Department of Computer Department of Computer ScienceScience
Dr. Ranette HalversonDr. Ranette Halverson
History of the InternetHistory of the Internet
1962 - Today1962 - Today
Before InternetBefore Internet
Million dollar mainframesMillion dollar mainframes NO personal computersNO personal computers
Systems were stand-aloneSystems were stand-alone Terminals Terminals
Few Standards – No CompatibilityFew Standards – No Compatibility HardwareHardware SoftwareSoftware
Sharing?Sharing? Reel-to-reel tapesReel-to-reel tapes
Before InternetBefore Internet
IBM 360 - 1964
Development of the InternetDevelopment of the Internet
From 2 directionsFrom 2 directions Top DownTop Down
Globally From Location to Globally From Location to LocationLocation
Bottom UpBottom Up Networking Within a LocationNetworking Within a Location Not personal computersNot personal computers
Which one came first??Which one came first??
Development of the InternetDevelopment of the Internet
Technical IssuesTechnical Issues HardwareHardware
NetworkingNetworking Wires?Wires? *Dr. Passos**Dr. Passos*
SoftwareSoftware CompatibilityCompatibility Few StandardsFew Standards
Xerox Alto
The First InspirationThe First Inspiration
1962: Licklider - 1962: Licklider - MIT Scientist MIT Scientist “galactic network”- “galactic network”- computer to computer to computercomputer
J. C. R. Licklider
U.S. Defense DepartmentU.S. Defense Department
1968: ARPANET Proposed1968: ARPANET ProposedRequested bids – Rand Corp.Requested bids – Rand Corp.Goals: Goals:
Work even if damagedWork even if damagedShare informationShare information
Each site bought same Each site bought same computer – no standardscomputer – no standards
First “internet”First “internet”
1969: ARPANET went online1969: ARPANET went online 4 computer systems4 computer systems
In California & UtahIn California & Utah Restricted: Universities, Restricted: Universities,
Defense Research CentersDefense Research Centers
Growth of ArpanetGrowth of Arpanet
1973: International defense 1973: International defense sites in England and Norwaysites in England and Norway
1981: 213 Computers1981: 213 Computers 1983: 1,000 Computers1983: 1,000 Computers 1987: 10,000 Computers1987: 10,000 Computers
Political DevelopmentsPolitical Developments
1982: Split Civilian - ARPANET 1982: Split Civilian - ARPANET from Military – MILNETfrom Military – MILNET
NSF had supervision of NSF had supervision of ARPANETARPANET
1983: Internet protocols went 1983: Internet protocols went onlineonline
EmailEmail
1971: Ray Tomlinson1971: Ray Tomlinson Arpanet Project: SNDMSGArpanet Project: SNDMSG
Send messages between users on a single Send messages between users on a single computercomputer
First emailFirst email Through Arpanet, between 2 computers Through Arpanet, between 2 computers
sitting side-by-sidesitting side-by-side Used the @ Used the @ 2 years later2 years later
75% of Arpanet traffic was email75% of Arpanet traffic was email NotNot available otherwise available otherwise
Internet Before WWWInternet Before WWW
Arpanet - goal was resource sharingArpanet - goal was resource sharingFTP, Telnet: had to know location FTP, Telnet: had to know location
of informationof informationRequired log-in, access rightsRequired log-in, access rights
GroupsGroupsDial-upsDial-upsBulletin Boards, Discussion Bulletin Boards, Discussion
Groups, Etc.Groups, Etc.
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WWW – The PiecesWWW – The Pieces
Doug Englebart – Stanford – 1960’s Doug Englebart – Stanford – 1960’s mouse + on-line systemmouse + on-line system
Vannevar Bush: 1945 paper Vannevar Bush: 1945 paper HypertextHypertext
Ted Nelson: Xanadu SystemTed Nelson: Xanadu System Computer Lib/Dream MachinesComputer Lib/Dream Machines Hypertext: forms of writing which Hypertext: forms of writing which
branch or perform on request; they are branch or perform on request; they are best presented on computer display best presented on computer display screensscreens
Worked on Xanadu during 70’s & 80’sWorked on Xanadu during 70’s & 80’s Apple Macintosh HyperCard Apple Macintosh HyperCard - 1987- 1987
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WWW - FinallyWWW - Finally 1989 –WWW Protocols1989 –WWW Protocols
Tim Berners-Lee @ CERNTim Berners-Lee @ CERNEuropean particle physics labEuropean particle physics labSwiss-French borderSwiss-French borderFirst Web SiteFirst Web Site
Features and GoalsFeatures and GoalsA shared information space, A shared information space,
inclusioninclusionAcross platformsAcross platformsURL- Uniform Resource LocatorURL- Uniform Resource Locator
To avoid database restrictionsTo avoid database restrictionsHTTP- to replace FTPHTTP- to replace FTPHTMLHTML
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WWW – The Early YearsWWW – The Early Years
Slow Start - few but CERN Slow Start - few but CERN supportedsupported
Hard to program linksHard to program links Just a few browsers- Just a few browsers-
Lynx & ViolaLynx & Viola
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Acceptable Use Policy – Acceptable Use Policy – NSF - 1990NSF - 1990
NSFnet: 1988 – 1995NSFnet: 1988 – 1995 ““NSF backbone services are NSF backbone services are
provided to support open research provided to support open research & education in and among US & education in and among US research and instructional research and instructional institutions, plus research arms of institutions, plus research arms of for-profit firms when engaged in for-profit firms when engaged in open scholarly communication & open scholarly communication & research. Use for other purposes research. Use for other purposes is not acceptable.”is not acceptable.”
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Acceptable Use Policy – Acceptable Use Policy – NSF – 1990NSF – 1990
Allowed “announcements of new Allowed “announcements of new products or activities… but not products or activities… but not advertising of any kind”advertising of any kind”
Allowed “communication Allowed “communication incidental to otherwise incidental to otherwise acceptable use, except for illegal acceptable use, except for illegal or specifically unacceptable use”or specifically unacceptable use”
Unacceptable: “Extensive use for Unacceptable: “Extensive use for private or personal use”private or personal use”
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Growth of InternetGrowth of Internet
By 1992 – restrictions liftedBy 1992 – restrictions lifted Jan. 1992 – one trillion Jan. 1992 – one trillion
bytes/monthbytes/month Jan. 1994 – 10 trillion Jan. 1994 – 10 trillion
bytes/monthbytes/month 1995 – NSF net “dissolved”1995 – NSF net “dissolved”
Structure for commercialization Structure for commercialization was already therewas already there
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ARPANET and InternetARPANET and Internet
William Wulf, May 1993:William Wulf, May 1993:
““I don’t think any of us know I don’t think any of us know where this is going anymore, … where this is going anymore, … but there’s something exciting but there’s something exciting happening, and it’s big.”happening, and it’s big.”
--Former DEC EngineerFormer DEC Engineer
-NSF in late 1980’s-NSF in late 1980’s
2020
Congress’ Vision of InternetCongress’ Vision of Internet
Opposite of what happenedOpposite of what happened High-speed government n.w. for High-speed government n.w. for
research & educationresearch & education Researchers would pay for useResearchers would pay for use Telecommunications companies Telecommunications companies
would build and chargewould build and charge
So, how did we get here?!?So, how did we get here?!?
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BrowsersBrowsers Mosaic Mosaic January 1993 January 1993
Released over the InternetReleased over the Internet Used Mouse, hypercardUsed Mouse, hypercard Links in different colorLinks in different color Seamless integration of text and graphicsSeamless integration of text and graphics Re-written for Windows and MacintoshRe-written for Windows and Macintosh
Netscape NavigatorNetscape Navigator Clark & Andreessen Clark & Andreessen Netscape Communications CorpNetscape Communications Corp 1995 – Public release of stock1995 – Public release of stock
$28 $28 $58 $58 (day 1) (day 1) $150 $150 Internet Explorer, MozillaInternet Explorer, Mozilla
1990’s – Time of Great Change1990’s – Time of Great Change
Early1990’s – mostly universitiesEarly1990’s – mostly universities 1995: NSF lost funding - ban on 1995: NSF lost funding - ban on
commercial use gonecommercial use gone Today: No Central ControlToday: No Central Control Volunteer Groups: like WWW Volunteer Groups: like WWW
Consortium- etc. established Consortium- etc. established standardsstandards
Thank You!Thank You!
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?