systems5. Bidding 6. Construction
1. Water distribution system1. Waterline stakeout
1. Each easement plotted on plans2. Crossings as permitted staked
2. Quantities 2. Tanks and PS
1. Foundation staked2. Must be checked for plumb
7. As built
Architectural Projects
1. Firm Under contract2. Preliminary fieldwork
1. Boundary survey1. Description provided2. Fieldwork
1. Monument search, traverse site2. Compute data and analysis3. Final stakeout
3. Easement and encroachment search4. Plat of survey
Architectural Projects
2. Topo – grid method most common1. Grid pattern 25’ – 100’2. BM – USGS3. Entire tract topo and adjacent areas to access4. Utilities – nearest tied in5. Include all objects above, on or below, ground6. Prepare topo map7. Field check map
Architectural Projects
3. Construction1. Control
1. If large building – you may want to establish TBM’s on control Mon.
2. Stakeout1. Convert architects dimensions to engineering2. Layout clearing and excavation limits3. Layout underground piping
Architectural Projects
4. Layout footings and foundations5. Layout building corners and supports6. Locate roads and parking areas7. Locate lighting and other project extras
3. As built
Structure and Terrain Movement
• Used to monitor:1. Movement of buildings ( x, y, and z)2. Movement of bridges3. Movement of dams4. Landslides and earthquakes5. Amusement park rides
Structure and Terrain Movement
• Description – error within system must be less than smallest movement to be observed
• 2 groups of monuments installed1. Reference or control monuments2. Deformation or movement monuments
Structure and Terrain Movement
• Control – generally concrete pillars extending 3-4 feet out of ground with tribrach permanently attached
• Movement monuments – for earthquake or landslide may be similar deep monuments
Structure and Terrain Movement
• Equipment:1. GPS2. Turned angles3. Angle/Distance4. Leveling
Classification of surveying: Based on function
• Primary division based on shape of the earth – Geodic survey: if the area surveyed is more than 1000 km2 geodic
surveying must be employed– Plane survey
• Classification based on function of survey– Control surveying: establishing the horizontal and vertical positions of
widely spaced control points using geodic method. – Land surveying: to determine the boundaries and areas of parcel of land.– City surveying: urban planning– Topographic surveys: depiction of topography of a region. Including natural
and man made features– Engineering survey: for laying out engineering projects.– Route survey: planning designing and execution of highways, railways,
canals, pipelines etc.– Construction surveys: required to establish points lines, grades and for
staking out engineering works after the plans have been prepared and the structural design has n=been done.
Classification of surveying: Based on function
– Astronomic survey: are conducted for the determination of latitudes, longitudes, azimuths, local time etc. for various places by observing heavenly bodies such as suns and stars.
– Geological survey: to determine the strata of the earth’s crust for geological studies.
– Archaeological surveys: unearthing relics of antiquity– Mine surveys: exploration of mineral deposits, and to guide
tunnelling and other operations associated with mining.– Satellite surveys: to establish intercontinental, interdatum and
interisland geodic ties over the world by making satellite observations.
– Military surveys: conducted for military purpose.
Classification of surveying: Based on instruments
• Chain survey: only linear measurements are made with chain or tape no angular measurements are taken
• Compass survey: horizontal angles are measured with the help of magnetic compass
• Plane table survey: The map is prepared in the field itself by determining the directions of various lines making linear measurements, and plotting the details on paper using a plane table
• Levelling survey: this type of survey is used to determine the elevations and relative heights of the points with the help of instrument known as level.
• Theodolite survey: theodolite survey is primarily used in traversing and triangulation for providing controls. The horizontal and vertical angles are measured with the help of theodolite.
• Tacheometric survey: a special type of theodolite known as tacheometer, is used to determine horizontal and vertical distances directly.
• Photogrammetric survey: measurements are made with help photograph.• EDM Survey: linear measurements are made with the help of EDM instruments.
Principles of surveying
• Fixing the points in relation to points already fixed http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-ROORKEE/SURVEYING/modules/module1/htmlpage/9.htm#
Principle of surveying
• Working from whole to part: • to localize the errors and • to control the accumulation of errors.
– Establish primary control points with high precision– Establish secondary and tertiary control points within
the system boundary and form triangle/rectangle may be with less precision.
– This will help in localizing the error and to control the propagation of error.
Working from whole to part
Errors