Download - Lecture 5 intro to primates
![Page 1: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution
Lecture 5: Introduction to Primates
![Page 2: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is a primate?
![Page 3: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Which of these animals are primates?Galago
Tarsier
Possum
Loris
![Page 4: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Which of these animals are primates?
Coati
Lemur
Red Panda
Sifaka
![Page 5: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Some primates are easier to recognize
Gorilla
Capuchin
Rhesus
![Page 6: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Primates are a diverse order
![Page 7: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What makes an animal a primate?
• Features of hand & feet Grasping big toe Grasping hands
Some opposable thumbs Sensitive finger tips
Finger prints! Flat nails Generalized limb structure
![Page 8: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What makes an animal a primate?Features of the sensory organs - Vision
• Forward facing eyes Binocular vision
• Stereoscopic vision Information sent to both
hemispheres of brain• Depth perception
• Color vision
• Limited olfactory senses(except prosimians)
Pygmy marmoset
Golden monkey
![Page 9: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Binocular Vision
![Page 10: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stereoscopic Vision
![Page 11: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What makes an animal a primate?
Features of life history
• K-selected Large maternal
investment in care• small litters• long pregnancy• Long infancy• long juvenile period
• long mother-infant bond
• long life span• Long reproductive period
Savanna baboon
![Page 12: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What makes an animal a primate? Features of the skull & teeth
Generalized teeth, four kinds, many functions
Enclosed bony eye sockets
![Page 13: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What makes an animal a primate?
Large brain relative to body size & an emphasis on learning
![Page 14: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
SocialitySociality
![Page 15: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Figure 05.05
Primates are mainly restricted to the tropics
![Page 16: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
But, monkeys have also adapted to wide range of habitats
Primary tropical forest
Secondary forest
Desert
Temperate forests
![Page 17: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
What are these adaptations for?• Arboreal Hypothesis
Stereoscopic vision Grasping hands Nails= adaptive niche of life
in the trees
But squirrels do pretty well without thumbs…
![Page 18: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
galago
What are these adaptations for?
• Visual Predation Hypothesis Analogy with insectivores Stalk and capture insects Depth perception Grasping hands= adaptive niche of catching fast
moving prey
![Page 19: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
What are these adaptations good for?
• Angiosperm Radiation hypothesis• Adaptive niche of exploiting
flowering plants
• Color vision• Fine visual & tactile
discrimination
![Page 20: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Basic primate phylogeny
Lemurs, lorisesTarsiers
ProsimiiAnthropoideaNew World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys
Apes & humans
Haplorhines
Strepsirrhines
Primates
(Hominoidea)
![Page 21: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Primate Life History• Prenatal (gestation)
Hemochorial placenta (anthropoids) Rapid Rate of growth
Humans earliest placental formation, onset of rapid growth earlier
• Infantile (first adult teeth/nursing)• Juvenile (weaning, last adult teeth)
Together = childhood Learning, body growth
• Adult (sexual maturity, parity) Age at first reproduction Menopause in humans
![Page 22: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Parental Investment & Life History
r-selected species• Produce many offspring• Low investment in offspring• Very few survive• Unpredictable & unstable
environments• Small body size• Early maturity• Short generation time
K-selected species• Produce few offspring• Invest heavily in each offspring• Higher survival rate• Stable environments
competition for survival• Larger body size• Late maturity• long life-spans
![Page 23: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Life History Trajectories Across Primate Taxa
![Page 24: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Phylogeny for apes: Hominoidea
Gorillinae
Panini
Bonobo
Chimpanzee
Gorilla Orangutan Gibbon
![Page 25: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Prosimians are the most primitive primates (Strepsirhines)
The most different from us• Many are nocturnal• Many are solitary • Some w/ claws instead of nails• Some w/ acute sense of smell
Rhinarium & philtrum Scent marking
Two types:LorisesLemurs
Potto (Loris)
Bush Baby (Loris)
![Page 26: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Prosimians divided into two groups: Lemurs • only on Madagascar
• Adaptive radiation • 40+ species evolved in last
100 MY• No large predators on island,
until humans 1500 ya
sifaka
dwarf lemur
avahi aye aye
![Page 27: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Haplorhines: Monkeys, Apes, Tarsiers
Most of the primate adaptations
• Vision > Olfaction• Eyes surrounded by bone• Fused midline of lower jaw• Diurnal
Except Tarsiers Except Owl monkey
• Social Except Orangutan
• Larger brainRed faced spider monkey
![Page 28: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Tarsier: Prosimian & Haplorhine
• Mixture or anthropoid & prosimian traits• Dry nose• partially closed eye socket
• Nocturnal
• Only carnivorous primate• eat insects and small
vertebrates
![Page 29: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Anthropoids: monkeys & apes
New World monkeys (Platyrrhini)• Latin America• Diurnal• Arboreal• Tropical forests
• Dental formula (I.C.P.M.) 2.1.3.3
2.1.3.3
![Page 30: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Anthropoids: monkeys & apes
Old World monkeys & apes (Catarrhini)
• Africa & Asia• All diurnal• Some arboreal, some
terrestrial• Broad habitat range• Ischial callosities• Sexual skin• Dental formula
2.1.2.3
2.1.2.3
Barbary Macaque © Karyn Sig
Spectacled langurBlack and white colobus
![Page 31: Lecture 5 intro to primates](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/5558c624d8b42a235c8b47bf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Apes: Hominoidea• Bigger brains• Extended life-history• Complex social
interactions• Large body size• No tails• Suspensory locomotion
• Hylobatidae (lesser apes) Gibbons & Siamangs
• Ponginae (orangutans)• Gorillinae (gorillas)• Homininae
Panini (chimps & bonobos) Hominini (Humans)