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EPICURO

European Partnership for Innovative Cities within an Urban Resilience Outlook

Funded by European Union Civil Protection

and Humanitarian Aid www.epicurocp.eu

ECHO_SUB_742509_PREV20_EPICURO

BEST PRACTICES ANALYSIS

Date: February 2018

Version: Final

Responsible Partner: European University Cyprus

Task: B

Activity: B.1

Availability: Public

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Sommario

BEST PRACTICES ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 1

1 DEFINITION OF RESILIENCE ....................................................................................... 4

2 THE GLOBAL TARGETS OF THE SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 2015-2030 ............................................................................................. 6

3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIES’ RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK............................ 7

3.1 Analysis of existing resilience frameworks ...................................................................7

3.1.1 National Infrastructure System Model family (NISMOD) ............................................ 7

3.1.2 The model of area-picture of potential threats from/to CI in the Baltic Sea

Region .......................................................................................................................................................... 8

3.1.3 UNISDR Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities ........................................................... 9

3.1.4 I2UD’s Climate Change Adaptation and Resiliency Framework .............................. 11

3.1.5 Vulnerability to Resilience (V2R) Framework ................................................................ 12

3.1.6 The Climate Resilience Framework .................................................................................... 13

3.1.7 DFID’s resilience framework ................................................................................................. 14

3.1.8 The City Resilience Framework ........................................................................................... 15

3.1.9 City Strength Diagnostic: Resilient Cities Programme ............................................... 16

3.1.10 Singapore’s Adaptation Approach .................................................................................. 17

3.1.11 The PEOPLES Resilience Framework ............................................................................. 18

3.1.12 Gibson and Tarrant (2010) on various conceptual models on organisational

resilience ................................................................................................................................................... 19

3.1.13 Comparative analysis of Resilience Frameworks ........................................................................ 22

3.1.14 Synthesis ..................................................................................................................................... 25

3.2 Two factors influencing resilience at any framework ............................................ 26

3.2.1 Nature of interdependency among infrastructures ......................................................................... 26

3.2.2 Climate change ................................................................................................................................ 26

3.3 Cities’ resilience: sources of good practices ............................................................. 28

3.4 General .................................................................................................................................... 29

3.5 Projects .................................................................................................................................... 30

3.6 Early warning systems ....................................................................................................... 30

3.7 Urban heat islands .............................................................................................................. 31

3.8 Sustainable drainage system .......................................................................................... 31

3.9 Best practices identified within Epicuro project ....................................................... 32

3.10 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 37

3.11 Technology in good practices .......................................................................................... 38

3.12 People centred approach for (procedures to) success .......................................... 39

3.13 Steps forward ........................................................................................................................ 40

4 BIBLIOGRAPHY - REFERENCES ................................................................................. 43

5 ANNEX EPICURO PARTNERS’ BEST PRACTICES ANALYSIS .......................... 48

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5.1 Good practices description format ................................................................................ 48

5.2 Best practices presentation ............................................................................................. 50

5.3 Alba Iulia Municipality ........................................................................................................ 51

5.4 EPC ............................................................................................................................................ 66

5.5 Town & Country Planning Association ......................................................................... 78

5.6 EKODOMA ............................................................................................................................... 95

5.7 City of Skopje ...................................................................................................................... 111

5.8 City of Vejle.......................................................................................................................... 124

5.9 Municipality of Vicenza .................................................................................................... 135

5.10 Province of Potenza........................................................................................................... 142

5.11 Salaspils ................................................................................................................................ 156

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1 Definition of resilience

Definitions of resilience Author

The ability of a system, community or society

exposed to hazards to resist, absorb,

accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover

from the effects of a hazard in a timely and

efficient manner, including through the

preservation and restoration of its essential basic

structures and functions through risk

management.

UNISDR, 2009

Capacity to anticipate, prepare for, respond to

and recover from the effects of hazards with

minimum damage to the social-wellbeing, the

economy and environment

US EPA

Capacity of a community, its members and the

systems that facilitate its normal activities to

adapt in ways that maintain functional

relationships in the presence of significant

disturbances.

Paton, 2007

Resilience refers to three conditions that enable

social or ecological system to bounce back after a

shock. The conditions are: ability to self-organize,

ability to buffer disturbance and capacity for

learning and adapting

Levina and Tirpak, 2006

E.Tompkins et al. 2005 from

Levina

The ability of a system to recover from the effect

of an extreme load that may have caused harm.

UKCIP, 2003

Ability to prevent, withstand, recover from and

learn from the impacts of extreme weather

hazards.

Hallet, 2013

The amount of disturbance a system can absorb

and still remain within the same state or domain

of attraction; the degree to which the system is

capable of self-organisation; the ability to build

Carpenter et al., 2001

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and increase the capacity for learning and

adaptation.

A function indicating the capability to sustain a

level of functionality or performance for a given

building, bridge, lifeline network, or community,

over a period defined as the control time

Renschler et al., 2010

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2 The Global Targets of the Sendai Framework for

Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

The seven global targets are:

1. Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower the average per 100,000 global mortality rate in the decade 2020–2030 compared to the period 2005–2015;

2. Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower the average global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020–2030 compared to the period 2005–2015;9

3. Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030;

4. Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030;

5. Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020;

6. Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of the present Framework by 2030;

7. Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to people by 2030.

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3 Development of the CITIES’ resilience framework

In this section we review and analyse existing resilience frameworks developed by various scholars and organisations in order to understand the components used in such frameworks. Besides the two frameworks (UNISDR & 100 Resilient Cities) that mostly affect EPICURO project due to Province of Potenza and Vejle City participation, there exist several others that reveal additional aspects of cities resilience. Based on the analysed information, the components for incorporation within the EPICURO framework have been identified for further use by the cities.

3.1 Analysis of existing resilience frameworks

This section gives a general description of different frameworks and analyses the components incorporated within these frameworks.

NOTICE: Because resilience and adaptation are closely related concepts, some frameworks presented below combine both resilience and adaptation approaches.

The resilience frameworks can in general be categorised according to their aims and target audience. Some frameworks have a policy-maker focus hence are more relevant to National level or Government actions at a strategic level and as such can be classified as high level. Other frameworks are aimed at a local level or are more stakeholder focussed and as such can be categorised as operational level. The resilience approaches below can be categorised under the basis of the above taxonomies. It is important to underline that cities / regions in different countries have different degree of autonomy from the Central Government and therefore different ones may be suitable, depending on the characteristics of each case. In addition, as many actions need financing, the way of interaction between, cities, regions and central governments on planning and financing activities play also an important role.

Furthermore, resilience has two main time frames:

i. Short term, linked to service provision continuity (how to optimize flows in the critical units

providing important services), especially under disruptive events, how to sustain the supply

chain of the infrastructure that provide such services.

ii. Long term, linked to adaptation ability that would result in the services provision structure

being able to cope with climate change over the longer time horizon.

As one can notice there are frameworks launched by international organizations and associations,

but there are also ones linked to national efforts (i.e. Singapore). FOR EPICURO project, that means

that in order to achieve and sustain resilience, cities must have always look what other do at global

level, but at the same time be in position to recognize –and not be afraid to include in Action plans-

the local unique characteristics that may influence the whole effort. Especially medium size cities

must balance between success factors imported through the various resilience initiatives and the

local unique identity –and characteristics- the cities have. Potenza case of the last 15 years showed

that this is a difficult task to accomplish (always partially, always trying to =), but there is no other

alternative.

3.1.1 National Infrastructure System Model family (NISMOD)

The UK Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium (ITRC, 2015) delivers research, models and

decision support tools which enable analysis and planning of national infrastructure systems. As part

of this, ITRC has tackled four major challenges as detailed below (ITRC, 2015, P.3):

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- How infrastructure capacity and demand can be balanced in an uncertain future – by developing methods for modelling capacity, demand and interdependence in national infrastructure systems in a compatible way under a wide range of technological, socio-economic and climate futures.

- What the risks of infrastructure failure are and how to adapt national infrastructure to make it more resilient - by analysing the risks, vulnerability and consequences of interdependent infrastructure failure and by identifying ways of adapting infrastructure systems to reduce risks in the future.

- How infrastructure systems evolve and interact with society and the economy, by examining the complex relationship between infrastructure, the economy and society.

- What the UK strategy should be for integrated provision of national infrastructure in the long term by using new methods to develop and test alternative strategies for Britain’s national infrastructure.

The National Infrastructure System Model (NISMOD) family contains four components including a

model for long-term performance, a model of risk and vulnerability, a model for regional

development and a national database of infrastructure networks. The long-term performance model,

which is presented in Figure 3.1, is the focus, as it constitutes infrastructure resilience.

Figure 3-1 National Infrastructure System Model - Long-term Performance - NISMOD-LP (Source: ITRC, 2015)

The factors that influence demand for infrastructure services in the future are combined with

alternative strategies for infrastructure provision. Combinations of scenarios and strategies are input

into the modules that compute demand for various infrastructure system models such as energy,

transport, digital communications, water, wastewater and solid waste, now and in the future. The

model then outputs sets of metrics for future infrastructure performance.

3.1.2 The model of area-picture of potential threats from/to CI in the Baltic Sea Region

Another layered approach has been proposed concerning the vulnerability assessment of critical infrastructures and their networks in the Baltic Sea Region as illustrated in Figure 3.2.

The elements of critical infrastructures and their networks, on the one hand, may be vulnerable to

damage caused by external factors and on the other hand, may pose actual or potential threats to

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INTERDEPENDENT LAYERS − three-layered grid of the Baltic Sea

LAYER OF DYNAMIC THREATS

coming from/to: − shipping, − port operations.

coming from/to: − pipelines, − electric cables, − oil rigs, − wind farms.

LAYER OF CLIMATIC HAZARDS (NATURAL) HAZARDS coming from/to: − winds, − waves, − sea water, − air, − precipitation, − ice conditions, − fog.

THREE-LAYERED GRID OF THE BALTIC SEA THREATS

scale depending on the number of vulnerable critical infrastructures

− none,

− one,

− two,

− three,

− four,

− five or more.

LAYER OF STATIC THREATS

C O N S E Q U E N C E S TO/FROM

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES

port infrastructure

energy infrastructure

transport infrastructure

other critical infrastructures and networks. The expected threats associated with the critical

infrastructures located in the Baltic Sea area have been divided into the following 3 layers:

- Layer of dynamic threats, - Layer of static threats, - Layer of natural hazards associated with weather and climate change.

As critical infrastructures are often interconnected and interdependent, the combination of these

three layers can help to indicate critical infrastructures, which can be affected and can affect other

critical infrastructures in a fixed area of the Baltic Sea Region. This in turn will help to determine the

critical infrastructures based on their level of vulnerability.

Figure 3-2 The model of area-picture of potential threats from/to critical infrastructures in the Baltic Sea Region (Source: GMU, 2016)

3.1.3 UNISDR Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities

The Disaster Resilience Scorecard has been prepared by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) and provides a set of assessments that allow cities to gauge how resilient they are to natural disasters. The aim of the scorecard is to: aid cities to establish a baseline measurement of their current level of disaster resilience, to identify priorities for investment and action, and to track their progress in increasing their disaster resilience over time. It is made up of 85 disaster resilience evaluation criteria which focus on the following features:

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Research, including evidence-based compilation and communication of threats and needed responses.

Organisation, including policy, planning, coordination and financing.

Infrastructure, including critical and social infrastructure and systems and appropriate development.

Response capability, including information provision and enhancing capacity.

Environment, including maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services.

Recovery, including triage, support services and scenario planning.

The scorecard is based on the UN’s ten essentials The scorecard treats the topic of resilient infrastructure by subdividing it into issues, and offering measurement indicators and measurement scales. For example:

Subject/Issue Item measured Indicative Measurement

Indicative Measurement Scale

Comments

Electricity Customer service days at risk of loss.

“Electrical energy loss factor”. If a = estimated # of days to restore regular service area-wide b = % of user accounts affected … then electrical energy loss factor = a x b

(Example – 1.5 day’s loss of service for 10% of user accounts in city = loss factor of 15%; 3 days’ loss of service for 50% of user accounts in city = loss factor of 150%)

5 – No loss of service even from “most severe” scenario

4 – No loss of service even from “most probable” scenario

3 – Loss factor of 1-25% from most probable” scenario

2 – Loss factor of 25-100% from “most probable” scenario


0 – Loss factor >200% from “most probable” scenario

Loss of service should be assessed relative to the “normal” state:

- If “normal” service is electricity 24 hours a day then loss of service is anything that reduces this;

- If “normal” service is electricity for less than 24 hours per day, then loss of service is anything that reduces this still further.

Designated critical asset service days at risk of loss from energy failure.

“Electricity critical asset (ECA)

loss factor”.

If a = estimated #

5 – No loss of service even from “most severe” scenario

4 – No loss of

Critical electrical assets are those that are either:

- Essential for the operation of some

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of days to restore regular service area-wide

b = % of critical assets affected

… then ECA loss factor = a x b

(Example – 1.5 day’s loss of service for 10% of critical assets in city = loss factor of 15%; 3 days’ loss of service for 50% of critical assets in city = loss factor of 150%)

service even from “most probable” scenario

3 – Loss factor of 1-25% from most probable” scenario



0 – Loss factor >200% from “most probable” scenario

part of the energy grid for the city;

- Essential for the functioning of some other critical asset (say, a water treatment plant or a rail line).

Loss of service refers to service from the main electricity supply.

Service may be provided either from the asset itself or via a designated alternative/back-up.

3.1.4 I2UD’s Climate Change Adaptation and Resiliency Framework

The Institute for International Urban Development (I2UD) has developed a climate change

adaptation and resiliency framework mainly focusing on low-income urban populations who tend to

live on exposed sites that are prone to environmental and weather related risks. Urban policies

related to climate change have largely been focused on mitigation, but I2UD (2014) claims that there

has recently been a shift toward the development of resilient cities that can respond and adapt to

climate related disruptions. The I2UD framework, which is shown in Figure 3.3, reflects this shift.

Figure 3-3 I2UD’s Climate Change Adaptation and Resiliency Framework (Source: Institute for International Urban Development (I2UD)

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The I2UD framework is different from other frameworks due to its focus on the local level, whereas

most climate change policies are often developed on a national scale. The framework provides an

approach for local authorities to conceptualize climate change adaptation in a manner that

recognizes their particular circumstances; organize policies around this issue; and affect change

(I2UD, 2014).

Based on the documentation of climate change effects and adaptation approaches developed by the

International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), this integrated framework focuses on the specific risks

faced by informal and lower-income settlements and offers a way to both understand and address

the underlying causes of risks. I2UD views risk as a combination of three components such as

exposure to natural hazards due to geographic location; vulnerability to small- and large-scale

weather events due to socioeconomic conditions; and lack of institutional capacity to adapt due to

inadequate infrastructure systems, inefficient land management, and a lack of inclusive development

policies. These three components provide the basis of the framework

3.1.5 Vulnerability to Resilience (V2R) Framework

Practical Action, which is an international non-governmental organisation (NGO) that uses

technology to challenge poverty in developing countries, has developed a resilience framework

entitled ‘from vulnerability to resilience (V2R)’ (Pasteur, 2011) as shown in Figure 3.4.

Figure 3-4 V2R Framework (SOURCE: Practical Action, Bangladesh)

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Vulnerability is the degree to which a population or system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, hazards and stresses, including the adverse effects of climate change (Pasteur, 2011). The causes of vulnerability are based on the extent of exposure to hazards and the social and economic conditions of the people or the system. Vulnerability is further increased by a situation of uncertainty such as climate change. This coupled with a lack of knowledge, understanding and accessibility to information and resources increase vulnerability. The V2R framework was therefore developed to tackle the causes and consequences of vulnerability. As such V2R considers four key components for incorporation within the framework. They are exposure to hazards and stresses; fragile livelihoods; future uncertainty; and weak governance as shown in Figure 3.4.

The V2R framework mainly aims to improve the livelihoods of poor people in relation to multiple hazards and an uncertain future and thus could be used in the context of community resilience.

The above framework, which is not specific to infrastructure though, seems to be a Governance

mechanism for high-level resilience management in developing countries.

3.1.6 The Climate Resilience Framework

The Climate Resilience Framework (CRF) provides a conceptual framework for assessing vulnerabilities and risks, identifying resilience strategies—and creating an open, inclusive learning process to identify specific measures and processes that can address the uncertainties of climate change through action and implementation (Friend and MacClune, 2013, p.9).

The Climate Resilience Framework that has been developed by the Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-International (ISET-International), has a combination of two loops as indicated in Figure 3.5. One loop is about understanding vulnerability and the other is about building resilience. The vulnerability loop helps clarify factors that need to be included in the diagnosis of climate vulnerability, and structures the systematic analysis of vulnerability in ways that clearly identify the entry points for responding. The resilience loop supports strategic planning to build resilience to climate change, prompting new and practical ways of thinking about the challenges of adapting to climate change. Combining these two loops will lead to a shared learning dialogue process to achieve the integration of vulnerability and resilience elements.

Figure 3-5 Climate Resilience Framework (CRF) – (Source: The Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-International - ISET-International)

The resilience framework has three core components: systems, agents and institutions. The framework further identifies the factors and characteristics of each of these components that are important to enhance and to identify the indicators to measure the success which are presented below (Friend and MacClune, 2013):

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Defining Disaster Resilience: A DFID Approach Paper 7

2.2 How resilient is a country, community or household?

Determining levels of resilience is an important part of understanding the concept. And most definitions of resilience share four common elements which can be used to do this: context; disturbance; capacity; and reaction. Together these elements form a resilience framework (see below) which can be used to examine different kinds of resilience (for example, of growth or of governance systems) and help determine the level of resilience that exists.

The four elements of a resilience framework

Exposure

Stresses

Shocks

Adaptive capacity

2. Disturbancee.g. natural

hazard, conflict, insecurity, food

shortage, high fuel prices.

3. Capacity to deal with disturbance

4. Reaction to disturbance

e.g. Survive, cope, recover, learn,

transform.

Bounce back better

Collapse

Bounce

back

1. Contexte.g. social group,

region, institution.

Sensitivity

System or

Process Recoverbut worse than before

Resilience of what?

Resilience to what?

The framework above is a simplified representation of the elements to be considered when examining resilience. In practice the picture is more complex: the response curve could be slow and uneven due to, for example, the political context, secondary shocks or lack of information. Stresses can be cumulative, building slowly to become a shock, and both shocks and stresses may result in a number of different reactions. Each element of the resilience framework is explored below with specific reference to disaster resilience.

WHAT IS DISASTER RESILIENCE?

Systems: are considered the combination of ecosystems and infrastructure systems. The characteristics of systems are flexibility and diversity; redundancy, modularity; and safe failure.

Agent: refers to people and their organizations, whether as individuals, households, communities, private and public sector organizations, or companies. The characteristics of agents are responsiveness, resourcefulness and capacity to learn.

Institution refers to the rules, norms, beliefs or conventions that shape or guide human relations and interactions, access to and control over resources, goods or services, assets, information and influence. The characteristics of institutions are access rights and entitlements; decision-making processes, information flows and application of new knowledge.

3.1.7 DFID’s resilience framework

The Department for International Development (DFID, 2011, P.6) defines resilience as the ability of

countries, communities and households to manage change, by maintaining or transforming living

standards in the face of shocks or stresses without compromising their long-term prospects. The

resilience framework built upon this definition has used four elements such as context; disturbance;

capacity to deal with disturbance; and reaction to disturbance as shown in Figure 3.6.

Figure 3-6 DFID’s Resilience Framework (Source: Department for International Development)

The framework emphasises that resilience should always be contextualized in order to answer the question of ‘resilience of what’, as the significance of resilience differs across a range of different contexts. The next stage is to understand the disturbance to address the question ‘resilience to what’ where they have considered the immediate shocks and the long-term stresses as the main forms of disturbances. The third step is about the ability of the system or process to deal with the shock or stress based on the levels of exposure, the levels of sensitivity and adaptive capacities. And the final

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step is the reaction to disturbance, which might be ‘bounce back better’ for the system or process concerned in the best case (DIFD, 2011).

3.1.8 The City Resilience Framework

The City Resilience Framework developed by the Rockefeller Foundation and Arup International Development provides a framework for conveying a common understanding of resilience in the context of cities (see Figure 3.7). Through the framework resilience is defined as: ‘The capacity of cities to function, so that the people living and working in cities – particularly the poor and vulnerable – survive and thrive no matter what stresses or shocks they encounter’. The framework defines resilient systems as having the following seven qualities:

1. Reflective: Reflective systems use mechanisms to continuously evolve, and will modify standards or norms based on emerging evidence, rather than seeking permanent solutions based on the status quo.

2. Robust: Robust design anticipates potential failures in systems, making provisions to ensure failure is predictable, safe, and not disproportionate to the cause.

3. Redundant: Redundancy refers to spare capacity purposely created within systems so that they can accommodate disruption, extreme pressures or surges in demand. It includes diversity: the presence of multiple ways to achieve a given need or fulfil a particular function. Examples include distributed infrastructure networks and resource reserves.

4. Flexible: Flexibility implies that systems can change, evolve and adapt in response to changing circumstances.

5. Resourceful: Resourcefulness implies that people and institutions are able to rapidly find different ways to achieve their goals or meet their needs during a shock or when under stress.

6. Inclusive: Inclusion emphasises the need for broad consultation and engagement of communities, including the most vulnerable groups. Addressing the shocks or stresses faced by one sector, location, or community in isolation of others is an anathema to the notion of resilience

7. Integrated: Integration and alignment between city systems promotes consistency in decision making and ensures that all investments are mutually supportive to a common outcome. Integration is evident within and between resilient systems, and across different scales of their operation. Exchange of information between systems enables them to function collectively and respond rapidly through shorter feedback loops throughout the city.

The framework has 12 indicators under the four categories of: 1) health and wellbeing of individuals; 2) infrastructure and environment; 3) economy and society; and 4) leadership and strategy. Its indicators were defined in terms of a city’s ability to fulfil and sustain its core functions, which in turn rely on a combination of assets, systems, practices and actions undertaken by multiple actors.

Health & Wellbeing of Individuals

Infrastructure &

Environment

Economy &

Society

Leadership &

Strategy

1.Minimal human vulnerability

4.Reduced physical exposure and vulnerability

7.Collective identity and mutual support

10.Effective leadership and management

2.Diverse livelihoods and employment

5.Continuity of critical services

8.Social stability and security

11.Empowered stakeholders

3.Adequate safeguards to

6.Reliable communications and

9.Availability of financial resources

12.Integrated development

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human life and health

mobility and contingency funds

planning

Figure 3-7 City Resilience Framework (Source: Arup and the Rockefeller Foundation, 2014)

3.1.9 City Strength Diagnostic: Resilient Cities Programme

The CityStrength Diagnostic was developed by the World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) to facilitate a dialogue among stakeholders (e.g. government, civil society, residents, and the private sector) about risks, resilience, and the performance of urban systems. Because cities depend on a complex network of infrastructures, institutions, and information – the CityStrength Diagnostic first evaluates resilience on a sectoral basis and then brings together the findings to holistically assess a city’s resilience.

The CityStrength Diagnostic consists of 5 stages, book-ended by leadership commitment for

resilience on the front-end and a longer-term engagement with development partners through

financing or technical assistance at the back-end, as illustrated in Figure 3.8.

https://www.gfdrr.org/

https://www.gfdrr.org/

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Figure 3-8 City Strength Diagnostic Stages

This model is an implementation method involving diagnostics and resilience building.

3.1.10 Singapore’s Adaptation Approach

The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS, 2012) Singapore emphasises that adaptation

measures, which require time to implement, have to be taken into consideration early. As such

identifying and understanding the risks and impacts of climate change on public health, energy

demand and biodiversity are crucial to help developing adaptive measure to address these risks. The

Singapore Government has therefore devised a resilience framework to guide their efforts towards

safeguarding Singapore against projected climate change effects over the next 50 to 100 years. The

framework is presented in Figure 3.9 and this belongs to the category of a national framework.

Figure 3-9 Singapore’s Adaptation Approach (SOURCE: The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS), Singapore)

The framework presents the steps of an adaptation approach to climate change for the Government

of Singapore. It involves understanding the local climate and identifying the vulnerabilities, risks and

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impacts of climate change in order to formulate adaptation options. The options are then assessed

and prioritised for implementation as adaptation measures. The implementation must be monitored

and the options evaluated for their effectiveness. This feeds into the review strategy, which will

further feed towards a better understanding of the local climate. There is an on-going development

of this at the Future Resilient Systems (FRS) Research Group at Nanyang Technological University in

Singapore where a new approach that views resilience as a dynamic process involving physical

infrastructures, organizational/institutional structures and social behaviour, is being currently

explored in a new 3 year project.

3.1.11 The PEOPLES Resilience Framework

The PEOPLES resilience framework has been established for defining and measuring disaster

resilience for a community at various scales. Seven dimensions characterizing community

functionality have been identified and are represented by the acronym PEOPLES: Population and

Demographics, Environmental/Ecosystem, Organized Governmental Services, Physical Infrastructure,

Lifestyle and Community Competence, Economic Development, and Social-Cultural Capital as

depicted in Figure 3.10. The proposed PEOPLES Resilience Framework provides the basis for

development of quantitative and qualitative models that measure continuously the functionality and

resilience of communities against extreme events or disasters in any or a combination of the above-

mentioned dimensions (Renschler et al., 2010).

Figure 3-10 PEOPLES Resilience Framework (Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Office of Applied Economics Engineering Laboratory)

The framework has seven layers, where interdependencies between and among these layers are key

to determine the resilience of communities. The disaster resilience of communities is measured at

different scales ranging from individual to groups, local, regional, state level, national level and global

level. Further the framework has established a comprehensive list of components and

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subcomponents of each dimension of the framework (refer Renschler et al., 2010 for the complete

list). A software (Personal BrainTM) platform is used which is capable of linking and dynamically

visualizing all seven PEOPLES dimensions in multiple layers of components and properties of

functionality and resilience as well as pointing to information about quantitative and qualitative

concepts, algorithms or models in various databases. This model also provides the flexibility to

overlay the layers or even to add layers depending on the context.

3.1.12 Gibson and Tarrant (2010) on various conceptual models on organisational resilience

a) The integrated functions model of resilience

Integrated models that are based around a robust risk management programme can be a major contributor to organisational resilience. In such models, risk management provides the foundation that links different organisational capabilities such as emergency, business continuity, security and crisis management. Risk management provides a common understanding of how uncertainty arising from highly volatile environments can affect the organisation’s objectives and provides the means by which these specialised capabilities can then address that uncertainty. However, while this may be a significant contributor to resilience it is not a complete picture.

Figure 3-11 Integrated functions model of resilience

b) Attributional resilience model

In this ‘attributional model’ the key drivers for creating resilience are:

The organisational values - establishing commitment, trust and strong internal alignment and creating a common purpose.

Leadership - establishing a clear strategic direction based upon an understanding of risk, empowering others to implement the strategic vision, and engendering trust.

The Australian Journal of Emergency Management Volume 25, No. 02, April 2010

10

The ‘integrated functions model’ of resilience

Early concepts of organisational resilience, particularly

from the UK and USA were based around re-badging

various approaches to business continuity management

(BCM) and relabelling them as resilience. This often

presented us with what was labelled as a ‘resilience

process’, or ‘resilience system’. More recently there has

been emergence of resilience management system

cycles, apparently claiming to do for resilience what

IS09001 has done to quality assurance. Accordingly, we

believe there is a danger that such highly prescriptive

approaches not only fall short of what resilience is

about, but that the prescriptive nature may even reduce

resilience, particularly when faced with ‘black swan’

events (completely unanticipated, extreme consequence

events). Over the last few years this has been

demonstrated time and time again, when strongly

prescriptive processes failed to adapt when the

environment changed suddenly (Taleb, 2007) for

example as occurred in the Enron Collapse (Committee

on Energy and Natural Resources, United States

Senate, 2002; Millon, 2003), Katrina (Walker, 2006) and

the global financial crisis. This does not mean that all

such approaches should be avoided.

An evolution of this process/management system

thinking has seen a number of integrated models

proposed, with some implemented successfully into

a range of different organisations (including in the

organisation of one of the authors). We believe that

those integrated models that are based around a robust

risk management program can be major contributors

to organisational resilience. In such models, risk

management provides the foundation that links different

organisational capabilities such as emergency, business

continuity, security and crisis management (Figure 3).

Risk management provides a common understanding

of how uncertainty arising from highly volatile

environments can affect the organisation’s objectives

and provides the means by which these specialised

capabilities can then address that uncertainty. However

while this may be a significant contributor to resilience

it is not a complete picture.

The current work undertaken by the joint Australia and

New Zealand Standards working group has taken this

concept to a whole new level into the development of

the draft standard on business continuity – managing

disruption-related risk (Standards Australia, 2009a),

using the new risk management standard (Standards

Australia, 2009b) as the driving concept.

Attributional resilience model

Recent approaches have sought to explain resilience

from the perspective of the features of highly resilient

organisations. Such models demonstrate what

organisational attributes can help an organisation

deal with uncertainty and adversity. Accordingly, these

models can provide an insight into the types of change

that an organisation needs to consider making as it

strives towards improving its resilience.

The ‘attributional model’ of resilience (Figure 4) was

developed in a series of workshops by the Resilience

Community of Interest (Resilience COI, 2009) is a good

example of this approach. . In this ‘attributional model’

the key drivers for creating resilience are:

• The organisational values - establishing commitment, trust and strong internal alignment and creating a common purpose.

• Leadership - establishing a clear strategic direction based upon an understanding of r isk, empowering others to implement the strategic vision, and engendering trust.

The ‘values’ and ‘leadership’ attributes in turn create

an organisational culture and capability that is aware

of, understands and is sensitive to internal and

external change. This high level of change sensitivity

or acuity (understanding the past, monitoring the

present and foreshadowing the future) allows

indicators to be identified in the lead-up to dramatic

change. This in turn facilitates closer integration of

the disparate parts of the organisation and through-

chain interdependencies, enabling them to better work

cooperatively together to a common set of goals a

disruptive event unfolds.

FIGURE 3. Integrated functions model.

FIGURE 4. Attributional resilience model.

Agility

Awareness

Change

sensitivity

Communication

Integration

Inter –

dependencies

Values

Leadership

Enhanced

resilience

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Figure 3-12 Attributional resilience model

c) Composite resilience model

A drawback of the attributional models is the lack of attention paid to the ‘harder’ elements that contribute to resilience. The composite resilience model provides a different viewpoint that considers both soft and hard elements’ operation: processes, infrastructure, technology, resources, information and knowledge. Key to the model is the central importance of strategy and policy in establishing an operational duality, the capability to operate in both routine and non-routine environments.

Figure 3-13 Composite resilience model

d) Herringbone model of resilience

To try and provide more of a one-stop shop model, the herringbone model was developed to encapsulate the concepts of the other three models provided above and to fill in some of the gaps.

Figure 3-14 Herringbone model of resilience

The Australian Journal of Emergency Management Volume 25, No. 02, April 2010

10

The ‘integrated functions model’ of resilience

Early concepts of organisational resilience, particularly

from the UK and USA were based around re-badging

various approaches to business continuity management

(BCM) and relabelling them as resilience. This often

presented us with what was labelled as a ‘resilience

process’, or ‘resilience system’. More recently there has

been emergence of resilience management system

cycles, apparently claiming to do for resilience what

IS09001 has done to quality assurance. Accordingly, we

believe there is a danger that such highly prescriptive

approaches not only fall short of what resilience is

about, but that the prescriptive nature may even reduce

resilience, particularly when faced with ‘black swan’

events (completely unanticipated, extreme consequence

events). Over the last few years this has been

demonstrated time and time again, when strongly

prescriptive processes failed to adapt when the

environment changed suddenly (Taleb, 2007) for

example as occurred in the Enron Collapse (Committee

on Energy and Natural Resources, United States

Senate, 2002; Millon, 2003), Katrina (Walker, 2006) and

the global financial crisis. This does not mean that all

such approaches should be avoided.

An evolution of this process/management system

thinking has seen a number of integrated models

proposed, with some implemented successfully into

a range of different organisations (including in the

organisation of one of the authors). We believe that

those integrated models that are based around a robust

risk management program can be major contributors

to organisational resilience. In such models, risk

management provides the foundation that links different

organisational capabilities such as emergency, business

continuity, security and crisis management (Figure 3).

Risk management provides a common understanding

of how uncertainty arising from highly volatile

environments can affect the organisation’s objectives

and provides the means by which these specialised

capabilities can then address that uncertainty. However

while this may be a significant contributor to resilience

it is not a complete picture.

The current work undertaken by the joint Australia and

New Zealand Standards working group has taken this

concept to a whole new level into the development of

the draft standard on business continuity – managing

disruption-related risk (Standards Australia, 2009a),

using the new risk management standard (Standards

Australia, 2009b) as the driving concept.

Attributional resilience model

Recent approaches have sought to explain resilience

from the perspective of the features of highly resilient

organisations. Such models demonstrate what

organisational attr ibutes can help an organisation

deal with uncertainty and adversity. Accordingly, these

models can provide an insight into the types of change

that an organisation needs to consider making as it

str ives towards improving its resilience.

The ‘attributional model’ of resilience (Figure 4) was

developed in a series of workshops by the Resilience

Community of Interest (Resilience COI, 2009) is a good

example of this approach. . In this ‘attributional model’

the key drivers for creating resilience are:

• The organisational values - establishing commitment, trust and strong internal alignment and creating a common purpose.

• Leadership - establishing a clear strategic direction based upon an understanding of risk, empowering others to implement the strategic vision, and engendering trust.

The ‘values’ and ‘leadership’ attributes in turn create

an organisational culture and capability that is aware

of, understands and is sensitive to internal and

external change. This high level of change sensitivity

or acuity (understanding the past, monitoring the

present and foreshadowing the future) allows

indicators to be identified in the lead-up to dramatic

change. This in turn facilitates closer integration of

the disparate parts of the organisation and through-

chain interdependencies, enabling them to better work

cooperatively together to a common set of goals a

disruptive event unfolds.

FIGURE 3. Integrated functions model.

FIGURE 4. Attributional resilience model.

Agility

Awareness

Change

sensitivity

Communication

Integration

Inter –

dependencies

Values

Leadership

Enhanced

resilience

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The ‘herringbone’ recognises that an organisation possesses a substantial range of capabilities and undertakes a range of activities (collectively what the organisation ‘does’) that will contribute towards improved resilience. Furthermore, the organisation also exhibits a number of characteristics (‘how’ the organisation operates) that will affect the effectiveness of the capabilities and activities and help to enhance the organisation’s resilience.

Some of the critically important factors in helping to create a resilient state by helping all aspects of the organisation to better operate in a non-routine environment are listed below.

Acuity – the ability to recognise precedence - what has occurred in the past; situational awareness - what is happening now and foresight - understand what could happen in the future. Acuity provides the ability to take this information and identify early warning indicators of dramatic change and provides an understanding of possible options for dealing with it.

Ambiguity tolerance – the ability to continue making decisions and taking action at times of high uncertainty.

Creativity and agility – operating in novel ways to work around problems at a speed that matches volatility.

Stress coping – that people, processes and infrastructure continue to operate under increasing demands and uncertainty.

Learnability – the ability of the organisation to use the lessons of their own and others’ experiences to better manage the prevailing circumstances, including using lessons in real time as they emerge.

e) The resilience triangle model

Collectively, the previous models demonstrate that resilience arises out of a complex interplay of

organisational elements or capabilities that contribute to resilience when they adapt to a significant

change. The challenge now is to encapsulate this complexity in a simple model construct. The

resilience triangle model attempts to show that all three types of capabilities: process capabilities;

resources and infrastructure capabilities; and leadership, people and knowledge capabilities, that are

essential for organisational resilience.

Figure 3-15 Resilience Triangle Model

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3.1.13 Comparative analysis of Resilience Frameworks

The following Table presents a comparison of the frameworks against some main features including

time horizon, level of applicability (local, regional, national etc.), the main components, and the

context for which the frameworks were designed

Table 3-1 Comparative analysis of resilience frameworks

Type of framework / emphasis

Short term operational

Local / regional

Long term strategic

City / country

Components

Context

1.NISMOD –long term performance model

To tackle major challenges on - Balancing infrastructure capacity and demand in an uncertain future - Risks of infrastructure failure and how to adapt national infrastructure to make it more resilient - How do infrastructure system evolve and interact with society and the economy - What should the UK strategy be for integrated provision of national infrastructure in the long term

Scenarios, strategies of infrastructure provision, infrastructure system models, metrics of future infrastructure performance

National Infrastructure

2. Model area-picture of potential threats from/to CI

Focused to CI and networks at Baltic Sea Region

Dynamic threats, Static threats, Natural hazards associated with weather and climate

CI and their networks

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3. UNISDR Disaster Resilient Scorecard

To assess the level of cities’ resilience to natural disasters

85 disaster resilience evaluation criteria focusing on 6 features one of which is infrastructure

City resilience

4. I2UD’s Climate Change Adaptation and Resiliency Framework

To understand and address the causes of risks faced by low-income population (local level policy)

Exposure to hazards, vulnerability to small to large scale weather events and lack of institutional capacity

Local community (low-income) resilience

5. Vulnerability to resilience framework (V2R)

To tackle causes and consequences of vulnerability

hazards and stresses; fragile livelihoods; future uncertainty; and weak governance

Community resilience

6.CRF (Climate Resilience Framework)

To create inclusive learning process to identify measures to address uncertainties of climate change

Systems, agents, institutions

Understanding vulnerability and building resilience to climate change

7. DFID’s resilience framework

Emphasise that contextualising is importance to react to disturbance

Context, Disturbance, Capacity to deal with disturbance, Reaction to disturbance

Context is to be defined (resilience of what)

8. City Resilience Framework

To convey common understanding of resilience in terms of cities

7 qualities , 12 indicators one of which is related to infrastructure

City resilience

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and environment

9. City Strength Diagnostic: Resilient Cities Programme

to facilitate a dialogue among stakeholders about risks, resilience, and the performance of urban systems

Resilience building through 5 stages

(Diagnostic model)

Cities (which depend on complex network of infrastructure, institutions, and information) resilience

10. PEOPLES Resilience Framework

To define and measure disaster resilience for a community at various scales considering the interdependencies of the components

Population & Demographics, Environmental/Ecosystem, Organized Governmental Services, Physical Infrastructure, Lifestyle and Community Competence, Economic Development, and Social-Cultural Capital

Community resilience

11. Integrated functions model of resilience

Robust risk management programme

Emergency, business continuity, security and crisis management

Organisational resilience

12. Composite Resilience model

strategy and policy in establishing an operational duality, the capability to operate in both routine and non-routine

Processes, infrastructure, technology, resources, information and knowledge.


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The table represents an eclectic bundle of features and perspectives of resilience frameworks and

has informed the preparation of the layered resilience model under this task.

3.1.14 Synthesis

The review of several existing resilience frameworks indicates noticeably that hazards, risks and

vulnerability should essentially be part of the resilience framework. The other component is the

capacity of the system to deal with the disaster in order to improve its resilience. As illustrated in the

DFID (2011) framework it is important to focus on the ‘resilience of what’ and ‘resilience for what’

questions, as we intend to develop the resilience framework for a particular system. As such, the

focus of the proposed framework should be specifically given for the resilience of infrastructures and

services provision structures (resilience of what) for climate hazards (resilience for what). The

frameworks on city resilience all have infrastructure as one of their components. Another

observation noted within some of the frameworks is the multi-dimensional approach. The

infrastructure system could involve more than one resilience parameter and therefore the

framework could possibly take a multi-dimensional form. Taking into account the nature and

incorporation of multidimensional components within a resilience framework, a layered approach is

preferable as it has the flexibility to modify each layer (each component) independently and yet the

collective output will be based on the interconnection between the layers.

The experience transferred to EPICURO partners from both Vejle and Potenza, underlined the fact

that transdiplinary approaches are necessary for success, yet are difficult to be achieved. However

such an approach makes clear to all parties involved the multidimensional character of resilience and

the fact that all its elements interact between each other. In most cases the clear identification of

resilience process, the understanding of its mechanisms and how it influences people’ lives is a

matter of well educated, capable people with horizontal, critical view of aspects.

environments

13. Herringbone model

to encapsulate the concepts of the other three models (11, 12, 13) and to fill in some of the gaps

Activities, capabilities and characteristics were combined to achieve resilience


14. Resilience Triangle model

To encapsulate complexity into a simple structure

process capabilities; resources and infrastructure capabilities; and leadership, people and knowledge capabilities


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Thus, within the EPICURO project implementation resilience framework will be treated as one with

multi-dimensional components, incorporating risks and capacities with the focus on training /

educating people to serve continuation of services provision to citizens under any conditions, gain of

deep knowledge on climate change impacts challenge the operational levels of cities, and how it

affects planning and decision making activities at city levels.

3.2 Two factors influencing resilience at any framework This section reviews the factors affecting or influencing cities’ resilience, under any framework to be followed.

3.2.1 Nature of interdependency among infrastructures

Modern societies are becoming increasingly dependent on l infrastructure systems to provide essential services that support daily life within cities. These systems do not act alone as they are interdependent on many other systems at multiple levels for smooth operation. Further, infrastructure facilities such as transportation, telecommunications, healthcare, water supply and electricity are deeply embedded within social systems in cities. City infrastructure managers and emergency planners therefore require a more holistic approach in order to understand the complex and cascading impacts and consequences of the networked infrastructure systems rather than considering them as individual systems.

For example, when considering flooding, the impacts may arise either directly from the flooding of an asset, or indirectly because of the asset’s role within an infrastructure network. For instant, the flooding of a pumping station, an access road, an electricity substation or a chemical supply depot may affect the normal operation of dependent treatment works. While frameworks are in place for assessing flood risk, including systems of flood defence assets (DEFRA/EA, 2004; Dawson et al., 2005; Dawson and Hall, 2006; Flikweert and Simm, 2008), these methods cannot be easily extended to cases where the physical interdependency of assets is the essence of the problem. The potential importance of considering risk arising from the dependencies within asset networks has been recognized by the water industry (Halcrow, 2008; Water UK 2008); however, there are no detailed publications of how this might be done in practice as little has been done to address the challenge of evaluating flood risk within networks of interdependent assets, hence there is much potential in such research.

As such, infrastructure resilience includes both the physical systems themselves and their

dependence and interdependence on other infrastructure. Cutter et al. (2008) highlight that the high

degree of interdependency among infrastructure will reduce their resilience as a disruption to one-

sector cascades into impacts onto another (McDaniels et. al. 2008). This point has to be seriously

considered, as the majority of infrastructures are tightly interconnected. This nature of

interdependencies poses a challenge in achieving overall resilience.

3.2.2 Climate change

Infrastructures are generally designed and constructed in accordance to national building codes and

infrastructure standards (Auld and Maclver, 2007; Connor et al., 2013). These codes and standards

set out climatic design values which aim to build resilience to climate in infrastructures (Ruth et al.,

2007; Auld, 2008). These include environmental loads such as wind, rain intensities, water level,

waves, cold and hot temperatures and humidity as well as calculated return periods for extreme

weather (Connor et al., 2013).

Climatic design values are calculated through analyses of historical climate data and trends, with the

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assumption that the average and extreme weather conditions of the past will represent conditions

over the lifetime of a given infrastructure (Ruth et al., 2007; Auld, 2008, Connor et al., 2013; Auld and

Maclver, 2005; Auld and Maclver, 2007; Infrastructure Canada, 2006; Means et al., 2010). Existing

infrastructure has thus been designed using climatic design values which assume that climate

exhibits stationarity and stationary return levels i.e. no change to the frequency of extreme climate

events over time (Klein et al. 2009; Means et al., 2010). In fact, most infrastructure continues to be

designed on the basis of historical climate data, extrapolating from historical trends to forecast

future trends and conditions (NRCNA, 2008; Boyle et al., 2014).

However, climate change predictions indicate that future climate patterns will not be consistent with

those of the past. According to the IPCC (2014) the frequency of climate extremes has been changing

and is likely to continue changing in the future. Under climate change, climate conditions are

expected to change considerably over the life of long-lived infrastructure, such as bridges (100

years), rail tracks (60+ years) and water supply networks (50 years) etc. (Thom et al., 2010;

Infrastructure Canada, 2006). Climate change will initiate a new climate regime with increases in

extremes, the impact of which will be a reduction in the “effective” return period of extreme events

that existing structures were built to withstand (Auld and Maclver, 2007). For example, Hennessy et

al. (2007) report that design values for extreme events are very likely to be exceeded regularly by

2030 whilst an analysis by Kharin and Zwiers (2000) concluded that the return period of extreme

rainfall events may, on average, be reduced by a factor of two. This means that, under a changed

climate, a current 20-year rainfall event could occur every 10 years.

As the effective return periods of extreme events change with the climate, weather extremes will

tend to exceed the design specifications for structures more frequently and earlier during the

expected service life of an infrastructure, decreasing the durability and resilience of the structure,

possibly imposing reconstruction, retrofit or relocation (NRCNA, 2008, Infrastructure Canada, 2006).

The changing climate will, in effect, shorten the lifespan of existing structures in many regions (Auld

and Maclver, 2007). Climate change will further interact with existing risks (e.g. ageing infrastructure,

rising demand etc.) and act as a multiplier potentially altering infrastructure ‘tipping points’ (Lal et

al., 2012).

As a result, there is a growing argument that current design standards may not be sufficient to

accommodate the impacts of climate change (NRCNA, 2008; Regmi and Hanaoka, 2014). Current

planning and design of new infrastructure may be inadequate to handle climate change as historical

data used to predict statistical events can no longer be assumed to represent the conditions

expected over the life of a an infrastructure (Connor et al., 2013). The assumption of climate

stationarity during the design, maintenance and retrofit of infrastructures is no longer sufficient (Lal

et al., 2012). Climate change thus impacts on the resilience of critical infrastructure. How resilient a

particular infrastructure is, depends on its adaptive capacity which in turn depends on several

factors. The main factor affecting the adaptive capacity to climate change of a particular

infrastructure is its lifetime, for example short lived infrastructure such as telecommunications which

are updated every 20 years are better able to take into account of the changing climate regime than

water networks which may have a lifetime of 50 years. Furthermore, factors such as age, location

(e.g. coastal infrastructure) and maintenance levels will also impact on the adaptive capacity of a

particular infrastructure and thus its resilience to climate change (Auld and Maclver, 2007; Thom et

al., 2010).

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It must be noted that consideration of climate change in the resilience framework is complicated by

the inherent uncertainties of climate change predictions. Climate change predictions thus far are

based on global climate models which have the greatest accuracy but which provide future

projections at the global or continental scale and not at the regional scale required by infrastructure

owners and operators , as well as city leaders. In addition, there are uncertainties in future

socioeconomic developments as well as any future response to climate change which will also affect

the extent and risks of the climate change experienced (NRCNA, 2008; Infrastructure Canada, 2006;

Sanders and Phillipson, 2003).

Interdependencies of infrastructures and services provision in the complex environment of a city and

how they evolve within the climate change impacts is an important aspect. However in many cases

other important issues remain unsolved or neglected such as the location of an infrastructure /

service, the maintenance level, the training of operators/ servants etc. In EPICURO project, we will try

to assess those –and other – important issues through training and pilot activities.

3.3 Cities’ resilience: sources of good practices Cities’ resilience is a horizontal topic that influences almost all aspects of economic and social life.

Therefore the sources on elements that are part of cities’ resilience are being increased in numbers,

continuously. In case articles are being included the increase is exponential.

At this section we present:

A series of general links that lead to cities’ resilience concepts and topics, where anyone can work a little bit more to identify the exact element is interested in. Each city that is interested in one or more elements of city resilience must make a more focused search. Some of them are representative articles, while others are dynamic sources of information. Some are specific examples of cities that dealt with some aspect(s) of resilience.

Links to projects, since many of them dealt with cities’ resilience and such kind of projects are (and will be) running in many countries and at European Union level. Most of them include in the publicly available deliverables case studies / good practices that may be proven useful for the EPICURO project cities.

Some examples of sources related to two (2) specific challenges that were mentioned by EPICURO cities, such as the Hydrogeological risks early warning systems and the urban heat islands, which may be also part of the EPICURO training activities. In both cases, the examples are representative to make clear the series of actions that must take place in a city facing such challenges, and check some specific examples of cities that dealt (are dealing) with those challenges.

In addition, we present the sources of good practices, used by the EPICURO partners to peak up information and analyse them in scope of future adaptation and adoption by themselves or any other of EPICURO partners. Despite the fact that using a EUC provided questionnaire, descriptions are detailed and many parameters have been taken into consideration, each city that finds interest any of those good practices has to reconsider the analysis undertaken, to make sure it applies to their characteristics.

Finally we mention some sources about good practices in water sustainable drainage systems, where United Kingdom has done a lot of excellent work.

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We must mention that the presented sources derive from national and international organizations,

professional associations, academic / research institutes, NGOs and private companies. Despite the

difference in each entity objectives and the divergent interests that may exist, all sources provide a

valuable view on each element of resilience, so that appropriate planning and activities can take

place. Most sources are operational / functional ones, although there are plenty of scientific articles

available per category (we only chose few).

3.4 General https://www.cdp.net/en/research/global-reports/cities-infographic-2017/cities-in-action

http://c40-production-

images.s3.amazonaws.com/other_uploads/images/445_C40_CRAFT_v11.original.pdf?1453129528

http://www.c40.org/

http://www.preventionweb.net/arise/good-practices

http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/resilient-cities.htm

http://www.100resilientcities.org/resources/

http://www.unisdr.org/we/campaign/cities

http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/index_en.html

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPURBDEV/Resources/Primer_e_book.pdf

http://www.rggi.org

www.ncdc.noaa.gov

https://www.resalliance.org/publications

http://www.100resilientcities.org/21-ways-to-make-european-cities-more-resilient/

http://www.unisdr.org/files/26462_handbookfinalonlineversion.pdf

http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/fileadmin/sites/resilient-

cities/files/Resilient_Cities_2016/Documents/Resilient_Cities_2016_Report.pdf

http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/hfa

https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/community/community-safety

http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/bonn2011/resilience-resource-point/resilience-library/costs-and-

finance/

https://www.cdp.net/en/research/global-reports/cities-infographic-2017/cities-in-action

http://c40-production-images.s3.amazonaws.com/other_uploads/images/445_C40_CRAFT_v11.original.pdf?1453129528

http://c40-production-images.s3.amazonaws.com/other_uploads/images/445_C40_CRAFT_v11.original.pdf?1453129528

http://www.c40.org/

http://www.preventionweb.net/arise/good-practices

http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/resilient-cities.htm

http://www.100resilientcities.org/resources/

http://www.unisdr.org/we/campaign/cities

http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/index_en.html

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPURBDEV/Resources/Primer_e_book.pdf

http://www.rggi.org/

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/

https://www.resalliance.org/publications

http://www.100resilientcities.org/21-ways-to-make-european-cities-more-resilient/

http://www.unisdr.org/files/26462_handbookfinalonlineversion.pdf

http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/fileadmin/sites/resilient-cities/files/Resilient_Cities_2016/Documents/Resilient_Cities_2016_Report.pdf

http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/fileadmin/sites/resilient-cities/files/Resilient_Cities_2016/Documents/Resilient_Cities_2016_Report.pdf

http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/hfa

https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/community/community-safety

http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/bonn2011/resilience-resource-point/resilience-library/costs-and-finance/

http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/bonn2011/resilience-resource-point/resilience-library/costs-and-finance/

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3.5 Projects https://www.pulseproject.info/#pulse

https://www.resilienceconnections.org/projects/13

https://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/about/3s-recipe


http://brigaid.eu/new_related-projects/

https://www.h2020darwin.eu/

http://opticits.com/2016/06/27/european-research_resilience_uk-friends/

http://smr-project.eu/home/

http://resistand.eu/

http://www.interreg2seas.eu/en/WRC

http://www.ramses-cities.eu/results/

http://www.turas-cities.eu/

http://www.iclei-europe.org/topics/climate-change-adaptation/

http://www.resccue.eu/resccue-project

http://www.resin-cities.eu/home/

http://jpi-urbaneurope.eu/project/resilient-cities/

http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/projects/ALL

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/

http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/knowledge/tools/sat

https://ec.europa.eu/info/eu-regional-and-urban-development/cities/priority-themes/climate-

adaptation-cities_en#project-databases-and-examples

http://urbact.eu/resilient-europe

3.6 Early warning systems http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/drr/projects/Thematic/MHEWS/MHEWS_en.html#goodpractices

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/amete/si/434023/cfp/

http://www.preventionweb.net/files/24259_implementingearlywarningsystems1108.pdf

https://opengeospatialdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40965-016-0010-3

https://climatecolab.org/contests/2017/A2R-Anticipating-Climate-

Hazards/phase/1318612/proposal/1333769

https://www.pulseproject.info/#pulse

https://www.resilienceconnections.org/projects/13



http://brigaid.eu/new_related-projects/

https://www.h2020darwin.eu/

http://opticits.com/2016/06/27/european-research_resilience_uk-friends/

http://smr-project.eu/home/

http://resistand.eu/

http://www.interreg2seas.eu/en/WRC

http://www.ramses-cities.eu/results/

http://www.turas-cities.eu/

http://www.iclei-europe.org/topics/climate-change-adaptation/

http://www.resccue.eu/resccue-project

http://www.resin-cities.eu/home/

http://jpi-urbaneurope.eu/project/resilient-cities/

http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/projects/ALL

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/

http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/knowledge/tools/sat

https://ec.europa.eu/info/eu-regional-and-urban-development/cities/priority-themes/climate-adaptation-cities_en#project-databases-and-examples

https://ec.europa.eu/info/eu-regional-and-urban-development/cities/priority-themes/climate-adaptation-cities_en#project-databases-and-examples

http://urbact.eu/resilient-europe

http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/drr/projects/Thematic/MHEWS/MHEWS_en.html#goodpractices

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/amete/si/434023/cfp/

http://www.preventionweb.net/files/24259_implementingearlywarningsystems1108.pdf

https://opengeospatialdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40965-016-0010-3

https://climatecolab.org/contests/2017/A2R-Anticipating-Climate-Hazards/phase/1318612/proposal/1333769


EPICURO




https://climatecolab.org/contests/2017/A2R-Anticipating-Climate-

Hazards/phase/1318612/proposal/1333769

http://www.unisdr.org/files/608_10340.pdf

http://www.adaptation-undp.org/early-warning-systems-ews-different-types-hazards

http://www.meted.ucar.edu/communities/hazwarnsys/ffewsrg/FF_EWS.Chap.8.pdf

http://www.hydrology.gov.np/new/hydrology/_files/9a8425b638e7ad05eb8276bc22802456.pdf

3.7 Urban heat islands https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands

https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/urban-heat-islands

http://thegreencity.com/the-causes-and-effects-of-the-urban-heat-island-effect/

http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/towards-2030/sustainability/carbon-reduction/urban-

heat-island

http://www.citymetric.com/topic/urban-heat-islands

http://www.whiteroofproject.org/urban-heat-islands

3.8 Sustainable drainage system https://www.islington.gov.uk//~/media/sharepoint-lists/public-

records/planningandbuildingcontrol/publicity/publicconsultation/20122013/20121220goodpracticeg

uide2suds

https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/sustainable-drainage-systems-suds-best-practice

http://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/12398/ea_suds_final_a4_280308.pd

http://www.stormtech.com.au/information/best-practices-environmentally-sustainable-drainage

https://www.ice.org.uk/news-and-insight/the-civil-engineer/april-2017/sustainable-drainage-

systems

http://www.knollandsseptictanks.co.uk/downloads/drainage/guidance-to-proprietary.pdf

https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/lsdap_final.pdf

http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/Wildlife-Habitats/16118/EcoTraining/suds

http://www.ecrr.org/Publications/tabid/2624/mod/11083/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/3316/R

ural-sustainable-drainage-systems.aspx

http://www.engineeringnaturesway.co.uk/category/best-practice/

http://www.floodrisk.co.uk/sustainable_urban_design_systems_suds.htm

http://www.hrwallingford.com/news/new-suds-manual-delivers-practical-guidance-for-sustainable-

drainage-systems



http://www.unisdr.org/files/608_10340.pdf

http://www.adaptation-undp.org/early-warning-systems-ews-different-types-hazards

http://www.meted.ucar.edu/communities/hazwarnsys/ffewsrg/FF_EWS.Chap.8.pdf

http://www.hydrology.gov.np/new/hydrology/_files/9a8425b638e7ad05eb8276bc22802456.pdf

https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands

https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/urban-heat-islands

http://thegreencity.com/the-causes-and-effects-of-the-urban-heat-island-effect/

http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/voogt.html

http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/towards-2030/sustainability/carbon-reduction/urban-heat-island

http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/towards-2030/sustainability/carbon-reduction/urban-heat-island

http://www.citymetric.com/topic/urban-heat-islands

http://www.whiteroofproject.org/urban-heat-islands

https://www.islington.gov.uk/~/media/sharepoint-lists/public-records/planningandbuildingcontrol/publicity/publicconsultation/20122013/20121220goodpracticeguide2suds



https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/sustainable-drainage-systems-suds-best-practice

http://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/12398/ea_suds_final_a4_280308.pd

http://www.stormtech.com.au/information/best-practices-environmentally-sustainable-drainage

https://www.ice.org.uk/news-and-insight/the-civil-engineer/april-2017/sustainable-drainage-systems

https://www.ice.org.uk/news-and-insight/the-civil-engineer/april-2017/sustainable-drainage-systems

http://www.knollandsseptictanks.co.uk/downloads/drainage/guidance-to-proprietary.pdf

https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/lsdap_final.pdf

http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/Wildlife-Habitats/16118/EcoTraining/suds

http://www.ecrr.org/Publications/tabid/2624/mod/11083/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/3316/Rural-sustainable-drainage-systems.aspx

http://www.ecrr.org/Publications/tabid/2624/mod/11083/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/3316/Rural-sustainable-drainage-systems.aspx

http://www.engineeringnaturesway.co.uk/category/best-practice/

http://www.floodrisk.co.uk/sustainable_urban_design_systems_suds.htm

http://www.hrwallingford.com/news/new-suds-manual-delivers-practical-guidance-for-sustainable-drainage-systems

http://www.hrwallingford.com/news/new-suds-manual-delivers-practical-guidance-for-sustainable-drainage-systems

EPICURO




3.9 Best practices identified within Epicuro project

In the following table we summarize the best practices identified by EPICURO project partners,

categorizing them in subsectors, indicating if they are technologies or initiatives and the source of

material. Below the table we present the best practices per partners, providing again the link to the

source of info used for best practice description. Some they might cover broader areas of interest.

The best practices description -following the questionnaire developed within EPICURO framework is

presented in the special annex in the final part of the report.

BEST PRACTICE INITIATIVE TECHNOLOGY SUB SECTOR SOURCE OF BEST PRACTICE

A Transdisciplinary Approach to the Case of Drought in Chile

YES Recovery (from) & Planning (for) – Extreme Weather Conditions

http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/9/905

A report on recovery and rebuilding in southern Alberta

YES Recovery (from) & Planning (for) – Extreme Weather Conditions

https://www.iclr.org/images/Alberta_flood_risk_2013_PDF.pdf

Adaptation plan guidelines for the city of Padova

YES Planning - Building resilience

http://www.padovanet.it/notizia/20160713/padova-resiliente

Resilience observatory


http://www.osservatorioresilienza.it/chi-siamo

“we resilient strategy” implementation

YES Planning – Building resilience

http://provpzresilient.wixsite.com/provpzresilient

“making cities resilient” implementation


www.goteborg.se

Working together on climate change


www.tcpa.org.uk/planning-and-climate-change-coalition

Climate change adaptation

YES Planning - Building

http://www.interreg4c.eu/fileadmin/User_Up

http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/9/905

http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/9/905













http://www.goteborg.se/

http://www.tcpa.org.uk/planning-and-climate-change-coalition



http://www.interreg4c.eu/fileadmin/User_Upload/PDFs/L9_GRABS_factsheet.pdf


EPICURO




action plan & SWOT analysis guidance

resilience load/PDFs/L9_GRABS_factsheet.pdf

Tool creation to update information on climate change impacts and adaptation activities


http://www.varam.gov.lv/lat/publ/seminari/sem_klimats/?doc=24069

Urban Heat Islands assessment and analysis

YES Planning – Building Resilience

http://www.skopje.gov.mk/Uploads/Resilient%20Skopje%20Strategy%20ENG.pdf

Green cadaster to tackle air and water pollution



Green zoning variance


http://www.vicenzaforumcenter.it/NEWS/pagina247065.html

On line learning to improve education on resilience

YES YES Training – Building Resilience

www.smr-project.eu

School on Resilience aspects

YES YES Training - Building resilience

http://www.progetto-rena.it/resilienza/

Waste water treatment plan

YES YES Prevention of Risks

No on line information, available

Flood risk mapping to improve flood information system

YES YES Prevention of Risks


http://www.varam.gov.lv/eng/fondi/EEA_Norv/european_economic_area_financial_mechanism_programme__national_climate_policy/
























http://www.varam.gov.lv/eng/fondi/EEA_Norv/european_economic_area_financial_mechanism_programme__national_climate_policy/?doc=18233






EPICURO




?doc=18233

Coast fortification of river Maza Jugla in 2014

YES Prevention of Risks

No on line information, available

Floods prevention –Detention Basins

YES Prevention of Risks

https://www.regione.veneto.it/web/ambiente-e-territorio/opere-infrastrutturali-per-la-sicurezza-dal-rischio-idraulico

http://repository.regione.veneto.it/public/cc767edcf7f83fc0679189c82d9e81f5.php?lang=it&dl=true

http://www.comune.caldogno.vi.it/pagina496_bacino-di-laminazione.html

ALBA IULIA:

http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/9/905 A Transdisciplinary Approach to the Case of Drought in

Chile

https://www.iclr.org/images/Alberta_flood_risk_2013_PDF.pdf A report on recovery and rebuilding

in southern Alberta

EPC:

http://www.padovanet.it/notizia/20160713/padova-resiliente Adaptation plan guidelines for the city

of Padova

http://www.osservatorioresilienza.it/chi-siamo Resilience observatory

http://www.progetto-rena.it/resilienza/ School on Resilience aspects

TCPA:

www.tcpa.org.uk/planning-and-climate-change-coalition Working together on climate change

http://www.interreg4c.eu/fileadmin/User_Upload/PDFs/L9_GRABS_factsheet.pdf Climate change

adaptation action plan & SWOT analysis guidance

http://www.ciria.org/Memberships/The_SuDs_Manual_C753_Chapters.aspx

https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/143195/lups-gu2-planning-guidance-on-sustainable-drainage-

systems-suds.pdf

http://www.susdrain.org/

















http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/9/905








https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/143195/lups-gu2-planning-guidance-on-sustainable-drainage-systems-suds.pdf



EPICURO




http://www.hrwallingford.com/BlogRetrieve.aspx?PostID=627513&A=SearchResult&SearchID=19618

78&ObjectID=627513&ObjectType=55

Sustainable Drainage Systems

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-thames-barrier

http://www.climatechangenews.com/2014/01/07/londons-climate-resilience-tested-as-

thames-barrier-rises-for-138th-time/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26133660

http://www.gre.ac.uk/ach/gmc/research/projects/runningriverthames/governance/overvie

w-of-river-functions

http://www.climatechangenews.com/2014/01/07/londons-climate-resilience-tested-as-

thames-barrier-rises-for-138th-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Barrier

https://getrevising.co.uk/diagrams/london_and_the_thames_estuary

http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/media.jsp?mediaid=87898&filetype=pdf

http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~cjwallac/CPDA_SE/thamesbarriercase.htm

https://21stcenturychallenges.org/the-thames-barrier/

Flooding & Coastal: Thames Barrier

EKODOMA:


http://www.varam.gov.lv/eng/fondi/EEA_Norv/european_economic_area_financial_mecha

nism_programme__national_climate_policy/?doc=18233

Flood risk mapping to improve flood information system


Tool creation to update information on climate change impacts and adaptation activities

SALASPIS:

http://www.salaspils.lv/images/salaspils_vestis/2015/SalaspilsVestis_9.10.2015.pdf Construction

of culvert regulator system in Avoti Salaspils

Coast fortification of river Maza Jugla in 2014 - No online available information

CITY OF SKOPJE:


Urban Heat Islands assessment and analysis


Green cadaster to tackle air and water pollution

VEJLE:

On line learning to improve education on resilience - www.smr-project.eu

Waste water treatment plan - No online available information

VICENZA:

https://www.regione.veneto.it/web/ambiente-e-territorio/opere-infrastrutturali-per-la-

sicurezza-dal-rischio-idraulico

http://repository.regione.veneto.it/public/cc767edcf7f83fc0679189c82d9e81f5.php?lang=it&

dl=true


Floods prevention –Detention Basins


Green zoning variance

http://www.hrwallingford.com/BlogRetrieve.aspx?PostID=627513&A=SearchResult&SearchID=1961878&ObjectID=627513&ObjectType=55


https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-thames-barrier

http://www.climatechangenews.com/2014/01/07/londons-climate-resilience-tested-as-thames-barrier-rises-for-138th-time/


http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26133660

http://www.gre.ac.uk/ach/gmc/research/projects/runningriverthames/governance/overview-of-river-functions

http://www.gre.ac.uk/ach/gmc/research/projects/runningriverthames/governance/overview-of-river-functions



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Barrier

https://getrevising.co.uk/diagrams/london_and_the_thames_estuary

http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/media.jsp?mediaid=87898&filetype=pdf

http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~cjwallac/CPDA_SE/thamesbarriercase.htm

https://21stcenturychallenges.org/the-thames-barrier/





http://www.salaspils.lv/images/salaspils_vestis/2015/SalaspilsVestis_9.10.2015.pdf









EPICURO




PROVINCE OF POTENZA:

http://provpzresilient.wixsite.com/provpzresilient “we resilient strategy” implementation

www.goteborg.se “making cities resilient” implementation


http://www.goteborg.se/

EPICURO




3.10 Conclusions

The cities participating in EPICURO gathered enough good practices that show the variety and

complexity of the CITIES RESILENCE issue. In total twenty one (21) good practices were identified,

described in detail, in a way that make it easier for adaptation and adoption within the context of

EPICURO project. Adoption will be partially done and can be integral part of the Local Adaptation

Strategy Plans (LASPs) and the pilot events planned to assess their most mature elements.

To analyze the good practices selected, a very detailed questionnaire have been used that tried to

depict that selection and analysis of good practices is a very demanding task if successful adaptation

and adoption is expected as a next step. Filing the questionnaire with information revealed most

dimensions of resilience concept that must be taken into consideration by territorial partners in

EPICURO. In fact the range of good practices selected and analyzed confirmed what international

frameworks for city resilience have already declared. Resilience covers the totality of economic and

social life and cities have to change the view under which many activities take place in their territory

to promote joint planning, interaction and integration of all resilient related activities in place or

planned in their territories.

The best practices selected by the partners covered a wide range of activities:

From applications that ease implementation of city resilience initiatives to procedural

solutions that can foster acceptance of the resilience concept from stakeholders and

citizens.

Other good practices are related to technologies of low level (i.e. for stopping floods

through mechanical infrastructures) which installation must comply with complicated

procedures.

Some good practices deal with aspects influencing quality of life (i.e. green zones in

urban areas), which initially may seem irrelevant with city resilience, yet it is not as

resilience is a concept that (must) be embedded in most aspects of our lives.

Few good practices were derived from past disasters’ analysis in order to reveal the key

aspects that decreased (or increased) resilience of societies at that time.

Redesign of cities (or parts of them) as a result of impact analysis from climate change is

also an important issue that bridges disaster risk reduction with urban and territorial

planning and development.

Availability, reliability and usability of information related with resilience aspects is also

an important theme, together with the best way to exploit this information and armor

the city against climate change impacts.

Participation of all major stakeholders together with local communities and each single

citizen of the cities’ broader territory, with big cities leading also neighboring ones in the

way to achieve true resilience to disasters. Some good practices showed emphatically

that action or territorial coordination plans must be in place to secure spread or

resilience in most of regional / local policies and avoid omission of critical elements for

effective and efficient implementation.

EPICURO




Last but not least, concepts such as circular economy and innovation were mentioned,

that show the direction towards which territorial partners must head on. Something we

further comment on it in conclusions.

The variety of good practices and the fact that many more can be identified as important for cities’

resilience and relative to EPICURO project, underline the need for integration and interaction among

the basic pillars of EPICURO project: Best practices, SWOT analysis, Strategic teams’ creation,

Adaptation Plans and their pilot testing, Active participation of Stakeholders and Citizens and

Learning and Training activities.

3.11 Technology in good practices From the cities perspective –within the activity of identifying and collecting good practices- the

technological dimension of resilience has not been in the epicenter of their efforts and they focus

mostly on good practices that deal with procedural and support of decision making issues. Being also

aware of the existing situation in many European cities of medium and big magnitude, the approach

of EPICURO territorial partners seem reasonable. Cities participate in many projects of a wide

spectrum concerning sectors, aim and objectives, many of which are related to establishment of

technological items for different applications in different sectors of economic and social life. ICT

technologies for traffic control, quality monitoring of environment, optimization of logistics in ports,

railway hubs and logistics centers, technologies for critical infrastructures protection, cameras and

sensors in perimeter of cities for floods, fires and other risks early warning, smart technologies for

volunteers and active citizens and the catalogue is big and still growing.

All these technologies could be used for purposes of increasing cities resilience, since they have

functionalities that overcome their purpose for establishment and can serve wider ones. However

there exist some challenges hard to tackle:

Cities do not know what kinds of technologies are being used in their territory, by which

stakeholders and what they can offer in city resilience strategy planning and implementation.

Therefore, a clear, dynamic mapping of used or to be used (for scheduled investments –

activities) is necessary. Such a mapping has to be updated every time a technology is being

used –or definitely scheduled to be used- by the responsible stakeholder to avoid

overlapping in effort, to achieve synergies and create the sense of unity to all members

engaged in city resilience. Many of these technologies are being developed within the

framework of co-financed projects and thus involved research/ academic institutes can play

a positive role to make transparent such technologies to all resilient alliance stakeholders,

propose alternative uses and encourage and support them.

It is necessary to map also the technologies available in the market that will support the

effective and efficient implementation of city resilience strategy and action plan and that

mapping has to be reviewed regularly –once per one or two years-. In that way, the team

that is responsible for city resilience strategy would be in position to benchmark available

technologies in the market with those being used by key stakeholders of the city in terms of

costs, uses, functionalities, etc. This is a major problem all big cities face and academic,

research institutes can play a critical role there.

EPICURO




Last but not least all users / owners of technologies that can contribute to optimization of

city resilience strategy implementation must be convinced that they benefit from that

strategy (in terms of increased security, social responsibility etc) so that they can cooperate

and even invest in city resilience in the long term. Such change of mind set can happen in the

framework of businesses social responsibility, through a transparent procedure. That

procedure can lead to Public Private Partnership for resilience that will foster future

resilience efforts and secure their sustainability.

In the complicated operating environment of a big city it is difficult (and time and effort consuming)

to accomplish such tasks, especially when everyday politics consume much of available time and

effort. That is the reason why the territorial partners of EPICURO choose good practices that are

linked to procedures / technologies that brought good results in specific sectors / fields that are

related to city resilience. Such an approach is fully understood, however it must be evaluated under

a broader scope: that of transferability to other field and integration with other good practices or

existing practices within the city. Otherwise we face the possibility to have excellent good practices

for a field that do not contribute to other fields or cannot be used elsewhere and then we will create

a similar problem to the one of integrating technologies and cannot hope to optimize strategy for

city resilience.

It is inevitable that the three different EPICURO activities that are in progress during the first

implementation period of EPICURO a) Good practices selection, b) SWOT analysis execution, and c)

Strategic Teams Formation, have to converge and interact among each other, using also the

experience partners have from other projects and related initiatives. Such interaction can only be

done within the training activities both local and international one. Therefore, it is necessary to

include such sessions and formulate them very carefully in order to have usable, transferrable results

with high added value for the territorial partners. Structuring training events must be a tailor made

process for each partner, beside the general session- with transferability of results being a secondary

dimension of the effort, due to unique characteristics of each city’s environment. Such approach can

reveal the need for technologies, their availability and easiness to get and use to increase cities’

resilience.

3.12 People centred approach for (procedures to) success

What will make the difference in the success of EPICURO implementation will be the integration

factor of all each main elements/ deliverables. Integration must prevail to any other priorities during

training and demonstration / pilot activities. In EPICURO case integration means people. To be more

specific:

A) Each territorial partner must identify people that succeed in the past, in achieving complex

initiatives -such as city resilience- in the past independently of the sector / field those initiatives

belong to. It could be an integration of a territorial innovation system, or an optimization of city’s

transport system, or even a major administrative reform. Such kind of people will be able to identify

the key factors (some time being so obvious that we cannot identify the,) that will determine the

success degree of resilience strategy and action plans’ implementation and progress and can provide

decision making teams with valuable hints on obstacles that must be removed in time.

B) A rare category of people that will also be valuable for EPICURO case are those that have a clear

horizontal perspective of the strategies / policies / initiatives that are going on (or scheduled) within

EPICURO




the city and can see / predict / propose synergies and integration activities. Usually such people have

been served in many key positions that needed strong policy and decision making capabilities and

are basic pillars of city’s activities independently of political changes. The identification, motivation

and exploitation of the knowledge and knowhow –mostly tacit, so not included in procedures and

reports- of such people can be proved critical for achieving resilience goals.

NOTICE: People from categories A and B could be the same.

Since the main focus of the good practices selected is in procedures and decision making processes

that can transform the cities into dynamic resilient organizations, people with deep knowledge of

each city cases can play an important role. These people must be used within EPICURO project as

much as possible. The conclusion of this procedure could then finalize the most critical aspect of the

single project deliverable “Good practices” which is the practical way in which best practices will be

adapted and adopted by territorial partners and use for fostering the resilient case.

During search for good practices on resilient cities, we identified that a key source of good practices

have been projects, financed in various frameworks. However, several projects in civil protection

initiative but also in Interreg, showed clearly that best practices selection and analysis has little to

offer if the adaptation and adoption procedure is not clear to the partners and there is no wider

perspective of the best practice usability. Beside that factm we emphasize that It is absolutely true

that an overlooked source of potential obstacles but also of useful catalysts in regards best practices

implementation is the other European projects that have been implemented within a city under

various initiatives and by various entities of the city or/and located in the city. Almost all approved

projects include the element of best practices selection and implementation whether they refer to

innovation or to transport, energy efficiency, civil protection etc. It would be useful to question

entities such as Development Agencies of Cities, Provinces, Departments of European projects and

research Institutes that implement a variety of projects in the area of territorial partners to check

what went wrong in past cases of best practices or which were the elements that lead to successful

adaptation and adoption.

In EPICURO we do not underestimate the need to achieve political commitment and support by

politicians that act at local and regional level to better implement city resilient strategy, however we

take for granted such commitment and support since climate change has already and without doubt

started to affect our cities. In all cases that important decision making must be made that hypothesis

will be tested.

Also networking and interaction with other projects and initiatives is very important to accelerate the

learning procedure and make fast progress even in cities that have not made much on resilience so

far. Especially, interaction of EPICURO with UNISDR and Rockefeller 100 resilient cities initiatives will

help improve the dynamic character of EPICURO deliverables and results, while contributing any key

findings of the project to a much larger audience with appointed teams that tackle various problems

emerged in concept practical implementation.

3.13 Steps forward In cities’ resilience concept where we have already two international initiatives (UNISDR and

Rockefeller 100 resilient cities) and within the complex dynamic of big cities it is hard to tell the

added value of a best practice if there is no clear adaptation and adoption procedure with time

framework, no integration with other elements, no interaction with existing procedures and no pilot

implementation time, under an integrated framework that in case of EPICURO will be formulated by

Strategic Teams Formation and Training.

EPICURO




Resilience concept is a complex concept even though its definition can be really simple, as we have

already presented. The case is such because resilience refers to almost every aspect of our life, to

quality of living and to secure efforts and results for economic and social development and cohesion.

Most critical aspects of resilience have been presented in good practices partners selected. Even if

the variety and differentiation of interests and views can be disappointing making convergence seem

hard, the truth is that every one and all together good practices reveal the path to radically improve

resilience levels of our societies. Making resilience an indispensable part of all cities; policies and also

a priority for communities and citizens.

Action plans, cooperation among stakeholders and public, lessons learnt from past events,

continuous training and use of updated, reliable, validated information, as well as integration of

technologies, are some of the issues that were initially described in the EPICURO approved proposal,

acknowledged as elements that need further investigation. Best practices selection and analysis

validated those forecasts and underline further the need for integration and interaction among the

various elements of EPICURO cities resilience strategy implementation. It is clear that even though

each case is unique and the answers that will be given will be tailor made, partners have to create a

map of how the various elements interact among each other and how they can plug in or get

unplugged, serving the main objective of maximizing cities’ resilience.

Final and most important conclusion is that territorial partners must create an environment that will

favor INNOVATION in the field of resilience. The complexity and challenges of the concept resemble

the one of creating an environment that will favor innovation for creation of new products by

businesses with the cooperation of research institutes, regional and other public authorities, creating

high added value services and products constantly, following the changes in a series of parameters

worldwide. In a similar way constant innovation (in processes / procedures, services, products) in the

field of resilience must be the main objective of territorial entities. Transfer of knowhow and

knowledge from other sectors can be done, to make resilience an indispensable part of strategies,

policies and activities of territorial authorities. Such approach was evident from UNISDR contribution

–through province of Potenza-and from Vejle presentation of resilient house –more or less an

incubator for resilience-.

A flow chart of steps towards creating a favorable to innovation environment for resilience can be

drafted during the training events (especially the international one) and that can be an important

contribution of EPICURO project. If such will be the intention of project partners we can create a

preliminary methodology that will help them in start working on creating that innovation

environment, including guidance on benchmarking criteria for best practices and activities,

technological connectivities that can foster innovation in resilience etc. Elements are present in best

practices, need only inclusion in a methodological framework.

The findings from best practices collection were proved evident by the findings in SWOT analysis

(Task B2 delivered by the TCPA). In EPICURO we have cities that approach resilience with different

speed and a lot of resilience elements vary a lot among them. Therefore the SWOT analysis revealed

a wide range of topics that are resilient linked, categorized in Risks & Vulnerabilities, Governance &

Knowledge, Policies & Strategies, Economic Challenges, and Community Engagement & Stakeholder

Networks. In all categories many subcategories can be defined and those mostly for floods risk that is

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the common one among most of EPICURO cities. Therefore RESILIENCE is a dynamic continuous way

of policy making and culture creation, rather than a static approach.

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4 Bibliography - references

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5 Annex Epicuro partners’ best practices analysis

5.1 Good practices description format

Form for Description and Analysis of Good Practice

Field / Category of Good Practice (to be chosen /named by partner)

EPICURO Partner:

Acronym (if applicable)

Contact details

Name - Sirname

Organisation

Email

Entity that Implemented the Good Practice (it can be the Partner itself but also any other entity):

Source of Good Practice / lessons Learnt - Additional elements

Web links:

Bibliography:

Quick Presentation of the Good Practice

Objective: summarize in a few lines the key elements of the good practice.

Place and Time of Implementation:

Goals / Objectives and Achievements:

Stakeholders Involved:

Implementation phases and current stage:

Adaptation to EPICURO PROJECT (small description)

Context and Issues

Objective: good knowledge of the context in which the good practice is / has been implemented.

Regulatory Context:

Procedural Context:

Technological Context:

Socio-Economic Context:

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Skills and Competences Context (being necessary for Implementation of best practice):

Detailed Characteristics

Objective: Detail the Conditions of the Implementation of the Good Practice.

Description of the implementation):

History of establishment (Need for the Best Practice):

Parameters to be consider:

Priorities Identified:

Actions Carried Out:

Implementation Responsible Entity:

Resources/means used (human, material, financial…):

Problems Identified / Difficulties Encountered / Solutions Incurred / Lessons learned:

Result Achieved vs. Objectives (Short Evaluation / Evidence of Success):–If good practice already

implemented

Objective: compare the results obtained through implementation to the objectives set at the selection

/establishment of the good practice. Please provide as many tangible / measurable results / indicators

as possible.

Description:

Impact of the good practice

Objective: evaluate/estimate the impact of the good practice on policies and beneficiaries (entities &

people)

Impact on policies (national, regional, local, other stakeholders policies):

Impact on people (Beneficiaries and general public):

Sustainability of the Good Practice

Objective: Evaluate the sustainability of the good practice and integration degree into legislation

or/and in entity’s procedures / strategy followed by entities or in a broader disaster risk reduction

strategy

Integration into strategy of organization:

Integration into Legislation:

Integration into entity’s procedures:

Integration into general risk disaster reduction strategy:

Transferability of the Good Practice / Learning Potential

Objective: Provide key elements to evaluate if it is possible and if yes how to transfer the good practice

to other entities / partners. How the entity or others can learn from Good practice implementation

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Success Factors (political, technical, human, financial ...):

Risk Factors:

Willingness to collaborate with other EPICURO partners (in case of intra consortium transfer of good

practice; IT APPLIES ONLY IF THE BEST PRACTICE DESCRIBED HAS BEEN IMPLEMENTED BY AN

EPICURO PROJECT PARTNER)

5.2 Best practices presentation Below we present the best practices analysis selected by EPICURO partners, after completing the

information needed in the provided -by EUC- questionnaire. In that way adaptation and adoption by

any partner choosing a best practice would be much easier and EUC will provide support in the

procedure. Best practices adoption is estimated to happen during the pilot cases after training and

other activities have been completed.

In some best practices, partners have not yet completed some fields of the questionnaire. That

happened either because the relative information is not provided by the sources of the best practice,

or because such information (I.e. related to adaptation and adoption issues) needs other activities of

EPICURO to be completed before can be provided.

This is the reason each partner will select the best practices that are more suitable for its case

and will use them during project implementation after SWOT analysis, Strategic teams formation

and local training activities will have been completed and once pilot actions will have been

decided.

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5.3 Alba Iulia Municipality


Field / Category of Good Practice: A Transdisciplinary Approach to the Case of Drought in

Chile

EPICURO Partner: The Municipality of Alba Iulia


Contact details

Name - Surname Sasu Ovidiu Ioan

Organisation Alba Iulia Municipality

Email [email protected]

Entity that Implemented the Good Practice: Center for Climate and Resilience Research

in Santiago, Chile.


Web links:

http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/9/905

Bibliography:

http://www.mdpi.com


The Good Practice presents the results of a participatory process, embedded in a

transdisciplinary approach that generated concrete, context-specific knowledge in

terms of what are the main impacts of the mega-drought, existing measures to address

these impacts, and factors identified as supporting resilience to droughts. First, we

present a detailed description of the analytical framework: transdisciplinarity and the

Resilience-Wheel. Second, the research design and the methodology applied are

described. Third, we delve into the results of the study and the main implications that

emerged, with a focus on what these workshop results reveal in terms of relevant

factors for resilience building. Finally, we conclude with a summary of lessons learned

and suggestions for moving forward.


Over the last seven years (2009–2015), Chile has faced the most severe drought on

record, known as the ‘Mega-drought’, which has had profound impacts on the

environment and society. The labeling of this event as a ‘Mega-drought’ indicates the

significance of this climatic phenomenon as an iconic climate event.

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The boundary object of this study, with the approximate duration of one year (2016) is

the mega-drought experienced in Chile, specifically in the following three administrative

regions (equivalent to a state in the USA): Región de los Ríos, Región del Biobío, and

Región Metropolitana. Two of these regions were selected, given that most of the urban

population of Chile lives there as they contain the largest cities in Chile: Santiago (the

capital of the country and most populated city), and Concepción (the second most

populated). The selection of Valdivia responds to the need of incorporating a vital mid-

sized city in the south of the country. These regions and the consideration of the region

scale (and not only the city scale) were chosen specifically for the case of droughts, as

the regions where the cities are located play a pivotal role in providing services and

products to the surrounding urban population.


In this study we aimed to generate context-specific knowledge about resilience factors for

addressing the impacts of drought, with the expectation that bringing forth experiential

knowledge on how impacts were addressed in the past would shed light on what

constitutes key resilience factors for practitioners working in urban contexts.

For building resilience, social learning processes are imperative. These processes

increase the likelihood of building resilience, since they embed the context-specific

expectations, capacities, experience, and knowledge of local actors. The workshops

carried out in this study served as platforms for social learning where both participants

and the research team learned about key determinants and attributes for building

resilience to drought and the usefulness of the Resilience-Wheel in guiding them in the

process of knowledge co-production.


There were participants from four groups: government agencies, the academic sector,

non-government organizations and civil society organizations, and the private sector.

Invitations were delivered to 283 people, and 63 individuals agreed to participate in the

workshops (the rate of participation was 21.8%).


One workshop was undertaken in each of the three regions. In the first part of each

workshop, general information was given to participants such as scientific climate

information on the mega-drought, resilience to climate change (including a presentation of

the Resilience-Wheel with its determinants and attributes), and an overview of the

structure and activities of the workshop. Participants were then divided into discussion

groups of 10 or fewer individuals, to ensure that each participant had the opportunity to

take part in the discussion. All these discussions were transformed into Results: Impacts of

Drought and How to Build Resilience to It.

Adaptation to EPICURO PROJECT (small description):

As a concept, ‘resilience’ has increasingly influenced many fields of research, including

climate change, and gained significant traction in a number of policy domains. Given the

broad diversity of perspectives, discussion also arises regarding the ambiguity of

resilience definitions and conceptualizations, which in turn has the potential to create

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confusion among decision-makers and practitioners.

Adopting a transdisciplinary approach allowed us to co-produce key target and system

knowledge to enable a starting point for transformation knowledge. These are first

steps towards improving the way in which drought is currently addressed, with a

bottom-up approach to bridge the gap at the interface between science and policy.

Context and Issues

Objective: good knowledge of the context in which the good practice is / has been

implemented.

Regulatory Context:

Over the last seven years (2009–2015), Chile has faced the most severe drought on

record, known as the ‘Mega-drought’, which has had profound impacts on the

environment and society. The labeling of this event as a ‘Mega-drought’ indicates the

significance of this climatic phenomenon as an iconic climate event. With an annual

precipitation deficit between 20% and 40%, the drought has been unprecedented in

terms of its intensity, spatial extension, and, perhaps most importantly, its duration—

one or two year-long droughts are not uncommon in Chile, but the current seven-year

event is truly exceptional. The average stream flow during the period 2010–2014

declined by 30%–60% throughout central Chile. Likewise, we have witnessed record low

levels in most water reservoirs and the model-based climate projections for the 21st

century consistently indicate a marked drying trend throughout the region. The effects

of the mega-drought on physical systems include impacts on natural vegetation, snow

pack over the Andes Mountains, surface and subsurface hydrology, and forest fires. In

turn, these effects might have severe impacts on urban infrastructure and city life, such

as shortages in water supplies, reduced food availability and rising prices in the cities

surrounding regional agriculture production, heat waves, and increasing air po llution

Procedural Context:

It is important to highlight that in order to work in the co-production of knowledge

(transdisciplinary approach) that includes professionals, researchers, and civil society

representatives coming from different disciplinary backgrounds, fields, and levels of

education, what is needed is a simple tool that both is easy to understand and applies in

platforms of co-production of knowledge, such as the workshops conducted in this

study, but that also captures the advance in theory of urban and regional resilience.


The Resilience-Wheel is a flexible and easy-to-use tool that can serve to evaluate both

the resilience of cities and the regions or hinterlands in which they are nested, which is

the focus of the project.


Improving understanding of the mega-drought in Chile requires a broadening of the

knowledge base to include the socioeconomic context in an integrative and systematic

approach. To facilitate this process, transdisciplinary research provides what is termed

policy-relevant knowledge, which is increasingly recognized as crucial for addressing

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problems associated with climate variability and change, such as the extreme events

that characterize this mega-drought in Chile.


In generating policy-relevant knowledge, three distinct types of information are called

for: (1) an understanding of the components and dynamics within and between systems

(systems knowledge); (2) knowledge that helps clarify and prioritize the outcomes

desired and valued by society in dealing with climate change impacts (target

knowledge); and (3) knowledge of how to transform the system, for example, by

informing policy options that deal with the effects and impacts of climate change in

society (transformation knowledge). These three knowledge types were applied in our

analytical framework as a means to structure the results of knowledge co-produced in

the workshops.



Description of the implementation:

One workshop was undertaken in each of the three regions. In the first part of each

workshop, general information was given to participants such as scientific climate

information on the mega-drought, resilience to climate change (including a presentation

of the Resilience-Wheel with its determinants and attributes), and an overview of the

structure and activities of the workshop. Participants were then divided into discussion

groups of 10 or fewer individuals, to ensure that each participant had the opportunity to

take part in the discussion. Each group was guided by a facilitator, using posters and

other materials developed specifically for these workshops. The workshops sought to

incorporate the insights, visions, attitudes, preferences, and opinions of all participants,

aiming to co-produce knowledge on four topics: (a) the social, economic,

environmental, and institutional impacts of drought in the participants’ specific context

(system knowledge); (b) what has been done to address these impacts (system

knowledge) and what is valued or regarded as necessary in responding to these impacts

(target knowledge) (for Topics (a) and (b), participants were asked to summarize their

experiences in writing, and to include their contributions on a flipchart; (c) the

determinants and attributes for building resilience to drought (target knowledge). Here

participants were asked to vote for the most relevant attributes of both Resilience-

Wheels, with social and ecological subsystems (a discussion of the attributes selected

followed; (d) the role of different actors in building resilience to droughts

(transformation knowledge); here participants were again asked to write responses on

Post-It notes, which were then posted on a flipchart.

The workshops closed with a plenary session, where each group presented the results

that emerged in their respective discussions.

The analysis involved a process of building up from the data obtained in the workshops,

by conducting an analytical thematic coding for each of the topics described above.

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The Center for Climate and Resilience Research , established in 2015, aims at improving the

scientific understanding of climate change system, processes, and impacts along Chile, and,

on the other hand at producing assessments, scenarios, and measures to mitigate and

adapt to climate change, for example, strengthening societal resilience.In fact, the concept

of resilience provides a way for analyzing how to maintain stability in the face of change. A

social-ecological system resilient, which can buffer a great deal of change or disturbance, is

synonymous with ecological, economic and social sustainability.

Parameters to be considered:

The boundary object of this study is the mega-drought experienced in Chile, specifically

in the following three administrative regions (equivalent to a state in the USA): Región

de los Ríos, Región del Biobío, and Región Metropolitana. Two of these regions were

selected, given that most of the urban population of Chile lives there as they contain the

largest cities in Chile: Santiago (the capital of the country and most populated city), and

Concepción (the second most populated). The selection of Valdivia responds to the need

of incorporating a vital mid-sized city in the south of the country. These regions and the

consideration of the region scale (and not only the city scale) were chosen specifically

for the case of droughts, as the regions where the cities are located play a pivotal role in

providing services and products to the surrounding urban population. These three cities

and their regions were also selected as severe impacts of the drought are experienced

here and because the three main research organizations associated with the Center for

Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), in which this study was developed, are located in

these regions. This enabled us to ensure the participation of relevant actors in each

region. It is important to note that the Metropolitan Region has a semi-arid climate

(mean annual precipitation (MAP) in Santiago: 300 mm). The Region of Biobío receives

more rainfall (MAP in Concepción: 1100 mm) and the Los Ríos Region has a rainy climate

(MAP in Valdivia: 2500 mm). Despite this variation in mean annual precipitation, the

effect of the mega-drought in terms of rainfall deficit is similar for the three regions.


In this study we aimed to generate context-specific knowledge about resilience factors

for addressing the impacts of drought, with the expectation that bringing forth

experiential knowledge on how impacts were addressed in the past would shed light on

what constitutes key resilience factors for practitioners working in urban contexts.


The main method applied in this research was workshops. One workshop was

undertaken in each of the three regions


Center for Climate and Resilience Research in Santiago, Chile.

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There were included participants from four groups: government agencies, the academic

sector, non-government organizations and civil society organizations, and the private

sector. Invitations were delivered to 283 people, and 63 individuals agreed to

participate in the workshops (the rate of participation was 21.8%).


Based on target knowledge inputs, the impacts of droughts can be addressed through a

co-production of transformation knowledge. One of the central pillars of this

transformation knowledge consists of human and institutional dimensions, in which the

definition of actors as agents of change requires input from relevant stakeholders.

Participants identified specific roles or valued outcomes for each actor in a way that

could enable resilience building, of which the most significant were: active participation

in knowledge co-production (NGOs and civil society); production and dissemination of

key scientific information (academia); generating and providing access to information,

and creating appropriate institutional settings (government); and responsibility of

companies and provision of information that they possess (private sector). This implies

that changes are necessary and transforming current practices will result in

differentiated responsibilities for all actors.

Result Achieved vs. Objectives (Short Evaluation / Evidence of Success):–If good practice

already implemented

Objective: compare the results obtained through implementation to the objectives set at

the selection /establishment of the good practice. Please provide as many tangible /

measurable results / indicators as possible.

Description:













Objective: evaluate/estimate the impact of the good practice on policies and beneficiaries

(entities & people)

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One common theme is information. Knowledge generation (including research,

teaching, dissemination, and outreach) is very relevant for scientists, and the private

sector includes “provide information” as a key valued outcome. The other two groups

assign high importance to learning and using information (“inquire” in the case of the

civil society; “learning” in the case of government agencies). Another common theme is

participation, a valued outcome mentioned by civil society, state agencies, and private

sectors (in the form of “involve”). “Cooperation” and “linking” are valued outcomes

mentioned by all actor groups except for, surprisingly, NGOs and civil society. Finally,

both government agencies and the private sector mention “fund” and “finance” as

important outcomes.

Overall, it is interesting to highlight that while the roles of academia, NGOs and civil

society, and the private sector were mentioned 63, 61, and 60 times, respectively, the

role of government agencies was mentioned close to 100 times. In the Chilean context,

this is not surprising. Although the system has continued to evolve over decades, the

neoliberal tradition has, on the one hand, restricted “the public sphere” to a field that is

regulated by the state, while, on the other hand, restricting the NGOs and civil society

to a field of private interest (individual). Despite increased levels of participation in

recent years, top-down approaches remain predominant.


In general, the majority of the roles envisioned for the civil society and NGOs are

associated with the active participation of social actors in environmental issues, with

only two related to being “receptive” to receiving information and “following rules”.

These results are consistent with the climate change literature, which indicates that one

of the current challenges of governance in climate change is to create active

organizations capable of sharing experiences, generating a collective memory, and

strengthening social capital


Objective: Evaluate the sustainability of the good practice and integration degree into

legislation or/and in entity’s procedures / strategy followed by entities or in a broader

disaster risk reduction strategy













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The role of government agencies prompted the greatest variety of responses from

participants. Promoting access to, and the generation and dissemination of

“information” and “planning”, were considered the most important roles, followed by

“regulation”.



knowledge to enable a starting point for transformation knowledge.










Objective: Provide key elements to evaluate if it is possible and if yes how to transfer the

good practice to other entities / partners. How the entity or others can learn from Good

practice implementation


Knowledge, knowhow and partnership.

Risk Factors:

Unwillingness to evolve and the oblivion one can have towards being aware of the climate

changes. From the point of view of the participants, the unwillingness to participate in such

studies and provide specialised feedback.

Willingness to collaborate with other EPICURO partners (in case of intra consortium

transfer of good practice; IT APPLIES ONLY IF THE BEST PRACTICE DESCRIBED HAS BEEN

IMPLEMENTED BY AN EPICURO PROJECT PARTNER):

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Field / Category of Good Practice: A report on recovery and rebuilding in southern

Alberta

EPICURO Partner: The Municipality of Alba Iulia


Contact details

Name - Sirname Patranjean Bogdan

Organisation Alba Iulia Municipality


Entity that Implemented the Good Practice: A report on recovery and rebuilding in

southern Alberta


Web links:


Bibliography:



Mission is to reduce the loss of life and property caused by severe weather and the

identification and support of sustained actions that improve society’s capacity to adapt

to, anticipate, mitigate, withstand and recover from natural disasters. ICLR is achieving

its mission through the development and implementation of its programs Open for

Business, to increase the disaster resilience of small businesses, Designed for safer

living, which increases the disaster resilience of homes, and RSVP cities, to increase the

disaster resilience of communities.


There have been six disasters in Canada since 2005 that resulted in more than one billion

dollars in economic losses. Four of these large disasters were in Alberta – the 2005 flooding

in the province, the 2010 storm in Calgary, the 2011 wildfire in Slave Lake, and the 2013

flood. Damage from the 2013 flood was the largest disaster loss ever recorded in western

Canada. In June, southern Alberta experienced extensive loss and damage from riverine

flooding. More than 250 mm of rain fell over a 36 hour period in the foothills west and

southwest of Calgary and began rapidly flowing east through the province’s river valleys

bringing destruction across southern Alberta. This was the largest riverine flood damage

ever in Canada. These storms also brought heavy rains, exceeding 50 mm, in many urban

centres across southern Alberta, overwhelming stormwater and sanitary sewer systems.

Urban flood losses, including damage from water and sewage that entered homes and

EPICURO




businesses through the backup of municipal sewers, were extensive, approaching $1

billion. Actions to prevent or reduce the risk of flood damage in the province should

include actions to address both riverine and urban flooding. Riverine floods are the most

common natural hazard experienced by Canadians. The Canadian Disaster Database, for

example, identifies 62 floods in Canada during the ten-year period from 2003 through

2012, resulting in $1½ billion in riverine flood damage. This includes five floods in Alberta

accounting for flood damage as great as the combined losses in the rest of Canada.

Riverine flood damage from the 2013 flood in southern Alberta is expected to exceed the

losses from all of the flood events in Canada over the previous ten years.


Best practices to prevent and reduce the risk of loss from riverine flooding are well known,

and have been tested around the world for several decades. Prohibition of development in

zones of flood risk, investments in structural flood defence and a variety of other tools are

available to eliminate or reduce the expected loss from riverine flooding. The foundation

for riverine flood management involves a clear determination of acceptable risk of flood

damage.


The Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction (ICLR) is a world-class, independent, notfor-

profit research institute based at Western University in London, Ontario. Institute staff and

research associates are international leaders in wind and seismic engineering, atmospheric

science, risk perception, hydrology, economics, geography, health sciences, public policy

and a number of other disciplines. Core funding for the Institute is provided by Canada’s

private insurance companies. The majority of the funds supporting research by the

Institute and its research associates is provided by the federal and provincial government

agencies that support academic research in Canada.


Implement the recommendations of the Groeneveld Report on the 2005 Alberta flood.

These would include a commitment from the Government of Alberta for additional

resources for mapping and communicating flood risk, prohibiting the sale of crown lands in

designated floodplains, and other actions to reduce the risk of flood damage.


As a concept, ‘resilience’ has increasingly influenced many fields of research, including

climate change, and gained significant traction in a number of policy domains. Given the

broad diversity of perspectives, discussion also arises regarding the ambiguity of

resilience definitions and conceptualizations, which in turn has the potential to create

confusion among decision-makers and practitioners.





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Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

There have been six disasters in Canada since 2005 that resulted in more than one billion

dollars in economic losses. Four of these large disasters were in Alberta – the 2005 flooding

in the province, the 2010 storm in Calgary, the 2011 wildfire in Slave Lake, and the 2013

flood. Damage from the 2013 flood was the largest disaster loss ever recorded in western

Canada.

Procedural Context:

A variety of policy tools should be included in a comprehensive flood management strategy

– risk mapping, flood forecasting, land use planning, building codes, defensive

infrastructure, public awareness, and a variety of other actions. Best practices find a

different balance in the roles for each of these tools when addressing urban flooding and

riverine flooding. Moreover, best practices differ when the focus is on new development or

on homes that were permitted to locate in zones that are later determined to be at risk of

flooding.


This is a plan that can be implemented very easily and is also sustainable.


These storms also brought heavy rains, exceeding 50 mm, in many urban centres across

southern Alberta, overwhelming stormwater and sanitary sewer systems. Urban flood

losses, including damage from water and sewage that entered homes and businesses

through the backup of municipal sewers, were extensive, approaching $1 billion. Indeed,

water damage from sewers backing up into basements and other osses due to extreme

rainfall in urban areas likely resulted in more than $20 billion in urban flood damage over

the ten year period between 2003 and 2012, including $3 to 5 billion in Alberta. Most

years, recent urban flood losses have been more than ten times greater than riverine flood

damage.


Implement the recommendations of the Groeneveld Report on the 2005 Alberta flood.

These would include a commitment from the Government of Alberta for additional

resources for mapping and communicating flood risk, prohibiting the sale of crown lands in

designated floodplains, and other actions to reduce the risk of flood damage.




Stormwater management in Alberta is based on a minor and a major system. Rain water

from events that are likely to occur every five years or more frequently, should be carried

EPICURO




safely by the minor system of storm sewers and other municipal infrastructure without risk

of urban flooding.

Municipal officials responsible for urban flooding, the province, and other stakeholders,

like insurance companies, do not presently have the information required to effectively

manage and reduce the risk of urban flooding.


In the 1960s and 1970s few Canadians experienced damage from urban flooding. However,

over the past few decades there has been an alarming increase in urban flood losses.

Indeed, water damage from sewers backing up into basements and other osses due to

extreme rainfall in urban areas likely resulted in more than $20 billion in urban flood

damage over the ten year period between 2003 and 2012, including $3 to 5 billion in

Alberta. Most years, recent urban flood losses have been more than ten times greater than

riverine flood damage.


The most important partners are the government, local authorities, emergency services,

volunteers and ong.


Not develop a commitment in terms of structural investments in flood defence or an offer

to purchase land and property from homeowners that were allowed in the past to locate in

the floodway.

Create a provincial urban flood damage reduction strategy. This strategy should build on

existing guidance for stormwater and sanitary sewage management, and should

complement actions to reduce riverine flood damage.


Stormwater management in Alberta is based on a minor and a major system. Rain water

from events that are likely to occur every five years or more frequently, should be carried

safely by the minor system of storm sewers and other municipal infrastructure without risk

of urban flooding. The major stormwater management system is designed to manage the

rainfall from large storms, up to the 100-year storm, through municipal infrastructure but

also over private and public property without causing damage to homes, buildings or

infrastructure. The risk of urban flooding is distinct from the riverine flood hazard. Almost

every home located in an urban centre in Alberta is connected to the stormwater and

sanitary sewer systems and are at risk of basement flooding. Damage depends on the

severity of rainfall, overland stormwater flow conveyance capacity, the state of the sewer

infrastructure, and lot level actions by property owners.


The government of Alberta is responsible for implementing flood-control strategies.


The resources used are of several categories, mainly people who have developed

strategies, money from the state budget, but also a number of insurance companies

EPICURO




coming to support the population.


Following a series of meetings with representatives of companies, public figures, ong

representatives and ordinary people in the region, identified the causes of the floods to

seek strategies for their elimination in the concept of sustainable development.


already implemented




Description:

The 2013 flooding in southern Alberta was the largest loss event ever experienced in

Alberta. Recovery and rebuilding provides a unique opportunity to create a province that is

more resilient to natural disasters. In particular, these floods provide an opportunity for

the Government to revisit its views about acceptable risk of loss from future urban and

riverine flooding. The literature on disaster management finds that there will likely be a 12

to 24 month window when there will be strong public interest in and support for actions by

the Government of Alberta and other stakeholders to invest in actions to reduce the risk of

loss from flooding and other hazards.



(entities & people)


The process of recovery and rebuilding provides an opportunity for the government to

consider a new approach to managing riverine flooding. The province needs to complete

and update its mapping of flood risk, consider expanding its definition of the design flood,

prohibit development in the floodway, invest in structural measures to defend homes that

were allowed in the floodplain, and consider purchasing homes destroyed by the recent

flooding so this land is used for recreation. Where homes are allowed to stay in the flood

fringe this report identifies actions, beyond the minimums announced by the government,

to reduce the damage to homes in the fringe and elsewhere outside of the floodway when

they experience flooding in the future.


Some families live in the floodway and flood fringe. The southern Alberta flooding in 2013

demonstrated that riverine flooding can result in death, injury and catastrophic damage to

property.

Most households in Alberta are at risk of urban flooding. Losses from urban flooding have

been growing across the province for several decades. Thousands of homes experienced

basement flooding during the June flooding when municipal infrastructure was

overwhelmed. These losses are largely preventable. The province should create an urban

EPICURO




flood damage reduction strategy setting out a plan for investing in storm water and

sanitary sewer infrastructure, and for promoting homeowner participation in reducing the

risk of loss in urban centres across the province. The Institute for Catastrophic Loss

Reduction can be a partner in the identification of best practices for lot level action by

homeowners.



















In order to avoid disaster, a series of legislative frameworks will be adopted regarding

construction in the areas most affected and with the greatest potential risk. Water

drainage and drainage channels, as well as dams for capturing and driving water in the spill

area, will be used.


Analyzing the most flooded areas, or making plans and strategies that helped to find the

best options for flood control and control.


Consider increasing expectations for municipal stormwater management systems to focus

on the 10-year storm for the minor system. New standards should include a margin for

uncertainty about current and future precipitation for both the minor and major systems,

in part due to the impact of climate change on frequency and severity of extreme rainfall

events.





EPICURO





Strategies and partnerships

Risk Factors:

Much of the damage from flooding and other natural perils is preventable through the

application of existing and emerging knowledge




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5.4 EPC Form for Description and Analysis of Good Practice

Field / Category of Good Practice: PADOVA RESILIENTE

(chosen by EPC srl)

EPICURO Partner: EPC SRL

Acronym (if applicable) PADOVA RESILIENTE

Contact details 049 8205021

Name - Surname Dott. Patrizio Mazzetto

Organisation ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT OF PADOVA MUNICIPALITY - IUAV

UNIVERSITY VENICE (IT)


Entity that Implemented the Good Practice (it can be the Partner itself but also any other

entity): ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT OF PADOVA MUNICIPALITY - IUAV UNIVERSITY

VENICE (IT)


Web links:


http://www.padovanet.it/sites/default/files/attachment/Linee%20guida%20per%20la%20

costruzione%20del%20Piano%20di%20Adattamento%20al%20cambiamento%20climatico.

pdf

Bibliography:



Guidelines and steps to be taken in order to develop an Adaptation Plan for the city of

Padua to tackle the consequences of climate change, thus consolidating a management

model based on dialogue and cooperation among public administration sectors and the

involvement of stakeholders.


PADOVA MUNICIPALITY , 2016

mailto:[email protected]


EPICURO





Providing policy maker with an instruments to develop a local climate change adaptation

plan.

Expected results:

Analysis of the climate change impacts in Padova municipality

Preparation of the local adaptation plan

Raise awareness in relation to climate change effects

Mobilize resources on projects shared with local stakeholders


Padova mayor

Technical board of Padova municipality

Administrative board of Padova municipality

University faculties and researchers



The methodological and theoretical approach described in the guidelines is built to support

local communities into the development of climate change adaptation plan, as well as to

develop other local action plans, f.i. plan for sustainable energy.

This document could be a potential method to be suggested to project partner cities, when

developing local adaptation plan

Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

Procedural Context:







The guideline is based on a 6 steps –methodology to develop an adaptation plan, by

analysing the main environmental issues to which the city is subjected and building a list of

potential short-term and long term impacts. Finally, the document suggests some

operative solutions to be implemented.

EPICURO




The proposed methodology goes through 6 steps:

Analysis of the strategies proposed by the local urban plan

Overview of ongoing projects/actions

Analysis of new vulnerability

Proposing new actions

Tools for the new actions

Monitoring History of establishment (Need for the Best Practice):

Mitigating climate change impacts on urban systems and make them more resilient



Definition of a Padova adaptation plan through a process involving all local stakeholders

Develop a plan outlining how to deal with climate change consequences, identifying roles and responsibilities, actors to be involved and monitoring

Definition of climate change factors to which Padova city is subjected

Definition of which urban systems to include in the plan (roads, infrastructures etc.)

Raising awareness among local authorities and citizens and stimulating responsible behavior

Providing training and technical support to local actors

Facilitating experience exchange between public administrations

Actions carried out:

Analysis of existing territorial plan in order to understand which strategies have been adopted so far

Analysis of a pilot area exposed to different type of risk stemming from climate change

Identification of a solutions/actions for each risk categories to be proposed when

developing the adaptation plan


University IUAV – Venice (Italy)

Environmental department of Padova municipality



Among the problems and difficulties identified:

Local plans were not updated

Resilience, energy and climate change issue were not integrated in the local action plan as well as urban plan

Low level of prevention and resilience culture by local urban planners and public administrators

EPICURO




Result Achieved vs. Objectives (Short Evaluation / Evidence of Success):–

If good practice already implemented




Description:

The main achieved results was the development and testing of a methodology supporting

cities in the creation of an adaptation plan and to speed up the process of urban

adaptation to climate change.

Another important results is that many cities refer to Padova Resilience as working method

to develop local plan, given the lack of national regulations and guidelines on the topic.



(entities & people)


Many cities integrated the methodology proposed in the guidelines within their local

planning


Increased interest of urban and technical stakeholder towards climate change adaptation

Sustainability of the Good Practice:





In the last years, from climate change mitigation plan including indirect adaptation actions,

Padova city strategy is shifted towards the development of climate change planning which

implies adaptation measures



Climate change adaptation strategy is part of the local action plan for sustainable energy


Transferability of the Good Practice / Learning Potential:



practice implementation.

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The main success factor lies on the high level of flexibility and adaptability of the method

proposed by the guideline. Other cities can take the advantage to apply a method that

have been already studied and tested, which can be easily adapted to other entities

and/or territories. Important aspects to be considered before the plan development are:

To engage and train staff and professional who will work on the plan development

To raise awareness of political administrators so that they will support technical office in charge of plan development

Risk Factors:

Lack of prevention and resilience culture by local administrations

Lack of national guidelines for adaptation to climate change




EPICURO





Field / Category of Good Practice: RESILIENCE OBSERVATORY

(chosen by EPC)


Acronym (if applicable) OSSERVATORIO PRATICHE DI RESILIENZA (RESILIENCE OBSERVATORY)

Contact details +39 02 23995450

Name - Surname Catherine Dezio

Organisation POLITECNICO DI MILANO - DATSU (ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN

STUDIES DEPARTMENT)



entity):

Politecnico di Milano - DATSU (architectural and urban studies department) and cariplo

foundation


Web links: http://www.osservatorioresilienza.it/chi-siamo

Bibliography:




Politecnico di Milano - DATSU (architectural and urban studies department).


Goal: to increase public administrations, territorial entities and communities capacity

toward the implementation of more resilient urban cities.


Professors

Researches

Experts in territorial policies

Experts on environmental studies


ONGOING


EPICURO





The resilience observatory collects the most significant initiatives, projects and actions

promoting territorial resilience and implemented at European and national level.

This will be useful for the updating of the two electronic list (initiatives and technologies)

over the entire project period.

Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

Procedural Context:







Database collecting the most significant initiatives, projects and actions promoting

territorial resilience and implemented at European and national level.




Collection of resilience practices at national level, with reference to the understanding of geographies and characteristics that differentiate and / or make close different practices;

To promote scientific advancement on resilience, based on applied research on the territory and communities, that will help to boost methodological and conceptual innovation;

To develop a set of tools and planning criteria to support the dissemination of resilience practices and the development/implementation of projects and solutions addressed to both actors and promoters (in order to support community building and planning), to economic and private actors ( to understand the opportunities for economic innovation and local development) and institutional actors (for developing guidelines and governance models and improving regulatory policies and frameworks);

To promote networking between different stakeholders through the activation of shared innovative pathways.

EPICURO






Politecnico di Milano - DATSU (architectural and urban studies department)




already implemented




Description:



(entities & people).






disaster risk reduction strategy.


In the last years, from climate change mitigation plan including indirect adaptation actions,

Padova city strategy is shifted toward the development of climate change planning which

implies adaptation measures.









Risk Factors:

EPICURO








Field / Category of Good Practice: RENA RESILIENCE SCHOOL

(chosen by EPC)


Acronym (if applicable) RENA RESILIENCE SCHOOL

Contact details

Name - Sirname

Organisation ASSOCIAZIONE RENA



entity): ASSOCIAZIONE RENA, CLIMALIA, ACCADEMIA GALLI


Web links: http://www.progetto-rena.it/resilienza/

Bibliography:




October 2015 – November 2016


The goal of this training initiative is to define a cognitive framework within which the

administrations and professionals can activate skills and tools to increase the

responsiveness of the socio-economic system to the multiple crises now afflicting our

societies.


The training is targeted to public administration, professionals, students, researchers, civic

innovators, startuppers, enterprises, local authorities.




EPICURO




Closed.


Contents of the lectures and workshop can be used when implementing local training for

strategic teams + they could be interesting entities to invite to the international training to

be held in Vejle.

Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

Procedural Context:




Detailed Characteristics:



A residential learning experience for those who want to take care of the contexts in which

they live. a group of selected students (maximum 30) take part to a four days event,

staying in a unique location and with multidisciplinary faculty.


There is the need to be able to respond to a different type of risk, especially related to

climate chance. Territories need to work in synergy to provide a correct and prompt

response.


NA


Training public administrations, managers, students.


Lectures, workshop.


Associazione Rena

Climalia

Accademia Galli Resources/means used (human, material, financial…):

EPICURO




NA


NA


already implemented




Description:

NA



(entities & people)


NA


NA














Risk Factors:

The participation to the initiative is to be paid by participants themselves. it is necessary to

EPICURO




involve well known speakers and to promote the initiative properly in order to raise a high

number of participants.




EPICURO




5.5 Town & Country Planning Association


Field / Category of Good Practice: Stakeholder collaborative working – Planning and

Climate Change Coalition (to be chosen /named by partner)

EPICURO Partner: TCPA

Acronym (if applicable) Planning and Climate Change Coalition (PCCC)

Contact details

Name - Sirname Hilde Steinacker

Organisation TCPA



entity): TCPA and Friends of the Earth


Web links: www.tcpa.org.uk/planning-and-climate-change-coalition

Bibliography:

Planning for climate change: A manifesto for building England’s resilience, 2015

Planning for climate change – guidance for local authorities, 2012

GRaBS Expert Paper 5: Collaborative working for climate change policies, 2011

Planning for climate change – guidance and model policies for local authorities, 2010




The PCCC was set up in 2009 and is across the UK.


Its initial establishment aimed to:

make recommendations for new guidance on climate change in England, bringing together

national policies on planning and climate and on renewable energy

build consensus among a wide range of stakeholders on the benefits of new guidance; and

work with central government to ensure the fastest possible implementation of the new

guidance



EPICURO




Achievements:

Local level: The PCCC gained real political support at the local authority level in February

2011 when Southampton City Council began the process of endorsing the PCCC’s model

policies as a framework to guide the development of future policy at the Council.

The PCCC received the Royal Town Planning Institute Award (RTPI) in February 2011, which

celebrated how the wider planning community can come together in a co-operative and

open way to tackle challenging policy issues and reach consensus on areas vital to the

future of our communities.


PCCC was set up by TCPA and Friends of the Earth and comprises over 50 individuals and

organisations, from private sector companies, third sector charities, professional bodies,

academics, government agencies and individual general public. Full list can be seen in the

publications bibliography.


2009 - Set up PCCC and published planning for climate change statement

2010 – Publish planning for climate change guidance

2011 – Conducts activities as part of Interreg GRaBS project

2012 – Publish revised planning for climate change guidance

2015 – Publish Manifesto for Resilience

2017 (Current) – Seeking activities to implement as part of DG ECHO EPICURO project


Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

2008 Climate Change Act

2010 Flood and Water Management Act

2011 Localism Act

2012 National Planning Policy Framework

2013 National Adaptation Programme

Procedural Context:

The PCCC outputs were subject to policy requirements, but otherwise the process was

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dependent on the goodwill of the stakeholders involved and discussions during meetings.

Technological Context: None. This best practice is about prevention at the strategy level

and not about physical implementation of solutions.

Socio-Economic Context: This was focused at the professional level with many

stakeholders representing different sections of the general population.


Collaboration, stakeholder engagement, negotiation and conflict resolution to come to a

consensus among different stakeholders and interests.




Collaborative writing of planning guidance to support municipal governments.


The problem was framed through the ineffectual use of UK national planning policy to

produce action on the ground to address the targets from the Climate Change Act 2008.

These national drivers were not delivering the necessary transformational change at the

local planning level.


National legislative, local policy and individual stakeholder interests and priorities.


Institutional Change

Policy Change

Cultural Change

Resources


Publications produced

National campaigns and governmental engagement.


TCPA and Friends of the Earth as the main organizing bodies and initiator of the various

guidance.


No core funding and rely on match-funding from NGO partners, EU project contributions

and in-kind time.


See details in GRaBS Expert Paper 5: collaborative working for climate change policies

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already implemented




Description:

Local level: The PCCC gained real political support at the local authority level in February

2011 when Southampton City Council, one of the GraBS partners, began the process of

endorsing the PCCC’s model policies as a framework to guide the development of future

policy at the Council.

National level: The PCCC was also delighted to receive and Royal Town Planning Institute

Award (RTPI) in February 2011, which celebrated how the wider planning community can

come together in a co-operative and open way to tackle challenging policy issues and reach

consensus on areas vital to the future of our communities.

International level: In November 2010, the TCPA, in collaboration with the Organisation for

Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), held a high level stakeholder roundtable

meeting to highlight and discuss the role of planning in delivering sustainable, vibrant and

low-carbon cities. The event, entitled ‘Compact Cities and Climate Change’ built on the

extensive experience that the TCPA has developed by leading the PCCC and through Eu-

funded GRaBS project.



(entities & people)


See above.


See above.






See GRaBS paper.


See GRaBS paper.


See GRaBS paper.

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See GRaBS paper.






See GRaBS paper.

Risk Factors:

Different institutional and cultural contexts across EU nations.



IMPLEMENTED BY AN EPICURO PROJECT PARTNER): Yes. TCPA to share good practice

and transferability to EU partners especially on Action C.


Field / Category of Good Practice: GRaBS SWOT Analysis & Adaptation Action Plan

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EPICURO Partner: Town and Country Planning Association

Acronym (if applicable) SWOT Analysis & Adaptation Action Plan

Contact details

Name - Sirname Michael CHANG ; Diane SMITH

Organisation TCPA

Email [email protected] ; [email protected]

Entity that Implemented the Good : TCPA


Web links:


Bibliography:

GRaBS Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan Guidance

GRaBS SWOT Analysis Guidance




2008 – 2011 – UK, Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Slovenia, Greece, Lithuania, Austria


Its initial establishment aimed to:

the delivery of climate change adaptation through urban greening and water management

and cooperation among decision-makers, planners, stakeholders, the private sector and

local communities;

improve stakeholder understanding and involvement in planning, delivery and

management of green infrastructure in new and existing urban mixed-use development,

based on community involvement techniques.

Achievements:

The Adaptation Action Plans are new instruments that influence policies and climate

change adaptation actions at local and regional levels, and help to integrate adaptation

planning into mainstream planning. They also establish targets to embed green and blue

infrastructure within existing and new developments.

The AAP Guidance document sets out an iterative approach towards adaptation planning

via an ‘AAP development cycle’, beginning with implementing a baseline review via a



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SWOT analysis that identifies a region’s baseline situation. The cycle describes how to:

improve adaptive capacity, engage high-level stakeholders, and determine adaptation

measures. Once the final AAP is developed and its actions are implemented, the plan is

reviewed and the cycle recommences. The strength of the AAP process has been its

transferability to a variety of different organisations and geographical scales. The

methodology for the development of plans can be used by other regions aiming to develop

urban greening and adaptation strategies through cooperation and a participatory

approach.


Decision-makers, planners, stakeholders, the private sector and local communities


April – December 2009: the partner AAP preparation with the implementation of a SWOT

Analysis. It also includes mapping out the individual partner content of the AAP and the

initiation of the process necessary to produce the plan, including community and policy-

and decision maker involvement

December – January 2010: the implementation of Stages 2, 3 and 4 of the Climate Change

Adaptation Action Planning Cycle


This could be used for SWOT Analysis and creation of adaptation strategies of project

partners.

Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

• 2008 Climate Change Act

• 2010 Flood and Water Management Act

• 2011 Localism Act

• 2012 National Planning Policy Framework

• 2013 National Adaptation Programme

Procedural Context:

This method is made in the context of the GRaBS project.


None. This best practice is about strategy and analysis and not about physical

implementation of solutions.


This was focused at the professional level with the capacity of each GRaBS partner and its

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local community of stakeholders to deliver individually tailored adaptation responses

appropriate to each partner’s locality.


The process of learning through the exchange of experience and knowledge and

involvement in the adaptation planning process lies at the heart of the GRaBS project. It

provided project partners with a range of knowledge, resources, tools, inspiration and peer

support that they needed to advance climate change adaptation in their area of operation.




A SWOT Analysis guidance and an adaptation strategy plan guidance will be created and

project partners should follow it.


Creation of SWOT Analysis guidance

SWOT Analysis made by partners

Strategic team creation

Creation of adaptation strategy guidance

Adaptation strategies made by group of partners


Form of SWOT Analysis

Questions asked for SWOT Analysis

How to make guidance clear

Think about how all SWOT analysis will be put together

Adaptation strategy guidance


Up to Local Partner.


Each Project Partner was required to conduct a SWOT and develop an Adaptation Action

Plan, including a High-Level Policy Statement.


TCPA as Lead Partner and Responsible for SWOT and AAP activities.


EU project.


NA

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already implemented




Description:

The INTERREG IVC project GRaBS has won a prestigious RegioStars award in the category

‘Sustainable growth’. The award was given by the Commissioner for Regional Policy

Johannes Hahn and the President of the Jury, Luc van den Brande in a special ceremony on

14 June 2012.





Subject to individual project partners.

Impact on people (Beneficiaries and general public:









Subject to individual project partner nations.




NA






Transferable and replicable for learning ie to EPICURO.

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Risk Factors:

Different institutional and cultural contexts.



IMPLEMENTED BY AN EPICURO PROJECT PARTNER): Yes


Field / Category of Good Practice: Stakeholder collaborative working – Resilience and

flooding

EPICURO Partner: TCPA

Acronym (if applicable) The Sustainable Drainage Systems Manual (SuDS)

Contact details

Name - Sirname NA

Organisation CIRIA

Email See CIRIA website on SUDS: www.ciria.org/suds


entity):

Various case studies across UK


Web links:

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https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/143195/lups-gu2-planning-guidance-on-sustainable-

drainage-systems-suds.pdf


http://www.hrwallingford.com/BlogRetrieve.aspx?PostID=627513&A=SearchResult&Searc

hID=1961878&ObjectID=627513&ObjectType=55




2007, updated in 2015


This guidance document is aimed at providing comprehensive advice on the

implementation of SuDS in the UK. It provides information for all aspects of the life cycle of

SuDS, from initial planning, design through to construction and their management in the

context of the current regulatory framework. It also provides information about

landscaping, waste management and costs, as well as maximising opportunities for

community engagement.


Developers, site owners, landscape architects, consulting engineers, local authorities,

architects, highway and road authorities, environmental regulators, planners, sewerage

undertakers, contractors, and other organisations involved in the implementation and

operation or maintenance of surface water drainage for both new and existing

developments.


Developed in 2007, updated in 2015.


Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

2008 Climate Change Act

2010 Flood and Water Management Act

2011 Localism Act

2012 National Planning Policy Framework

2013 National Adaptation Programme







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Procedural Context:

A compendium of good practice, based on existing guidance and research both in the UK

and internationally and the practical experience of the authors, project steering group and

industry.


Technical advice on design and construction was sparse and spread across many separate

publications.

The Manual is now established as the definitive technical resource for the planning, design,

construction and operation of SuDS and is referenced widely in both national policy and

local authority guidance. It covers the technical design criteria and evaluation of SuDS

components, best practice planning, design, construction processes and long-term

maintenance and management


As climate shifts and as urban populations continue to rise rapidly, the effective

management of surface water runoff becomes of crucial significance to the future

sustainability of urban areas.

The philosophy of the Manual is that drainage system design should always aim to:

a) maximise the benefits afforded by considering surface water as a valuable resource

b) minimise potential risks associated with its uncontrolled discharge to the environment

As a resource, surface water can add to and enhance biodiversity and the amenity value of

buildings, places and landscapes. Incorporating water and vegetation into urban spaces can

help reduce temperatures, reduce energy use and improve air quality – delivering urban

spaces that are more resilient to the changing climate, healthier, safer and of higher value.


NA




The SuDS Manual provides real benefits to society and to the environment, moving surface

water from a problem to a valuable resource. The guidance includes how to plan for and

manage extreme rain events so that communities can be more resilient to flooding. There

are some excellent examples that demonstrate how good design can deliver far more

appealing places in which to live and work, and this, in time, should lead to properties that

have improved value and are easier to ensure.


2007: first SuDS manual delivered by CIRIA

2015: In recognition of the interdisciplinary nature of SuDS as well as increased knowledge

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and research, the SuDS manual has been updated to incorporate the latest technical advice

and adaptable processes to assist in the planning, design, construction, management and

maintenance of good SuDS.

The updated SuDS Manual incorporates the very latest research, industry practice and

guidance. In delivering SuDS there is a requirement to meet the framework set out by the

Government's 'non statutory technical standards' and the revised SuDS Manual

complements these but goes further to support the cost-effective delivery of multiple

benefits.


Design process

Specific site conditions

Roads and highway

Urban areas

Rainwater harvesting

Green roofs

Infiltration systems

Proprietary treatment systems

Filter strips

Filter drains

Swales

Bioretention systems

Trees

Pervious pavements

Attenuation storage tanks

Detention basins

Ponds and wetlands


SuDS design

Water quality

Water quantity

Amenity

Biodiversity


Supporting guidance:

Hydrology and hydraulics (design methods and calculations)

Infiltration (design methods)

Water quality management (design methods)

Pollution prevention strategies

Inlets, outlets and flow control systems

Landscape

Materials

Construction

Operation and maintenance

Waste management

Community engagement

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Costs and benefits

Health and safety


Different case studies and entities.


Up to local partners



already implemented




Description:

The breadth of the project steering group (56 members, plus contributions from a further

36 individuals) and funding bodies (19 organisations) reflects the manual's significance and

its impact whilst demonstrating a recognised need across industry.

Participants ranged from drainage engineers to landscape architects, ecologists, highways

engineers, urban planners, water utilities, environmental regulators, researchers,

manufacturers, software companies and house builders.

The interdisciplinary authoring team was led by HR Wallingford with input from the

Environmental Protection Group, Illman Young Landscape Design, Grant Associates and

Ecofutures.

The authors had a strong mandate from the project steering group that they should not be

swayed by current Government policy, but to focus on the overall objective of being the

definitive guidance document on good practice, which would be equally relevant in all UK

regions.



(entities & people)


Taking account of current regional differences in policy, the updated Manual aims to bridge

the gap between national standards/guidance and the realities of surface water

management faced by decision-makers and practitioners throughout the UK. To support

this it provides flow charts, check-lists, case studies, development "typologies" and a 50

page design example.

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Subject to individual project partner nations.




Support the management of flood risk





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Transferable and replicable for learning ie to EPICURO.

Risk Factors:

Different institutional and cultural contexts.



IMPLEMENTED BY AN EPICURO PROJECT PARTNER): NA

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5.6 EKODOMA Form for Description and Analysis of Good Practice

Field / Category of Good Practice: support tool

EPICURO Partner: EKODOMA Ltd.

Acronym (if applicable) EKODOMA

Contact details

Name - Sirname Liga Zogla

Organisation EKODOMA


Flood risk maps for Gauja, Lielupe and Venta river basin districts and improvement of flood

information system using mapping approach

Entity that Implemented the Good Practice: Ministry of Environmental Protection and

Regional Development of the Republic of Latvia

Coordinator: Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development of the

Republic of Latvia

Contractor: State Ltd. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre, Finnish

Environment Institute


Web links: http://www.varam.gov.lv/lat/publ/seminari/sem_klimats/?doc=24069

http://www.varam.gov.lv/eng/fondi/EEA_Norv/european_economic_area_financial_mech

anism_programme__national_climate_policy/?doc=18233

Bibliography:

Not applicable




2014-2017, Latvia


To design flood risk maps for Gauja, Lielupe and Venta river basin districts and improve the

flood information system:

Development of flood risk maps for Venta, Lielupe and Gauja river basin areas;

Development of flood information system for Venta, Lielupe and Gauja river basin areas;





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Development of hydrological simulation models for Venta, Lielupe and Gauja river

basin areas, including functions of projection and warning.


Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development of Latvia, State Ltd.

Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre (LVGMC), Finnish Environment

Institute (SYKE), society.


The project is successfully implemented. It is carried out under the project “Development

of Proposal for National Adaptation Strategy, Including Identification of Scientific Data, and

Measures for Adapting to Changing Climate, Impact and Cost Evaluation” under the

framework of 2009-2014 European Economic Area grants programme “National Climate

Policy” implemented by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional

Development. It is planned to develop “National Adaptation Strategy” until August 2017.


Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

To establish a comprehensive climate policy for Latvia is essential in order to ensure

compliance with the requirements from the EU 2020 strategy, the UN Framework

Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol for reduced greenhouse gas

emission. Also, it is in context with Paris agreement on climate change which was ratified

by Latvia.

Procedural Context:

All procedural rules for flood modelling and early warning system has been developed by

project partner (SYKE) at the project starting phase. Previously LVGMC partly used climate

forecasting system adapted from Finland, so it was easy to integrate flood information

system in existing procedures.


LVGMC already had licensed GIS (geographical information system) software, on the basis

of which the flood information system was created, so there was no need for new

expensive software. However, additional hardware to maintain data calculation processes

was needed.


Possibility of devastating flood recurrence, influenced to start a project in the year 2015 to

mitigate negative effect of flood situations. Activity was started under the project

“Development of Proposal for National Adaptation Strategy, Including Identification of

Scientific Data, Measures for Adapting to Changing Climate, Impact and Cost Evaluation”.

To create flood information system and early flood warning system for residents of Lielupe,

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Venta, Gauja and Salaca river catchments, is one of the main goals of this project. In recent

years the risk of flooding in these areas is becoming more probable. Especially mayor and

devastating floods occurred during spring season in years of 2010 and 2013.

Skills and Competences Context (being necessary for Implementation of best practice:

LVGMC is working in spheres of geology, meteorology, climatology, hydrology, air quality,

and cross-border air pollution influence, they have experience in creating monitoring

systems and analysing data, but was lack of experience in flood modelling. Therefore, there

was a collaboration with Finnish Environment institute (SYKE) to create hydrological

forecast system for the mentioned river catchments called - Water Simulation and Forecast

System (WSFS). Using historical observation data, WSFS is calibrated for Latvian conditions.




A flood risk warning system has been established for Venta, Lielupe and Gauja river basins -

projections are prepared for each of the observation stations located within the basin

territory several times a day, taking into consideration current hydro-meteorological

information as well as the latest weather forecasts on air temperature, precipitation

quantities, wind and other parameters. Projections contain information on water level

changes for the following two weeks as well as probability distribution, i.e. how high is the

risk that water level will reach the defined critical values at a repetition frequency of every

10, 100 or 200 years.

In order to ensure accurate flood risk map modeling, survey and measuring of riverbed

cross-sections was carried out. 141 cross-section was measured in 21 rivers (75

measurements in Lielupe, 60 measurements in Venta and 25 measurements in Gauja). The

flood risk information system can be applied for civil protection and spatial planning

purposes in order to:

Plan preventive activities in the event of flood threat and improve rescue service response capacity;

Coordinate actions in case of flooding;

Define critical water levels in municipal territories;

Integrate flood risks into spatial planning documents of various levels.


When snow and ice is melting, in the territory of Latvia, floods occur every spring. This time

is associated with the highest water volume in rivers and flooding of floodplains. For

Latvian river catchments spring flood period mostly occur during March and April. Flash

floods are mostly influenced by intense and long lasting rainfall, storms, dam breach etc.

During spring flood period, local ice blockades can occur, if ice cover develops in winter.

The ice blockades in rivers often creates local rapid increase in water level, flooding vast

areas in catchments that includes populated areas and infrastructure objects. In recent

years especially mayor and devastating floods occurred during spring season in the years

2010 and 2013.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution

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mitigate negative effect of flood situations. Project was started under the title



To create flood information system and early flood warning system for Lielupe, Venta,

Gauja and Salaca river catchments, is one of the goals of this project.

Latvia is divided into 4 river basin districts - Daugava, Gauja, Lielupe and Venta districts.

Within these areas 25 flood risk areas of national significance have been identified. Flood is

a short-term overflow of water over land which is usually uncovered by water. This

includes floods caused by a storm-induced rise in water level at sea shore, spring floods,

and a rapid water level rise as a result of a prolonged rainfall. Flood risk index considers

potential effects on population, economic loss and social risks.

There are 5 flood risk areas of national significance within Lielupe river basin district of

which the highest flood risk index has been assigned to:

Territory of Jelgava town due to spring flooding of Lielupe and Svēte rivers. Over the past 20 years, the largest floods were experienced in spring of 2010 when water level rose over a 5% exceedance probability (20-year recurrence interval)

Lake Babīte polder area and Jūrmala town area due to wind surges. Over the past 20 years, wind surges in Lielupe estuary were observed in 2005 (1% exceedance probability, or a 100-year recurrence interval) and in 2007 (2% exceedance probability or a 50-year recurrence interval)

There are 8 flood risk areas of national significance within Venta river basin district of


Territory of Liepāja town where the largest wind surges were observed in 1999 and 2007 water level rising over a 2% exceedance probability

Territory of Ventspils town where the largest wind surges were observed in 2005 and 2007 water level rising over a 2% exceedance probability

Lake Engure polder (and Mērsrags town) area where the largest wind surges were observed in 2005 (1% exceedance probability) and 2007 (3% exceedance probability)

There are 2 flood risk areas of national significance within Gauja river basin district of

which the highest flood risk index has been assigned to the territory of Ādaži county due to

both wind surges and spring floods. Over the past 20 years, wind surges were observed in

2005 (1% exceedance probability) and in 2007 (2% exceedance probability) while spring

floods affected the area in 1999, 2010, 2011 and 2013, when water level in Gauja rose over

a 10% exceedance probability.


The main parameters to consider is that the final product – public flood information

system, has to be easy accessible, easy to use and understand for different target

audiences. And the early flood warning system has to be integrated with previous weather

risk warning system.

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Territory of Jelgava town due to spring flooding of Lielupe and Svēte rivers;

Lake Babīte polder area and Jūrmala town area due to wind surges.



Territory of Liepāja town;

Territory of Ventspils town;

Lake Engure polder (and Mērsrags town);


which the highest flood risk index has been assigned to the territory of Ādaži County.


Preparation stage:

Collection and compilation of information

Development of height model using LIDAR and TOPO data

Measuring of river bed cross-profile on site

Interpolation of cross-profiles

cross-profile information editing, adding dams, polder dams, barriers, inefficient flooding areas;

Calculation of initial data and boundary conditions for modelling (water flow and water level data)

Addition of calculated water flow rate of river tributary;

Analysis and evaluation of historical (current and closed observation station) hydrological data;

Implementation stage (in cooperation with SYKE - Finnish Environment Institute):

Training for employees about flood risk modelling

Designing a geometry for hydraulic model;

Flood mapping, presentation and publication;

the threat of flooding and flood risk mapping, presentation and publication;

Development of manual for work with the model

Designing a geometry for flood model, and flood threats and flood risk mapping for pilot

area, Lielupe creek and Babite lake:

Three scenarios of flood threats and flood risk maps for Jurmala city (comprising flood risks

areas (roads, polders, land-use), risk objects (residential buildings, sewage treatment

plant), population density, preliminary estimates of economic losses caused by the flood).

Final phase:

Three scenarios (200,100 and 10-year) flood threats and flood risk mapping, presentation

and publication using modeling data and ArcGIS software. Maps comprising:

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Flood risk areas

Water depths at flood zones

Height of water level over the river length (after 1-2km)

Population density

Infrastructure (roads, polders, land-use)

Risk objects (residential buildings, sewage treatment plant etc.)

Preliminary estimates of economic losses caused by the flood

Processing flood maps and publishing in flood information system of Latvia.


The Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre (Latvian: Latvijas Vides,

ģeoloģijas un meteoroloģijas centrs; LVĢMC) is a governmental service under the Ministry

of Environment of Latvia.

The main objectives of the center are to collect and process environmental information,

carry out environmental monitoring and inform the society on the environmental situation,

as well as, ensure the geologic supervision and rational use of natural resources and realize

state policies in the spheres of geology, meteorology, climatology, hydrology, air quality,

and cross-border air pollution influence.

Resources/means used (human, material, financial:

All financial resources for project was provided by EEA Grant program, finances from

government are provided only for maintenance after project implementation.

At Project implementation process was involved 7 persons from LVGMC - project leader, 2

hydrologists, 1 specialist in GIS software, and 3 persons from field work department.

For project needs, 1 computer and servers was purchased. All other devices and

equipment used for project LVGMC already had.


Mostly problems during the project was related with historical data collection, because

they have been collected in different formats, in different periods and with different

methods, but in cooperation with SYKE data were processed and used for modelling

appropriately.

Result Achieved vs. Objectives (Short Evaluation / Evidence of Success):




Description:

Water Simulation and Forecast System (WSFS), using historical observation data, is

calibrated for Latvian conditions.

Developed of manual for work with the model

Flood risk maps is publicly accessible for society, municipalities, and enterprises (like

insurance companies).




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Environment_(Latvia)&action=edit&redlink=1


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_monitoring

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources







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This project was part of project “Development of Proposal for National Adaptation

Strategy, Including Identification of Scientific Data, and Measures for Adapting to Changing

Climate, Impact and Cost Evaluation” in framework of 2009-2014 European Economic Area

grants program “National Climate Policy”. So, the aim of those activities was to make a tool

which will help to identify risks, regarding climate change, so this tool will be integrated in

National Climate policy documents in Latvia.


WSFS in the future will provide variety of options to forecast development of the

hydrological situation in a flood period. For rescue services this will allow to plan flood

damage control more rationally. Flood early warning system allows to provide forehanded

information about changes in hydrological conditions, including information on possible

flooding of certain areas of river catchment.

The result of completing flood forecasting system will allow municipalities and State

firefight and rescue service to define in state level critical flood levels in territories

imperilled by flood. This system will improve response time for rescue services in situations

of particular danger and efficiency to plan preventive actions in flood situations. Likewise

flood warning system will allow to provide hydrological forecasts to society and publicly

available comprehensive information about possible flood risks.








of Environment of Latvia. Their aim already was to serve a government needs in monitoring

environmental issues in Latvia. This project improves LVGMC existing procedures and

systems, and improve knowledge and experience of employees.


Aim of the project was to provide information for developing Proposal for National

Adaptation Strategy. After implementation of strategy it is expected that government will

improve and change some laws related to environmental issues and civil safety issues

according to strategy, including strategy of how to deal with flood risks.


LVGMC will continue to collect monitoring data and add it to Water Simulation and

Forecast System and regularly publish it in flood information system. System is integrated

in enterprise structures, employees has been trained for work with system, and according

to agreements with ministry their duty is to continue to maintain the system.





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National Climate policy documents in Latvia and risk disaster reduction strategy.

Integration process is still ongoing.





Success Factors (political, technical, human, financial:

Firstly, other entities can learn how to cooperate and share knowledge with other

countries, in this case Finland. This cooperation has been successful, and functioning flood

information system has been established and employees trained to work with this system.

Secondly, other organizations can use this tool to evaluate their particular risks, especially

if the entity are in some of the flood risk zones.

Risk Factors:

Not applicable.




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Field / Category of Good Practice: support tool

EPICURO Partner: EKODOMA Ltd.

Acronym (if applicable) EKODOMA

Contact details

Name - Sirname Liga Zogla

Organisation EKODOMA


Flood risk maps for Gauja, Lielupe and Venta river basin districts and improvement of flood

information system using mapping approach

Entity that Implemented the Good Practice: Ministry of Environmental Protection and

Regional Development of the Republic of Latvia

Coordinator: Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development of the

Republic of Latvia

Contractor: State Ltd. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre, Finnish

Environment Institute

Source of Good Practice / lessons Learnt - Additional elements:

Web links:


http://www.varam.gov.lv/eng/fondi/EEA_Norv/european_economic_area_financial_mech

anism_programme__national_climate_policy/?doc=18233

Bibliography:

Not applicable




2014-2017, Latvia


To design flood risk maps for Gauja, Lielupe and Venta river basin districts and improve the

flood information system:

Development of flood risk maps for Venta, Lielupe and Gauja river basin areas;

Development of flood information system for Venta, Lielupe and Gauja river basin areas;





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Development of hydrological simulation models for Venta, Lielupe and Gauja river

basin areas, including functions of projection and warning.


Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development of Latvia, State Ltd.

Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre (LVGMC), Finnish Environment

Institute (SYKE), society


The project is successfully implemented. It is carried out under the project “Development

of Proposal for National Adaptation Strategy, Including Identification of Scientific Data, and

Measures for Adapting to Changing Climate, Impact and Cost Evaluation” under the

framework of 2009-2014 European Economic Area grants programme “National Climate

Policy” implemented by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional

Development. It is planned to develop “National Adaptation Strategy” until August 2017.


Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

To establish a comprehensive climate policy for Latvia is essential in order to ensure

compliance with the requirements from the EU 2020 strategy, the UN Framework

Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol for reduced greenhouse gas

emission. Also, it is in context with Paris agreement on climate change which was ratified

by Latvia.

Procedural Context:

All procedural rules for flood modelling and early warning system has been developed by

project partner (SYKE) at the project starting phase. Previously LVGMC partly used climate

forecasting system adapted from Finland, so it was easy to integrate flood information

system in existing procedures.


LVGMC already had licensed GIS (geographical information system) software, on the basis

of which the flood information system was created, so there was no need for new

expensive software. However, additional hardware to maintain data calculation processes

was needed.



mitigate negative effect of flood situations. Activity was started under the project



To create flood information system and early flood warning system for residents of Lielupe,

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Venta, Gauja and Salaca river catchments, is one of the main goals of this project. In recent

years the risk of flooding in these areas is becoming more probable. Especially mayor and

devastating floods occurred during spring season in years of 2010 and 2013.


LVGMC is working in spheres of geology, meteorology, climatology, hydrology, air quality,

and cross-border air pollution influence, they have experience in creating monitoring

systems and analysing data, but was lack of experience in flood modelling. Therefore, there

was a collaboration with Finnish Environment institute (SYKE) to create hydrological

forecast system for the mentioned river catchments called - Water Simulation and Forecast

System (WSFS). Using historical observation data, WSFS is calibrated for Latvian conditions.




A flood risk warning system has been established for Venta, Lielupe and Gauja river basins -

projections are prepared for each of the observation stations located within the basin

territory several times a day, taking into consideration current hydro-meteorological

information as well as the latest weather forecasts on air temperature, precipitation

quantities, wind and other parameters. Projections contain information on water level

changes for the following two weeks as well as probability distribution, i.e. how high is the

risk that water level will reach the defined critical values at a repetition frequency of every

10, 100 or 200 years.

In order to ensure accurate flood risk map modeling, survey and measuring of riverbed

cross-sections was carried out. 141 cross-section was measured in 21 rivers (75

measurements in Lielupe, 60 measurements in Venta and 25 measurements in Gauja). The

flood risk information system can be applied for civil protection and spatial planning

purposes in order to:

Plan preventive activities in the event of flood threat and improve rescue service response capacity;

Coordinate actions in case of flooding;

Define critical water levels in municipal territories;

Integrate flood risks into spatial planning documents of various levels.


When snow and ice is melting, in the territory of Latvia, floods occur every spring. This time

is associated with the highest water volume in rivers and flooding of floodplains. For

Latvian river catchments spring flood period mostly occur during March and April. Flash

floods are mostly influenced by intense and long lasting rainfall, storms, dam breach etc.

During spring flood period, local ice blockades can occur, if ice cover develops in winter.

The ice blockades in rivers often creates local rapid increase in water level, flooding vast

areas in catchments that includes populated areas and infrastructure objects. In recent

years especially mayor and devastating floods occurred during spring season in the years

2010 and 2013.








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mitigate negative effect of flood situations. Project was started under the title



To create flood information system and early flood warning system for Lielupe, Venta,

Gauja and Salaca river catchments, is one of the goals of this project.

Latvia is divided into 4 river basin districts - Daugava, Gauja, Lielupe and Venta districts.

Within these areas 25 flood risk areas of national significance have been identified. Flood is

a short-term overflow of water over land which is usually uncovered by water. This

includes floods caused by a storm-induced rise in water level at sea shore, spring floods,

and a rapid water level rise as a result of a prolonged rainfall. Flood risk index considers

potential effects on population, economic loss and social risks.



Territory of Jelgava town due to spring flooding of Lielupe and Svēte rivers. Over the past 20 years, the largest floods were experienced in spring of 2010 when water level rose over a 5% exceedance probability (20-year recurrence interval);

Lake Babīte polder area and Jūrmala town area due to wind surges. Over the past 20 years, wind surges in Lielupe estuary were observed in 2005 (1% exceedance probability, or a 100-year recurrence interval) and in 2007 (2% exceedance probability or a 50-year recurrence interval).



Territory of Liepāja town where the largest wind surges were observed in 1999 and 2007 water level rising over a 2% exceedance probability;

Territory of Ventspils town where the largest wind surges were observed in 2005 and 2007 water level rising over a 2% exceedance probability;

Lake Engure polder (and Mērsrags town) area where the largest wind surges were observed in 2005 (1% exceedance probability) and 2007 (3% exceedance probability).


which the highest flood risk index has been assigned to the territory of Ādaži county due to

both wind surges and spring floods. Over the past 20 years, wind surges were observed in

2005 (1% exceedance probability) and in 2007 (2% exceedance probability) while spring

floods affected the area in 1999, 2010, 2011 and 2013, when water level in Gauja rose over

a 10% exceedance probability.


The main parameters to consider is that the final product – public flood information

system, has to be easy accessible, easy to use and understand for different target

audiences. And the early flood warning system has to be integrated with previous weather

risk warning system.

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Territory of Jelgava town due to spring flooding of Lielupe and Svēte rivers;

Lake Babīte polder area and Jūrmala town area due to wind surges.

There are 8 flood risk areas of national significance within Venta river basin district of which the highest flood risk index has been assigned to:

Territory of Liepāja town;

Territory of Ventspils town;

Lake Engure polder (and Mērsrags town).


which the highest flood risk index has been assigned to the territory of Ādaži County.


Preparation stage:

Collection and compilation of information

Development of height model using LIDAR and TOPO data

Measuring of river bed cross-profile on site

Interpolation of cross-profiles

Cross-profile information editing, adding dams, polder dams, barriers, inefficient flooding areas;

Calculation of initial data and boundary conditions for modeling (water flow and water level data);

Addition of calculated water flow rate of river tributary;

Analysis and evaluation of historical (current and closed observation station) hydrological data;

Implementation stage (in cooperation with SYKE - Finnish Environment Institute):

Training for employees about flood risk modeling

Designing a geometry for hydraulic model;

Flood mapping, presentation and publication;

the threat of flooding and flood risk mapping, presentation and publication;

Development of manual for work with the model.

Designing a geometry for flood model, and flood threats and flood risk mapping for pilot

area, Lielupe creek and Babite lake:

Three scenarios of flood threats and flood risk maps for Jurmala city (comprising flood risks

areas (roads, polders, land-use), risk objects (residential buildings, sewage treatment

plant), population density, preliminary estimates of economic losses caused by the flood).

Final phase:

Three scenarios (200,100 and 10-year) flood threats and flood risk mapping, presentation

and publication using modelling data and ArcGIS software. Maps comprising:

Flood risk areas;

Water depths at flood zones;

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Height of water level over the river length (after 1-2km);

Population density;

Infrastructure (roads, polders, land-use);

Risk objects (residential buildings, sewage treatment plant etc.);

Preliminary estimates of economic losses caused by the flood;

Processing flood maps and publishing in flood information system of Latvia.



ģeoloģijas un meteoroloģijas centres; LVĢMC) is a governmental service under the Ministry

of Environment of Latvia.

The main objectives of the center are to collect and process environmental information,

carry out environmental monitoring and inform the society on the environmental situation,

as well as, ensure the geologic supervision and rational use of natural resources and realize

state policies in the spheres of geology, meteorology, climatology, hydrology, air quality,

and cross-border air pollution influence.

Resources/means used (human, material, financial):

All financial resources for project was provided by EEA Grant program, finances from

government are provided only for maintenance after project implementation.

At Project implementation process was involved 7 persons from LVGMC - project leader, 2

hydrologists, 1 specialist in GIS software, and 3 persons from field work department.

For project needs, 1 computer and servers was purchased. All other devices and

equipment used for project LVGMC already had.


Mostly problems during the project was related with historical data collection, because

they have been collected in different formats, in different periods and with different

methods, but in cooperation with SYKE data were processed and used for modelling

appropriately.





Description:

Water Simulation and Forecast System (WSFS), using historical observation data, is

calibrated for Latvian conditions.

Developed of manual for work with the model

Flood risk maps is publicly accessible for society, municipalities, and enterprises (like

insurance companies).





https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_monitoring

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources







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(entities & people)







National Climate policy documents in Latvia.


WSFS in the future will provide variety of options to forecast development of the

hydrological situation in a flood period. For rescue services this will allow to plan flood

damage control more rationally. Flood early warning system allows to provide forehanded

information about changes in hydrological conditions, including information on possible

flooding of certain areas of river catchment.

The result of completing flood forecasting system will allow municipalities and State

firefight and rescue service to define in state level critical flood levels in territories

imperilled by flood. This system will improve response time for rescue services in situations

of particular danger and efficiency to plan preventive actions in flood situations. Likewise

flood warning system will allow to provide hydrological forecasts to society and publicly

available comprehensive information about possible flood risks.








of Environment of Latvia. Their aim already was to serve a government needs in monitoring

environmental issues in Latvia. This project improves LVGMC existing procedures and

systems, and improve knowledge and experience of employees.


Aim of the project was to provide information for developing Proposal for National

Adaptation Strategy. After implementation of strategy it is expected that government will

improve and change some laws related to environmental issues and civil safety issues

according to strategy, including strategy of how to deal with flood risks.


LVGMC will continue to collect monitoring data and add it to Water Simulation and

Forecast System and regularly publish it in flood information system. System is integrated





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in enterprise structures, employees has been trained for work with system, and according

to agreements with ministry their duty is to continue to maintain the system.







National Climate policy documents in Latvia and risk disaster reduction strategy.

Integration process is still ongoing.





Success Factors (political, technical, human, financial):

Firstly, other entities can learn how to cooperate and share knowledge with other

countries, in this case Finland. This cooperation has been successful, and functioning flood

information system has been established and employees trained to work with this system.

Secondly, other organizations can use this tool to evaluate their particular risks, especially

if the entity are in some of the flood risk zones.

Risk Factors:

Not applicable




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5.7 City of Skopje


Field / Category of Good Practice: Green Cadaster

Acronym (if applicable) BE1

Contact details

Name - Surname

Dr. Zoran Dorevski, External expert of the City of Skopje in the

EPICURO project, Safety & Security Manager - OKTA refinery AD

Skopje

Organization City of Skopje + UNDP


[email protected]


entity): City of Skopje


Web links:


Bibliography:

City of Skopje, Resilient Skopje: Climate Change Strategy, February 2017, Skopje,

Macedonia.

Elena Gavrilova and Emilija Poposka Kardaleva, City of Skopje GHG inventory (Tracking the

progress of the urban GHG emissions, years 2008 and 2012), UNDP, Skopje, Macedonia.

Katerina Donevska, Report on Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation in the Water Sector

of the City of Skopje, UNDP project “ICT for Urban Resilience”, May 2016, Skopje,

Macedonia.

Interviews with:

Mr. Vasko Popovski (Regional Project Manager in UNDP Macedonia),

Mr. Ivan Mincev (Assistant Professor)

Mr. Nikola Jovanovski, Deputy Head of the Department for Environment and Nature Protection of the City of Skopje

1 Anonymous expert for environment and urban planning


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Quick Presentation of the Good Practice:


Green Cadastre represents a comprehensive information system for green areas in Skopje,

designed as a database aimed to regulate and manage the overall system of green areas of

the city.

It is an interactive document, complementary in term to improving the activities of city’s

Public Enterprise “Parks and Greenery”, as well as a transparent and online available

insight tool for the citizens and expert community.


Territory of the City of Skopje. February 2017 (ongoing).


Regardless of the developed understanding of green spaces, they are not adequately

integrated in the planning and managing process. Hence, the creative utilization of the

green infrastructure needs to be accepted in the process of planning at all levels and in all

sectors.

The development and the management of the urban green spaces is becoming a complex

task that should be reviewed attentively, if the common goal is for the green urban areas

to be accepted and appreciated by the citizens. The development of green spaces and their

proper management require a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach and

knowledge of the complex relations between the factors that determine them.

In its search to find its adequate approach to developing the green infrastructure, the City

of Skopje has drafted the 2015 Greenery Study.

The results from the study could be summarized in the following guidelines:

Simultaneously, the City started with the implementation of the Study’s recommendations,

such as:

Recommendations for creating an interconnected system and network of urban green areas and green corridors in the city and its surrounding;

Guidelines for providing land for open public spaces;

Defining the criteria for applying the most adequate types of landscaping of green spaces in accordance with the disrupted environmental quality and climate change effects.

Providing real spatial, quantified and quality data on the public greenery, by making a

green cadastre, and carrying out a study in order to establish the possibilities and the ways

of creating urban green corridors along the Lepenec and Serava rivers and their benefits.

The goal is to establish a comprehensive information system for green areas in Skopje and

to regulate and manage the overall system of green areas of the city.

The Green Cadastre will be an ongoing, interactive document, in addition to improving the

activities of Public Parks and Greenery, and the transparency and availability of data and

insight into the situation for citizens.

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PE “Parks and Greenery”, UNDP, Nature and Environment Protection Department. Other

departments of the City of Skopje were informed about proposed concept on the closure

of the UNDP’s project, without having significant participation in the strategy drafting.


Preparatory phase, implementation was several times delayed due to the lack of

equipment, organizational and other reasons.


The concept of green cadaster corresponds with the goals of EPICURO in a way it

represents an active measure for solving the air and water pollution problems in the

Skopje’s area and makes the city resilient during the winter foggy days.

Context and Issues:

Objective:

Good knowledge of the context in which the good practice is / has been implemented.

Regulatory Context:

Enables the initiation of legal measures based on the field situation viewed through an e-

platform (GIS). Taking appropriate action according to the legal measures to prevent or

minimise the damage they can cause, or taking advantage of opportunities that may arise.

Informative decision regarding urban planning. Specific measures and activities that should

become part of the annual programmes of activities of the City of Skopje Departments

over the next five years. The City of Skopje has a legal obligation to draft the LEAP, a

planning document with an action plan, which is the basis for management of the city

environment and for the planning of all projects and activities linked to the environment

and nature protection, with a special emphasis on the part related to climate change.

Implementation of activities for strengthening local resilience through tactical exercises for

preparing and responding to natural accidents and disasters in schools and other

institutions under the competence of the City of Skopje and the municipalities

Procedural Context:

It is possible to invest, upgrade and manage the city's green capital. Choosing tree species

and silviculture practices less vulnerable to storms and fires; undertaking a complex

process of mapping, recording and cataloguing all of the public green zones in the capital,

and this includes each and every bush and tree.

Process- 25 m² / inhabitant greenery will provide healthy and humane living.


Possibility of establishing a mobile mapping system for city's green potential. After data are

collected and checked, it is possible to prepare various reports, in accordance with client

workflows. Development of information base for planning and monitoring of works related

to maintnance of green areas and their assets.

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Develop a tool that employs intelligent technologies to capture the patterns of urban

change driven by a diverse set of context factors.


It relieves hotness and enables better functioning of the citizens and the city. Designing

and implementing activities for raising awareness about the environment and climate

change, animating the citizens to become active participants in undertaking specific

measures, etc. Social welfare, primarily the activities that concern vulnerable groups such

as the elderly, the homeless, persons with physical and mental disabilities, etc.


Possession of technical culture and awareness among citizens and city authorities,

accountability and transparency of the way the city deals with the pollution and

afforestation of urban green areas.




Green cadaster as a project is already designed, by its implementation phase is quitte

delayed.


Urban areas have very different features to the surrounding rural areas. In urban areas,

impervious built-up surfaces have replaced spaces for vegetation that produce natural

shades, cooling, retention of storm water, depositing and infiltration. Urbanisation has

altered natural regimes of energy explorer, creating urban heat islands and changing the

hydrology of the urban area leading to increased surface runoff of rain water. Given that

these negative effects of urbanisation will be greatly exacerbated by climate change and

extreme weather phenomena, there is an urgent need for development and protection of

the urban green infrastructure. In addition to providing conventional functions, the

development of an urban green infrastructure will help provide a long-term solution to the

mitigation of climate change.

Regardless of the developed understanding of green spaces, they are not adequately

integrated in the planning and managing process. Hence, the creative utilization of the

green infrastructure needs to be accepted in the process of planning at all levels and in all

sectors.

The development and the management of the urban green spaces is becoming a complex

task that should be reviewed attentively, if the common goal is for the green urban areas

to be accepted and appreciated by the citizens. The development of green spaces and their

proper management require a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach and

knowledge of the complex relations between the factors that determine them.


The collection of the data for the green cadaster is a time consuming process and because

is contracted by an outside party it should be implemented without problems. The update

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of the database and the maintenance of the huge database is questionable because of the

lack of resources (human and technical).


To assess the impact of green infrastructure in mitigation of the consequences of urban

heat islands in Skopje to find a way to stimulate the green space in the critical parts of the

city.


Filing the database.


PE “Parks and greenery”


GIS platform, database and server, all human, material and financial capacities of the PE

“Parks and Greenery” and Nature and Environment Protection Department.


The collection of the data for the green cadaster is a time consuming process and because

is contracted by an outside party it should be implemented without problems. The update

of the database and the maintenance of the huge database is questionable because of the

lack of resources (human and technical). For this reason there should be established a

special technical unit or strengthen the capacities of the current GIS unit with skilled

people to implement and maintain the database.


already implemented:




Description:

Impact of the good practice:


(entities & people)


High


Medium




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High


High


Medium, depends from the way how the departments will understand it.


It should be high, but there is an interagency competition that does not allows full

integration of this local concept.






Increase the quality of life at local level.

Increase the transparency of the local authorities regarding the measures taken for

investing and maintenance of the green capital.

Risk Factors

Lack of investment for upgrading and updating the current software;

Lack of human capacities for maintaining the “Green cadaster”.




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Field / Category of Good Practice: URBAN HEAT ISLANDS

EPICURO Partner: City of Skopje

Acronym (if applicable) BE1

Contact details

Name - Surname

Dr. Zoran Dorevski, External expert of the City of Skopje in the

EPICURO project, Safety & Security Manager - OKTA refinery AD

Skopje

Organization City of Skopje + UNDP


[email protected]

Entity that Implemented the Good Practice: City of Skopje


Web links:


Bibliography:

City of Skopje, Resilient Skopje: Climate Change Strategy, February 2017, Skopje,

Macedonia.

Dimitar Trajanov and Kostadin Mishev, Анализа на ефектот на урбани топлотни

острови во Скопје [Analysis of the Effects of the Urban Heat Islands in Skopje], Photo

Capturing with Drone for the needs of the Climate Change Strategy - Resistant Skopje,

November 2016, Skopje, Macedonia.

Elena Gavrilova and Emilija Poposka Kardaleva, City of Skopje GHG inventory (Tracking the

progress of the urban GHG emissions, years 2008 and 2012), UNDP, Skopje, Macedonia.

Katerina Donevska, Report on Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation in the Water Sector

of the City of Skopje, UNDP project “ICT for Urban Resilience”, May 2016, Skopje,

Macedonia.

Slagjana Gligorovska and Nina Aleksovska, Урбани топлотни острови во Скопје [Urban

Heat Islands in Skopje], National Hydro-metrological Service, April 2016, Skopje,

Macedonia.


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Interviews with:

Mr. Vasko Popovski (Regional Project Manager in UNDP Macedonia),

Mr. Ivan Mincev (Assistant Professor)

Mr. Nikola Jovanovski, Deputy Head of the Department for Environment and Nature Protection of the City of Skopje

1 Anonymous expert for environment and urban planning


URBAN HEAT ISLANDS represent a measurable tool for analysis, assessment and forecast

the effect of urbanization, green policies and effects of climate change on the territory of

the City of Skopje at micro level.


Territory of the City of Skopje. 2015-2016.


Mapping and measuring different city’s points/parts and creating the detailed preview of

URBAN HEAT ISLANDS on the territory of the City of Skopje.


UNDP, Nature and Environment Protection Department, Regional Social Innovation Centre,

National Hydro Meteorological Service. Other departments of the City of Skopje were

informed about proposed concept on the closure of the UNDP’s project, without having

significant participation in the strategy drafting.


Implemented. A map was created; previously the measuring is taken using the drones and

temperature measurement devices.


The concept of URBAN HEAT ISLANDS corresponds with the goals of EPICURO in a way it

gives a detailed image at micro level of the city’s parts affected by the effects of the

climate change, urbanization and an appropriate city strategy for mitigating those effects.

Context and Issues:


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

Enables the initiation of legal measures provided for handling increased level of heat

measured.

The City of Skopje has a legal obligation to draſt the LEAP, a planning document with an

action plan, which is the basis for management of the city environment and for the

planning of all projects and activities linked to the environment and nature protection,

with a special emphasis on the part related to climate change.

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Implementation of activities for strengthening local resilience through tactical exercises for

preparing and responding to natural accidents and disasters in schools and other

institutions under the competence of the City of Skopje and the municipalities.

Procedural Context:

Continued implementation of the procedure for issuing integrated environmental licences

and approving environment protection studies.

Focusing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Using scarce water resources more

efficiently; adapting building codes to future climate conditions and extreme weather

events; building flood defences and raising the levels of dykes; developing drought-tolerant

crops; choosing tree species and forestry practices less vulnerable to storms and fires;


Establishing a modern automated meteorological-climate monitoring system for the needs

of the City of Skopje. In this way information will be provided about the climate system”s

“vulnerability” and the possibility of providing early warnings about extraordinary,

dangerous and catastrophic meteorological conditions.

Developing an Urban Heat Index and its gender monitoring. More detailed measuring of

certain specific areas that are registered as urban heat islands. Gathering thermal Imagery

from a plane/drone in order to cover a larger area of the city.

Preparing a detailed analysis of the heat islands in Skopje and designing, prototyping and

testing measures for mitigating the consequences from urban heat islands by (for example,

introducing a practice of constructing white roof tops).

Developing a web-platform and interactive database for all data related to the urban heat

islands in Skopje.

Gender analysis of the information, plans and recommendations for mitigation. Collecting

gender-disaggregated data for informing mitigation analyses.


Designing and implementing activities for raising awareness about the environment and

climate change, animating the citizens to become active participants in undertaking

specific measures, etc.

Social welfare, primarily the activities that concern vulnerable groups such as the elderly,

the homeless, persons with physical and mental disabilities, etc.

Skills and Competences Context (being necessary for Implementation of best practice)

Conscious, informed people who are aware of the danger of heat waves

Pilot projects are helping scientists, engineers, and practitioners to better understand the

interactions between pavements and the urban climate.

Future policy efforts may focus on encouraging strategies to modify urban geometry and

anthropogenic heat in communities to reduce urban heat islands. Research in this area is

on-going, and there is a growing awareness of the importance of these factors.

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An urban heat island is a part of a city or urban area or rural areas that is significantly

warmer as a result of human activities than its surrounding. Temperature differences are

usually greater at night than during the day and they especially appear in places with weak

winds. Urban heat islands are most evident during the summer and winter periods. This

Strategy includes the first ever attempt to determine the urban heat islands in Skopje. Two

types of data were used in this task. Visualisation of the city sections with higher

temperatures compared with the surrounding area was performed with meteorological

measuring at 13 micro locations in the Skopje Valley (2013-2015) and with thermal imagery

from a camera placed on a paraglider flying from Vodno Mountain to the City Park (2016).

The objective is to register the urban heat islands in Skopje (the city’s hotspots) and to

undertake appropriate measures for building the city’s resilience to the negative impacts of

climate change by reducing the temperature of the heat islands, thus improving living

conditions for local residents and reducing their energy consumption for cooling and

heating.

Usually one expects a close link between the heat radiation from the Earth’s surface and

the atmosphere temperature near the air surface. In practice, however, if atmosphere and

surface heat islands are in some way related, they can show different spatial and time

patterns and significant variations. Technological developments have brought about new

ways of researching this area, from thermal imaging cameras to satellite imagery.

Thermal imaging cameras (Regional Social Innovation Centre). The temperature difference

Figure 16: Skopje satellite image of and its surroundings (Google

Maps) and Temperature interpolation

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between the city’s outskirts and the central area of the city is about 7 degrees, while the

difference in comparison to Vodno mountain area is 12 degrees.

The River Vardar has a positive influence on temperature reduction to a few degrees lower

than in areas at a greater distance from the river. The central core of the city, the area of

Gradski Zid, has the highest temperature, which is 1.5 to 2 degrees higher than the

temperature in Kisela Voda. It is notable that Macedonia Square is significantly cooler than

its surroundings due to its white color. For example, the asphalt temperature on Maksim

Gorki Street is more than 6 degrees higher than the temperature of the tiles of the square.

In general, due to the tradition of having dark red roofs, most of the buildings in the city

have high temperatures on the roof surfaces due to their constant exposure to sun.

Buildings with lighter colored roofs have a positive impact by reducing the temperature in

their surroundings; however, unfortunately these are rare in Skopje.


Meteorological measuring (Hydro meteorological Service) – The temperature differences in

the Skopje Valley are within the limits of 1.2°С to 5.7°С. The greatest differences are mainly

during afternoon and evening hours. The highest average daily air temperatures are

registered in the centre (Centar), the industrial zones (Butel and Avtokomanda) and

Taſtalidze, while the lowest air temperatures are registered in the outskirts of the Skopje

Valley and in the urban areas at higher altitudes. The main characteristic is that the central

part of the city is the warmest place. By interpolation, temperature maps have been made

for the City of Skopje based on the meteorological measuring, as shown below, with the

coldest areas marked in blue, the hottest in red.


Mitigation of the consequences of urban heat islands.


White facades and roofs (With white or light facades

and roofs, heat absorption is reduced).

Green Roofs reduce the creation of urban hot islands,

and provide the opportunity for the development of

vegetation and wildlife in urban areas. In this way,

artificial surfaces fit into nature.

Planting trees and vegetation in the cities and

Implementation Responsible Entity.


GIS platform, database and server, all human, material and financial capacities of the City

of Skopje - Environment and Nature Protection Department.


The occurrence of urban heat islands is interrelated to spatial/urban planning. So the main

problem of creation of urban heat islands is due to poor spatial planning and not taken into

consideration the impervious/green surfaces ratio for reduction of stacking concrete

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surfaces. Building green infrastructure is the key to reduction of the heat islands. The

second problem considering spatial planning is blocking the daily wind pathways coming

from the mountain Vodno. In this direction there are several continuous rings of buildings

which are totally blocking the air circulation. The best practices for mitigation and

reduction of urban heat islands should be considered for creation of future spatial plans.


already implemented:




Description:

More concrete and asphalt leads to higher temperatures. More green spaces are needed,

as well as green roofs and green facades. There are existing and elaborated ideas on this

topic, e.g. “50 shades of green” for placement of green roof on the Children Hospital, as

part of the Climate Change Challenge




Impact on policies (national, regional, local, other stakeholder’s policies):

High


Medium






High


High


Medium, it depends from the way how the departments will understand it.


It should be high, but there is an interagency competition that does not allows full

integration of this local concept.

EPICURO









Increase the quality of life at local level.

Increase the transparency of the local authorities regarding the measures taken for

investing and maintenance of the green capital.

Risk Factors:

Lack of investment for upgrading and updating the current software, as well as a need for

continuous measuring of the identified/referent zones.

Lack of human capacities for maintaining the system.




EPICURO




5.8 City of Vejle Form for Description and Analysis of Good Practice

Field / Category of Good Practice: Wastewater Treatment /Energy & Flooding

EPICURO Partner: Vejle Municipality


Contact details

Name - Surname Michael Schulz

Organisation Vejle Spildevand A/S



entity):


Web links:

Bibliography:


Through this project, Vejle Spildevand A/S (Vejle Wastewater Corporation) demonstrates

that iti si possible to use different organic waste matters from different sources in a waste

treatment plant, to produce biogas. This will then be used to produce electricity, district

heating and fuel for public transport such as city buses and garbage trucks, thereby

creating a circular economy in the city. This type of sewage treatment plant, and the

technology behind it – introducing a bacteria called “annamox” in the process – is new. The

use of anammox and the use of fuel prodiuced from biogas for public transport is the only

model found in Denbmark at the moment.



Vejle, Denmark 2016-2019


Goals: To demonstrate the scientific and economic viability of using organic waste matters

from the waste treatment plant and other sources for biogas production and use the fuel

for electricity, district heating and public vehicles.


EPICURO




Objectives:

To treat the city’s organic waste as a resource, instead of a problem.by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.

To reduce the collective greenhouse emission of the city.

To reduce the imported energy in the city by replacing fossil fuel with biogas that the treatment center produces for use in bus, trucks and cars.

To convert the residuel production of the treatment plant into organic fertilizers for use in farms.

To establish a circular economy and contribute to the city’s general resistance to climate change.

To use and integrate surface water of the city as process water in the system instead of using drinking water.

To be more independent of importing energy.


Vejle Wastewater A/S

Vejle Municipallity

The European Union

The 110.000 residents of Vejle


Phase 1 : Building the infrastructure (completed)

Phase 2: Testing of the business case (ongoing)


Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

Denmark national goal is to be fossil fuel free by 2050. This project contributes to that goal.

This will also help the city to be more effective in converting organic wastes, putting it to

good use (natural gas). This will also reduce the city’s emission of greenhouse gases (from

the city’s garbage trucks and city buses alone, a reduction of 800 tons a year, and and

extra production of clean energy of 22,000 GJ).

Saving clean drinking water through the use of surface water for process treating the

organic wastes.

Procedural Context:


This “Future Wastewater Plant 2.0” is a relatively new technology but is getting a lot of

interest in Europe. Billund Municipality has a BioRefinery where organic waste is converted

to fuel, but has not used it (as in the case of Vejle where it is used for city buses and

garbage trucks). Natural gas is widely used Germany and Sweden, but they do not come

from organic waste matters.

EPICURO




The use of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a new introduction of the

technology.

The technology itself is relatively easy to adapt. But the cooperation of the local authority

and companies is needed for such a model to succeed, as it cuts across various sectors.


This contributes to a more stable pricing of electricity and local transport rates.

It encourages citizens to make use of public, sustainable transport - potentially giving new relationships to those they are transporting with.

It is economically feasible to invest in such a system. Initial studies show that an increase in the capacity of the system will have a return rate of 10 years.

It lessens the dependency of the city on fossil fuel, and any other energy source as the city itself produces it.

The city becomes less vulnerable to threat of unstable energy supply (which is also a hallmark of a smart city), such that different and sustainable energy supple system is developed





The primary objective of a waste treatment water plant is to clean wastewater, sending it

back into nature without negatively affecting the environment. But, wastewater is not only

water to be cleaned, it is also a major source of resources. Wastewater treatment

produces surplus sludge, which is transformed into dry matter, which can then be used as

an odorless fertilizer. This is a well-known and used technology in Denmark.

It is also common to find treatment plants coupled with a biogas reactor. However, at the

moment, there are no plants in Denmark that combine sludge, green waste and organic

surplus production, etc. for district heating, electricity and transport gas.

The following is a schematic diagram of Vejle Waterwork’s production. Vejle Spildevand

today produces biogas for internal process heat and electricity for the sewage sludge and

organic residues from the agriculture and food industry. By upgrading the total plant (in

green) to receive green waste from the towns and city of Vejle Municipality, including retail

and industry, it will be possible to make the plant more flexible and able to receive a wide

range of organic residues. At the same time, it is investigating whether it is possible to use

the surface water from the city as process water in, among other things, the bioreactor and

thus avoid using clean drinking water.

EPICURO




The diagram shows several subcomponents and different technologies. On the input page

(top of the model) are three resource sources, including organic waste, sludge from

wastewater and organic residual product, which is gathered in a bioreactor.

Organic waste can, among other things, consist of organic household waste, such as food

residues. It can also come from companies like restaurants, cafeteria, dairies and

slaughterhouses. Depending on the content of green waste, it may either come directly to

the bioreactor or be hygienically treated, which consists of a pre-treatment at high

temperatures. Vejle Spildevand collects ca. 6,500 tons of organic waste annually.

Another source of input is surplus sludge which is produced by the sewage treatment. The

sludge is then dried. From excess sludge, Vejle Spildevand produces approx. 2,500 tons of

dry matter annually.

Organic residual products are another source of resources and may consist of faulty

productions from various food producers or manure from agriculture. From this source,

Vejle Sewage produces approx. 500 tons of dry matter. The suppliers are supporting this as

we provide then with a sustainable way of disposing of their waste.

The new in this project and for Vejle Spildevand is - on the input side - using organic waste

as a resource. On the output side, it's using the biogas a fuel -- for electricity, district

heating and transport.

EPICURO




Innovation in this project is the combination of technologies, which further contributes to

creating a circular economy.


Vejle Spildevand A/S, Vejle Municipality's garbage collection department and innovation

department has, for a long time, discussed the possibility of transforming organic waste

from households, sludges from central wastewater plants and various organic residues

from companies to biogas that can be used as a propellant in municipal waste trucks and

city buses. The surplus gas can be used for district heating and electricity. The residual

product from the biogas plant could be sold as organic fertilizer to farmers.

Vejle Spildevand, together with Vejle, wants to show that it is also possible in Denmark to

integrate the production of biogas from a waste water plant in a circular system in the city,

where the city's garbage trucks and buses will use biogas as propellant instead of fossil

fuels. Thus, Vejle City will contribute to energy efficiency in Denmark and to reach the

Danish government's goal of being free from fossil fuels by 2050.


Technology

Readiness of the Municipality to migrate from traditional fossil fuel to transportation

fuelled by sustainable energy.


The municipallity’s resilience

Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions

Danmark as fossil-fuel free by 20150.


Building of infrastructure


Vejle Spildevand A/S


Engineers at Vejle Spildevand

30 million DKK/4 million Euros


Difficulty in acquiring supplementary organic waste matters

Convincing local politicians to implement a directive for municipal transport to use biogas

Convincing regional authorities to convert to biaogas fuelled busses

EPICURO





already implemented




Description:

Ongoing



(entities & people)


Danmark as a fossil-fuel free country by 2050

Sustainable energy development policies of the regional and national levels


A more stable pricing of electricity and local transport rates.

Encourages citizens to make use of public, sustainable transport - potentially giving new

relationships to those they are transporting with.






The wastewater tretment plant to date has already integrated biogas production into its

system (it produces enough energy to power its own consumption). The wastewater

teartment plant 2 goes beyond self sufficiency, in that it creates a circular economy in the

city.




The wastewater treatment plant is part of Vejle Municipality’s strategy towards making the

city more resilient. As floofding is one of the city’s greatest challenges, the Vejle

Wastewater A/S , in support of the municipality’s vision has committed to invest 115

million a year for sewage, pipelines, and water purification plants.




EPICURO






Technical – This uses simple technology and can be transferred in most cities in urope

Political – Needs the cooperation of the local authorities in acquiring organic waste

matters, and in migrating public transport to bio gas.

Risk Factors:




Yes


Field / Category of Good Practice: Resilience Education

(to be chosen /named by partner)

EPICURO Partner: Vejle Kommune


Contact details

Name - Surname Anne Charlotte Petersen

Organisation Videnscenter for Integration



entity):


Web links:

www.smr-project.eu

Bibliography:




The project is an ongoing concept, working with various changing models and cases. So it

has been going on since 2012-13.

EPICURO





The goal with Smart U Vejle is to develop formats for use in online learning, while providing

access to concrete learning programs within the fields of resilience, digital learning in pre-

school, fablabs, etc. We are currently working on the development of a Resilient Online

Education.

Resilience Online aims to make it easy, quick and flexible to acquire information, teaching

and training regarding resilience. Information and training will be delivered online in form

of small videos from experts within resilience and supplemental questions for reflection.

Resilience Online will be available as a whole education - or as smaller training courses. It

will be able to give a broader view of resilience - and it will be possible to go into more

specific subjects. The learner will be able to have a packed programme - or build it on

his/her own.


Smart U Vejle:

VIFIN

Uddannelse og Læring (The Educational Department of Vejle)

The Library of Vejle

University of Copenhagen

University of Aarhus

University of Aalborg

Resilience Online:

VIA University Horsens

Technun, San Sebastian Implementation phases and current stage:

Smart U Vejle is characterised by constant and ongoing development and implementation.

Resilience Online is at its start phase, with an expected implementation phase in 2018. The

current tasks are concept development and funding.


Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

It identifies methods on cross sectoral collaboration, particularly, on how to collaborate with universities.

It identifies ways of delivering an easy and accessible education in resilience. Procedural Context:

It works with an informal approach that makes it easy to take quick action.


It will use already existing and open technologies.

EPICURO





Part of the learning material is expected to be on Social Resilience


It’s an online education.

The Skills needed are knowledge on Resilience and Knowledge on didactics.





Resilience Online is on its starting phase, that was made possible by the Horizon 2020-

project, Smart Mature Resilience. This is part of the sustainability strategy of the project --

helping other cities with their work on resilience beyond the guidelines and tools

developed in the project.

A collaboration with the VIA University Horsens has also been started. The VIA University

will be offering a resilience training course in Autumn 2017, and in this regard, would like

to supplement the course with online education.

Other Horizon 2020-projects on resilience has already been informed on the plan to

establish an online education. At the moment, video recordings are being produced -- the

first step in collecting materials for Resilience Online.


Easy access and use

Match the daily work in a municipality

Flexible format

Supporting informal formats and Co-Creation formats

Open Sources formats



First draft on concept idea

Contacts taken with potential partners.


VIFIN (In collaboration with other partners in SMR project)


Most of the resources comes from work hours delivered by the participants


None yet; But we expect to deal with issues such as “The exact educational Content” and

“Development of good online didactics”.

EPICURO





already implemented




Description:

That we can not answer yet.



(entities & people)


It is not as such having impact yet, but is addressing local wishes on more knowledge an

education about Resilience


Resilience Online is expected to mean that more employees on all levels will have

knowledge on working with resilience in everyday situations.

Resilience Online will mean more qualified solutions regarding resilience and thereby have

an impact on the general public.






The Municipality of Vejle has a Resilience strategy and the project is addressing that.


In the long run it could be mandatory for employees in regions, municipalities and cities

working on resilience to get an basic course - or even a shorter kind of education from

Resilience Online.


Due to the flexibility and easy access to the teaching and training we expect, that

Resilience Online will be natural choice for employees and managers working with

resilience or planning to do so.


Since part of Resilience Online will be descriptions and explanations on how to use risk

management, analysis and strategic planning tools from SMR - and other Horizon 2020-

projects on Resilience we expect Resilience Online to be a natural part of working with the

disaster reduction strategy. Learning from Resilience Online will qualify the work with

EPICURO




disaster reduction strategy.






Success factors:

Broader knowledges - in general - on work with resilience.

Better planning regarding resilience strategies.

Better quality and quicker results on resilience at different levels - but especially when it comes to cities.

That Resilience Online become THE source of information/traiuning/learning when it comes to resilience.

That experts - researchers as well as practitioners - will contact Resilience Online to contribute and deliver content to Resilience Online.

Risk Factors:

Lack of funding to secure the project a good kick-off.




EPICURO




5.9 Municipality of Vicenza Form for Description and Analysis of Good Practice

Field / Category of Good Practice: Floods prevention –Detention Basins

EPICURO Partner: Municipality of Vicenza, Italy

Acronym (if applicable) COMVI

Contact details

Name - Sirname Fabio Cestonaro

Organisation Municipality of Vicenza


Entity that Implemented the Good Practice: Civil Engineering Office of Veneto Region


Web links:

https://www.regione.veneto.it/web/ambiente-e-territorio/opere-infrastrutturali-per-la-

sicurezza-dal-rischio-idraulico

http://repository.regione.veneto.it/public/cc767edcf7f83fc0679189c82d9e81f5.php?lang=

it&dl=true


Bibliography:



This technology consists of embankments built on Timonchio river banks in a wide

farmland outside Vicenza’s urban areas. In case of flood hazard, some weirs collect the

rainwater and flood the farmland, preventing the wave from reaching sensitive areas

(urban and industrial areas)

Once the flood risk is over, the basin is emptied and the risk is reduced to the loss of

existing crops.


Municipality of Caldogno (Vicenza – Italy). Time of building: from 21THd March 2014, to 3 rd

March 2016.


Mitigation actions for hydraulic risk (flooding) by means of detention basins






EPICURO





Veneto Region; Municipality of Caldogno, Vicenza and the others municipalities within the

Bacchiglione’s looding risk area.


Infrastructural work started on 21THd March 2014 and finished on 3 rd March 2016.

The testing of the infrastructure will be possible only under a flood risk event.


Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

DGR (delibera della giunta regionale) n. 535 del 15/04/2014

Procedural Context:



To reduce flooding damages to people and sensitive areas.


N/A




This technology consists of embankments built on Timonchio river banks in a wide

farmland outside Vicenza’s urban areas. In case of flood hazard, some weirs collect the

rainwater and flood the farmland, preventing the wave from reaching sensitive areas

(urban and industrial areas).


N/a


Feaseable only on an equivalent context


Reduce the costs of post-event damages by sacrifying farmland and safeguarding urban

and industrial areas.


EPICURO




To build embankments along rivers on farmland to create a potential basin meant to

contain the flood wave.


Civil Engineering Office of Veneto region


Human, financial


Once the area has been identified, it is necessary to expropriate private farmland and

provide compensatory measures for the land owners





Description:

N/A

The infrastructure hasn’t been tested yet because since it was built, no hydraulic

criticalities have occurred.



(entities & people)


N/A


N/A






criticalities have occurred. Once tested and resulting efficient, it can be replicated in any

similar context according to political will and financial resources available.




EPICURO










criticalities have occurred. Once tested and resulting efficient, it can be replicated in any

similar context according to political will and financial resources available.


Financial, political

Risk Factors:


transfer of good practice;

Yes


Field / Category of Good Practice: Green zoning variance (variante verde)

EPICURO Partner: Municipality of Vicenza, Italy

Acronym (if applicable) COMVI

Contact details

Name - Sirname Fabio Cestonaro

Organisation Vicenza MUniciplaity


Entity that Implemented the Good Practice: Municipality of Vicenza


Web links:


Bibliography:



Within the end of January on an annual basis, Vicenza Municipality through a public call

informs its citizens about the possibility to change the land use of their properties from


EPICURO




building land to green spaces.


Place: available on the whole territory of Municipality of Vicenza

Time: the action started in 2016 and it has been renewed on an annual basis within public

information to citizens


With this practise it is possible to reduce the quantity of land for building preserving the

existing green spaces.


Trade associations, public administration and citizens


The second Green Zoning Variance call has just been closed. At the moment the

municipality is rearranging and updating the land consolidation plan according to the

citizens’ requests of 2016 call.


Context and Issues


implemented.

Regulatory Context:

The Green Zoning Variance has been implemented by Veneto Region in accordance with

the Directive of the European Union on the subject. (Regional Law 4/2015)

Procedural Context:

The regional regulations for land governance and landscape policy (Art 18 of Regional Law

11/2004) constitute the procedural context of the Green Zoning Variance.


N/A


This practise decreases taxes on citizens’ land ownership and, as a consequence of that,

there is also a reduction in the tax revenue from the Municipality administration.


N/A




EPICURO





Started in 2016


The land surface that, thanks to this practise, remains green and becomes non-building

land.


Saving territory from buildings and land use



Municipality of Vicenza


All the resources employed to implement this administrative procedures are form Vicenza

Municipality


The overall administrative process requires bureaucratic procedures that are rather long





Description:

After the first call, the objective has been totally achieved as 180.000 mq2 of potential

building land has been changed in permanent green areas

http://www.comune.vicenza.it/albo/notizie.php/159390



(entities & people)


None.


From the mere economic point of view the citizens that requested this change in their

property intended use will benefit a money saving in taxes. People not involved in the

practise but living close to those green territories, will benefit for a safer and greener

environment to live.


http://www.comune.vicenza.it/albo/notizie.php/159390

EPICURO









Regional law



Those territory affected by the Green Zoning Variance, will benefit of a flood reduction.






This practise can be easily applied and transferred also outside the regional territory where

it is currently implemented

Risk Factors:

The missing tax revenue will influence the municipal budget.




EPICURO




5.10 Province of Potenza


Field / Category of Good Practice: strategy/initiatives/networks

EPICURO Partner: Province of Potenza

Acronym (if applicable) WeResilient

Contact details [email protected];

[email protected];

[email protected];

Name - Surname

Alessandro Attolico

Rosalia Smaldone

Tiziana Liscio

Organisation Province of Potenza



Province of Potenza

Source of Good Practice / lessons Learnt - Additional elements:

Web links:


Bibliography:

Relevant references:

- Province of Potenza. 2004. Provincial Risk Assessment/Mitigation Plan and the Emergency Management Plan. Potenza, Italy

- Province of Potenza. 2013. Provincial Structural Master Plan (Provincial Territorial Coordination Plan - TCP). Potenza, Italy.

- Province of Potenza. 2015. Provincial Strategic Framework to Combat Climate Change. Potenza, Italy.




Place: The Territory of the Potenza Province



EPICURO




Time: Starting from 2013 – the formal approval of the Provincial Territorial Coordination Master Plan

(TCP, 2013), capitalizing the experience gained in the last ten years.


Capitalizing its best institutional and governance practices experimented during the last decade, the

Province of Potenza outlined the #weResilient strategy for pursuing territorial development through

a structural combination of environmental sustainability, territorial safety and climate change

contrasting policies.

So, in 2013 a major goal has been achieved: delivering to the community a very important tool for

guiding and addressing the provincial territorial governance, the Provincial Territorial Coordination

Master Plan (TCP), that represents a “structural” tool for analysing needs and driving local

governments’ choices with a "wide-area" development point of view.

This new concept of territorial governance provides for the structural introduction of “Resilience" - to

disasters and climate changes - into territorial development policies to be implemented through

specific actions at local and urban levels.

The strategic implementation path consists in both an urban planning coordination activity and in an

"awareness-rising" action with a supportive and subsidiary process addressed mainly to

Municipalities, Communities and Citizens, for pursuing proper territorial governance and land-use

policies/actions in the local context.

For #weResilient outlining and implementation, the Province of Potenza set-up a permanent Local

Platform aimed at engaging Municipalities, institutions/authorities, stakeholders, major and social

groups, communities and citizens in translating the strategy into concrete actions.

#weResilient main achievements and results:

• Promoting comprehensive Resilience across the provincial territory

• Engaging local communities and indigenous culture in Resilience implementation

• Permanent networking with Cities, stakeholders and major groups for a comprehensive

sustainable territorial development

• Performing supportive actions to Cities with a subsidiary and wide-area approach

• Performing programmes and actions for including communities and people in relevant

institutional decision making processes, building capacities, developing capabilities, raising

awareness, increasing political will and public support in local disaster risk reduction

• Building local to trans-national partnerships for sharing cooperation and best practices

exchanges


In the Resilience implementation most of the efforts have been devoted to setting-up a complex

system of progressive social involvement having the main purpose of entrusting and engaging social

groups and citizen in the institutional policy-making regarding territorial and urban sustainable and

resilient development. For reaching this goal, many actions have been launched and performed so

far including:

• setting-up of “permanent platform” with major groups for discussing problems and possible

solution to be adopted;

EPICURO




The institutions and groups representing the different social categories have been involved (women,

elderly, youth, disabled people, migrants and so on); each “potentially vulnerable” social category –

which constitutes the strong interest groups (Majors Groups) in numbers and skills and can turn into

a real strength as concern risks and disasters. Starting from the contributions of these social

categories, the whole community and Institutions can and should benefit for the development of

safety and sustainable territorial policies.


The phases :

Defining shared vision, goals and targets (#weResilient)

Setting and calibrating the strategy(governance)

Enhancing and mobilizing internal and external resources for development

Implementing and measuring progresses

Providing communities with “ownership” for following-up the action over time by means of open dialogues with the community and major groups

Today, Potenza is taking a leading role in the Making Cities Resilient Campaign by guiding all 100

mayors to work together and serving as institutional coordinator for implementation activities.

The Province is strengthening the institutional coordination action and increasing the social/sectorial

groups by further developing a set of local plans of action to address DRR in the Province.

Moreover The Province is strengthening the Resilience implementation through an increasingly

devolved “integrated territorial governance” coordination role and downscaling the experience to

the urban context by performing and coordinating participatory urban planning paths


The good practice is perfectly in line with the project EPICURO, that particularly emphasizes the

necessity of a people-centred approach.

The GP enhances the policy and institutional commitment for increasing public support and aims to

increase citizens’ capacities to contribute to building resilience within their communities, that are

Epicuro’s objectives.

The GP is also based on the implementation of the TCP that introduces risks-mitigation directives

and recommendations (also providing technical, organizational and knowledge support) to be

applied to the local and urban planning and strategic actions in order to involve the local actors, the

private sector and the community itself in the resilience’s implementation processes.

This issue is perfectly coherent with the EPICURO Project that aims to develop effective urban

resilient strategies, that can contribute to deliver positive impacts at EU level.

Context and Issues:


Regulatory Context:

- At international level:

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda)

EPICURO




The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

The Paris Agreement on climate change

- At national/regional level:

The current national and regional civil protection and environment law apparatus

The National Law n. 267 of 2000 (Law on local authorities)

The Regional Law n. 23 of 1999 (Territorial and Urban planning law)

The National Law n. 56 of 2014 (Law on Updated Provincial Competences)

- At local level:

Provincial Structural Master Plan (Provincial Territorial Coordination Plan - TCP).

The 100 Municipalities urban planning instruments

The Statute of the Province

Procedural Context:

Procedures to involve territorial communities:

setting-up of “permanent platform” with major groups for discussing problems and possible solution to be adopted; this is also a ‘consultation’ place where to collect instances and start to spread and consolidate new urban planning models having a bottom-up approach;

public notices to invite communities to submit proposals and to support them in sharing projects to improve their resilience to natural disasters

Formal procedures:

statements of commitment with the 100 Municipalities of its territory aiming at developing a common territorial development strategy covering the improvement of resilience to natural disasters.


An interconnected system of operational and organizational tools: the Provincial Operations Room, the instrumental sensors networks for risks monitoring, the databases of resources for emergency management and a Geographic Information System (GIS) enabling the collection of information on different territorial components and multi-risks analysis.

Smart/ICT technologies, realized within other Provincial EU Projects, in order to support the spread

of intelligent technologies, and collect and analyze data and feedback information to support

evidence-based policy making.


The Province of Potenza has been disadvantaged by its territory morphology and its mountain

territory has made difficult the construction and the maintenance of strategic infrastructures for a

long time.

By the way, a trend reversal is currently in place: since 2001 its income per capita (among the regions

of the Italian South and Islands) is the highest after Abruzzo, Sardinia and Molise Regions.

EPICURO




Regarding the disaster risk reduction activities, the disasters that have struck the provincial territory

not only have sown death and destruction, but also contributed to form a deep sensitivity about the

“risks”.


A several years’ experience and engagement in disaster risk reduction, sustainable development and contrast to climate changes.

A great commitment that resulted in a strong governance enriched by evidence and accountability towards the involved institutions, stakeholders, major groups, local communities and citizens.

A strong commitment in creating and maintaining a close relationship with the municipalities and the communities of the territory.

A bottom-up approach that can provide communities with ownership for following-up the action over time.




The strategic implementation path consists in both an urban planning coordination activity and in an

"awareness-rising" action with a supportive and subsidiary process addressed mainly to

Municipalities, Communities and Citizens, for pursuing proper territorial governance and land-use

policies/actions in the local context.

For #weResilient outlining and implementation, the Province of Potenza set-up a permanent Local

Platform aimed at engaging Municipalities, institutions/authorities, stakeholders, major and social

groups, communities and citizens in translating the strategy into concrete actions

The Province is implementing an approach of support and cooperation with local communities and,

in particular, with the municipalities in order to integrate the sustainable development policies with

the requirements of resilience of communities into urban planning.

(For the specific actions and activities please refer to the other points of this document)


Since 2004, the Province of Potenza played a specific role performing DRR policies and actions both

in its own institutional duties (provincial roads networks, high schools buildings estate, territorial

planning, disaster management and civil protection, etc) and providing for specific support and

coordination to the municipalities in a subsidiary way.

In all its previous DRR policies and activities, the Province of Potenza has set-up a multi-stakeholder

and communities path, where institutions and groups representing the different social categories

have been involved;

Capitalizing its best institutional and governance practices experimented during the last decade, the

Province of Potenza outlined the #weResilient strategy.

In 2013 a major goal has been achieved: delivering to the community a very important tool for

guiding and addressing the provincial territorial governance, the Provincial Territorial Coordination

EPICURO




Master Plan (TCP), that represents a “structural” tool for analysing needs and driving local

governments’ choices with a "wide-area" development point of view.

The Province started to be engaged in permanent networking with Cities, stakeholders and major

groups for a comprehensive sustainable territorial development and performing supportive actions

to Cities with a subsidiary and wide-area approach.


The major risks affecting the local territory

The Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development policies

The legal framework at national/regional/local level

The state of art of the municipal planning framework

Community profiling (The relevant stakeholders and Major groups in the community)


To pursue territorial development through a structural combination of environmental sustainability, territorial safety and climate change contrasting policies.

To develop the communities' Resilience to Disaster

To transform DRR and Resilience to disasters into real "structural" policy-making and actions to be implemented

Accountability (social, political and public Accountability)


Setting-up of “permanent platform” with major groups and stakeholders for discussing problems and possible solution to be adopted;

Organization and implementation of specific capacity building activities, mostly addressed to institutional actors but with the enlargement also to civil society representatives;

Implementation of specific awareness-raising and information campaign;

Co-working with NGOs, Civil Society Associations, volunteering and social groups for applying to dedicated financing programs, such as the Regional, National and EU programs;

Facilitating new mechanisms for raising the support by the private;

Setting-up of empirical processes of progressive confidence/trust building, outlined and calibrated on the specific and contingent needs of the different social components and on reciprocal cooperation and assistance.


Territorial Planning Department of the Province of Potenza


Human resources with a deep experience (at local/national and international level) in the field of

disaster risk reduction and sustainable development, a great commitment in these issues and close

relationship with the Community

Capitalization of all material and financial available resources and facilitating new mechanisms for

attracting innovative ones (for example, the private sector).

EPICURO





Problems identified:

Solutions Incurred

Need of Public support – Political will

Need of dialogue with and within stakeholders

Small-sized Municipalities

High urban and Communities sprawl

Resources

Skills and capacities

Community engagement in Decision Making

Public Awareness

Act on a “structural” channel: Land-Use and

Government Policy Coordination

Engage/Involve

Provide Support/Cooperation

Entrust/Empower and facilitate dialogues with

stakeholders

Build partnerships/share experiences

Attract Private Business ($$$): PPP/PPPP

Engage Civil Society in Decision Making

Enhance capacities

Enhance Public awareness


implemented:


/establishment of the good practice. Please provide as many tangible / measurable results /

indicators as possible.

Description:

For this BP on January 25th 2015 The Province was recognized as a Role Model for Inclusive

Resilience by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).

Moreover the Province with its Communities and Municipalities Network received a formal

recognition by the UNISDR, as “Champion in the Reduction of the Disaster Risk for IDDR 2015”, for its

“inclusive” way of working in order to implement resilience with a network approach.



people)


The Provincial Master Plan provides risks-mitigation directives and recommendations (also providing

technical, organizational and knowledge support) to be applied to the local and urban planning and

strategic actions in order to involve the local actors, the private sector and the community itself in

the resilience’s implementation processes.

The TCP provides for inputs to be followed by the Municipalities in their urban planning activities

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Furthermore the Province is contributing to the finalization of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk

Reduction 2015-30, the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and the 2015 Paris Climate

Agreement


The Province is producing a strategy and work programme to which all stakeholders and relevant

key-actors agree and which effectively implement the TCP, the UNISDR’s ten essentials, the Sendai

Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-30, the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and

the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement

It means:

A community with an enhanced public awareness on DRR and resilience to disaster

A community with an improved dialogue with the authorities and an increased sense of belonging

People enabled to raise their own issues with government

Citizens and stakeholders with the potential tools to contribute by themselves to the policy-making cause




strategy


The GP is perfectly integrated, in fact:

The Province of Potenza plays a coordinating role in a large area composed of 100 small and very

small municipalities, through a complex action tending to the construction of a useful strategy to

promote the development of the territorial communities.


As explained above, The GP is carried out within the international/national /regional /local

law apparatus


As explained above, The GP is carried out within the entity’s bureaucratic apparatus


This GP is the integral part of the Provincial general disaster risk reduction strategy


Objective: Provide key elements to evaluate if it is possible and if yes how to transfer the good

practice to other entities / partners. How the entity or others can learn from Good practice

implementation


#weResilient success is based on:

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• Having defined a Vision on which building a Strategy and a coordination Platform

• Political and strategic ownership leading to public support

• Multi-stakeholder engagement

• Community and people-centered inclusive action

• Networking

• Learning from others through international, national and city-to-city networks

• Resilience recognized as a structural policy-making to be performed through a combination

of different actions

• Visibility: locally, nationally and globally

Risk Factors:

No one!



EPICURO PROJECT PARTNER):

A strong willingness to collaborate as indicated in the Project documents.


Field / Category of Good Practice: Technologies (software)

EPICURO Partner: The Province of Potenza


Contact details [email protected]

Name - Sirname NIKLAS

BLOMQUIST

Organisation CITY OF GOTHENBURG



CITY OF GOTHENBURG


Web links:

www.goteborg.se

Bibliography:

Filipova, V.; Rana, A.; Singh, P.; ‘Urban flooding in Gothenburg, a MIKE 21 Study’, Journal of water

management and research, Vol. 68, (2012)

The flood risk management plan for Gothenburg

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City Of Gothenburg

In 2012 City Of Gothenburg signed the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) Campaign

‘Making cities Resilient’


Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning.

Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.


A cooperation with the insurance business, networks with the sector finance, building companies

Working with all inhabitants in Gothenburg


Central Gothenburg has low elevation and, therefore, is threatened by sea level rise. During the city’s

work with extreme weather events, it was found that a GIS tool would be needed to simulate

flooding in the city. The work has been conducted with consultants. The City Planning Office and the

Administration of Water has been involved.

In fact space limitations and cost considerations have prevented the development of an optimized

drainage system. Designing a stormwater system for an extreme rainfall is impossible due the high

cost. In addition, the lack of space limits the availability of infiltration areas. However, the cost

associated with floods in the cities is very high due to high property and infrastructure value and the

high economical activity.

So a hydrodynamic simulation model using MIKE 21 was developed as a tool to simulate stormwater

related flooding in the central part of Gothenburg. This was followed by development of flood risk

maps.


Perfectly in line with the EPICURO Project objectives:

- contribute to the development of resilient urban systems capable to respond to, and adapt more readily to shocks and stresses to emerge stronger after tough times, and live better in good times

- enhance knowledge about technology solutions available to local communities

- technologies that have so far been developed at EU and international level and that can support territorial authorities and Civil Protection operators in monitoring and managing natural disasters, decreasing side effects

Context and Issues


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Regulatory Context:

At international level:

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda)

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

The Paris Agreement on climate change

EU Floods Directive

At national/regional level:

The current (Swedish) national and regional civil protection and environment law apparatus (Civil Protection Act 2003:778, Environmental Code 1998, Planning and Building Act 2010 etc)

Procedural Context:

Swedish Planning:

• Planning and Building Act:

– Sets the demands on physical planning

– Addressing several issues: participating, ecological, environmental

– Municipalities have monopoly on planning! (zoning)

Emergency management at local level:

All committees and companies have their own responsibility and shall plan and practice to be able to handle a crisis situation

When a crisis occurs Police, Rescue Services and Emergency. Care are quickly on the site

Other public services are called in when they are needed

A staff with people from the City of Gothenburg {The City Chief Executive on Duty}, Police, County Administrative Board, Rescue Services will coordinate the information within themselves and to the public


A hydrodynamic simulation model using MIKE 21 was developed as a tool to simulate stormwater

related flooding in the central part of Gothenburg. The hydrological model is a GIS tool to simulate

flood events from the sea, rivers and sky. The model can also simulate the City of Gothenburg’s risk

mitigation measures. The model serves as a basis for prioritizing actions. The model can show the

extent of water flow paths and the depth of the water. Critical societal functions and features are

part of the model’s dynamic processes and can be simulated to see the consequences and possible

measures that can be taken.


Due to Gothenburg's advantageous location in the centre of Scandinavia, trade and shipping have

always played a major role in the city's economic history, and they continue to do so. Gothenburg

port has come to be the largest harbour in Scandinavia.

Apart from trade, the second pillar of Gothenburg has traditionally been manufacturing and industry,

which significantly contributes to the city's wealth.

Banking and finance are also important, as well as the event and tourist industry.

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Gothenburg is the terminus of the Valdemar-Göteborg gas pipeline, which brings natural gas from

the North Sea fields to Sweden, through Denmark.

Like most Swedish metropolitan areas, the city has a sizeable immigrant population. According to

Statistics Sweden in 2016, 140,093 foreign born people resided in Gothenburg, which is about 25% of

the population.


A strong partnership with the local scientific community committed to find a technical solution to

simulate the City of Gothenburg’s flood events.




The hydrological model is an excellent planning tool, especially when it comes to simulating the

dynamic paths of water. The city has been able to see, for example, which low areas might be

flooded at high tide from the sea. The reason for this flooding could be, for example, pressure in the

underground water pipes. Another result is that the city, with relatively small actions, can protect

large areas.


Central Gothenburg has low elevation and, therefore, is threatened by future sea level rise. During

the city’s work with extreme weather events, it was found that a GIS tool would be needed to

simulate flooding in the City of Gothenburg.


The major risks affecting the local territory

The data for flood risk assessment

The Disaster Risk Reduction and sustainable development policies

The legal framework at national/regional/local level

The state of art of the planning framework


Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning.

Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety andresilience at all levels.


Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks

Find solution: a GIS tool to simulate flooding in the city.

The University in charge of the production of a technical solution

Application of the model

Provide risk mitigation measures

Prioritize actions in emergency

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The city of Gothenburg


Support from the city government for financing of the development of the model


A major challenge in this work is to obtain financing and also to assemble basic data from different

places where the data was already collected.

Lessons to Share:

The city has also realized the importance of not only getting the results from the consultant, but also

the basic data that can be stored and managed by the city.


implemented:




Description:

The city now, with relatively small actions, can protect large areas.



people)


The tool (The GIS Model) is strategic to provide risk mitigation measures in disaster risk management

policies and a basis for prioritizing actions in disaster management policies


A community with an enhance public awareness on DRR and resilience to disaster




strategy


It is part of the general strategy of the organization


The GP is carried out within the international/national /regional /local law apparatus


The GP is carried out within entity’s bureaucratic apparatus


EPICURO




It is in part of the adaptation (to climate change) strategy of the city




implementation


Using scientific information in developing the model.

Gaining support from the city government for financing of the development of the model.




EPICURO




5.11 Salaspils


Field / Category of Good Practice: Social initiative

EPICURO Partner: Municipality of Salaspils

Acronym (if applicable) SND

Contact details

Name - Sirname Dzintra Mūrniece

Organisation Municipality of Salaspils


Coast fortification of river Maza Jugla in 2014 Saleniekos

Entity that Implemented the Good Practice:

Municipality of Salaspils;

The main projector - SIA "Firma L4" Jelgavas street 90, Riga, LV 2004;

Projector - SIA "NĀRA" Noliktavas street 5, Riga, LV 1010

Builder Ltd. "LAG PROFIL", Ropažu street 122 / 4-64, Riga


Web links:

Bibliography:



Fortification of the coast of river Maza Jugla in 2013 Saleniekos removing floods caused by coastal

wash outs and landslides that had an impact the nearby road.


The aim: to prevent public safety, health, and property risks

Execution:

Identify the most potential risks in a given area;

measured risks of the possible consequences;

develop potentially the most potential risks prevention and relief measures;

implemented preventive measure potentially the most likely threat - flooding.


EPICURO




Population;


The main projector - SIA "Firma L4" Jelgavas street 90, Riga, LV 2004;


Builder Ltd. "LAG PROFIL", Ropažu street 122 / 4-64, Riga


The project was implemented in 3 stages - geotechnical research, design, construction.


Context and Issues


Regulatory Context:

Engineering work started in accordance with conclusion of Economic and Territorial Development

Committee (municipality of Salaspils) on 09.19.2012. (Protocol No.20, 6§) in accordance with the

2012 Salaspils local government budget allocations, procurement procedure “Fortification of the

coast Maza Jugla in Salenieki, Salaspils district " opened on March 27, 2013 (municipality of Salaspils

(Protocol No. 6, 11§)) and law “Management of the Civil protection and disaster” and its subordinate

regulations of the Cabinet.

The Law on Local Governments

Civil Protection Plan

Salaspils associated conditions : No.18 / 2013 "Salaspils land use and construction binding rules",

appendixes July 19, 2013

No.11 "Salaspils areas and the existing buildings and structures maintenance rules", July 25, 2001

Procedural Context:

The project was implemented in accordance with the decision of Salaspils Municipality (March 27,

2013., protocol No. 6, 11§), taking into account:

National regulatory requirements for procurement transparency, free competition of suppliers, as well as equal and fair treatment of them;

Regulation of the construction process, ensuring engineering quality principle, according to which the construction engineering solution is to use a safe, as well as economically and technologically efficient.


In order to prevent erosion of the coast, a boulder stack created on the hydrotechnical geotextile

floor. Geotextiles are needed for sand to prevent swelling. Before the installation of geotextiles with

the extension of the boom excavator and manual work, there was created a steep slope with a

gradient of 1: 1.5. The boulder stack is from material of different fractions. In order to prevent any

deformation of the fixation created during the ice breakage, smaller diameters stones just above the

geotextile, but larger on the surface. The total size of the boulders must be at least 60% of the stone

with a diameter greater than 40 cm. The total thickness of the stones is 100cm.

EPICURO






Competences of the experts involved in the design and construction of hydrobodies: the design of

hydrotechnical constructions (second level professional higher education in the corresponding

engineering curriculum and at least 3 years of practical work experience);

Management of hydrotechnical constructions (first or second level professional higher education in

an appropriate engineering study program and at least 3 years of practical work experience);

Construction supervision of construction works for hydrotechnical constructions (first level or second

level professional higher education in the related engineering study program and at least 3 years of

practical work experience).




Geotechnical research and hydrological calculations were carried out in order to develop a project

for hydroelectricity, intended for strengthening of the Mazā Jugla coast. According to the developed

project, a coastline for the river Mazā Jugla was built.


In the settlement Salenieki, the driveway to the inhabitants' property was built along the river Maze

Jugla. In this place, the river twisted, several times changing the direction to the right or left. At the

place where the shore laided, the riverbed turns to the left, creating an increase in the current

velocity on the right bank. The stream velocity and centrifugal force, which increased significantly

during the floods, contributed to the leaching of sandy loam. During the ice-drift, the river has high

currents, which also contributed to the coastal deformation of ice-floating beaches.

During several years of surveying the coast of Mazā Jugla, it founded that the spring floods and

autumn floods have led to more and more riverbank shifts and the movement of people along the

nearby road threatens their safety.


In addition to the erosion caused by the speed of the stream, sand particle sophysis was also possible

at the site (in the period when the groundwater level in the adjoining areas is higher than the water

level in the river, groundwater flowing along the river slope, also scrubbed the sandy gravel particles

of the coastal slope with it). This contributed to the sloping of the upper layers of the shore slope, as

empty spaces formed at the base.

Surface water runoff had no effect on the erosion of the coastline.

The above-mentioned areas are located in the danger zone of the flood caused by floodwaters of the

river Jugla, with a probability of repetition in the Mazā Jugla river.


Citizens' safety.


EPICURO




Geotechnical research, designing and construction of hydroelectricity.


The municipality is responsible for design and construction.


The project implemented as a municipality's financial resources. The spent financial resources ~ 67

200.00 EUR, attracted designers of SIA "Nāra" and SIA "VRG PROFIL" construction specialists, workers

and equipment.


The municipality has to take steps to ensure access roads, as the lack of suitable access roads and

turning points limited the usability of transport vehicles involved in the construction work. Delivery

of materials was carried out with less capacity vehicles.





Description:

As the distance between the edge of the driveway and the crochet of the river was reduced to 0.5 m

from 5 m, there was a danger to the road leading to the arrival of the inhabited property. If there

were no riverbank strengthening, the road would be washed about 100m in length. In the course of

time, strengthening of the Mazā Jugla coast ensured access of people to their properties without

compromising health and safety.



people)


Although the flood events in the small Jugla River floodplains are included in the Salaspils County

Development Program for 2012-2018, with the increasing awareness of the municipality leaders

about the devastating impact of flood, on January 14, 2015, the decision of the Salaspils County

Council was adopted (protocol No. 1, §8 ) "On Preventive Flood Prevention Measures", which

specifies specific flood prevention measures and funding allocated to them.

Salaspils County Council, when evaluating the possibilities to improve the quality of internal access

roads in farming companies, in settlements, adopted the decision "On Granting Local Government

Financing for the Restoration (Repair) of Roads and Roads to Horticultural Companies in Leased

Territories" (protocol No. 24 §11., dated 30.11.2016).


Preventing the safety of citizens, the environment and property.


EPICURO






strategy


Anti-flood events in the small Jugla River floodplains are included in the municipality's civil protection

plan and the Salaspils County Development Program for 2012-2018.


Based on experience have been adopted new norms:

Resolution of Salaspils Regional Council (January 14, 2015, protocol No. 1, §8) "On preventive flood prevention measures";

Decree of the Salaspils Regional Council (30.11.2016, protocol No. 24, §§ 11) "On the Granting of Local Government Financing for the Renovation (Repair) of Roads and Roads" to Horticultural Companies in Leased Territories”

Moreover, updated the municipal civil protection plan.


The municipality and the horticultural company are responsible for flood monitoring in this area.


The described good practice example is included in the potential threat prevention measures

(preventive measures) specified in the Civil Protection Plan of Salaspils County Council.




implementation


In order to encourage local government leaders to understand the disasters, their risks, their hazards

and their consequences and thereby facilitate the allocation of resources for flood prevention

measures, competent professionals should work intensively to inform politicians about disaster risks,

consequences and their remedial measures. Because of such work in Salaspils region, it is possible to

mention the decision of Salaspils district council regarding flood events and their financing and

participation in the financing of repair roads repairs.

Anti-flood events can also be carried out using local government funds.

Risk Factors:

Non-maintenance of the hydropower plant.

Failure to perform flood monitoring due to the construction of a hydroelectric site in flood risk areas,

there is a risk that damage to the river bank may occur in the event of a flood with a probability of

recurrence of p = 1%.




EPICURO





Field / Category of Good Practice: Social Initiative

EPICURO Partner: Municipality of Salaspils

Acronym (if applicable) SND

Contact details

Name - Sirname Dzintra Mūrniece

Organisation Municipality of Salaspils


Construction of culvert regulator system in Avoti Salaspils (2015).

Entity that Implemented the Good Practice:


Horticultural Cooperative Society "Sources", Salaspils county


Builder Ltd. "Riga Rent", Marupes street street 6-2, Riga, LV 1002


Web links:

http://www.salaspils.lv/images/salaspils_vestis/2015/SalaspilsVestis_9.10.2015.pdf

Bibliography:




Construction of culvert regulator system in Avoti Salaspils (2015).

Were built 3 culverts regulators, strengthened and cleaned gully slope.


Objective: To prevent the safety of people, health, environment and property.

Execution:

Identify the most likely threats in the area;

-Expected effects of assessed risks;

Developed preventive and consequential measures for the most potentially hazardous threats;

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A preventive measure has been implemented for the most potentially hazardous - flood prevention.


Residents

Horticultural cooperative company "Avoti"

Municipality

Designer SIA "NĀRA", Noliktavas iela 5, Riga, LV 1010

Builder SIA "Riga Rent", Marupes iela 6-2, Riga, LV 1002


The project is being implemented in 3 stages - design, construction and maintenance of water

buildings, and maintenance (currently).


Context and Issues:


Regulatory Context:

The works were made on January 14, 2015. Salaspils County Council decision (protocol No. 1, §8) "On

preventive flood prevention measures", observing the following requirements of the regulation:

Civil Defense and Disaster Management Act and the Cabinet of Ministers Regulations

Law on Local Governments

Law on epidemiological safety

Salaspils County Civil Protection Plan

Binding regulations of Salaspils County:

No.18 / 2013 (19.07.2013) "Binding Regulations for the Use and Building of the Salaspils County Territory".

No.11 (25.07.2001) "Regulations for the maintenance of the territories and premises of the Salaspils municipality".

No. 6/2007 (14.03. 2007) "Regulations on the management of municipal waste".

No 28/2012 (29.08. 2012) "Unearse benefits to residents of Salaspils region"

Procedural Context:

The project was implemented in accordance with the decision of Salaspils Regional Council of

January 14, 2015, (protocol No. 1, 8§), observing:

the requirements of the state standard on openness of the procurement procedure, free competition of suppliers, as well as equal and fair treatment of them;

The regulation of the construction process, ensuring the principle of engineering quality, according to which the engineering design of the building is safe and economically and technologically efficient.

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In the course of construction, work was carried out on the removal of the previous stretch and

pedestrian bridge, the protection of pipes and electrical and electronic communications cables. The

pipeline-regulators consist of a monolithic reinforced concrete tower, which constructed of hydro

technical concrete and reinforcement. Plastic trunks built into the streets, one end tucked in the back

wall of the tower. Slopes are reinforced with rubble on the base of the geotextile.



The competences of the experts involved in the design and construction of hydroelectric plants are:

Design of hydro technical constructions (second level professional higher education in an appropriate engineering study program and at least 3 years of practical work

experience);

construction of hydro technical constructions (first or second level professional higher education in an appropriate engineering study program and at least 3 years of practical work experience);




Investigating potential flood scenarios, it was found that in the territory of the Avoti, which are

intended for drainage of the territory, as the water level in the river increases, it causes an increase

in water levels in adjacent areas located remote from the river. An engineering project (topographic

survey, geological survey, cross-sectional surveying of the river), hydromel oratory assessment and

hydraulic calculations were carried out to develop a project for hydropower structures that would

regulate the influx of water in the rivers of the river. According to the developed project, there were

constructed wells - regulators in places where the ditch water flows in the river Mazā Jugla.


The area where flood events are located are located in the immediate area of the Mazā Jugla River.

As a result, spring floods and autumn floods, when the water level in the river significantly increased,

flooded the area. As there are residential buildings in the area, the safety and health of the

inhabitants, damage to property, polluted environment and endangering epidemiological risks of

sewage into the river were threatened.


Within the framework of flood prevention measures, performing engineering studies prior to the

development of the project, it was found that as the water level in the river increases, the land

reclamation drainage floodplain for the purpose of drainage of the territory is flooded.


Citizens' safety.

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Engineering research, designing of hydroelectric structures, construction, maintenance and

maintenance of hydro-constructions.


The municipality is responsible for the design and construction, maintenance – Avoti.


The project was implemented as a municipality's financial resources. The spent financial resources is

~ 85.000,00 EUR, attracting designers of SIA "Nāra" and construction specialists, workers and

equipment to SIA Riga rent. The maintenance and maintenance work of the system is carried out by

members of "Avoti".


Before starting a project, local government specialists should develop measures for communicating

with the inhabitants of the affected area, explaining the goals and impact of the work on the

properties. Communication should be done through media, internet resources and meetings.

The municipality has to take steps to ensure access roads, as the lack of suitable access roads and

turning points limited the usability of transport vehicles involved in the construction work. Delivery

of materials was to be carried out with less capacity vehicles.





Description:

Pipe regulators provide citizens with protection from spring floodwaters, which saves municipal

funds (data on the cost of flood disasters in 2014):

Benefits paid to the population ~ 8 500,00 EUR

Drainage of sewage from the wells, reducing the risk of infectious diseases ~ 2 000,00 EUR

Costs for accommodation of evacuees during the flood period ~ 100,00 EUR



people)


Salaspils County Council, having evaluated the possibilities of improving the quality of internal access

roads in farming companies, in settlements, on November 30, 2016 (Minutes No. 24, §§ 11), adopted

the decision "On Granting Local Government Financing for Rental of Horticultural Companies for

Partly Renovation (Repair) Roads and Roads Transferred territories".


Preventing the safety of citizens, health, the environment and property.


EPICURO






strategy


Anti-flood events in the Mazā Jugla River floodplains are included in the municipality's civil protection

plan and the Salaspils County Development Program for 2012-2018.


Based on the experience gained, a decision was taken: Salaspils County Council Decision - November

30, 2016 (protocol No. 24, § 11) "On the Granting of Local Government Financing for the Renovation

(Repair) of Roads and Roads to Horticultural Companies in Leased Territories" and the Local

Government Civil protection plan.


The municipality and the horticultural company are responsible for flood monitoring in this area.


The described good practice example is included in the potential threat prevention measures

(preventive measures) specified in the Civil Protection Plan of Salaspils County Council.




implementation


In order to encourage local government leaders to understand the disasters, their risks, their hazards

and their consequences and thereby facilitate the allocation of resources for preventative measures,

competent experts should keep politicians informed about disaster risks, consequences and their

remedial measures. Because of such work in Salaspils region, it is possible to mention the decision of

Salaspils district council regarding flood events and their financing and participation in the financing

of repair roads repairs.

Cooperation with local people and organizations is needed in obtaining information, as well as in

surveying and maintaining hydropower structures on the agenda.

Anti-flood events can also be carried out using local government funds.

Risk Factors:

Non-maintenance of hydraulic structures in working order.

Flood monitoring is not carried out, because hydropower structures prevent flood risk only against

maximum water levels, the probability of which does not exceed 5 times in 100 years (p = 5%).




EPICURO


