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73
ELEMENTARY RUSSIAN GRAMMAR
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSCHICAGO, ILLINOISTHE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANYNEW YORK
THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSLONDON
THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHATOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKUOKA, 8ENDAI
THE MISSION BOOK COMPANYSHANGHAI
9aMlt.
ELEMENTARYRUSSIAN
GRAMMARBy
E.
PROKOSCHBryn MawrCollege
'
\X
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSCHICAGO, ILLINOIS
The University
Copyright ig2o By of Chicago
All Rights Reserved
Published September 1920
Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago PressChicago,Illinois,
U.S.A.
PREFACEChicago Press invited me Russian with the prime object of introducing the students in a reasonably short time to the reading of simple texts, such as are accessible, for instance, through Harper's adaptation of Boyer-Speranski's Russian Reader. While I undertook the interesting task with some eagerness, I was well aware of its difficulty. It would have been easy indeed to compile a satisfactory tabulation of rules and paradigms for cursory study and systematic reference, and such a booklet might have proven fairly useful for the needs of traditional ''reading" by means
About a year ago the University
of
to write a brief elementary
grammar
of
of translation.
But
my
ingrained conviction of the limitations of
me from that line and made it incumbent upon me to embody even in this modest booklet the most essential features of what is generally termed the "direct method," representing both my theoretical views and the results of twenty years' experience in the teaching of severalsuch a study of a modern foreign language turnedof least resistance
foreign languages, Russian
among them.
This implied a number of
peculiar complications.
The
first
requirement consisted in an exposition of Russian pro-
nunciation on a phonetic basis, unavoidably connected with phonetictransliteration.
The
elusive elasticity of Russian articulation
on
the one hand, and the need of the greatest simplicity attainable
on the other hand, involved many embarrassing problems and demanded considerable deviations from the standard of the Association phonetique, which I should have preferred to adopt in itsentirety.
Another feature of the direct method, the inductive presentation grammatical principles, though apparently beset with serious difficulties in the study of Russian, resulted in some rather interestof
ing simplifications of traditional grammar, especially in the virtual
elimination of the numerous declensional classes and the reductionof the intricacies of the Russian verb. The frequent between pedagogical expediency and philological accuracy have almost uniformly been decided in favor of the former; for instance, the imperfective form of the verb is consistently quoted in
to a
minimum
conflicts
vi
Preface
first place, although the perfective aspect is extremely often the primary, the imperfective aspect the derived, form.
the
The
third essential feature of this
method
is
the oral approach
to an elementary vocabulary through object teaching.cient time
Given suffiought to prove unusually attractive in the case of Russian, partly on account of its apparent remoteness from the English vocabulary, partly owing to the morphological vigor of the Russian language. However, in the narrow compass of this primer but meager attention could be devoted to this intrinsically important first phase of vocabulary building. The very few months generally allotted to elementary grammar are also obviously insufficient for the second phase, the accumulation of a more extensive vocabulary through the study of connected texts; the brief selections presented in this book must be supplemented by copious reading from other sources. Notwithstanding these handicaps the author hopes that his booklet may in a measure help to accomplish these ends: a consciously correct pronunciation, an intuitive feeling for grammatical structure, and, above all, the foundation of an endeavor to read foreign literature, from the simplest to the most involved style, without the crutch of translation. Of course, this presupposes that teachers and students co-operate from the outset in the avoidance of translation, replacing this by intensive study and practice of the
and space,
this
texts.
The typographical
side of the
leniency, since the typesetting
book should be judged with some was done by the author himself, forart.
whom
this
was the
first
venture into Guttenberg's blackskill
His
crude workmanship was happily mended by theof the expert staff of the University of
Chicago Press,officials
and patience and he takesLikewise,
pleasure in expressing his thanks for their efficient help.
he acknowledges a debt of gratitude to theof the
and instructors
Lanston Monotype Company
of Philadelphia for their valuable
aid in the composition of the book.
E.
Prokosch
Sauk City, Wis.June 1920
CONTENTSPART ONELESSONSThe Russian AlphabetTEXTLESSON1
PAGE
2
SECTION1.
2.3.
Stops and Spirants Voiced and Voiceless Characteristics of Russian Consonants
3 3
...
4. Script5.
Forms
3 45
Table of Consonants
2
6. 7.
The Vowel TriangleRussian Accented Vowels
6 67
3
8. 9.
The
Sibilants
10.
411. 12.
Unaccented Vowels Diphthongs Review Consonant Changes
899
1011
Vowel Variation
I.
The School5
Reading13.14.
12 12 1313
6 7
GenderHard EndingsAgreementQuestions
89
15. Palatalization 16. Soft
14 15 16 1717
Vowels
Consonants 18. Unaccented Soft Vowels 19. Final Palatal Vowels17. Palatalization of
1011
20.
The Hard andReview(continued)
Soft Signs
1819 19
21. Palatalization of
Vowels
II.
The School121322.
4,
Reading
21 21
GenderSoft EndingsEndings
23. Adjectives, Attributive24. Possessive
22 22 23
Pronouns
14
Questionsvii
viii
ContentsTeacher and Pupil15 16
III.
Reading25. Present Indicative 26. Imperative
PAQE 23
17
Questions
24 24 25
IV. Objects in the18 19
Classroom26 2627 28
Reading27. Locative 28. Dative
20V. Writing 21
Questions
Reading29. Genitive
28 29
22
30.
Vowel Variation
31. Accusative32. Instrumental
33.
Vowel VariationQuestions
23
24VI.
Review
30 30 30 30 31 31
The Morning25 26 27 28
Reading34. Declension of Adjectives 35. Declension of 36. Reflexives
32 3435 35 36
Pronouns
Questions
.
VII.
The House29
Reading37. Plural of38. Plural of
3031
NounsVerbs
36 38
39. Plural of Adjectives 40. Plural of
Pronouns
32VIII.
Questions
39 40 40 41
The33 34 35
Divisions of Time
Reading41. 42. 43.
41
The Cardinals The OrdinalsQuestions
.
43 44
Lengthened Noun Stems
36 37
Reading (The Winner)
44 45 46
ContentsIX. A. Winter38 39
ix
B.
The Russian Language
PAGE
Reading44. Irregular Plurals 45. Personal
46 47 48 48 49
46. Definitive
Pronouns Pronouns.
40
Review
X.
Two Anecdotes41
42 43 44
47.
Reading Formation of the Present
50 51
48. First Conjugation, Vocalic Class
49. First Conjugation, Consonantic Class50.
...
5252 53 54
51. Predicative
62.
Consonant Softening Comparative AdverbsQuestions
54 55
45
XL
Peter46 47 4849
I
and the Peasant53. 54.55.
Reading Second Conjugation Presents with Consonant SofteningImperative
55
....
57 57
5859
56. Infinitive57. Attributive
Comparative
6061 61
58. Possessive Adjective
50
Questions
XII.
The51
Sick Tsar
Reading59. Irregular Presents 60.
6263
5253
The Past TenseQuestions
65 66
54XIII.
The Squirrel and the Wolf55 56 5761.
Reading62.
66 67
The Aspects Simple and Compound VerbsQuestions
68 69
58
XIV. The Wolf and the Cat59
Reading63. 64.
7071
6061
Stem VariationVerbs of Single Aspect
74 75 76
65. Definite
and
Indefinite Aspect
62
Questions
x
ContentsXV. Mothers' TeaesPAGE
63 64
66.
Reading The Future
,
77 78
XVI. The65 6667
Two Peasants and67.
the Cloud79
Reading Verb PrefixesQuestions.
8081
XVII.
A68 69
PictureReading68.69.
8283
The Verbal Adjectives The Russian Verb System
84
PART TWO SYNOPSIS OF GRAMMARLetters and SoundsSECTION1.
2. 3. 4.6. 6.
The Russian Language The Russian AlphabetPhonetic Transcription
89 89
Pronunciation
Sound Changes The Russian Accent
89 90 92 92
DeclensionThe Noun7. 8. 9.
Gender Case
NumberHard andSoft
-
93 93 94 94 94
10. 11.
Nouns
Table of Endings 12. Paradigms 13. Lengthened Noun Stems 14. Masculines 15. Feminines 16. Neuters
95 96 96 98 98
The Pronoun17. Personal 18. Possessive 19.
Pronouns Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns
99100 100
ContentsSECTION20. Interrogative 21. 22. 23.
xi
PAGE
Pronouns Relative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Definitive Pronouns
101
102 102102
24. Predicative Declension25. Attributive Declension
103 104 105 106
26. Possessive Adjectives
27.
Comparison
The Numeral28.
29.
The Cardinals The Ordinals
107.
108
The Preposition30. Prepositions
109
Conjugation31. 32.33.
The
Verb110 110Ill Ill
The Two Conjugations The First Conjugation The Second Conjugation
34. Irregular Presents
35. 36. 37. 38.
The Imperative The Infinitive The Past Tense The Verbal Adjectivesand Imperfective Aspect Definite and Indefinite Aspect
112 112 112 112113 113
39. Perfective 40.
VOCABULARIESSpecial Vocabularies for Texts I-VIII
117
Vocabulary for Lesson General Vocabulary
XXXVII
122123
PART ONELESSONS
J
THE RUSSIAN ALPHABETPrintScript
Name[a]
1
Script
Name[sr]
A B Br
a 6 Br
j
,
a.
P C
Pc
do.cT
M[vs.]
93J,
T
Ty
,c JlL ,m
[es]
M[u][ef]
z
fee]
yP
H.n
3, j%,e
A
[ds]
$x
$2%*%.
Eac
esk
B][*]
XIJ
[xa]
~Kj
[sea]
Mii
[iskratkoj][ka][si]
b
1trl
[]*]
KkJIji
rz
w uB-K
[jirbi]
Jl
,Ji
b
6
[jer]
M M A,JLHhII
[an][sn]
*3K)
V~
,
75
[jaf]
X*X.n
3K)
9,336,
[sabarotnajs][ju]
Oo 6,crn
[o]
*sl
[pe]
H4.
a.
9L}
[ja]
Phonetic signs; see H3 and H
nEPBBIH yPOITBFirst LessonPhonetic Transcription.this
In Russian, as in most languages, traditional spelling
represents the sounds of the language in a very imperfect way.
For this reason, book uses a phonetic transcription, based on the system of the International Phonetic Association. Each letter of this system denotes approximately the same sound under all conditions and in all languages.Phonetic transcriptions areset in brackets:[...].
Accented
vowels are
set in
bold-face type.References.
Bold-face figures refer to the sections of Part One, light-face figures
preceded
by
% to Part Two of the book.
THE NORMAL CONSONANTSis
Consonants are called stops if the breath mouth, either by closing the lips, or by pressing the tongue against the teeth or the roof of the mouth. The English stops are: p, b, m; t, d, n; k, g, ng. With spirants, on the other hand, the breath passes through a narrow passage in the mouth. The English1.
Stops and Spirants.
entirely stopped in the
spirants are: w,s, z,
f, v; th, s, z;
sh;
I,
r;
I
and
r are often called liquids;
and sh
are termed sibilants.
2.
Voiced and Voiceless.
Before
entering the
mouth
the breath
passes between the vocal chords, a pair of cushion-like, elastic ligamentsin the throat (larynx).If the
vocal chords touch one another, theis
breath causes them to vibrate; the sound of these vibrations'voice,'
called
and speech sounds accompanied by such vibrations are termedif
voiced sounds;
the vocal chords
move
apart, the breath passes between
them without vibration and produces voiceless sounds. The English consonants b, d, g, m, n, ng, v, th (invoiced; p,t}
then),
z,
I,
r are
k, c, f, th (in thin), s,
sh are voiceless.
3. Characteristics of
Russian Stops and Spirants.[a]
Note.
Pronounce Russian a =u
like
like o in Lord,
=
[i]
like ee in meet,
t
a in far, y = [u] like oo in foot, o = [o] is never pronounced. Bold-face type
denotes accent.
4(1)
Elementary Russian GrammarEnglishh: pool,
[4
p,
t,
k
(c),
especially in initial position, are aspirated
voiceless stops,
i.e.,
they are followed by an audible breath, like acool
weak
tool,
=
[p(h)u:l,
t(h)u:l,t,
k(h)u:l].
But Russian
n, t, k, like French, Italian,
Spanish
[p,
k],
are pure, or without this h:
nojit, TaMt, KaKi.(2) 6,b, d, g:jj,
=
[pol, tarn, kak].
(3)/, v, s,
= [b, d, g] are uttered with more 'voice' than English aomb, rara = [budu, dom, gaga]. The Russian spirants ,
when
final or before voiceless consonants:
bohb,
pajr/B,
vot, rat,
mok,
ras,
MorB, pa3B, ry6Ka, BO,n,Ka, pa3Ka, jiaBKa gupka, votka, raska, lafka].
=
(5) Russian T, n, H = [t, d, n] are 'pure dentals': the tip of the tongue touches the upper (or upper and lower) teeth as in French,
instead of the roof of the mouth, as in American English.(6)
x
=
[x] is
like
ch in Bach).
To
learn
Spanish j in bajo (somewhat weaker than German it, pronounce hoot and sharpen the h by slightly
raising the tongue towards the soft palate: [hut...xut]
=
xyjrB.
k before t and i is also pronounced [x]: kto = [xto]. In a small number of words, e.g., in Bora 'God's', 6jiaro- 'well', Kor^a 'when,' To learn it, pronounce r has the sound [y], like g in North-German wagen, bogen. / v, s z, th (in thin) th (in then), and add the analogous pair of voiceless and voiced 'guttural' spirants [x y]: [boya, blaya, kayda]. r before voiceless conso-
nants and in the word Eon, 'God' has the sound
[x]:
Jierico
=
[iixko].
Russian ji resembles American I: The tip of the (7) The Liquids. tongue articulates towards the roof of the mouth, behind the upper gums, barely touching it, and the back of the tongue is strongly (moreso than with
Americanis
I)
raised towards the soft palate.
The
front
half of the tongue
decidedly 'hollow': jiobb, ctojib, nojiB, cTyjit
=
[lof, stol,
pol, stul].
Russian p is 'trilled tongue tip-r': The tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gums, and a forceful current of breath causes it tovibrate: pa3B, poT-B, TpyftT., rpyS-B4. Script
=
[ras, rot, trut,
grup].
Forms.The
written forms of A, D, E,. K,
M,
0,
a, e, i, o, z
and Russian alphabets. The script forms of English B, C, P, T, U, X, b, c, g, m, n^p-,-r, u, x, y occur with different meanings. The other script characters are peculiar to the Russian alphabet, although some of them resemble certain English letters.are the
same
in the English
J}'
\
..
5]
Lessons
Read and copyof the
the following several times, referring to the table2:
Russian alphabet on page
3Colo/u j srLaJrtJU j "nxx/nxxy. j
sk
JV/y,cfru,
dcukxL' )
cTocfip
X&7n/b.
JicutOj MasJCcLj orhcuM/z
JICcuKfc } syrtcrm/t , rrvymi/h.
Wcuicb; a&atccj ayjoa,
.
Ufftj CAjcfcfanas } ccuy%
Jwrw,
KfuafiUj owujVkcu.
Jo4xyfvz> }
Wajaona, fouia.
5.
Table of Consonants:Approxi-
Sound
mate Russian English Letter Equivalentgrape hatfat
Russian InstancesOrthographicPhonetic
[p] [b][i]
n(6)6
na^y, pa6t6yn;y$yTT>, JIOBT.
[padu, rap] [budu][fut, lof]
M [m][t]
*(b)B
vat
BaTaMaTT.TaKi>,
[vata]
matrate dateseal zeallot
MT (3)
[mat]
ny^pa3T>
[tak, put]
[d][s] ['][1]
A0(8)3JI
n;aMacaft-B,
[dama][sat, ras][zat][lof]
3aai>
JIOBt
[r]
rot
W[k][g]
not
P H
poTt yKyna, Apyrc, ry6a Myxa, kto, Bofb
[rot]
[nu]
lakegive
Kr
[x]
[7]
(&ajo) (wageri)
xr
(k, r)
[kupa, druk] [guba] [muxa, xto, box][bora]
Bora
The sound
of English ng, as in sing, does not exist in Russian.
6
Elementary Russian GrammarII
[6-7
btopoh yporctSecond Lesson
THE NORMAL VOWELSIn the following diagram the place of each 6. The Vowel Triangle. vowel sign designates the position to which the back of the tongue israised in the pronunciation of that vowel.
Sign
Instance
Description
fil
[e]
Ger. me, Fr. dit Ger. See, Fr. ete Ger. recht, Fr. bete
Narrower than ee in deed Narrower than a in mate, and without diphthongal glide Between e in bed and a in bad
W w N|u|[bl]
Engl, /ar Fr. mort, Ger. Mord Ger. Boot, Fr. 6eauGer. Mxit, Fr. ou
Similar to o in Lord oa in boat but without diphthongalglide oo in mood
Russian bi
Sound betweenFr. e inle
Ger.
ii
in Gluck
and
7.
Russian Accented Vowels:
Russian accented vowels are articulated with more tension of the than English vowels, but with less tension than French vowels. They come closest to German accented vowels, except that with Russian y the lips are not rounded as much as with German u. Quantity. Russian accented vowels are generally half-long (about as in American man), unaccented vowels are rather short. The difference in quantity is much less marked than in English. Russian accent is one of stress, as in English, not of pitch, as in French. Accent. This means that accented syllables are stronger (louder) than unaccented ones. The place of accent is variable; a number of general rules will be given in subsequentArticulation.
tongue and
lips
lessons.
8]
LessonsTable of Russian Normal (= Non-Palatal) Accented Vowels.
7
Soundffl
Letter
Instance
Ha3
[a]
HBa [iva] Aa [da]9T0[tto]
w
M[o][LI]
ybl
ny^T, [put] nojit [pol] cbiHt [sbin]
3
is
called a
o6opoTnoe
[e
abarotnajs] 'invertedit,
e.'
bi is called epti [jirbi].
To pronounce,
the tongue takes a position
intermediate betweentral, i.e., neitherTb,
called
[jcr],
[i] and [u] though slightly lower. The lips are neuwithdrawn, as with [i], nor protruded, as with [u]. is never pronounced (1[15).
Russian[o],
[o] is
generally 'open,' like o in lord, but inheard.
some parts[w-j]
of Russia close
as in boat,
is
[m] is
very frequently pronounced as a diphthong,
(cp. 10), especially at
the end of words: bbi
=
[vu] or [vmj].
Pronounce:[iva, era,[igo,
ana, Omsk, ural]
etam, abram, omut, us]
HBa, 3pa, Atma, Omcki, Ypaji-b Hro, btom-b, A6paivn>, OMyTT., vclMipi.,
[mir, kupt, mal, [milo, mbilo,
mok, muxa]bil,
Kyns, Majit, icon, Myxapilka, pbil, puk;sbin,
mul;
bill,
bulka;
sbinw]cbih'l,
mhjio, Mbijio,CblHbl.
My3Tb,
6ujn>, SbiJii., 6yjiKa,
nmiKa, ntuit, nyK,
Ill
TPETIH yPOKT>8.
The Sibilants.
In addition to c and 3 Russian possesses the followLetter
ing sibilants:
Sound
Approximate EnglishEquivalentsts
Instance
[ts][8]
in hats
I*
iryrT. [tsuk]
s in sure s in
UI2K
manKaihhT)
[sapka]
[2][c]
measure
jKapKO [zarko][cin]
[sc\
ch in chin sh-ch in fish chowder
mima
[pisca]
8
Elementaey Russian Grammar
[9
The sibilants n,, in, jk (but not c, 3, n, in,) have a muffling effect upon a following h, giving it a sound between [i] and [bi], resembling German wide u in Gliick. In English, many speakers use a similar sound for i before [s], especially after r and in unaccented syllables: Our tranFrisian, attrition, childish; also before I: milk, children. scription indicates this muffled h by the sign [i].Pronounce:[tsatsa, tsuk, ts'irk, tsikl]
IJana, nyrt, irnpKT., niiKJitIIIarL, inanKiJ, niKOJia, niHHa, innjio
[sak, sapka, skola, sina, silo]
[zaba, zarko, zi'vo, ziza,[cas, casto,
zil]
JKa6a, mapKO, jkhbo, jKiDKa,
jkhjii>
cudo, cugun, cin]
^act,fflyKa,
*iacTO,
^y^o, qyryHt, hhh-b6oprrrB, inn.
[scuka, rosea, pisca, borsc, sci]
poma, nnina,
Copy:
Unaccented Vowels. In Russian, as in English, unaccented vowels are more or less 'slurred.' Much depends upon the rate of speech and upon emphasis, but the following broad statements fairly9.
represent the average usage:(1)
With unaccented vowels,
lips are less tense
the muscles of the tongue, cheeks, and than with accented ones.set in bold-face type, it willless slurred,
Since all accented vowels are vowels in light type are more orindicate this.
be understood that
and no
special signs are necessary to
(2)
In unstressed syllables the tongue tends to assume the Russian:
'basis of articulation' (the favorite position of the tongue, 15)
With
back vowels (compare diagram on page 6) the tongue is apt to be lowered, with front vowels it is apt to be raised. Therefore: Unaccented o tends to become [a] n;ocKa = [daska]. Unaccented e tends to become [i]: nepo = [piro].:
Unaccented a after u, in, jk moves in the direction of the 'muffled' vowel [i]: inajKOKt, jKapa = [sizok, 2'ira]. Unaccented a after *i, in, approaches [i], or at least [e]; our transcription uses the sign*iacoKT>[i],
to represent this slurred, intermediate vowel:
=
[cisok].
10]
Lessons
9
This weakening is least noticeable with final vowels and most (3) marked with vowels that precede the accent by more than one syllable. For instance, the word cjiobo (nominative) can be easily distinguished from cjioBa (genitive), if pronounced slowly: [slovo, slova]. But in fluent speech the two forms are pronounced alike, [slova]; rojiOBais
pronouncedNote.
[golova, galova, galava, galava]
(a
=
e
in mother),
according to the rate of speech.
Theit is
distribution of accent appearing in the last example differs from
English habits.grenadier
In Russian rojiOBa the ratio of stress:
is
1:2:3, while in English
2
1 : 3.
The vowels y andposition.Practice:(1)(eto),
3
remain practically unchanged in unaccented
[daska, akno, patalok, (patolok, patalok), astro, vBisako, tta
slova (slovo), xaraso (xaroso, xaraso), piro, kafidra, cirna,
cisok, zilta, &5izu, sizok, zira, ts'irapal, daca, kasa, nasa, tozs].(2)
ftOCKa,
OKHO, nOTOJIOK'B, OCTpO, BBICOKO, 3TO, CJIOBO, XOpOUIO,nepHa,
nepo,
KatJteApa,
^acoKB, JKejiTa, manty, n;apanajii>,
,n,a*ia,
Kama, Hama, Tome.10.
^secondelement of[i
;
r^apaRussian[maj,
Diphthongs.isii,
The
all
genuine'ee
diphthongs
called
n ct KpaTKott
skratkoj]
with the breve'
corresponding to y in English boy: Maft, moh, nomajiyfi, moj, pazaluj, nasej].
Hamen =
IV
^ETBEPTLIH YPOICLREVIEWConsonants1.
Unaspirated n,
t,
k:
noji'B,
najit, nOTOJIOK'B, TaKB, stott.,
Kyna, KapanjianrB, KynHO.2. 3.
Pure dentals
(a, t, h):6,n;,
tott>, ejtotb, jbdm'b, ^ocKa,r:
Ha^,
Hy.
Strongly voicedVelar spirants,
6yn;y, 6a6Ka, j^kua, rara, roBop-B.
4.
x,
r:
xopomo, xojio^ho, kto, Eofb, Bora,pa6i>,
6jiaro-, Kor^a.5.
Unvoicing of fina^ voiced stops and spirants:Trilled tongue tip-r:pa^i., pa3T., flpyrB,
rpySt,
pajTB, roponyB, Apyri., Mori., jiaBKa, pa3Ka.6.
pa3roB6p b.r
7.
Very hollow
ji:
noji'B,
najiKa, nOTOJIOK'B.
10
Elementary Russian GrammarAccented Vowels
[11
8. 9.cap;!.,
The 'VowelRussian onaJiKa.
Triangle'
tense
articulation:
[i
a o es
u].
is
open:
aom-b, ctojtl.
The sound of epBi isii,
Russian a is like a in far: between [i] and [u], but slightly lower:or
CLIHLI,10.
pw6tl.
h
after
in, jk
resembles
bi
German wide
ii:
unpKi., jkhhtb.
Unaccented Vowels11.i
in
bit,
Unaccented vowels are 'wide' (the muscles are relaxed); compare u in but, a in artistic, opera.Changes:[a]:[i]:
12.
Unaccented o sounds likeUnaccentede
HocKa, xopouio.nepo, Hep Ha.
-
sounds
like
Unaccented a and
e after u, in, jk
have the sound[i]
[i]
:
JKapa.
Unaccented a after
%
in,
has the sound
or
[e]
:
^acoK-B.
Final weakened unaccented vowels are
less subject to
weakening
than vowels in other positions.Practice:(1)
torn,
muzik, vos, zdarova, druga, drava, drugoj, tak, taYda,
tam, zattilok, padumal, sprasival, maladoj, promtislaf, pala, maros,bbilo,
vdruk, zaxntikala, galubuska, gavarit, sluzbu, pakrbil, box,
patamu, papal, pakazal, zivotntix, vtistupal, xvost, drazit]. TOM'S, MyjKHKt, bo3t>, 3n;opoBa, npyra, ApoBa, ftpyroii, TaKb (2) Tor^a, TaMT>, saTBijioicB, noftyMaji-B, cnpaumBajit, mojiojjoh, npombicjiobt>, nonijia, Mopo3t, 6bijio, B,o,pyrB, 3axHBiKajia, rojiy6yniKa, roBopHT'B, cjiyjK6y, noKpBiji'B, Eofb, noTOMy, nonajn>, noKa3aji'B,JKHBOTHBIXT., BBICTynajIT., XBOCT-B, JipOJKHT'B.
11.
Consonant Changes.
other in all languages
Neighboring consonants influence each (compare English grabbed and wrapped =
wrapt), but particularly so in Russian.1.
Assimilation of neighboring consonants, not only within words
but also between preposition and noun:(a)6,ft,
r, b,
3
become
voiceless before voiceless consonants (3, 4:
jiaBKa, pa3Ka).(b)
c
=
[z]
before 6, a,
r:
cCbiBajii,, caajn.,
cropajn. [zbBival,[zbratam, zdaram,
zdal, zgaral];
cb 6paTOM-B,
ct>
^apoM-B, cb ron;a
=
zgoda].
12]
Lessonst
11OT^ajii.,
(c)
=
[d]
before 6,
n;,
r,
3,
jk (not before b):
ot6o#,
ott> 6paTa,
ott>
ao^kh, on> 3apH[7]
=
[addal, adboj,
ad brata, ad
docki,(d)
ad Kc,
zari].
=3
[g]
or
before 6,
n;,
r:
kt>
6paTy,in,
=
[gbratu,(e)
gdomu, ggoradu] or
[ybratu,[s]
kt> AOiny, Kb ropony ydomu, 7goradu]; see 2a.
=
[2]
before
jk,
=
before h,
m:
B03JKejiajib, H3-
bo3 tihk'l, cb nianKOH, cb ^opTOMtscortam]2.
=
[vazTilal,
izvoscik, ssapkoj,
(italics will
be explained
later).
Dissimilation and similar changes.
(a)
K and r are frequently pronouncedr, i.e.,
[x]
before t
and
k,
and
[7]
before 6, a,[xto, Zixko];
stops before stops turn to spirants:
kto, Jierno
=
Torjia, Korn;a,
Kb 6paTy =[s]
[ta7da, ka7da, 7bratu].
(b)
h and
m arewhen
often pronounced
before h:
CKy^Ho, hshuthbihoften pronounced
=[s],
[skusno, izjasnbij].especially
Also in other positionsis
m is
the following vowelis
unaccented:[to].
cymecTBO
=
[susi'stvo].ji
hto 'what'
always pronouncedAlso3flH,
is silentJT,
in cojimje [sontse] 'sun.'silent in the
final Jib (20) is often silent:
py6jis
[rup].
and t are
groups
cth: npa3AHHKT>, BJiacTHbin [praznik,
vlasntij].
12.
Vowel Variation:
need not be studied until referred to in the lessons on The explanation of these orthographic and phonetic peculiarities belongs to the field of historical grammar.declension, where examples will be found.
Note.
This paragraph
A.
After the velars (k,c, 3)
r,
x)
and the
sibilants
H,,
in,
m,
3K,
**
(but
not after1.
certain vowels are inadmissible:
a andb
H)
cannot stand after any of them.
2. 3.
may stand after sibilants, but not after velars. bi may stand after 11, but not after any of the other consonantso in unaccented endingsis
mentioned.4.
permissible after the velars, but not
after the sibilants.
WhereB.
inadmissible, these vowels are replacedreplaced
1j after i is
C. Vowel Insertion. would form a group that, for Russian habits of speech, would be difficult to pronounce, o or e is inserted between them; generally,
by a, y, t, h, e. by h. After vowels, ii is used instead of b. Whenever two consonants before final t or b
o
is
used before or after k,
r,
x,
unless these are preceded
by a
palatal sibilant.
12
Elementary Russian Grammar
[13
IUITLIHaIIlKOJia
yPOKLI
TEXT
bskolaBticoKa.eta komnata s'iraka i vtisaka. akno vusako. patalok vtisok.
3Ta KOMHaTa innpoKa h
Okho
bbicoko;
noTOJiOKt bbicokl.
Boti. Ka^eApa h cTyjrt.niKani..
Botbnoji-B,
vot kafidraskap.
i
stul.
vot
Boht, okho.
Bott>
von
akno.
vot
pol,i
boht.
noTOJioKi>.
BoTtjkcjit-b.
n;ocKa
h von patalok.palka.ilta.
vot daska
najiKa.
CTyjn.
Ka(J)eApa
stul 2olt.
kafidra to2eno2ik.
TOHce HcejiTa.
Bott> KapaH^aniT., nepo h hojkhkt,.3tot"l
vot karandas, piroetat
i
KapaH^aini. mejiTi.,
a 9to
karandas
olt,
a eta
nepo nepHO.
^ocKa Tome TOpHa.rjia^Ka.Ctojit.
Moh
KapaHAauiT) Tynt, ho 3to nepo
piro corno. daska to2e cirna. moj karandas tup, no eta piroastro.
ocTpo. EyMara Tome rjia^oKt.1.
bumaga
glatka.
stol
to2e gladak.
Read column B manyfairly fluent.
theis
first
times. Cover column A with a strip of paper during few times; begin to compare it with column B when your pronunciation
becoming2.
Read columnwithoutthis.
A many
times, at first constantly
comparing
it
with B, but
later3. 4.
Copy
text
A
several times in Russian script.
Both when reading and writing a sentence, visualize its meaning: Concentrate your thoughts upon the persons, objects, and actions mentioned. But do notindulge in the worse than useless pastime of 'translating' these simple sentencesinto English.
The approximate English equivalentslists.
the word-lists at the end of the book, for occasional reference, but
take to memorize those
words are given in it would be a misMemorize sentences and whole texts as much as youof all
can, but not isolated words.
VI
niECToK ypoiCL13.
Gender. 'Hard
Endings.'h6jkhkte>,
CTyjit, HiKam,
KapaHAamt,
noTOJioKB, nojit are masculines.
KoMHaTa, KatheApa, Aocica, 6yMara, najiKa are feminines. Okho, nepo are neuters. The gender of Russian nouns is determined primarily byendings;feminine,i>,
their
a,
o are called the 'hard' terminations of the masculine,respectively.
and neuter
14] 14.
Lessons
13
Agreement:IIlKam>JJocKa
BbicoKt. BticoKa. Okho bbicoko.Bot-b okho; oho bbicoko.
3'tott> uiKant.
9'Ta RocKa. 9'to okho.
Bott. KapaH^amt; oht> TynT.
Botb ^ocKa; OHa mnpoKa.Thepredicate adjectives
bbicokb,
-a,
-6;
nrapoKB,
-a, -6
demonstrativesOHa, oho
stotb, 3Ta, sto
are in agreement as torefer to.
,
the
and the personal pronouns oht>, gender and number with the noun,
which they modify or
Note. A dash is often used between subject and predicate noun or adjective, where English would use 'is' or 'are.' The accent and other peculiarities of predicate adjectives cannot be determined by definite rules, but must be learned by practice; observe carefully the forms given in the word-lists at the end of the book.
With
the
nouns and
adjectives contained in the text,
form as manythe accents.
sentences of the type
Okho
bbicoko (subject -\- predicate adjective) as theit.
sense permits.(E.g.,
Speak each sentence before you writebbicoko.
Mark
Okho
Okho
nnipoKO.
Okho
rjian,KO.)
VII
CEJJLMOH yPOICBQuestions
Bonpocbi
These questions serve a twofold purpose: Aside from familiarizing the student with the more common types of Russian questions, they are intended as a basis for a thorough practice of the text. Each Russian question should suggest one or several Russian sentences as possible answers. After having read the text often and carefully, read and answer the questions repeatedly. When you can answer them without hesitation, copy them and writethe answers.
Make1.
it
a habit to mark the accents in writing.
^to
9to?
(3to
KOMHaTa...cTyji B...najiKa...).,
2.
KaKOBa
KaKOB-B 3TorB mKanB? 4. KaKos6 !3to okho? 5. KaKOB'B 3Toti> CTyji"B (noTonoKB, KapaH^anii>, hojkhkb, nojii.)? 6. KaKOBa 3Ta aocKa (najiKa, Ka, Moa [jat, maja].entirely, as explained in 17.
Table of Accented Soft Vowels:Sound1.Fffl
Letterh,i
Instanceshmi>, hxt> [jim, jix]
2. 3.
fje]
e, 1j
lja| [jo]
aeID
4.5.
ljuj
ept, ^Ay, npi*3AT> [jer, jedu, prijest] HAt, cToajit [jat, stajal] emt, npieMt [jos, prijom] K)6Ka, npiioTt [jupka, prijut]'
h is called h flBoftHoe [i dvajnoj s] 'double ee, i is called i ct> tohkoh [i stockoj] with the dot,' ii (10), h ct> KpaTKoft [i skratkoj] 'ee with the breve.' Initial h has the [j]-glide only in the words hm-b, hxi., ran [jim, jix, jimi], plural forms of1.
'ee
the pronoun of the third person;i
elsewhere,
it is
[i]:
hto,
ctohti.
[igo,
stait].
is
used only before vowels,
e.g.,
npi fj3Ai>
[prijtst],
except in the
word
Mipi. 'world,
community' (but Mnpt2.
'peace').
The
difference between eis
and
"h is
a purely orthographical one.
Their pro-
nunciation3.4.
the same.
h corresponds exactly to the hard vowel a, and k> to y. The diacritical mark upon e [jo] is not used by Russians, but appears quite generally in elementary books for foreigners, as a crutch soon to be discarded. Observation, assisted by a few general rules, will soon teach when accented e has the sound [jo]. In a few words, e.g., 3b1;3,iibi 'stars', rH-B3Aa 'nests', accented ii is also pronounced [jo].
Copy:
16
Elementary Russian GrammarPronounce:
[17
[jim, jimi, jix][jeva, jer, jedu, jest, jetkuj][ja,
Hmt>, hmh, hxt>
EBa,Si,
epi>, -fcny, -ctb,
i^Km
jakaf, jablako, jama]
Hkob-b, a6jtoko,
HMa
[jos, jolka, jola,
ejma, ejio^ma, epnn>, eMKiii
[jurij,
jupka, juk, jurist]
lOpiit, ro6Ka, K>n>, ropncTt.
LXji;ebhtlih ypoKT>Consonants. When a consonant is followed tongue assumes palatal position during or before the pronunciation of the former. This affects consonants in different17. Palatalization ofsoft vowel, the
by a
ways:1.
h,
m,
5K,
in are entirely or partly palatal
anyway; consequently,h andio
a followingThisis
soft
vowel does not influence them.byspelling
recognized
inasmuch as the
letters
are replaced
by
a and y after these consonants; see 122.
A
1.
The
Dentals, t, a, h,
ji,
in the position described in 15.
contact with the tongueis
is
palatals, with the tongue In the transition to the vowel the gradually released so that a rapid [j]-glide
become genuine
plainly audible before the vowel.[t,
Palatal
t, 3, h, ji
are transcribed
by
d, n,
I],
the italic type indicating both the palatal quality of the
consonant and the following glide.
To
learn the pronunciation of
[t,
d, n,
I]
place the tip of the tongue against the
lower teeth orpalate, as
gums and bring the back of the tongue in contact with the front shown in 15; try to pronounce [t, d, n, 1] as well as this position permits,of\t,
and thete,
result will be the articulationt&,
d,
n,
l\.
Pronounce:
[ti,
di, ni,
li;
de, ne, fe;
da, na,
la].
The
articulation of p is not perceptibly influenced
by a following
soft vowel,
but a slight glide
is
often audible:
[re, ra, ro, ra].
The dental sibilants, c and 3, before soft vowels differ from 'hard' and 3 merely by a slight lisping; the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth. The glide is hardly noticeable: [si, z\, se, ze, sa, za, so,czo, su, zu].
Pronounce:[tixo, dita, ni, Zitso, ris, six,[ttlo, dclo, net,
zima]
Thxo,
jj,hth,
hh,
jihijo,
pncB, chxt.
hto, retko sertse]
T"fejio, nTfcjio, irfcTTb, jrfeTO, p'fcjjKO
18-19][tepka, sona, lashi, rat, sak]
LessonsTaima, Cohh,jihcbi,
17
panB, caKt
[fotka, kladot, Zogak, birot, sola]
TeTKa, KJian,eTB, jieroK, 6epeTB, cejia
[2urma, duz'ina, nuxnu, rumka]3.
TiopBMa, jiioHuraa, Hioxny, pioMKa.
The
Labials, n, 6, m, $, b,
do not change
their articulation proper
before soft vowels.
Nevertheless, the tongue assumes palatal positiona,e,
during their utterance, and a palatal glide intervenes beforebefore
,
e, io;
h
it is
practically imperceptible.
Pronounce:[pivo, pecka, pataje, potr][bil, fetltij, frodra, 6ust]
rmBO, ne^Ka, naToe, IleTpt6hjit>, 6-fejitiii, 6en.pa, 6k>ct"b
[mir, ratra, raaso, rworzltij]
[fkika, ftp, /odar, vina, vtst]4.
Mnpt, M-fcpa, Maco, Mep3JiBift $H3HKa, , cDe^opB, Biraa, Been.
After the Velars, k,
r, x,
(12
Ais
1);
e after velarslugz, du^s]
is
glide
audible before
e, -b,
the soft vowels a and io do not occur always pronounced [e, e], never [o]; the but hardly ever before h:
[ or MarKin 3HaKt [jer, maxkwj znak], are mere signs of pronunciation. In an early period of the language t> was a hard vowel, slurred u, and b a soft vowel, slurred i. At present, t> denotes the non-palatal hard, normal articulation of the preced-
ing consonant, b
its
palatal quality.
Note. The function of t being a merely negative one, namely, to show that the preceding consonant is not palatalized, it might as well be discarded altogether as has been the practice of some Russian publications for many years. In 1918 the Soviet government declared its complete abolition, together with some othersensible simplifications of spelling, but for
an elementary book
it
seems preferable,
for the time being, to retain the old spelling.
With few exceptions, b occurs at the end of words. Its effect is the same as that of a palatal vowel: The tongue is in palatal position during the utterance of the preceding consonant. The results are: 1. The dental stops, t and fl, followed by b, become genuine palatal stops, in the sense described in 17, 2. The [j]-glide, which is very marked, becomes voiceless in final position; it is indicated by ['] in our transcription. This voiceless glide closely resembles a weak German ch as in ich, or English h in human. Medially, it is a very rapid, halfvoiced glide:2.
cyTB, 6yn,B, cyn,B6a [suf but', sud'ba]; 6yn;BTe,
=
[buie].
Also h andcojib,
ji
become pure
palatals, just as before palatal vowels,
but a slight palatal glide (not indicated in the transcription) precedes
them:
pojib, tojibko, tohbuic, JiyHB, kohb,
toZko, tonss, ltm, kon, konki]; cojib,
kohbkh [sol, rol, kohb sound almost like soil, coin,
,r
b^b,
xot-btb, cmotp-btb
[smatrel, zametili, nine, atoet][atvetif, direvna,, deriva,,
cmotp'eji'b, saM-BTHjin, mh'b, otb-btb
den]
otb'bthtb, n;epeBHfl, nepeBo, n;eHBa'bjio, pjhsrb,
[delo, delt, son, sona,
dan, dan]
conB, cohh, ^anB, n;aHB.
XI
OJIHHHAAIJATBIH yPOITBREVIEWI.
The General Principle'palatal position'
of palatalization:tip
The tongue tendsteeth, surface
to
assume theII.
toward lowerfl,
touching
the front half of the hard palate. Soft or Palatal Vowels:.h, e,'fe,
e, H).
20A.e,
Elementary Russian GrammarInitial[ji]:
[21
Accented
[ji,
je,
ja,
jo,
ju].
Unaccented:
a =
[ji],
* =(e is
hmtb, ept,
'fc'fly, flnT>, ejKt, ion.; HAp6, epti, -B^na. always accented; in unaccented position it is replaced by
e
=
[i].)
B.1.
Medialt, a,
-Palatalization of Consonants.
scribedlation2.
ji, h followed by soft vowels become genuine palatals, tranby [t, d, n, I]; the italic type signifies both the change of articuand the palatal glide after the consonant.
p, c, 3, n, 6, $, b,
m remain6-bjimh,
virtually unchanged, but a slightitalic
[j]-glide is
heard before the vowel (indicated byp-B^Ko,LTeTp-L,
type for the conBecTi,
sonant):potr,3.
mhco,
Qenpp'B,
=
[retko,
frcltij,
raaso, /odar, west].[i]
The
glide before
is
hardly perceptible, except after
t, a, h:
[tixo, dita,]
but [piwo,
six].
C.
Final
Final
soft
vowels are unchanged even when unstressed:
Anna, 3AaHie, nojrB,III.
nyBjiaio,
=
[dada, zdanije, pole, delaju].sign, t,
The Soft Sign.
The hard
merely denotes the absence(rarely medial)
of palatalization;
the, soft
sign, b, palatalizes final
consonants:1.
Voiceless glide after tb,
n,B:
ecTB,
6ynB
=
[]est
(,
but
1
].
2.
hb and
jib are distinctly palatal, pB, cb,
3b are slightly palatal,
the other consonants before b are non-palatal.3.
The
palatal affection of
[o,
u] is distinct before hb, jib,b.
but very
slight before other consonants
and
IV.[je,
Palatalization of Vowels.
Accentedis
e,
i, 9 before palatals
=
e].
Accented
a,
a
before palatals
often 'fronted' (like French
a in
la).
Other vowels show a slight palatal glide:
sth, ecTB,
-fecxB,
ceMB, napB, hahh, tojibko, PycB.Practice:[los,
dveri, zivuscije, sZozbi, zwozdBi, spasi, mina, toZko, jijo, jej,/
]
JIojkb, nBepn, JKHBymee, cjie3Bi,
3B'fe
3ABi, cnacn,
Meim, tojibko,
ee, eii,
[picamaja, sertse, put
pud, pdts, mne, prijut, tiba, vetir, zascid, ] nenajiBHaa, c^pjine, nyTB, nyTH, nTHirB, MH'fe, npiioT-B, Te6a, BeT fep'B,3a,,
1
[prasba, sud'ba, znaji, vdvajom, atvetili, hudis, glavoju, stoit] m,HTH, npocB6a, cyn,B6a, 3HaeniB, b^bocm'b, otb'Ijthjih, 6yaeniB, rjiaBoio
[tvaim, jimi, ani, atcajimjs, nacilo, nacalo, gavariZi, bratim, CTOHTX, TBOHMT>, IIMH, OHH, OTaaame, HaaajIO, HaaaJIO, TOBOpHJIH,[stanis, zimZa, zemlu] 6paTBHM'B, CTaHeiUB, 3eMJIfl, 3eMJIK).
22]
Lessons21
XII
AB-bha/jhatlihTEXTII
ypoKtucihscetta
y hhjih me9toHMfl6ojii>inoeil
3AaHie
nmojia hjihMoeiZi
baZsoj
e
y^HJiiime.
BjiaHHMHpB; MOfl
^lexoBt.
ymiTejiB. Bhy^eHHKi.;bhKHiira.
(J)aMHJlifl
OHafl3BIBrB.
ynemma.Bott.
H yny, a BBI XOTHTe H3y*iaTB pyCCKiftMOHpyccKan rpaMMaTHKa.
yiHTecB.
vladimir; maja famiZija vbi uciwik. anairaa cexaf.
ucihsce.
ja
zdanij
e
skolamajo
ucitil.
ucinitsa.
ja ucu, a vbi ucitis.
vbi xatite izucat' ruskBij jizbik.
3Ta KHHraBottb pycc-
vot maja kniga;
eta
kwigagra-
ruskaja gramaZika.angisk&ij
vot ruska-
KO-aHrjiiiicKiH cjioBapB.
MoarpaM-
slavar.i
maja
MaTHKa TOHKa hBapB 6ojiBiiioH. Ka h jierKa.
ho moh cjioBauia TeTpa^B tohJierKa,
maiika tankaslavar baZsoj.i
no moj vasa titrat' tankaZixka,
Zixka.
hm-b, hx-b, hjih, xoTHTe,
KHHra
jim, jix, Hi, xatite, knigajesZ', jest,
ecTB, -fecTB,a,
'fefly,
KaKoe, 3flaHie
jcdu, kakojs, zdanijs
hmh, MOH, pyccnafl, 6ojiBuiafl
ja,
ima, maja, ruskaja, baZsajajisco,
Moe, enje, CBoeivrB, jKejiTBiiinaro, KaKyio, n^jiaio, roBopio.
majo,
svajom,
|oltBij
daju, kakuju, dclaju, gavaru.
Readfluency.
both text columns repeatedly;to the text
read the phonetic practice followit
ing them; return
and read
until
you have achieved
perfect
Then copy
the left-hand
column.
xmTPHHAAHATBIH yPOK'B22.
Gender.yHHTeJIbCJIOBapb
Soft Endings.
(Hard endings, seeFeminines TeTpanb nBepb door(|)aMHjiifl
13.)
Masculines
Neuters
3naHieyHHJiHinenojie field
repoii hero
6oh1.
fight
apMifl
army
HMfl
2. 3.
4.
Nouns in t> or if are masculines. Nouns in a or a are feminines. Nouns in b are either masculines Nouns in o, e, Mfl are neuters.
or feminines.
22
Elementary Russian Grammar
[23-24
23. Adjectives.Attributive Endings.
(Predicative endings, see 14.)
Masc.Fern.
CjiOBapt
tojictt>.
Tojictbiii cjiOBapB, cnHiii cjiOBapB.
KHnra
tojictji.
TojiCTan KHHra, chhhh KHHra.
Neut.A.
3n,ame bbicoko.
BwcoKoe 3ame, cnHeeis high.
3,n,aHie.
3naHie bbicoko The building
Predicative adjectives have practically thei,
h
a,
a
same endings
as nouns:
o, e.
a.
The
predicative
very rarely.b.
EoJit>iii6ft
form of soft adjectives, especially for the masculine, is used and adjectives in -cKin (pyccKift, aarjiiiicKift) have no
predicative forms.
Notice these accent types of predicative adjectives:,
The accent remains on the stem: 3flop6BB, 3jiop6Ba, 3jiop6BO healthy. The feminine stresses the ending: m6jioa b, MOJio^d, m6jiojio young; rjiaAOKt,rjiajjKa, rjiaAKo;
hob-b, HOBa,
h6bo new.all
The accent is on the last syllable inBbicoKd, bbicok6;
forms:
mHp6Kt, nrapoKa, mnpoK6; BBic6Kt,ocrept, ocTpd, ocTp6;TynT>, Tynd,
THHcejrB, TH?K.eji&, THHceji6;
Tyn6.
B.
BOTT> TOJICTBIH CJIOBapb.is
Tojictbih
an attributive
adjective.
Attributive adjectives have
these endings for the
Nom.
Sing.:
MHard:Soft:biii, (iii), oiiiii
p
Noe ee
an aa
TOJICTBIH, TOJICTaH, TOJICTOe
nnipoKitt, ranpoKaK, nrapoKoe
6ojibhi6h, 6ojiniaH, SojibinoeCHHill, CHHflfl,a.b.
cnHee
The accent of attributive adjectives remains on the same syllable in all forms. The hard masculine ending is oii, if it is accented. After r, K, x and m, jk, h, m the ending Biii is replaced by in, in accordance c. with 12 A 3. But by analogy this in is generally pronounced [wj]. Very manyRussians pronounce the endingsirokbi], instead of [-wj].Biii(iii)
without the diphthongal glide:
[tolsthi,
24. Possessive Pronouns:1st
person
mohHauii>
cjioBapB
mo a TeTpanBHa ma eauia csoa" "
" " "
Moe nepo my " Hauie our
2d person 3d person
Baurb cboh
BameCBoe
"
yourhis, her, its.
"
24]
LessonsUse Usethe
23and asattributes
1.
new
adjectives in this text as predicates
with nouns of text I; see word-list, page 117, for accents.2. line,
the following adjectives as attributes with
one suitable mascuSojibuioh big,
feminine,
and neuter each:
MaJieHBKiii
small,
n;jiHHHBin long, KopoTKiii short, mojioaoh young, hobbih new, CTaptifiold.
XIV
HETBIPHAOTATHH YPOKLBonpocu1.
^Ito 9to 3a 3;naHie?6ojiBinoe?3.ft-E'jiaio?
2.
KaKOBO
Banie yHHjTHme
MaJieHBKoe
hjih5.
Hto a
Kto yHHTejiB? 4. Hto bbi n,-B'jiaeTe? 6.
Kto ohb? Kto cma? 7. KaKOBa 3Ta KHnra?
(H-bti., ohb...) JleroKL jih stott. cJiOBapt? 9. TaHcejia jih Baraa Kimra? KoTopaa KHikra TOJicra, a KOTopaa TOHKa? 10. 12. KaKi. Bania tJfaMHjria? 11. KaKT> Baine hmh?8.
IIJITHAOTATLffl yPOK'LTEXTYHHTejib h yHeHHK-LIII
ucitil
i
ucinik
H y^HTejiB. H roBopio no-pyccKii.51
ja ucitil.
ja
gavaru pa-ruski.jaja spra-
He roBopio no-aHrjiiiicKii.il
JI ro-
ja
ni
gavaru pa-angfaski.slusijiis.i
Bopio, a bbi ouymaeTe.
cnpainn-
gavaru, a vbipa-ruski.
Baio no-pyccKH,
h
bbi OTB'BaaeTe noBcer,na tobo-
sivaju pa-ruski,
vbi atoicaji^spac7i
pyccKH.
Hanp no^TH
nada
fsiyda
Phtb no-pyccKH.
gavarif pa-ruski.ja ni gavaru skora, ja gavaru merino. jesZi vBimpanimajife, vbi dalznbi sprasivaf*. kayda
Rbbi
He roBopio CKopo, a roBopioEcjih bbi He noHHMaeTe,^ojijkhbi
MenjieHHo.
cnpauiHBaTB.
Kor^a"il
bbi cnpauiHBaeTe, bbi roBopiiTe
vbi sprasivaji^s, VBigavari^e "ja ni
He noHHMaio, 06'BacHHTe mh-b sto,nojKajiyficTa."eTi.r
pammaju.
&p]isnite nine eta,
Tor^a ymrrejiB na-
o6 BHCHeHie,H bbi roBopnTe "Ejia-
tayda ucitil dajot apjisnenijs, i vbi ga varies "blapazalsta."
Yadaru vas" Hi "spasiba". on ocin 3totb ypoBTB He Tpy^eHx; ohb ctat urok ni trudin. kazdBij oaeHB jieroKb. Mbi HHTaeivrB Kam- Zogak. hlbi citajim rbih ypoKi. oaeHB Hacro, ho HaMT> He urok ocin casto, no nam ni nuznaHyjKHo nepeBOAHTB to ^to aHTaeivrB. TenepB Harne npoH3HOuieme njioxo, ho oho CKopo 6yAeT'B xopouio.piriv&dit' to sto citajim.tiptr
roAapio BacB" hjih "Cnacn6o".
nass praiznasemje ploxo, no anoskoro budit xaraso.
24
Elementary Russian Grammar
[25-26
NOTESBcerjja: b before voiceless sounds[7 da]: Korfla, Torp;a.
=
[f];
the suffix -iyja
is
generally pronounced
IIosKajiyHCTa:
Contracted to [pazalsta] in pronunciation.
Practice:[i]
y^HTejiL, y^eHHKt, noHTH, ^uTkewh, cnacn6o.9th, Tenept, npoH3Hoineme, Men,jieHHO, ecjin.3to, Hauie, TeKCTi., roBopnTe.Ha^,o, Bcer^a, a,
[e][e]
[a] [o]
nomiMaeTe, cnpauraBaTb.
cKopo, ypoicb, o^eHb, hto, ^aeTb.pyccKitt, cjiyuiaio, Tpyo;eHb, roBopio, 6jiaro,a;apK).Bbl, ftOJIJKHbl,
[u][bl][i]
KaJK^blH.
cnpauiHBaio.being the typical palatal vowel,is
Note.
h,
always
soft, bi
always hard.
XVIniECTHA^IIATLIH YPOKL25.
Present Indicative.
'Learn/
these paradigms; explanation will
follow.
H,/ u-l b.c.
OHb, ona, OHOA'B jiaeTT>
MMA'fe'jiaeM'L
Bbl
n^'jiaio
nHb'jiaeTe
6ynyAaio
6yn;eT L,
6yRewbfl,aeMT>
6yneTeAaeTe roBopHTe3deTT>, eTT>, HTTb
AaeTbTOBOpHTTb
roBopio
rOBOpHWB2d
Endings:1st
Sing.Plur.
y, 10
ewb, ewb, hmt.
eTe, eTe, irre
26. Imperative:ft-b'jiaiiTe,
noHHMaiiTe, roBopirre.
Writea.
the
same forms fornij'jiaio:
the following verbs:
Like
cjiynia-, cnpaimiBa-, OTB-BHa-,
noHHMa-, ^HTa-,
o6bHCHH-, H3yna-, Bbi3biBa-.b.
Like roBopio:to
6jiaron;ap-,
ynon
(the latter in -y, instead of -k>,
according
12
A
1;
the accent is
the
ending in the 1st sing., on
the stem in the other forms)'
Lessons
25
XVII
CEMHAOTATBIH yPOKT>Bonpocbi
Kto ynnrB, h kto ynirrcH? 2. ^Ito nt'jiaeTB ynnTejiB? Hto n.'fc'jiaeTB yneHHija? 4. ^Eto bh xoTHTe H3yHa,TB? 5. To(H-fcTB, ohb...) BopiiT'L jih y^HTejib no-aHrjiiiicKH? 6. ^to bbi1.
3.
A'fe'jiaeTe,
Korna yTOTejiB roBopHTB?8.
7.
OTB-fenaeTe jih bbi no9.
pyccKH?roBopiiTB
OTB'BHaeTe jih bbi no-aHrjiincKH?10.
KaKB Hanp11.12.
no^TH Bcerna?n.-fc'jiaTB,
Tobophtb
jih
ynHTejiB CKopo?
^Tro bbi hojukhbi
ecjiH bbi He
nomiMaeTe?
^Ito bbi
roBopHTe, Korna bbi He noHHMaeTe? 13. ^Tro n.'fe'jiaeTB yniiTejiB, Kor^a bbi cnpauiHBaeTe? 14. Hto bbi roBopHTe noTOMB? 15. KaKB 9T0TB ypoKB? Tpyn,eHB JIH OHB HJIH JierOKB? 16. ^TO BBI A'fe'jia17. IlepeBonHTe jih bbi keukhbih eTe, Korna bbi H3ynaeTe ypoKB? ypoKB? 18. Xoponio jih TenepB Bauie npoH3HomeHie ?
xvniBOCEMBHAJJHATBIH yPOKLTEXT Be hjhbt> ihkojiIj
IVvescif
skoZs
v nasej komnais kafidra, stol, TaKB na- klasnaja daska i tak dafrjs. jrfce). Ha 3tomb ctoji^ KHiira, Kana etam sta.lt kniga, karandas paH,n,aiHB h nepo. Bb cTOJii hihhkb, i piro. f staZc jascik, i v ttam h bb 3tomb hihhk'B' m^jib h 6yMara. jascike mzl i bumaga. y^HTeJIB CHHHTB Ha CBOeMB 60JIBuci^iZ sidh ria svajom b&lhiomb Kpecji'fe; a cHHty Ha MajieHBKOH som krzsh; ja sizu na maZmkoj CKaMettK'fe HJIH Ha npOCTOMB CTyjI^. skamej&s Hi na prastom stuh. y^HTeJIB BCTaeTB H H^eTT. KB KJiacc- ucitil fstajot i idot k klasnoj HOH AOCKii. OHB flepJKHTB BB pyK-fe dasfct. on dzrzit v rufce mzl; M'fejI'B; OHB nHHieTB Ha 3TOII HOCK^. on pisiit na ttoj das/ee. yneHHKB niimeTB Ha Siuioft SyMari ucinik pisit na 6eloj bumagrs Hi hjih bb CBoefi TeTpann. Korna mbi f svajtj titradi. ka7da mi pinHHieMB, Hauia 6yMara jiokhtb Ha sim, nasa bumaga Zizit na naHaHieMB CTOJrk sim st&lz.KOMHaT'fe Ka apyry: Assimilation (11, Ctohtt.: Remember that h is pronounced with HXT>, HMt, HMH.3^paBCTByiiTe:
Bt
1 a, d).
[j]-glide
only in the words
In the group bctb, the
first
b
is
generally silent.
Practice:
H b 3 n K6r
[b]
6yMara,KHnra,npcKa,
[b] 6-fe'jiBiH, [p]
rpy6B.[x][t]
[g]
[7][d]
Kor^a,ciuthtb,[f]
[k][t]
MorB,
jierKO.
[d] [v]
Ha^B,
TeTpa/iB.
bb
Hauieii,
bb[s]
CBoeii.
[z]
3n,paBCTByiiTe,
H3B.
[p][k][t]
nojiB, [p] naTB.
KapaH^auiB,3T0,[t]
[x]
kto.
TAccent.
yHHTeJIB.
Constant,
careful observation
and
practice are
the only safe
way
of learning the Russian accent.
Read
the right-hand
covering the phonetic text with a strip ofcorrectly without hesitation.
column over and over again paper, until you place all accents
XIXftEBHTHAOTATBIH TPOICB27. The Locative Case indicates the place where something is; it is always used in connection with certain prepositions and is thereforealso called the Prepositional Case.
H28]
LessonsMasc.Neut.Fern.
27
NOUNSB'B
(Ha) CTOjrfc'
Ha
Kpecjiii
B'B IHKOJI'fe
bt> KJiaccfe
bb amHK'fc Ha nojiy bb yrjiy
BB y^HJIHm'fe Ha nojrfcB'B
Ha cKaMeftK^B'B pyBrfc'
3AaHiH
(J)aMHJiiHB'B
06^
HMeHH
TeTpa^H
PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVESHaB'B
aTOHTL...
Ha
3T0H..
b"b Haineii..
B'B Haineii... B'B cBoeii...
CBOeWb.KJiaCCHOWB...
B'B
BB SoJIBinOMt...Endings:
Ha Ha
6-b'jioh...
6ojibui6h.
M.N.NounsPronouns and AdjectivesThe following takea.
F.1*
*h, yOMT>h:
eMB
eii
oil
Feminines in b and neuters in mh (leTpann, HMeHH). b. Feminines in ia and neuters in ie, according to 13 B ($aivriijiiH, 3n,aHin). The ending y, always accented, occurs with a number of masculines after the prepositions bt> and Ha (bt> yray, Ha 6epery on the shore).
28.
The Dative
is
the case of the indirect object;
it is
also required
by
certain prepositions.
Masc.
Neut.
Fern.
NOUNSHard:uSoft:
yneHHKy Apyryy^HTejiio
Kpecjiy
y^eHHirliROdCfe'
yqajiHurynojiio
TeTpa^H
PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES9T0My HameMy, cBoeMy HIHpOKOMy9TOHHarnett, CBoeii
HIHpOKOH
28Endings:
Elementary Russian Grammar M.N.yF.
[28
NounsPronouns, Adjectives
ro
OMy
=eivry
Loc.
FormCTOJiy,
the locative
and
dative singular of allto
adding a suitable adjective or pronoun
each
nouns in texts I and II, noun (e.g., kb HaineMy
Ha HaineMy
ctojtb').
XXftBAOTATHH yPOICBBonpocu1.
Tjjfk3.
Bti
Tenept?
2.
xIto ecTB bb Bameii KJiaccHoii KOMHa4.
tb?
^to6.
ecTb Ha ctojtb'?
Tn^ amHKi?7.
5.
^Tto ecTB
bt>
hihhk'B?Kpecji'B?
8.
pyidb'?11.
10.
LTiinieTe
Cn^HTe jih bbi Tome Ha bb Kyn;a H^eTt ynnTejit? 9. ^Ito ohb nepjKHT Kto niimeTt Ha jock's', h kto niimeTB Ha 6yMarE? 12. T^-b Bama TeTpa^B, Korjia jih bbi Ha aocbtb'?Tjxb ch^htte. yqfiTejiB?r
E>
bbi nnnieTe?15.
13.
Tjife
ctohtb ctojib?16.
14.
Mro
ctoht-b
bb>
yrjiy?
^Ito jieJKHT-B bb niKany?17.
KoMy
npHHaAJieJKHTB 6yMara m>
niKany?
KoMy
npHHaftjieHUiT-B nepo?
KoMyKor^a'TJo
ftaeT-B
y^HTejiB KapaHjiaim. h nepo?kt>
KoMy KapaH^anrB? 18. 19. Hto bbi roBopiiTe,20.
bbi
npnxo^HTe
BauieMy Apyry?
Korn;a bbi roBopnTe
cBH^aHm"?
XXIftBAJJIIATBIIiicaHie
nEPBHH yPOICBTEXTpisamje
Bt. Ha^iaji'B
ypoKa
yniiTeJiB bbi-
v nacak urokajit
ucitil vBizBiva-
3BIBaeTTb B7B KJiaCCHOH AOCK'B
yieHH-
ucinika Hi uciwitsu k klasnojucitil stait
Ka hjih yHemnry.B03JI-B
YnHxejiB ctohtt.
das/cc.
vozh akna.pisi't at-
OKHa.
OhTj OTKpBIBaeT'B CBOK)
on atkrBivajit svaju knigu i fsluxcitajitvtt.
KHHry H HHTaeT-B BCJiyX'B BonpocB. yneHHK'B nnmeTB otb bt b. Korn;a ohb n.'EJiaeT'B omn6Ky, yHHTeJiB no,,
vapros.
ucinik
ka7da onpapraWajitucitil
delajit asipku,jijo.1
ucitil
npaBjineTB
ee.,
IIotom'b yniiTejiB
patomknigui
apat zakrBivajit
onHTB 3aKpBiBaeT B KHHry h o6bhcHHeT'B HOBBIH ypOBTB 6e3-B KHHril.
apjis^ajit novBij
urok
bts knigd.
29]
29
LessonsyHHTejia pyccKifi yneSHHKB h
y
u
ucitila
ruskbij
ucebmk
i
pyccmii cjiOBapi>; y yneHHKa yne6hhkt>, TeTpa^b h nepo. nHineMt bx TeTpa^H nepoMi., a Ha 6yMar-B nacto nHineMi> KapaH^ainoMb bivtecto nepa; Ha jock's miuieMTb m'Bjiom'b. Kor,n,a mh nnuieMt ypoKt, mli bbiHHMaeM'L H3T> mnHKa TeTpa^b HJIH 6yMary h KJiafleMt ee Ha ctoji'b. IIhnieM-B npaBoft pyKoii h AepjKHMi. 6yMary ji-bboh pyKon. Y MeHH bt. KapMan-B HOJKHBrb; Korna moh KapaHRELUII,
ruskbij slavar;
u uciwika uceb-
Mm
wik, titrat'f
i piro. hibi pisim pirom, a na bumagre casto pisim karandasom vmtsto
titradi
na dasfce pisim raelam. ka7da niBi pisim urok, mbi vbmimajim iz jascika titrat' Hi bumagu i kladom jijo na stol.pira;
pisim pravoj rukoj.
i
derzim bu-
magu Zevoj rukoj u miwa f karmane nozik; kayda moj karanja vbiwimaju noziki
Tym>, H BBIHHMaK) HOtfaiKT) H3T. das tup, KapMaHa h hhhio KapaH^aurL hojkh- karmana KOMb. kam.
is
cimi karandas nozi-
NOTESHa require the locative when rest is denoted, but the accusative when motion is denoted: KapaHflamt Ha ctoji-b', bt> KapMaH-fe. Kjiajry KapaHAaan> Ha ctoji'b, Bt KapMfuTB. Kt. requires the dative: y*ieHHKt n^eTt kt> kji^cchoh rocke'.Prepositions.Bosji-b, 6e3i>, H3i>, biwe'cto, y require the genitive:
Bt,
H3t KapaidHa, bm'e'cto nepa.Practice:ji
y MeHH I
bosjiIj
OKH&, 6e3t khhth,
have,
y yHHTejiH
the teacher has.
[1]
Ha^ajio, KJiaccB [I] HanaJi-B, hjih, yHHTejib, tojibko.pyccKiii, 3aKpBiBaeT B,,
P
h
KapManb M Ha, Hanajio, KapMaHi>, KapaH/iainb[n]
[r]
uapb, XapbKOBb.[n]
hh, KHiira, yHeHHKT>,
m
y ie6miK b. [m] mbi, 6yMara, B&iHHMaeT'Bxr
[m] bm'b'cto, m-b'jiom'b.
XXIITJBAJJHATB BTOPOH YPOICL29.
required
The Genitive corresponds by certain prepositions.Masc.
to the English possessive
and
is
also
Neut.bm-b'cto nepaB03JI-B
Fern.
Hard:"Soft:
b'b
HanajrB ypoKa
H3T.
KapMaHa
OKHa
H3b IHKOJIbI y yHeHimbi(haMHjiin
"
y ynfiTejia y repoa
3n,amH
HMeHH
TeTpa^H
30Endings:
Elementary Russian Grammar
[30-32
M.N.HardSoft
F.
a
biii
a
Neuters in
Ma
take h:
hmchh.
30.
Vowel Variation:n;ocKa,
Nom.Gen.
KHnra, py6axa (shirt), a&ia (villa), aockh, khhth, py6axn, A&HH, k6jkh, Kamn.
K6wa
(skin),
Kama
(porridge).
After all velars (k, r, x) and after the sibilants i, m, m, jk (but not after n) replaced by h. Compare 12 3.
u is
A
31.
The Accusative
is
the case of the direct object;
it is
also re-
quired by certain prepositions.
Things
Persons
M. y^TeJIB
OTKpbiBaeT'b CJIOBapB.
y^HTejib ^HTaeTT. Bonpocb. F. y^HTejiB oTKpbiBaeTt KHnry. y^HTejib OTKpbiBaeT'b TeTpa^b. N. y^HTejib OTKpbiBaeT'b okho.Endings:Things:
Onb
Bbi3biBaeT'b
y^emiKa.
OH'b BbiabiBaeTx y^ieHHuy.
M.
N.
F.
Animate Beings:*
= Nom. = Gen.
= Nom.
y k)
(b)*
Feminines in b have the accusative like the nominative.
32.
done;
The Instrumental denotes the means by which something it is also required by certain prepositions.
is
M.KapamiauiOM-by^HTejiewi.
N.
FpyKoii (-610)(haMHjiieii (eio)
nepowL3AaHieMT>
uapewLings:
HMeHewb
TeTpaAbH)F.oii (oio)
M.N.HardSoft OMT>
ewb
(eM'b)
efi (eio), bio
Feminine: The abbreviated ending oii, ending oio, eio. Feminines in b take bio.
eii is
much more
frequent than the full
33] 33.
:
Lessons
31
Vowel Variation:
n;, in, jk, n, m, o in unaccented endings is replaced by e (12 OT^nt father, KapaHn;aim>: oTnoMt, KapaHAamoMt. MyjKT. man, Hamt: Myaceivrb, n&mewb. KHnra khbtoh, but yqeHnna yieHtineii. This explains the forms nameMt, Haineft, Haineiwy in 27 and 28.
After the sibilants
A 4)
Form
the genitive, accusativeall
and instrumental of
( = nom. or gen., according nouns in Texts III, IV, V.
to
meaning),
XXIII
TJBA^ILATB TPETIH YPOICLBonpocw1.
Kaia> 3arjiaBie Sxoro TeKCTa?3.rn.'fc
2.
bt>
HanajrB ypoKa?
ohx> 0x06x1)?
KHHry? 5. ^Ixo ynnxejiB n,Ti'jiaexx>? 6. Ha Bonpocx. yniixejiH? 7. ^xo noxoivrb n,Ti'jiaexx, ynnxejib? 8. y Koro pyccKiii y*ie6HHKi>? 9. ^xo ecxb y yneHHKa? (V Hero 11. ^[TiMX, .) 10. Ecxb jih y yneHHHbi yneSmiKx,? (JJa, y Hen. .) bbi ntiinexe bx. xexpann? ilnniexe jih bbi Ha 6yMar"B nepoivrb? 12. 13. ^xo bbi n.'b'jiaexe Korna bbi xoxnxe nncaxb ? 14. Ky^a bbi Kjian,exe Sysiary ? 15. ^xo bbi n,T>'jiaexe jit/boh pyKoii, Korna bbi.
^xo ynnxejib n,-B'jiaexT 4. Kxo oxKpbiBaext Kxo nninexx. oxbt>'xx>
ntiinexe?
16.
Tpfk
y
Bacx> hojkhkx,?
17.
^Ixo bbi
n.'fe'jiaexe
hojkh-
komx.?
XXIVjjbajjiiatb
hetbeptbih ypoKtREVIEW
Noun Paradigms
M.N.A. G.L.
N.
F.
CXOJTb CXOJTbcxojiaCXOJrfc'
yniixejib
yHHxejia
ynnxejiHy^Hxejrfc
OHKO OKHO OKHaOKHli'
3n,ame33;aHie
n,ocKa
AOCKy
xexpanb xexpanbxexpan,H
3naHifl
AOCKHnpcKii' ^OdCfe'
3AaniH3AaHiio
D.I.
cxojiy
yHHxejiio
OKHy
xexpann xexpannxexpanbH)
cxojiOMTb ynnxejiewL
OKHOWb SAamewL
rockoh
321.
Elementary Russian GrammarWritethe singular
paradigms of
the following
nouns: nepo,noTOJiKa;
CTyjiT>,
3jj,kme,
KapaHnaim., ctojtb, hmh, noTOJioicbomitted in all oblique cases),
(gs.
o in the
last syllable is
najiKa, KHiira, p;ocKa,
yHemiua, okho, TeTpa^b. 2. Add a suitable adjective to the nominative, locative, and dative of each of these nouns; substitute a possessive or demonstrative pronoun foruiKOJia,
each adjective.3. Use the following noun and verb forms in sentences: KHHiy, nepoMt, HHTaeTt, iimam., iimaiiy, nepmy, y^HTenio, roBopio, M-knb, M-fe'jiOMt, jtb'boh, pyKofi, naeT'b, npiixoAHTb, OKHa, ypona, SyMarib, hojkhkt>, TeTpaAii, oTKpbiBaeMb.
XXVABA^I];ATB IUITBffl yPOK'LTEXTYTpo06tIKH0BeHH0 BCTaiO b-l UieCTb HacoB'L yTpa. Hay bi> BaHHyio n Kynaiocb hjiii moiocb xojionHoii boil
VI
utroja ab'iknavcna fstajucisoff
sest
(
utra.
idu v vannuju
i
npii ji'btom'l, a Tenjioii Bonpii 3iimoio.
kupajus Hi mojus xalodnoj vadoj lzta,m, a foploj vadoj zimoju.ciscu zubbi zubnoj scotackoj p'u.
Humy 3y6bi 3y6Hoii meToaKoii.CTaKaHb MHCTOH XOJIOnHOilBp'feiocB 6e3onacHOii SpiiTBoii
Ilbio
BOnbl.
stakan
cistoj
xalodnoj
vadbi.i
h
npii-
brejus frizapasnoj britvoj
pri-
^ecbiBaio bojiocbi SojibinHMt rpe6-
coswvaju volasbi baZsi'm greb-
HeMt h rojiOBHoii meTKoii. MejKny ram i galavnoj scotkoj. mtzdu T'BMt a ctok) nepen.'b KpyrjiMM'L 3ep- tzm ja staju pirit kruglbim zcrKaJIOMt, KOTOpOe BHCIITb Ha CT-BH-B kalam, katoraje visit na stintBaHHoii.On.'BBaiocb
vannoj.
Bt
CBoeii
cnajibH'k
adivajus
f
svajej
spawns.
py6axy h ^hctliii adivaju cistuju rubaxu i cistwj BopoTHiiKi. Kamnpe yTpo. Bt 06- varafnik ka^daje utro. v opmeMt TyajieT'B y MeHa nponpji?KaeT- scim tuaZet u wka pradalzajitposh tuaZtta ja zaITocji'b TyajieTa a sa palcisa. ca noaaaca. 3axojKy Bt cTOJioByio h cajKyct 3a xazu f stalovuju i sazus za stol. ctojit.. Ecjih saBTpaKb eme He ro- jesli zaftrak jisco ni gatof, ja TOBt, a aiiTaio yTpeHHioio ra3eTy. citaju utrinnuju. gazttu.On.'BBaio aiicTyio
.
Lessons
33
za zaftrakam ja abtikna^enna ^aniKy Tenjiaro MOJiona hjih p'u casku foplava caju Hi stakan CTaKaHt ropa^aro aaio h 'BM'b rbsl garaciva malaka i jem dva aiinu h KycoK'B xji B6a cb MacjiOMTE.. jitsa i kusok xZeba s maslam. ntior
3a 3aBTpaKOMi> a oSuKHOBeHHo
-H
Bcerna nBio cboh aaft 6e3T> caxapy;jih)6jiio
ja fsi7da p'u svoj caj
feis
saxaru;
He
cjia^Karo naio.
ni ZubZu slatkava caju.
NOTESBt> uiecTb
nacoBi yTpa At
six o'clock in the morning.is
hh (B&HHan, o6biKHOBeHHo)(similar to finalJI-fe'TOMTb,TT1.10:
generally pronounced as a lengthened consonant
n
in
man, can)Instrumental of time (BecH6it in spring, 6ceHbio inis
3m6io:
fall).
h between consonant and vowelcjiaRKaro naio:
pronounced as a distinct
[j]-glide,
half- voiceless after a voiceless consonant: [p'u].
He(2)
.1106.116
(1)
Haio, caxapy, irrregular genitives, see ^ 14, 4.
With negative verbs theIT
direct object stands in the genitive instead of the ac-
cusative;
22, 2b.
Practice:1.
The
Sibilants;
inecTB, 6ojibuihm'b,
qaiima, MeTKjsy, KaJKflBift,
3axoJKy,
caraycB,
^acoB-B,
npn^iecBiBaio,
noaaaca,
ropaaiii,
nan,
annry, meToaKa, 66meM'B, eme!2.
e:is
meTKa, meToaKa, npnaecBiBaio, eme.[jo]
e
generally pronounced
when
it is
accented and followedis
by
a syllable with a hard voweLthe exception of the words[uze, va-apsce].
Final accented e'already'
always
[jo, o]
with
yme
and BOo6m,e
'in
general'
Note.
t counts as a hard vowel:nepBtinfirst
upjirh, KJiaAeTt.
Exceptions from the rule[bis]),
are chiefly the nouns in -errK
Kyneut merchant
[kuptts].
isolated cases, such as 6e3b without [bts] (unaccented[citeerk],
There are also a few ueTBeprt Thursday
[ptrvuj] or [pervtij],
and a few
others.
'fc
is
pronounced'nests"
[jo]
in about ten words,
e.g.,
3b-b'3abi[i]),
'stars/,
rH'fc'sn.a
(singulars 3B-E3n,a,
rH-B3n6, with
npio6p B , ji'B
'he received', ub-b'ji'b 'blossomed'.fl
has the sound
[jo]
in ea, gs. of
OHa
'she,'
xpacB 'shook/ 3anparB
'yoked'.
34
Elementary Russian Grammar
[34
XXVI
ABAOTATB HIECTOH YPOICL34.
Declension of Adjectives:
M.N.N.A.G.L.
F.
= Nom.
or Ace.
Lesson XIII (23) bt> BaHHyio
6-fe'jiaro xjrfc'6a
BaHHOH(27, 28) rpe6HewL
xojioahoh bo^oh
HARDM.N.A.G.L.bill, OH N. or G.
SOFTM.aayio>
N.oe oe
N.ee ee"
F.iiaIOIO
iii
N. or G.Y
aro, oro
aro>
OWbOMyi>iivn>
OH
eMTb>eii
D.I.
eMy
mm,
REMARKS1.
The
accent remains
on the same syllable in
all cases: niirp6Kift,
mnp6Karo,
6oji&m6ft, 6oJibin6ro.2. Adjectives with accented endings have oil instead of biii in the nom. sing, masc. and oro instead of aro in the gen. sing. masc. and neut.: 6ojibm6ft, 6ojibm6ro. Their dative ends in 6mv: 6oJibm6iviy. 3.
No soft adjective has the accent on the ending\\
(unless the possessive
pronouns
Moft, TBoft, CBoft are considered as adjectives;4.
18).
5.6.
The ending aro, oro of the gen. sing. masc. and As with nouns, the instr. fem. has also a longer, The rules of vowel variation must be observed.Hluptfrafi,
neut.less
is
pronounced [ava, ova].
common, form in -oro, -ero. Compare 12 A for the follow-
ing forms:
niHp6KHMt, xop6mifi, xop6inaa, xop6ineMt, 6ojibinHMT,
6ojimafl, but CoJibinoH, 6ojibmoMy.7.
as
The use when used
of adjectives as attributively:
bathroomtives,
sc.
KdivmaTa.
nouns is very common; their declension is the same rocTHHaa guestroom, cTOJi6Ban dining-room, Batman Most Russian family names are substantivized adjec^ocToeBCKifi
e.g.,
Tojict6A
TojicT6ro,
JJocroeBCKaro,
KepeHCKifi
KepeHCKaro.
35-36]1.
LessonsDecline the singularof:
35
Batman, CTOJiOBan,
HHCTaa
Bojia,
Kpyrjioe 3epKajio,aaft, S'b'jibih xjteS'b.2.
xojioAHoe mojioko,
hhctbih cTaKaH'B, ropHniii
Add a
suitable adjective to every
noun in Texts IV and V; in'jirst','
addition
to the adjectives that
have occurred, the ordinals nepB&ift
BTopoii 'second' (declined like regular adjectives),bt>
may
be used, e.g.,
nepBOMt Ha^ajrk, BToporo ypoKa.
xxvn*
ftBAftlJATL
CEJJLMOH YPOKL
The endings of the attributive adhave been borrowed from the pronominal declension, i.e., from the declension of words like btotb, moh. The term 'pronominal adjectives' should not be used in Russian grammar; it is better to speak of 'demonstrative pronouns', 'possessive pronouns', etc. The following pronouns have occurred:35. Declension of Pronouns.jectives1.
Personal:Possessive:
a,
mm, bm,
oht>, OHa.
2. 3.
moh, Haurb, Baun>, cboh.3T0Tb.kto, hto, KOTopbiii.pronouns
Demonstrative:
4.
Interrogative-relative:of the personal
The declensionpronounslikediffers
is irregular. That of some of the other from the adjective declension in the nominative forms, which are those of nouns (aioii like rep6ft, Hamt like Kapatmaurc.), and in regard to the
accent.
36. Reflexives.
Reflexive
verbs
are
exceedingly
numerous in-ca, -Cb
formed by adding the to the verb; -ch (pronounced [sa], not [sa])Russian.
They
are
reflexive suffixis,
in general, used after
consonants, -cb after vowels;
t> is
omitted before -ca:mbi oft'BBaeMca
a
r
o;n;
BBaiocbr
bbi
o,o,
BBaeTecb
oh^
o.crBBaeTca.
Notice that the suffix (aside from the purely phonetic variation-cb
ca)
is
possessive
the same for all persons. In the same way, the pronoun cboh is used for all three persons:
reflexive
H
nnraio CBOio KHnry I readcboio
my
book.
OffB HHTaeTB cboio KHnry he reads his book.
KHnry she reads her book. KHnry we read our book (books). Bbi HHTaeTe cboio KHnry you read your book (books).cboio
OHa HHTaeT'B Mbi HHTaeMB
.
361.
Elementary Russian GrammarDecline the singular of:Collect allejtott,
[36
rpe6eHb,
Hame
3epKajio, cboh
CTaKaHTb, KOToptifl KpyrjibiH crojib, Moe Teimoe MOJIOKO.
forms of personal and demonstrative pronouns that and questions and form three sentences with each. Conjugate (in the three forms given above) and add the correct 3. KOMHaT endings for the blanks: il on^Baiocb bt> st h Kynaiocb BaHH B iocB nepej^B cbo sepKaji a KJiany 6yMarBb cbo 6p2.
have occurred in the texts
Ha cbo ctoji
,
/
,
;
,
xxvmJJBAJJLliATB
BOCBMOH YPOICBBonpocbi
o6BiKHOBeHHO BCTaeTe? 2. Kyn.a bbi cnepBa H^eTe? Bb BaHHofi? 4. MoeTecB jih bbi Bcerna xojioh,bbi hhcthtc 3y6&i? Hto bbi jj-B'jiaeTe hoh Bonpii? 5. 6. H'BM'B bbi npHnenoTOMT.? KaKoii Sphtboh Sp-fe'eTecb? 8. 7. npHnecBiBaeTe cBiBaeTe bojiocbi? 9. rn,lj bbi croHTe, Korn,a bbi1.
Korna
bbi
3.
^Ito bbi
n.'fe'jiaeTe
mwh
BOJIOCBI?jih
10.bt.
^TO BHCHTb HaBaHHofi?13. 12.
CT'BH'E'
BaHHOH?
11.
Oft'EBaeTeCb
bbi
cBoeii
Ckojibko BpeMeHH npOAOJIJKaeTCfl14.
y Bact TyajieTb?bbi nBeTe 3a
Hto
bbi n.'fe'jiaeTe hocjte TyajieTa?15.
^Ito
3aBTpaKOMt?16.
HnTaeTe18.
jih bbi
ra3eTy Bcerna nepenbr
3a,BTpaKOMb?jih bbi
^Ito bbi KyuiaeTe 3a 3aBTpaKOM B?
17.
IlbeTe
cboh nafi cb caxapoMb?
LToneMy
bbi nBeTe
cboh nan
Sest caxapy?
XXIXAba/jllatb ,a,EBHTLIH yPOK'LTEXTJJomt.
VII
dom
H3b ct'BH'b, nojioBb, dom sastait is sttn, palof, v h&lh KpBiniH. Bb Sojib- patalkof i krbisi. hihxt. roponaxb ecTb MHoro npMOBb six garodax jest' mnoga damof nasa Bb Tpn hjih neTbipe 3Ta?Ka. Hauia f tri Hi citbirs etaza. KBapTiipa naxoAHTCH Ha BTopoMb kvariira naxoditsa na ftarom v wej Bb Hen etaze baZsova doma. STajK'B 6ojiBHioro npMa. sZedujuscij s komnatbi: gasdnaja cjrbn,yK)iii,iH KOMHaTbi: rocTHHaa hjih npieMHaa, CTOjioBaa, KyxHa h Tpn iZi prijomnaja, stolovaja, kuxnaJJomtj coctoht'b
noTOJiKOB-B
cnajibHH.
i
tri
spaZni.
LessonsBt> rocTHHoii npHHHMaioT'L rocTett.IIojit.
37
v gasdnoj prmimajutpol jijo uslansZinax idsatnti.
gasZej.i
en ycTJiaHi> KOBpaMH, h Ha
kavrami,f
na
CT-EHaxi. bhchtt.
HM.
npeKpacHBia KapTHCnaJILHH KOMHaTH, BT> KOTObt>
prikrasntije karZi-
spaZni
komnatw,f
kato-
pBixt cnaTi> jnonn;uiKanbi.
cnajibHaxTj
rtix spat ludi;
spaZnix stajat
CTOHT-L KpOBaTH, KOMOflMII BBICOKie
kravaZi,
Bt KyxH-B
npiiroTOBjiHiOT'B
skapbi.
f
kamodti i vtisokijs kuxns prigatavZajut
KymaHbe; cfECTHLie npiinacti xpa- kusine; sjisnbijs pripasBi xraHHTCH BT> KJia^OBBIX'B HJIH BT> norpe- natsa f kladavfcix iZi f pagriSaxt.bax.
CTOJiOBaaKymaeM'L:
KOMHaTa, Bt KOTopoii;
stalovajaroj
komnata,fi
f
kato-
3aBTpaKaeMt
oS'BflaeMt
kusijim: zaftrakajim, a&edai
h yjKHHaeMt.6y(|)eT'B.
Bt
ctojioboh ctohtt>
jim
u^inajim.
stalovoj stajatvbisokbijstait
60JIBIHOII, KpyrjIBIH CTOJIt
H
BBICOKiiih'B-
baZsoj, kruglbij stol
Okojio CTOJia ctoiit'b
by/ct.
okala stalastuZ'if.
nt-
CKOJIBKO CTyJIbeB'L. CtOJTB nOKpbITT>hiictoii, S'Bjioh
skaZkastoj,
cKaTepTBio ; Ha ctoji'EII
6cloj
pakrwt ciskaZirZ'u; na staZestoli
CTOHTTb TapeJIKH, HaiHKH, CTaKaHBI,
stajat tarelki, caski, stakanti,Zizat
JieJKaTl> HOyKII, BIIJIKH, JIOJKKH, JIO-
nazi, vilki, loski, lozi'cki
JKCHKHcyn'L
H
CaJI(f)eTKH.
jiojKKaMii,
HOJKaMH. IlBeM'B
Mfcl 'fcn.HM'B i sal/etki. mbi jirfim sup mhco BiuiKaMH h loskami, maso vilkami i na2awi; Haft 031. CTaKaHOBt, p'om caj is stakanaf, no ko/eis
HO
KO(|)e 113^. HauieKTb.
casik.
3a
HaUIIIMTj
ftOMOMt HaXOHIITCHBt>LTocji'e
za
nasim domain
naxorfitsa
npeKpacHtiHKia nepeBba.jieflMi.
ca^T>.
cany bbicooS-fena h nacTO
prikrasntij sat.jecZire^ja.
fsadu vbisoki-
posZe afetda ja casto
ryjiHio nojinaca
no
t'Bhiictbim'b aji-
guZaju
polcisa
pa
Zinistbim
Hauiero can,a.
aZejnn nasiva sada.
NOTES.JJosia:
Irregular plural of aomt,; notice the accent;three stories;
AOMa
is
the gen. sing.
Bt>
the form 3Tama will be explained in Lesson 34. Bt Hen: Locative of OHa, instead of eft, after prepositions. IIpHHHMaioT'b they receive guests, i.e., guests are received; npnTOTOBJiaroT?.is
Tpn aTaaca of
KymaHbe food
prepared.
YcTjiaHt: t between c and ji is silent. TapejiKu: See 21, 3 for pronunciation. H-k'cKOJihKO rryjieBT.: H-e'ckojibko (and similar expressions of indefinite number or quantity) is followed by the gen. plur. CiyjieBt is an irregular form; the
nom.
plur. is cTyjisn;
IIotojiokt,
noTOjiKOBi.:
similarly jjepeBo
tree,
plur. flepeBba, gen.
beB-b.
Vowel3.
insertion according to
12 C.
Compare 23
A, b and below, 37,
Remark
H
b
H
38Practice:[ji,i]
Elementary Russian Grammar
[37
HXt,
H3T.,
COCTOHTt, HaXOftHTCH, KBapTHpa, 3TH.
[je, e][jt,t]
Heii, rocreii, caji(J)eTKH, ecTb, ceiviB.
BBICOKie, CT/ECTHfcie,
npeKpaCHMH,
CT'BH'L,
KyxH-fe,
TapejiKH.
[ja, a] [jo, o]
CTOHTt, C^'jiaa, erojiOBaH, cnHTi>, BHCHTt, mhco, ^HCTaa.ea,
npieMHaa, KOBepi., nbeTt, KJia^eM-B.
[JU, U]
ryjIHK), npHrOTOBJIHK), IipHHHMaiOT'L, jik>ah.
b:
cnajiBHH, KyuiaHbe
= Kymame,
6ojiBinoft, h-e'ckojibko, nBeM'B,
CKaxepTB, aepeBba.
XXXTPHIJIJATLffl37. Plural of
yPOKtF.
Nouns:
M.N.
N.GJlOBa
HiKanM HOJKHJHO^H
KOMHaTblJIOJKKH
OKHajiepeBBHCJIOB'b
cnajiBHHCT'BH'b
G.
nOJIOBT>
rocTeii
AepeBteBi.CJIOBaX'Lfl,epeBBaxi>
cnajiem.
L.
norpeCaxLrOCTHXT>
KOMHaTaX'bCnaJIBHHXT>
D.
mKanawLrOCTAWb
CJIOBaWBp;epeBBflMTb
KOMHaTaWbcnajitHflMT)
I.
KOBpaMH TOCTHMH
CJIOBaMHfl,epeBBHMH
KOMHaTaMHcnajiBHflMH.
ndi rigs:
M.N.A.G.L.OBT>LI
N.a
F.bl
eii,
h
= N. orG.eBtaxi>
t
(M, eii)
D.I.
aWb aMH
HXT. flMH
flftTb
38]
Lessons
.
39
REMARKSThe rules of vowel variation must be observed, e.g., noTonoKi. Kpbima KpbiniH, 9TajKT> 3TajKii; h^'mcu-b H-fe'MueBt (but OTeirb1.
aMHJiia
iiotojikhotu6bt>);
(fjaMHJiiii
(instead of (JaMiraib).
GENITIVE PLURAL. In general outlines, the distribution of the various 2. endings is the following: obt. with hard masculines: aomt. aom6b-b. eB-b with masculines in h: rep6ft rep6eBi>; also with those in n>, if the ending is unaccented (12 A 4) H-B'Meub H'fe'ivmeB'B, but OTeirb oTudB'b. eii with all nouns in b, with masculines in nix, jkt>, hi., nrb, and with neuters:
in e (not int
ie)
;
TeTpaneft, Hoaceft, n6jiea (n6jie field)
with all hard feminines and neuters: K6MHaTt, acem., cjiob-b, 6koht,; also with a few feminines in a that insert e between final consonants: cnajibHa cnajieHt nt'cHH song n-fe'cem. (but, e.g., nepeBHa village ^epeBeHb). b with feminines in a after consonants: hhhh HaHb. ii with feminines in ia and neuters in ie: (fcaMHJiiii, 3AaHift. 3. Vowel Insertion is required when the gen. plur. ends in ?> or b after two consonants that would be inconvenient to pronounce as'a group: okh
HepHMii KapaH,n;aiirB, Bania npeKpacHaa rocTHHaa, sto BBicoKoe okho.
.
XXXII
TPHfllJATL BTOPOIIBonpocbi1.
yPOKL
H3T. ^ero npivrB coctohtt>?3.
2.
Ckojibko 9TajKeii Bt BameM'B5.
AOM'B?Hoii?
Ha
kotopomt.bt> Bauieii
BTajK-fe'
Hax6n,HTca
Kam'a KOMHaTBi6.
KBapTHp'B?9.
Bama KBapTnpa? 4. Hto n.'fc'jiaioT'B bt> tocth7.
^Ito Ha nojiy,8.
h hto Ha cT-BHaxt rocTHHoii?Jljjia
Tft-k
cnaT'B
jhoah?10.
^Ito
b-l
cnajiBHax-L?
qero cjiyjKHTi. KyxHa?
r^-B XpaHHTCH Ct^CTHBie npHnaCBI?12. 14.
11.13.
Bt
KOTOpOIl KOMHaT'Bokojio crojia,
bbi KyuiaeTe?
^Ito
bt>
ctojioboh?
^to
h
HTO Ha CTOJrE'?A'B'jiaeM'B
^TO15. 17.
MBI Jjfk'jiaeWh HOJKEIMH H BHJIKaMH,IlBeTe jih bbi aaii
h
*ito
jiojKKaMH?
hsx nauiKH?
16.
^to
3a BauiHM'B a6momt>?
^to
bbi ft-E'jiaeTe b-b stomt.
ca^y?
XXXIII
TPILUnATL TPETIH yPOIO>TEXTPa3jj1iJieHiHVIII
BpeweHH
razdiZenija vremini
ro^T) pa3A-BjiHeTCH Ha AB-BHaAi^aTBMfccHUfiBT*.
got razdiZajitsa na dwnatsiZ'mesitsif.j
Bottb hx-b HasBaHia:anp-fejiB,
vot/ivraZ,ijuZ,i
jix
nazvanija:apreZ,
aHBapB, $eBpajiB, MapTi,,Mag, iiOHB,iiojiB,
invar,
mart,dikabr.i
aBrycT^, ceHTa6pB,,n;eKa6pB.r
maj, ijtm,
avgust, sinZabr,
OKTaSpB, Hoa6pB hanp-EjTB, iioH-B,
B-b
akZabr, najabr
vnajibre
ceHTa6p B h HoaSp'E Tpnji;i];aTB AHeii, b-b (fjeBpaa-B nBan,u,aTB BoceMB hjih n,Ban,H,aTB n,eBHTB^Heii,r
apreZs, ijune, sinfrbretritsiii'
due],ili
f
/ivraZtdvatsi'Z'iz
dvadevit'
tsiZ'
vosimf
a
b-b
KajK^OM-B hst. ocTajiBHBix'B
dnej, a
kazdam1
astaZnbix
M Bcaii,eB'BCeMB
TpinruaTB
orhhb
jbshb.
mesitsif tritsit acZin den.
,o,HeH cocTaBjiaioT'B
HenJBjno:
sem dnej
sastavZajut nidelu:
BocKpeceHBe, noHen.-BjiBHHK'B, BTop-
vaskrisene, pamdeZwik, ftornik,
42hhki., cpena,
Elementary Russian GrammartieTBeprL, nHTHHija
h
srida,
citvtrk,
patnitsa,
i
sub-
cy66oTa.pa6o*rie
LTepBtift n,eHB Hen.'fcjiH
bota.
pervBijpraznisnBij,iZi
den
nideli
neHB npaanmiHHBiH, ocTantHBie nmihjih6yn,HH.
den
astambije dn\
Bt,
6ynHH
rabocijs
budni.
v budni
jironn pa6oTaioTi>, a
OHH OTHBIXaJOTt oti> am addbixajut at rabot. B-b ro^y neTpBie- BpeMenn. Ilepv gadu citbire vremini. perBoe BpeMH rona BecHa; OHa HaHima- vaje vrema goda yisna; ana eTCH ,n;Ba,a;i];aTb nepBaro MapTa h. c. nacinajitsa dvatsiY* pervava (HOBaro cthjth; BoctMoro MapTa c. c. marta novava stila, (vasmova = CTaparo cthjih); BTopoe BpeMH, marta starava stila). ftaroje ji-bto, Ha^iHHaeTca n,Ban,naTB nepBaro vrema goda, hto, nacinajitsa iioHH, oceHB n,Ban,i],aTB TpeTBaro ceH- dvatsM' pervava ijuna, osin Tfl6pH, a 3HMa n,Ban,naTB nepBaro dvatsitf' tretiva, sinfrbra, a zima n,eKa6pa. dvats'iZ' pervava dikabra. J\enh paa^TijiHeTCfl: Ha nBan,naTB den razdiZajitsa na dvatsi'i' neTLipe naca. Ha BonpocL "Ko- citbirs cisa. na vapros "ka-
b^ BocKpeceHte pa6oT L.
ludi rabotajut,
a v vaskrisewe
nact TenepB?" OTB'BHaiOT'L: torBij cas tiper?" atoicajut: "TenepB nacB (nBa naca mecTB "tiper cas (dva cisa sest nacoBt h nBa^narB MHHyTT> nojio- cisof i dvats'ii' minut palaBHHa BOCbMoro). Ha BonpocB "Ko- v i na vasmova) na vapros " kaTOpOe HHCJIO CerOHHH?" OTB'EHaiOT'B: torajs cislo sivodna?" atoicajut: "CeronHH n,Ban,rj;aTB nHToe (hhcjio) "sivodna, dvatsiT pataje (cislo) okth6ph (cenBMoe MapTa n,B,an,naTB aktabra. (sid'mojc marta dvaTpeTbe seKaopa, h t. ,;.). tsit' tretz dikabra, i tak daZije).TopBift
1
.
NOTESCBoii always refers to the subject of the sentence (36). The non-reflexive possessive pronoun of the third person is ero, en, er6 for the singular, nxt for the plural. CyTb: The verb to be is expressed by ecTb (singular), cyTb (plural) when there is no predicate noun or adjective, nor an adverbial phrase of place in the sentence. Bt> SyjjHH: Bt> with the accusative expresses time,. especially with the names of days: bt. cpeAy on Wednesday, bo BTopHiiKb on Tuesday; similarly bi> 3Ty MnnyTy this minute, bt. Tpu qacatn three hours, bo BpeMH (boShm) during {the war). But
Hxt> Ha3B&Hia:
the day of the
month
is
expressed
by the
genitive:
BTop6ro HHBapa on
the second
of January. HoBaro cthjih:
The Russian (Julian) calendar is thirteen days behind the Western European (Gregorian) calendar, but the latter is being introduced underthe