Department of Computer Department of Computer ScienceScience

Dr. Ranette HalversonDr. Ranette Halverson

History of the InternetHistory of the Internet

1962 - Today1962 - Today

Before InternetBefore Internet

Million dollar mainframesMillion dollar mainframes NO personal computersNO personal computers

Systems were stand-aloneSystems were stand-alone Terminals Terminals

Few Standards – No CompatibilityFew Standards – No Compatibility HardwareHardware SoftwareSoftware

Sharing?Sharing? Reel-to-reel tapesReel-to-reel tapes

Before InternetBefore Internet

IBM 360 - 1964

Development of the InternetDevelopment of the Internet

From 2 directionsFrom 2 directions Top DownTop Down

Globally From Location to Globally From Location to LocationLocation

Bottom UpBottom Up Networking Within a LocationNetworking Within a Location Not personal computersNot personal computers

Which one came first??Which one came first??

Development of the InternetDevelopment of the Internet

Technical IssuesTechnical Issues HardwareHardware

NetworkingNetworking Wires?Wires? *Dr. Passos**Dr. Passos*

SoftwareSoftware CompatibilityCompatibility Few StandardsFew Standards

Xerox Alto

The First InspirationThe First Inspiration

1962: Licklider - 1962: Licklider - MIT Scientist MIT Scientist “galactic network”- “galactic network”- computer to computer to computercomputer

J. C. R. Licklider

U.S. Defense DepartmentU.S. Defense Department

1968: ARPANET Proposed1968: ARPANET ProposedRequested bids – Rand Corp.Requested bids – Rand Corp.Goals: Goals:

Work even if damagedWork even if damagedShare informationShare information

Each site bought same Each site bought same computer – no standardscomputer – no standards

First “internet”First “internet”

1969: ARPANET went online1969: ARPANET went online 4 computer systems4 computer systems

In California & UtahIn California & Utah Restricted: Universities, Restricted: Universities,

Defense Research CentersDefense Research Centers

Growth of ArpanetGrowth of Arpanet

1973: International defense 1973: International defense sites in England and Norwaysites in England and Norway

1981: 213 Computers1981: 213 Computers 1983: 1,000 Computers1983: 1,000 Computers 1987: 10,000 Computers1987: 10,000 Computers

Political DevelopmentsPolitical Developments

1982: Split Civilian - ARPANET 1982: Split Civilian - ARPANET from Military – MILNETfrom Military – MILNET

NSF had supervision of NSF had supervision of ARPANETARPANET

1983: Internet protocols went 1983: Internet protocols went onlineonline

EmailEmail

1971: Ray Tomlinson1971: Ray Tomlinson Arpanet Project: SNDMSGArpanet Project: SNDMSG

Send messages between users on a single Send messages between users on a single computercomputer

First emailFirst email Through Arpanet, between 2 computers Through Arpanet, between 2 computers

sitting side-by-sidesitting side-by-side Used the @ Used the @ 2 years later2 years later

75% of Arpanet traffic was email75% of Arpanet traffic was email NotNot available otherwise available otherwise

Internet Before WWWInternet Before WWW

Arpanet - goal was resource sharingArpanet - goal was resource sharingFTP, Telnet: had to know location FTP, Telnet: had to know location

of informationof informationRequired log-in, access rightsRequired log-in, access rights

GroupsGroupsDial-upsDial-upsBulletin Boards, Discussion Bulletin Boards, Discussion

Groups, Etc.Groups, Etc.

1313

WWW – The PiecesWWW – The Pieces

Doug Englebart – Stanford – 1960’s Doug Englebart – Stanford – 1960’s mouse + on-line systemmouse + on-line system

Vannevar Bush: 1945 paper Vannevar Bush: 1945 paper HypertextHypertext

Ted Nelson: Xanadu SystemTed Nelson: Xanadu System Computer Lib/Dream MachinesComputer Lib/Dream Machines Hypertext: forms of writing which Hypertext: forms of writing which

branch or perform on request; they are branch or perform on request; they are best presented on computer display best presented on computer display screensscreens

Worked on Xanadu during 70’s & 80’sWorked on Xanadu during 70’s & 80’s Apple Macintosh HyperCard Apple Macintosh HyperCard - 1987- 1987

1414

WWW - FinallyWWW - Finally 1989 –WWW Protocols1989 –WWW Protocols

Tim Berners-Lee @ CERNTim Berners-Lee @ CERNEuropean particle physics labEuropean particle physics labSwiss-French borderSwiss-French borderFirst Web SiteFirst Web Site

Features and GoalsFeatures and GoalsA shared information space, A shared information space,

inclusioninclusionAcross platformsAcross platformsURL- Uniform Resource LocatorURL- Uniform Resource Locator

To avoid database restrictionsTo avoid database restrictionsHTTP- to replace FTPHTTP- to replace FTPHTMLHTML

1515

WWW – The Early YearsWWW – The Early Years

Slow Start - few but CERN Slow Start - few but CERN supportedsupported

Hard to program linksHard to program links Just a few browsers- Just a few browsers-

Lynx & ViolaLynx & Viola

1616

Acceptable Use Policy – Acceptable Use Policy – NSF - 1990NSF - 1990

NSFnet: 1988 – 1995NSFnet: 1988 – 1995 ““NSF backbone services are NSF backbone services are

provided to support open research provided to support open research & education in and among US & education in and among US research and instructional research and instructional institutions, plus research arms of institutions, plus research arms of for-profit firms when engaged in for-profit firms when engaged in open scholarly communication & open scholarly communication & research. Use for other purposes research. Use for other purposes is not acceptable.”is not acceptable.”

1717

Acceptable Use Policy – Acceptable Use Policy – NSF – 1990NSF – 1990

Allowed “announcements of new Allowed “announcements of new products or activities… but not products or activities… but not advertising of any kind”advertising of any kind”

Allowed “communication Allowed “communication incidental to otherwise incidental to otherwise acceptable use, except for illegal acceptable use, except for illegal or specifically unacceptable use”or specifically unacceptable use”

Unacceptable: “Extensive use for Unacceptable: “Extensive use for private or personal use”private or personal use”

1818

Growth of InternetGrowth of Internet

By 1992 – restrictions liftedBy 1992 – restrictions lifted Jan. 1992 – one trillion Jan. 1992 – one trillion

bytes/monthbytes/month Jan. 1994 – 10 trillion Jan. 1994 – 10 trillion

bytes/monthbytes/month 1995 – NSF net “dissolved”1995 – NSF net “dissolved”

Structure for commercialization Structure for commercialization was already therewas already there

1919

ARPANET and InternetARPANET and Internet

William Wulf, May 1993:William Wulf, May 1993:

““I don’t think any of us know I don’t think any of us know where this is going anymore, … where this is going anymore, … but there’s something exciting but there’s something exciting happening, and it’s big.”happening, and it’s big.”

--Former DEC EngineerFormer DEC Engineer

-NSF in late 1980’s-NSF in late 1980’s

2020

Congress’ Vision of InternetCongress’ Vision of Internet

Opposite of what happenedOpposite of what happened High-speed government n.w. for High-speed government n.w. for

research & educationresearch & education Researchers would pay for useResearchers would pay for use Telecommunications companies Telecommunications companies

would build and chargewould build and charge

So, how did we get here?!?So, how did we get here?!?

2121

BrowsersBrowsers Mosaic Mosaic January 1993 January 1993

Released over the InternetReleased over the Internet Used Mouse, hypercardUsed Mouse, hypercard Links in different colorLinks in different color Seamless integration of text and graphicsSeamless integration of text and graphics Re-written for Windows and MacintoshRe-written for Windows and Macintosh

Netscape NavigatorNetscape Navigator Clark & Andreessen Clark & Andreessen Netscape Communications CorpNetscape Communications Corp 1995 – Public release of stock1995 – Public release of stock

$28 $28 $58 $58 (day 1) (day 1) $150 $150 Internet Explorer, MozillaInternet Explorer, Mozilla

1990’s – Time of Great Change1990’s – Time of Great Change

Early1990’s – mostly universitiesEarly1990’s – mostly universities 1995: NSF lost funding - ban on 1995: NSF lost funding - ban on

commercial use gonecommercial use gone Today: No Central ControlToday: No Central Control Volunteer Groups: like WWW Volunteer Groups: like WWW

Consortium- etc. established Consortium- etc. established standardsstandards

Thank You!Thank You!

QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?