Elements of Design:Elements of Design:The Ingredients an artist The Ingredients an artist

uses to create and artworkuses to create and artwork

LineLineA continuous mark made on some A continuous mark made on some

surface by a moving point.surface by a moving point.

A mark with greater length than A mark with greater length than

width. width.

Lines can be horizontal, vertical or Lines can be horizontal, vertical or diagonal, straight or curved, thick or thin.diagonal, straight or curved, thick or thin.

An element of art that is used to define An element of art that is used to define shape, contours, and outlines, also to shape, contours, and outlines, also to suggest mass and volume. suggest mass and volume.

Characteristic of Line Characteristic of Line

WidthWidth- thick, thin, tapering, uneven - thick, thin, tapering, uneven DirectionDirection- horizontal, vertical, - horizontal, vertical,

diagonal, curving, perpendicular, diagonal, curving, perpendicular, oblique, parallel, radial, zigzag oblique, parallel, radial, zigzag

FocusFocus- sharp, blurry, fuzzy, choppy- sharp, blurry, fuzzy, choppy FeelingFeeling- sharp, jagged, graceful, - sharp, jagged, graceful,

smooth smooth

Types of Line Types of Line 1.1. OutlinesOutlines- Lines made by the edge of an object - Lines made by the edge of an object

or its silhouette. or its silhouette.

2.2. Contour LinesContour Lines- - Outines that describe the Outines that describe the shape of an object shape of an object andand the interior detail. the interior detail.

3.3. Gesture (sketch) Gesture (sketch) - - Lines that are energetic Lines that are energetic and catches the movement and gestures of an and catches the movement and gestures of an active figure. active figure.

4.4. Axis Lines: Axis Lines: an imaginary line that can be an imaginary line that can be traced through the center of an object or objectstraced through the center of an object or objects

5.5. Calligraphic LinesCalligraphic Lines- Greek word meaning - Greek word meaning “beautiful writing.” Precise, elegant handwriting “beautiful writing.” Precise, elegant handwriting or lettering done by hand. Also artwork that has or lettering done by hand. Also artwork that has flowing lines like an elegant handwriting. flowing lines like an elegant handwriting.

Dominant LineDominant Line

Dominant LineDominant Line

Vertical LinesVertical Lines Static, inactive Static, inactive

express stability express stability dignity, poise, dignity, poise, stiffness, formality. stiffness, formality. Gives a religious Gives a religious feeling, like the feeling, like the columns of a columns of a cathedral. cathedral. Makes Makes heavy people look heavy people look thinner.thinner.

Morris LewisMorris Lewis

Dominant LineDominant Line

Horizontal LinesHorizontal Lines Static peace, quiet,rest comfortable, Static peace, quiet,rest comfortable,

relaxed calm saferelaxed calm safe

Claude MonetClaude Monet

Dominant LineDominant Line

DiagonalsDiagonals Express Express

instability, tension instability, tension excitement, and excitement, and activity. Creates activity. Creates discomfort.discomfort.

14:20

Dominant LineDominant Line

Zig-ZagZig-Zag Frenetic, active. Feelings of Frenetic, active. Feelings of

excitement, nervousness. excitement, nervousness. Creates confusion.Creates confusion.

Frans Frans HalsHals

Dominant LineDominant Line Curved linesCurved lines Graceful, Graceful,

elegance, elegance, beauty, beauty, luxury. luxury. (Louis (Louis XIV furniture). XIV furniture). Show Show activity activity because of the because of the changing changing directiondirection

ShapeShape

Two dimensional area clearly set off by Two dimensional area clearly set off by one or more of the other visual elements. one or more of the other visual elements. Shapes are flat.Shapes are flat.

Shapes can be geometric, like Shapes can be geometric, like squares and circles; or organic, like squares and circles; or organic, like free formed shapes or natural free formed shapes or natural shapes. Shapes are flat and can shapes. Shapes are flat and can express length and width. express length and width.

ShapeShape Geometric ShapesGeometric Shapes-Circles, Squares, rectangles and -Circles, Squares, rectangles and

triangles. We see them in architecture and triangles. We see them in architecture and manufactured items. manufactured items.

Organic ShapesOrganic Shapes-Leaf, seashells, flowers. We see -Leaf, seashells, flowers. We see them in nature and with characteristics that are free them in nature and with characteristics that are free flowing, informal and irregular. flowing, informal and irregular.

Static ShapeStatic Shape-Shapes that appears stable and resting. -Shapes that appears stable and resting. Dynamic ShapeDynamic Shape-Shapes that appears moving and -Shapes that appears moving and

active. active.

FormForm

An object with three An object with three

dimensionsdimensions

Shape is only two-dimensional; form is three-Shape is only two-dimensional; form is three-dimensional. You can hold a form; walk around dimensional. You can hold a form; walk around a form and in some cases walk inside a form.a form and in some cases walk inside a form.

Mass - Mass - Refers to the outside size and bulk of a Refers to the outside size and bulk of a form.form.

Volume – Volume – Refers to the space within the form.Refers to the space within the form.

Mass - Mass - Refers to the outside size and bulk Refers to the outside size and bulk of a form.of a form.

Volume – Volume – Refers to the space within the Refers to the space within the form.form.

FormForm

ColorColor

Color comes from light; if it weren’t for light we Color comes from light; if it weren’t for light we would have no color. Light rays move in a would have no color. Light rays move in a straight path from a light source. Within this straight path from a light source. Within this light rays are all the rays of colors in the light rays are all the rays of colors in the spectrum spectrum or rainbow. Shining a light into a or rainbow. Shining a light into a prism will create a rainbow of colors because it prism will create a rainbow of colors because it separates the color of the spectrum. When the separates the color of the spectrum. When the light rays hits an object our eyes responds to light rays hits an object our eyes responds to the light that is bounced back and we see that the light that is bounced back and we see that color. For example a red ball reflects all the red color. For example a red ball reflects all the red light rays. As artist we use pigments in the light rays. As artist we use pigments in the form of powder or liquid paints to create color. form of powder or liquid paints to create color.

Categories of ColorCategories of Color Primary ColorsPrimary Colors- - Pure Colors. These colors Pure Colors. These colors

cannot be mixed. Red, Yellow, Blue cannot be mixed. Red, Yellow, Blue Secondary Color Secondary Color --colors created by mixing colors created by mixing

two primaries. Orange, Violet, Green, these two primaries. Orange, Violet, Green, these Intermediate Colors (tertiary)Intermediate Colors (tertiary)- - mixing a mixing a

primary with a secondary creates these colors. primary with a secondary creates these colors.

Red Orange, Yellow Green, Blue Violet, etc.;Red Orange, Yellow Green, Blue Violet, etc.; Complementary Colors Complementary Colors --are colors that are are colors that are

opposite each other on the color wheel. opposite each other on the color wheel. When When placed next to each other they look bright and placed next to each other they look bright and when mixed together they neutralize each when mixed together they neutralize each other. other.

HueHue: : The Name of a Color The Name of a Color Red, Yellow, Blue, Green, Orange, Red, Yellow, Blue, Green, Orange,

PurplePurple Intensity: Intensity: The Quality of brightness The Quality of brightness

or purityor purity

Value: Value: the lightness or darkness of a the lightness or darkness of a colorcolor

Color HarmoniesColor Harmonies Analogous ColorsAnalogous Colors are colors that are next to are colors that are next to

each other on the color wheel for example red, each other on the color wheel for example red, red orange, and orange are analogous colors. red orange, and orange are analogous colors.

Color HarmoniesColor Harmonies Triadic ColorsTriadic Colors: : is where three equally spaced colors on is where three equally spaced colors on

the color wheel the color wheel are used for example, yellow, Red, Blue is are used for example, yellow, Red, Blue is a triadic harmony color scheme a triadic harmony color scheme

Color HarmoniesColor Harmonies MonochromaticMonochromatic is where one color is used but in different values is where one color is used but in different values

adding black or white.adding black or white.

Color HarmoniesColor Harmonies Warm colorsWarm colors are on one side of the color are on one side of the color

wheel and they give the felling of warmth, wheel and they give the felling of warmth, exciting and energizing. exciting and energizing. (R, RO, O, YO, Y)(R, RO, O, YO, Y)

Color HarmoniesColor Harmonies Cool Colors Cool Colors are on the other side of the color wheel and give feeling of are on the other side of the color wheel and give feeling of

coolness: Calm and quiet. coolness: Calm and quiet. (P, BP, B, BG, G)(P, BP, B, BG, G)

Focal PointFocal Point is the object or is the object or area you want the viewer to area you want the viewer to

look at first. look at first. Nonlinear PerspectiveNonlinear Perspective is the is the

method of showing depth that method of showing depth that incorporates the following incorporates the following techniques. techniques.

Nonlinear PerspectiveNonlinear Perspective PositionPosition-Placing an object higher on the page -Placing an object higher on the page

makes it appear farther back then objects placed makes it appear farther back then objects placed lower on the page. lower on the page.

OverlappingOverlapping-When an object overlaps another -When an object overlaps another object it appears closer to the viewer, and the object it appears closer to the viewer, and the object behind the object appears farther away object behind the object appears farther away

Size VariationSize Variation-Smaller objects look farther -Smaller objects look farther away in the distance. Larger objects look closer. away in the distance. Larger objects look closer.

ColorColor-Bright colors look like they are closer to -Bright colors look like they are closer to you and neutral colors look like they are farther you and neutral colors look like they are farther away away

ValueValue-Lighter values look like they are farther -Lighter values look like they are farther back and darker value look like they are closer. back and darker value look like they are closer. For example in a landscape the mountains often For example in a landscape the mountains often look bluish and lighter then the trees or houses look bluish and lighter then the trees or houses that are closer to you. that are closer to you.

Linear PerspectiveLinear Perspective is the method of using is the method of using lines to show the illusion of depth in a lines to show the illusion of depth in a picture. The following are types of linear picture. The following are types of linear perspective. perspective.

o     o     One-point perspectiveOne-point perspective-When lines -When lines created by the sides of tables or building created by the sides of tables or building look like that are pointing to the distance and look like that are pointing to the distance and they all meet at one point on the horizon this they all meet at one point on the horizon this is one-point perspective. To see an example is one-point perspective. To see an example stand in the middle of the hallway and look stand in the middle of the hallway and look at the horizontal lines in the brick or the at the horizontal lines in the brick or the corner where the ceiling meets the wall. See corner where the ceiling meets the wall. See how they move to one point on the horizon. how they move to one point on the horizon.

o     o     Two-point perspectiveTwo-point perspective-Here the lines -Here the lines look like they are meeting at two points on look like they are meeting at two points on the horizon line. the horizon line.

ValueValue Value is the range of lightness and darkness Value is the range of lightness and darkness

within a picture. within a picture. Value is created by a light Value is created by a light source that shines on an object creating source that shines on an object creating highlights and shadows. It also illuminates highlights and shadows. It also illuminates the local or actual color of the subject. Value the local or actual color of the subject. Value creates depth within a picture making an creates depth within a picture making an object look three dimensional with highlights object look three dimensional with highlights and cast shadows, or in a landscape where it and cast shadows, or in a landscape where it gets lighter in value as it recedes to the gets lighter in value as it recedes to the background giving the illusion of depth. background giving the illusion of depth.

Categories of Values Categories of Values · · Tint Tint is adding white to color paint to create is adding white to color paint to create

lighter values such as light blue or pink. lighter values such as light blue or pink. · · ShadeShade is adding black to paint to create dark is adding black to paint to create dark

values such as dark blue or dark red. values such as dark blue or dark red. · · High-KeyHigh-Key is where the picture is all light is where the picture is all light

values. values. · · Low-KeyLow-Key is where the picture is all dark is where the picture is all dark

values. values. · · Value ContrastValue Contrast is where light values are is where light values are

placed next to dark values to create contrast or placed next to dark values to create contrast or strong differences. strong differences.

· · Value ScaleValue Scale is a scale that shows the gradual is a scale that shows the gradual change in value from its lightest value, white to change in value from its lightest value, white to its darkest value black. its darkest value black.

TextureTexture

Texture is the surface quality of an Texture is the surface quality of an object. object. A rock may be rough and A rock may be rough and jagged. A piece of silk may be soft jagged. A piece of silk may be soft and smooth and your desk may feel and smooth and your desk may feel hard and smooth. Texture also hard and smooth. Texture also refers to the way a picture is made to refers to the way a picture is made to look rough or smooth. look rough or smooth.

TextureTexture ·        ·        Real TextureReal Texture is the actual texture of an is the actual texture of an

object. Artist may create real texture in art to object. Artist may create real texture in art to give it visual interest or evoke a feeling. A give it visual interest or evoke a feeling. A piece of pottery may have a rough texture so piece of pottery may have a rough texture so that it will look like it came from nature or a that it will look like it came from nature or a smooth texture to make it look like it is smooth texture to make it look like it is machine made. machine made.

·      ·      Implied Texture Implied Texture is the where a two-is the where a two-dimensional piece of art is made to look like a dimensional piece of art is made to look like a certain texture but in a smooth piece of paper. certain texture but in a smooth piece of paper. Like a drawing of a tree trunk may look rough Like a drawing of a tree trunk may look rough but in fact it is just a smooth piece of paper but in fact it is just a smooth piece of paper

SpaceSpace

The area between and around The area between and around objects. objects. The space around objects is The space around objects is often called negative space; negative often called negative space; negative space has shape. Space can also space has shape. Space can also refer to the feeling of depth. Real refer to the feeling of depth. Real space is three-dimensional; in visual space is three-dimensional; in visual art when we can create the feeling or art when we can create the feeling or illusion of depth we call it space. illusion of depth we call it space.

SpaceSpace Positive spacePositive space-Like in positive shape it -Like in positive shape it

is the actual sculpture or building. is the actual sculpture or building. Negative spaceNegative space-Also like negative -Also like negative

shape it is the space around the sculpture shape it is the space around the sculpture or building. or building.

Picture PlanePicture Plane is the flat surface of your is the flat surface of your drawing paper or canvas drawing paper or canvas

CompositionComposition is the organization and is the organization and placement of the elements on your placement of the elements on your picture plane. picture plane.

Principals of Design:Principals of Design:The recipes an artist uses to The recipes an artist uses to combine these ingredientscombine these ingredients

BalanceBalance Refers to a way of combining Refers to a way of combining

elements to add a feeling of elements to add a feeling of equilibrium or stability.equilibrium or stability.

The distribution of the visual weight The distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and space. of objects, colors, texture, and space. If the design was a scale these If the design was a scale these elements should be balanced to elements should be balanced to make a design feel stable.  make a design feel stable.  

BalanceBalance Symmetrical balanceSymmetrical balance, the elements , the elements

used on one side of the design are used on one side of the design are similar to those on the other side; similar to those on the other side;

BalanceBalance Asymmetrical balanceAsymmetrical balance, , the sides are the sides are

different but still look balanced. different but still look balanced.

BalanceBalance

Radial SymmetryRadial Symmetry, the elements are , the elements are arranged around a central point and arranged around a central point and may be similar.may be similar.  

Formal BalanceFormal Balance The distribution of the visual weight of The distribution of the visual weight of

objects, colors, texture, and space. If objects, colors, texture, and space. If the design was a scale these the design was a scale these elements should be balanced to make elements should be balanced to make a design feel stable. In symmetrical a design feel stable. In symmetrical balance, the elements used on one balance, the elements used on one side of the design are similar to those side of the design are similar to those on the other side; in asymmetrical on the other side; in asymmetrical balance, the sides are different but balance, the sides are different but still look balanced. In radial balance, still look balanced. In radial balance, the elements are arranged around a the elements are arranged around a central point and may be similar. central point and may be similar. 

EMPHASISEMPHASIS

Contrasting elements used to direct Contrasting elements used to direct and focus the viewer’s attention.and focus the viewer’s attention.

The area will be different in size, The area will be different in size, color, texture, shape, space, form, color, texture, shape, space, form, line, etc. line, etc.

Harmony/ UnityHarmony/ Unity The look or feel of wholeness or oneness in a The look or feel of wholeness or oneness in a

work of art through repetition and subtle work of art through repetition and subtle changeschanges

Harmony/ UnityHarmony/ Unity

Harmony/ UnityHarmony/ Unity

Harmony/ UnityHarmony/ Unity

VARIETYVARIETY Combining elements to create Combining elements to create

complicated relationshipscomplicated relationships

VARIETYVARIETY Robert RauschenbergRobert Rauschenberg

GradationGradation Combining elements by using a series Combining elements by using a series

of changes in those elementsof changes in those elements

Giorgio Vasari's The Battle of Marciano

MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

The path the viewer’s eye takes The path the viewer’s eye takes through the artwork, often to focal through the artwork, often to focal areas. areas. Such movement can be Such movement can be directed along lines edges, shape directed along lines edges, shape and color within the artwork. and color within the artwork.

Created when one or more elements Created when one or more elements of design are used repeatedly to of design are used repeatedly to create a feeling of a rhythm or beat. create a feeling of a rhythm or beat. Variety is essential to keep rhythm Variety is essential to keep rhythm exciting and active, and moving the exciting and active, and moving the viewer around the artwork. Rhythm viewer around the artwork. Rhythm creates a mood like music or dancing. creates a mood like music or dancing.

Created when one or more elements Created when one or more elements of design are used repeatedly to of design are used repeatedly to create a feeling of a rhythm or beat. create a feeling of a rhythm or beat. Variety is essential to keep rhythm Variety is essential to keep rhythm exciting and active, and moving the exciting and active, and moving the viewer around the artwork. Rhythm viewer around the artwork. Rhythm creates a mood like music or dancing. creates a mood like music or dancing.

RHYTHMRHYTHM

RHYTHMRHYTHM

PROPORTIOPROPORTIONN

The feeling of The feeling of unity created unity created when all parts when all parts (sizes, amounts, (sizes, amounts, or number) relate or number) relate well with each well with each other. other. When When drawing the drawing the human figure, human figure, proportion can proportion can refer to the size refer to the size of the head of the head compared to the compared to the rest of the body.  rest of the body. 

Fernando Botero

PATTERNPATTERN The repeating The repeating

of an object or of an object or symbol all over symbol all over the artwork. the artwork.

REPETITIONREPETITION Works with pattern to make the Works with pattern to make the

artwork seem active. The repetition artwork seem active. The repetition of elements of design creates unity of elements of design creates unity within the artwork. within the artwork.