edema
TRANSCRIPT
A.Arputha Selvaraj
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75 % of total body weight is water
- 50 % - Intracellular volume
- 20 % - Interstitial volume
- 5 % - Intravascular volume
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EDEMA Increasing of fluid volume in tissues.
-It is usually used to define the increasing of
extracellular and extravascular fluid volume
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EDEMA – Local (Pulmonary, cerebral, pharyngeal
- Disseminated (Increasing of interstitial
fluid volume)
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Intraperitoneal - Ascites
Intrapleural - Hydrothorax
PATHOGENESIS OF EDEMA1) Capillary permeability2) Hydrostatic pressure of intracapillary
fluid3) Oncotic pressure of intracapillary fluid4) Oncotic pressure of interstitial fluid5) Tissue resistance6) Lymphatic drainnage7) Renal hormonal factors8) Atrial natriüretic peptide
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Capillary permeability
Water, electrolytes,gases – Diffusion
Proteins - Filtration
Chemical, bacterial, thermal, mechanical factors
may cause the increasing of permeability
– inflamatory edema / angioedema
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Hydrostatic pressure:
It forces the blood fluid pass into the tissues through the capillary wall.
It is 32 mmHg at the arteriolar end of the capillary, and 12 mmHg at the venule hand.
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Oncotic pressure:
Formed by plasma proteins (especially albumin)
It tries to keep the fluid in the capillary
The oncotic pressure of the capillary is 24 mmHg.
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Plasma protin content > İnterstitial protein content
Plasma oncotic pressure > ınterstitial oncotic pressre
Effective oncotic pressure = Plasma oncotic pressure –
Interstitium oncotic pressure
Effective oncotic pressure decreases:
- As the decreasing of plasma oncotic pressure ( cirrhosis, malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome, protein loosing ent.)
- As the increasing of interstitium oncotic pressure (Increasing of permeability – inflamatory / allergy)
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Arteriolar end: Hydrostatic pressure > Oncotic pressure
Fluid passes into interstitium
Venule end: Oncotic pressure > Hydrostatic pressure
Fluid returns capillary bed
* The increase of pressure at the venule end Fluid
cannot return capillary and stay at the interstitium
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Oncotic pressure of the interstitium:
The amount of protein is nearly 0.3 % g / dl and it is not so important
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Lymph drainege:
Some of the fluid in the interstitium and a few amount of protein diffused into interstitium is carried by lymph vessels. Obstruction of the vessels causes edema.
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RENAL HORMONAL MECHANISM
Decreasing of stroke volume
Increasing of ADH Decreasing of kidney blood perfusion
Reabsorbtion of water Poor perfusion of juxta glomerular
in tubules of kidneys aparatus
Secretion of renin
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Renin
Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I
Converting enzyme
Angiotensin II
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Angiotensin II:
1) Causes vasoconstriction
2) Increases the secretion of aldosteron from adrenal
gland ( seconder hyperaldosteronism) – İncreases
sodium reabsorbtion in distal tubules
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-Secreted by the secretory granules in the atrium
-Secretion is stimulated by atrial enlargement ( plasma volume
increases)
-Increases diuresis and sodium output.
-Causes vasodilatation
-Inhibits renin and angiotensin release
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EDEMA
-Dısseminated edema
-Local edema
Disseminated EdemaEdema due to cardiac failureNephritic edemaNephrotic edemaEdema caused by liver failureNutritional edema (inadequate intake)Protein loss through gastrointestinal systemEdema due to endocrine pathologiesEdema during pregnancy
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Local edema- Traumatic- Inflammatory edema- Obstriction of venous circulation - Thrombophlebitis - Compression of veins -Lymphatic edema -Angioneurotic edema
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- Blood volume per minute decreases Water is conserved by renal and hormonal mechanisms
- Hydrostatic pressure increases
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Mild and hard edema is seen in acute glomerulonephritis
Glomerular filtration decreases, but tubular reabsorbtion is not disturbed. (glomerulotubular inbalance)
Capillaritis (generalized capillary disorder)
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-It is very soft and in anasarca type
-Low oncotic pressure due to protein loss
-Secondary hyperaldosteronism
Cirrhotic EdemaIt is usually seen with ascitesAlbumin synthesis in liver decreasesSome blood proteins are excreted in feces
due to portal hypertensionAldosteron breakdown in liver decreases ;
secretion by adrenal gland increases (secondary hyperaldosteronism)
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Nutritional edemaKwashiworkerMalabsobtion SyndromesGastrectomy Cancer
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Edema due to endocrine pathologies
MixedemaPremenstrual edemaPregnancy
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Iatrogenic Edema
MineralocorticoidCorticosteroidAndrogenADH
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Due tu increased permeability
- Microorganisms
- Connective tissue disorders
Venous EdemaThrombophlebitis: Local inflamations
cause thrombus venous obstriction-Large and hard edema- Erythema, hotness,pain
Compression of veins-Ganglion, tumor,ascites
Edema related to varicesHigh hydrostatic pressure in
veins
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Lymphatic Edema
Due to obstruction of lymph vessels,plasma proteins cannot be taken from the interstitium
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Vessels insubcutaneous tissue enlarge due to local histamine discharge and extravasation from capillaries occurs
-Food allergy -Drug allergy
-Infections -Emotional
Thank You
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