1

LOW LOW--VISCOSITY LUBRICANT VISCOSITY LUBRICANT FOR FOR

LOW LOW--FUEL CONSUMPTION FUEL CONSUMPTION

AND AND

ZERO ZERO--EMISSION CAR EMISSION CAR

EKO RUDIANTO

PT. TOYOTA MOTOR MANUFACTURING INDONESIA

November,2007

2

OVERVIEW

1. BACKGROUNG

2. OBJECTIVES

3. EMISSION REGULATION MOVEMENT

4. ENGINE TECH. DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT

5. FUEL SPEC. QUALITY DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT

6. ENGINE OIL SPEC. DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT

7. DISCUSSION

8. CONCLUSION

3

1.

BACKGROUNG

4

ORGANIZATION OF UNWP29

G R P E

G R S G

G R B

G R R F

G R E

G R S P

WP29WP29

Inland transport

committee

Inland transport

committee

UN

Working Party on Noise

Working Party on Pollution and Energy

Working Party on Brakes and Running Gear

Working Party on General Safety Provisions

Working Party on Passive Safety

Working Party on Lighting and Light-signaling

Source : GAIKINDO

5

GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE MEGA MERGER

Suzuki

IsuzuSAAB

Fiat

Opel

Honda

PEUGEOT

Subaru

DaihatsuHino

TOYOTA

NissanNissanDiesel

RENAULT

Chrysler

Mitsubishi DAIMLER

GENERAL MOTOR

Mazda

VolvoFORD

VWAUDI

Roll Royce BMW

Source : GAIKINDO

6

GLOBAL PASSENGER CAR MARKET

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

Toyota

GM

Ford

R/N

VW

Hyundai

DCX

Un

its

i n M

il lio

ns

Sales S

hare

• Substantial contribution to growth emanating from eme rging auto markets:

China, India, Iran and Russia • Toyota projected to overtake GM as world’s largest seller of automobiles this year;

Hyundai and Renault/Nissan also on the rise

Source : GAIKINDO

7

ASEAN AUTOMOTIVE CONDITION

50

150

250

350

450

550

650

750

850

950

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Toyota Honda

Isuzu Mitsubishi

Nissan Perodua

Proton Suzuki

Ford Chevrolet

(1,000) 993,171

342,606

Production In Total of ASEAN4

310,910

255,981

216,385

2012YEAR

152,185

No.1

No.2

No.3

280,804No.4

No.5

No.6

No.7

Source : GAIKINDO

8

ASTRAGROUP

FiatPeugeot

Renault

Toyota

Jeep

BMW

NissanUD

Daihatsu Isuzu

INDOMOBILGROUP

VolvoVW

Hino

DatsunSuzukiMazda

Nissan

AudiSsangYong

KIA/Motor

Neoplan

LandRover

KTB

DAF IVECO

Mitsubishi

GMOpel Holden

GMBIChevrolet

China

StarsautoDinamika

Alun

BerlietCitroen

HondaProspek

MotorHonda

StarMotor

GermanMotor

DjakartaMotor

Bimantara

Hyundai

Ford

Mercedes B

Sources : GAIKINDO

INDONESIA AUTO INDUSTRY COMMUNITY

Source : GAIKINDO

9

72 103172

208152 162 170

211

750

58

700620

570534

450

103

189152 144 160 158

178275 261

322 341 332387

94

301 300318

354

483

88

800750

700

620

500

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

'76 '77 '78 '79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10

INDONESIA AUTOMOTIVE SALE & GOVERNMENT POLICY

Devaluasi Rp27.5%[83]

Devaluasi Rp31.0%[86]

Tight MoneyPolicy (TMP)

[87]

Peraturan BaruPerbankan

[89]

Tight MoneyPolicy (TMP)

[91]

Program MobilNasional

[96]

KrisisEkonomi

[98]

PemilihanUmum

[99]

PemilihanUmum

[04]

Kenaikan BBM[05]

KEPPRES 20/9819/MPP/KEP/98

PP. 145/00569/KMK.04/00 PP. 43/03

586/PJ/01460/KMK.03/01

307/M/SK/8/76

97/KMK.05/00231/M/SK/11/78

168/M/SK/9/79

349/M/SK/8/80

117/M/SK/4/86

371/M/SK/9/83

PP. 36/1996

KEPPRES 42/96

111/M/SK/10/90

PAKJUN’93

PAKMEI’95

INPRES NO.2 ‘96PP. 60/01

172/MPP/KEP/5/0120/MPP/KEP/98

49/MPP/KEP/2/00

PAKJUN’99PP. 59/99

PAKJUN ‘96411/MPP/KEP/06/03

756/MPP/KEP/11/02

458/MPP/KEP/07/03

201/KPB/VII/92107/M/SK/VII/92

Source : GAIKINDO

10

2.

OBJECTIVES

11

LOW VISCOSITY LUBRICANT FOR LOW FUEL CONSUMPTION & ZERO EMISSION CAR

EmissionCO, HC, NOx, PM.

Emission(g/km)

Fuel Efficiency(km/liter)

Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Zero (Emission & CO2)

Emission

LUBRICANT GRADE

Fuel Efficiency

(20. gr/km)

(9. gr/km)

(3. gr/km)(0.3 gr/km) (0.0 gr/km)

[10. km/liter]

[15. km/liter][20. km/liter]

[50. km/liter]

SE SF SJ ~ SL SJ ~ SL SL

HYBRID TECHNOLOGY

CAR

12

3.

EMISSION REGULATION MOVEMENT REQUIREMENT

13

EMISSION REGULATION CONTROLGasoline and Diesel - Low Duty Car

(g/km)

Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4

Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4

CO

HC+

NOx

20

10

56

4

32

1

(g/km)

HYBRID CAR FUEL CELL

HYBRID CAR FUEL CELL

14

GLOBAL EMISSION REGULATION FORGASOLINE AND DIESEL LOW DUTY VEHICLE

EuroEuro -- 11

Test Test Mode:Mode:

New EC New EC ModeMode

EuroEuro-- 22

( UDC + ( UDC + EUDC )EUDC )

EuroEuro --3 & 43 & 4

UNECEUNECEGlobalGlobal

EC (EEC) EC (EEC) EUROPEEUROPEUNIONUNION

EXHAUST EMISSION EXHAUST EMISSION MODE TESTMODE TEST

88 / 76 / EEC88 / 76 / EEC

PassengerPassengerVehiclesVehicles

Commercial Commercial VehiclesVehicles

91 / 441 / EEC91 / 441 / EEC

93 / 59 / EEC93 / 59 / EEC

94 / 12 / EC94 / 12 / EC

96 / 69 / EC96 / 69 / EC

98 / 69 / EC98 / 69 / EC

ECE 15 ECE 15 -- 0404

ECE 82 / 00 ( A )ECE 82 / 00 ( A )

ECE 82 / 00 ( B )ECE 82 / 00 ( B )

ECE 82 / 01ECE 82 / 01

ECE 82 / 02ECE 82 / 02

ECE 82 / 03ECE 82 / 03

( ECE 82 / 04 )( ECE 82 / 04 )

( ECE 82 / 05 )( ECE 82 / 05 )

Test Test Mode :Mode :

New EC New EC ModeMode

( UDC + ( UDC + EUDC )EUDC )

( Euro( Euro -- 0 )0 ) ( Euro( Euro -- 0 )0 )

EuroEuro -- 11

EuroEuro -- 22

EuroEuro --3 & 43 & 4

15

Gasoline & Diesel Passenger Vehicle among ASEAN countries and Asia countries.

Euro 3 Euro 4

Euro 4Euro 2 Euro 3

Euro 2

Euro 3 Euro 4Euro 2

Euro 2 Euro 3

Euro 4Euro 3

Euro 4Euro 2

Euro 2

Euro 2

Euro 3

US Tier1

Euro 2

Euro 2

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

US Tier 2 Euro 4

Euro 4Euro 3

Euro 4 Euro 5

Euro3

Euro 4Euro 3

Euro 1

Euro 2

Categorized required

ECE15/04

Euro 1CHINA

BEIJING

TAIWAN

HONGKONG

PHILIPINE

INDONESIA

MALAYSIA

THAILAND

BRUNEIVIETNAM

SINGAPORE

AUSTRALIANEW ZEALAND

Source : AAF/TC3

16

E S C( Europe Stationer

Cycle )

ETC(Europe Transient

Cycle)

E S CE T C

E S C

E T C

TEST MODETEST MODEEC ( EEC )EC ( EEC )

REGULATIONREGULATIONECEECE

REGULATIONREGULATIONEXHAUST EXHAUST EMISSIONEMISSION

LEVELLEVEL

88 / 77 / EEC ECE 49 / 01

96 / 1 / EC ECE 49 / 03 ?

91 / 542 / EEC ( B ) ECE 49 / 02 ( B )

91 / 542 / EEC ( A ) ECE 49 / 02 ( A )

UNDER STUDY

EURO 2

PREVIOUSEURO 2

EURO 1

EURO 3

1999 / 96 / EC ( B2 )

1999 / 96 / EC ( B1 )

1999 / 96 / EC ( A )

UNDER STUDY

UNDER STUDY

EURO 4

( EURO 5 )

0

GLOBAL EMISSION REGULATION FORDIESEL HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE

17

Euro 2

Euro 2

Euro 4

Euro 4Euro 3

Euro 3

Euro 4Euro 2

Euro 1 Euro 2

Euro 4Euro 3

Euro 4Euro 1

Euro 2

Euro 2

Euro 3

US 94HDE

Euro 2

US 04HDE Euro 4

Euro 3

Euro3

Euro 3

Euro 1

Euro 2

Euro 4

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Euro 5

Diesel Commercial Vehicle (Heavy Duty) among ASEAN countries and Asia countries.

CHINA

BEUJING

TAIWAN

HONGKONG

PHILIPINE

INDONESIA

MALAYSIATHAILAND

BRUNEI

VIETNAM

SINGAPOREAUSTRALIA

NEW ZEALAND

Source : AAF/TC3

18

China, Beijing, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Philippines , Indonesia , Malaysia ，，，，Thailand , Vietnam ，，，，Singapore , Australia, New Zealand, India, 11

major cities in India

0000

2222

4444

6666

8888

10101010

12121212

14141414

2004200420042004 2005200520052005 2006200620062006 2007200720072007 2008200820082008 2009200920092009 2010201020102010 2011201120112011

Euro 4 or

Equivalent

Euro3

Euro2Euro1

Gasoline & Diesel of Passenger Vehicle

ASEAN countriesintently direct to Euro4

in year 2010.

EMISSION REGULATION MOVEMENT TREND AMONG ASEAN & ASIAN COUNTRIES

Source : AAF/TC3

19

Enforce to Enforce to Existing ModelExisting Model

YearYearEnforce to Enforce to New ModelNew Model

20032003 20042004 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012

ECE 83ECE 83--04 (Euro04 (Euro --2) 2)

ECE 83ECE 83--04 (Euro04 (Euro --2)2)

IdleIdle

IdleIdle

Petrol Light Duty and Diesel light Duty (GVW<3.5 ton ; Category : M1 MINISTRY DECREE NO : 141 , IN SEPT. 23-2003.

YearYearEnforce to Enforce to New ModelNew Model

Enforce to Enforce to Existing ModelExisting Model

20032003 20042004 20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012

Diesel Heavy Duty (GVW>3.5 ton ; Category : M2,M3,N2 ,N3,O3, & O4)

ECE 49ECE 49--02 (Euro02 (Euro --2)2)

ECE 49ECE 49--02 (Euro02 (Euro --2)2)

IdleIdle

IdleIdle

INDONESIA EMISSION REGULATION

EURO-4 ?

EURO-4 ?

20

4.

ENGINE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT

21

GASOLINE ENGINE TECHNOLOGY SCHEMA (GVW < 3.5 TON)GASOLINE ENGINE TECHNOLOGY SCHEMA (GVW < 3.5 TON)

CARBUCARBU --

RATERRATER

VVTVVT--i i (Variable Valve (Variable Valve

Timing Timing Intelligent )Intelligent ) Full TransistorFull Transistor

ESA (Electronic ESA (Electronic Spark Advance) Spark Advance)

ACISACIS & EGR & EGR (Acoustic Control(Acoustic Control

Induction)Induction)Three Way Catalyst + Three Way Catalyst +

O2 SensorO2 Sensor

SLLC (Super SLLC (Super Long Life Long Life Coolant) Coolant)

Fuel SupplyFuel Supply Valve TimingValve Timing IgnitionIgnition Air ControlAir Control Cooling SystemCooling System

Fixed (FIX)Fixed (FIX)Contact Contact

Point Point SystemSystem

Single Throttle Single Throttle System System

LLC LLC (Long Life Coolant) (Long Life Coolant)

ECU (ELECTRONIC COMPUTER UNIT)ECU (ELECTRONIC COMPUTER UNIT)

Fuel SupplyFuel Supply Valve TimingValve Timing IgnitionIgnition Air ControlAir Control Cooling SystemCooling SystemECU. AND OBD (ON BOARD DIAGNOSTIC)ECU. AND OBD (ON BOARD DIAGNOSTIC)

EURO-2Engine

Technology

EURO-1Engine

Technology

EFI EFI (Electronic (Electronic

Fuel Fuel Injection)Injection)

Reduction Catalyst Oxidation CatalystThree wayCatalystEuro-2 Engine

Technology schema

ECU

Fuel Tank

Muffler

Three way CatalystO2

sensorExhaust Manifold

Lambda

22

GASOLINE ENGINE TECH. VS EMISSION REG.

Euro1

Euro2

Euro3Euro4

HC

NOxCO123

0.5

0.5

1.0

0 1.0

EM

TWC(13R)

1O2SEM

OBD2O2S

TWC = Three Way Catalyst

EM

S/C(7R) TWC(9R)

OBD2O2S

EM

TYPICAL SYSTEM

g/km

S<50 ppm

S<150 ppm

S<500 ppm

S/C = Swirl Control

OBD= On Board Diagnostic

TWC(13R)

O2S = O2 Sensor

Source : JAMA

23

DIESEL ENGINE TECHNOLOGY SCHEMA (GVW < 3.5 TON)

Injection Pump, Exhaust Gas Re-Circulating,

Diesel PM Reduction :Black Smoke Reduction : Micro Grain Injection Fuel. And Multi-Valve System.

Soluble Organic Fraction : Oxidation Catalyst & Diesel Particulate Filter System .

Diesel NOx Reduction :Pilot Injection by Common Rail System, Cooled Exhau st Gas Re-Circulating, Super Charger with Inter-Cooler, Nox Reduction Catalyst S ystem.

EURO-1

EURO-2

Euro-2 Engine Technology schema

24

Euro1

Euro2

Euro3Euro4

HC

NOxCO 123

0.5

0.5

1.0

0 1.0

PM

0.05

0.10

0.15

TYPICAL SYSTEM

IPEGR

OC

EM

IP

EM

OC

CREGR

EM

CR

OC

EGREM

g/km

S<50 ppm

S<350 ppm

S<500 ppm

DIESEL ENGINE PASSENGER TECH. VS EMISSION REGULATION

VE =INJECTION PUMP CR =COMMON RAIL

EM =EXHAUST MANIFOLD

EGR =EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATING

IP= Injection PumpSource : JAMA

25

DIESEL ENGINE TECHNOLOGY SCHEMA (GVW > 3.5 TON)

Injection Pump, Exhaust Gas Re-Circulating, EURO-1

EURO-2

EGR Cooler

EGR ValveIntake Throttle Valve

Air Intake

ＰＰＰＰ

Exhaust

Urea Injection Controller

Oxidation Catalyst for Ammonia

Common Rail System for Ultra-High-Pressure Fuel Injectors

Selective Catalytic Reduction Device for NOx

Intercooler

Oxidation Catalyst for NO

Urea Tank

Urea-Based Selective Catalytic Reduction and Ultra- High-Pressure Fuel Injection

Euro-2 Engine Technology schema

26

DIESEL ENGINE HEAVY DUTY TECH. VS EMISSION REGULATION

Euro1

Euro2

Euro3

Euro4

HC

NOxCO 246

0.5

5

1.0

0 10

PM

0.10.2

0.4

TYPICAL SYSTEM

OC

CREGR

CR

OC

(Diesel Particulate NOx Reduction)

EGR

ESCESC

g/kWh

0.3

S<50 ppm

S<350 ppm

Euro4

ETCETCEuro3

EGRS<500 ppm

IP

IP

Source : JAMA

27

HYBRID CARTECHNOLOGY

28

Source : TMC

29

1.

2.

3.

5.

4. Deceleration

Deceleration (Recharging)

HYBRID DRIVING PROFILE SYSTEM

Source : TMC

30

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

4.

4.

HYBRID ENERGY PROFILE SYSTEMHYBRID ENERGY PROFILE SYSTEM

Source : TMC

31

FUEL EFFICIENCY TECNOLOGY DEVELOMENT

１９００１９００１９００１９００ ２０００２０００２０００２０００

Veh

icle

Effi

cien

cy (

Km

/ lite

r)

20

10

30

LEXUS 2003

PRIUS 1997

PRIUS 2001

40

50

２００２００２００２００5

HINO BUS 2004

CAMRY 2006HIGHLINDER

2003

Conventional C

ar

INNOVATIO

N TECHNOLOGY

Hybrid C

ar

Source : TMC

32

5.

FUEL SPEC. DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT

33

RELATION BETWEEN RELATION BETWEEN GASOLINE PROPERTIES AND VEHICLE PERFORMANCEGASOLINE PROPERTIES AND VEHICLE PERFORMANCE

Properties Vehicle Performance

Sulfur

T50

T90

Aromatics

Olefins

Unwashed Gum

RVP / T10

Octane Number

Alcohol

Di-Olefins

FBP

Detergent

Startability

Driveability

Fuel economy

Evaporative emission

Power/Acceleration

Exhaust emission

Material compatibility

Engine Reliability

deposit

Knocking

Catalyst poisoning

Oxidized fuels

Engine oil degradation

Washed Gum

Metals Spark plug fouling

Source : JAMA

34

WWFC GASOLINE FUEL SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENT

FUEL SPEC. ITEMS

NO.

1.

2.

3.

4.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Current Fuel

98 RON-Research's

88 MON-Motor O.N

Lead Content gr/l

Metalic Oct. buster (MMT,FERRO)

Sulfur % m/m

Aromatic % v/v

Benzene % v/v

Olefin % v/v

Detergent

98

88

EURO-0

Phase-out

Run-Out

Phase-out

Run-Out

Phase-out0.5% Keep going

Reduction60% Keep going

Keep going

35% Keep going

Reduction7% Keep going

Reduction50% Keep going

1% Keep going

10% Keep going

Generation Level-up

Run-Out

EURO- 1 EURO- 2 EURO- 3 EURO- 4

98

88

FUEL SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

35

Engine oil degradation

Deposit

Knocking

Catalyst poisoning

Cold startability

Fuel Economy

Wear in injection pump

Power/Acceleration

Exhaust emissions

Noise/Vibration

Fuel filter plugging

Seal

Material compatibility

Engine Reliability

Sulfur

Sediment

T90

Aromatics/PAH

Viscosity

CFPP/PP

Density

Cetane Number

Lubricity

Oxidation stability

Water

Properties Vehicle Performance

RELATION BETWEEN RELATION BETWEEN DIESEL FUEL PROPERTIES AND VEHICLE PERFORMANCEDIESEL FUEL PROPERTIES AND VEHICLE PERFORMANCE

Source : JAMA

36

FUEL SPEC. ITEMS

NO.

1.

2.

3.

4.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Current Solar

CETANE NUMBER

CETANE INDEX

SULFUR CONTENT (ppm)

WATER CONTENT (mg/Kg)

CARBON RESIDU (% m/m)

PARTICULATES (mg/l)

LUBRICITY HFRR (micron)

AROMATIC (% m/m)

DETERGENT INJEC. CLEANNESS

45

EURO-0

Free

500

0.30

Keep going

25

Generation Level-up

5000

EURO- 1 EURO- 2 EURO- 3 EURO- 4

WWFC DIESEL FUEL SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENT

5548 5345 55

45 5245 5045 52

3000 300 30

200

24No standard

200400

22 15

0.25

DIESEL FUEL SPEC. REQUIREMENTS

0.20

37

6.

ENGINE OIL SPEC. DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENT

38

VEHCLE LIQUID MATERIAL CONSUMPTION

Vehicle Liquids Material

Consumption

Fuels

Oil

Grease

Fluid

Refrigerant

Water

Gasoline

Diesel

CNG - LPG

Engine - Oil

Gear - Oil

Bearing Grease

Bolt Joint Grease

Brake Fluid

Radiator Fluid

Air Condition

Heater

Wiper Washing

Hydrogen Liquid

Methanol Reforming

39

OIL FLOW WORK IN ENGINE

OIL FUNCTION REQUIREMENT OIL PROPERTIES PERFORMANCE

OIL WORK PERFORMANCE

PEFORMANCE TARGET OF ENGINE OIL ACTIVITIES

40

LUB BASE SPEC. OF PERTAMINA PRODUCTSFROM CILACAP REFINERY

Source : PERTAMINA

PROPERTYNO.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

8.

9.

HVI HVI -- 6060

10.

11.

Appearance

Total Acidity(mg KOH/g)

Ash Content (%wt)

Cloud Test (hours)(No Cloud at 0 °C )

Color ASTM

Color stability, (48 hours at 100 °C)

Flash Point PMcc. (°C)

Pour Point (°C)

Specific Gravity(at 60 / 60 °F)

Viscosity, Kinematics(100 °C, cSt.)

7.

Viscosity Index

METHOD

VISUAL

ASTM D-482

ASTM D-1500

ASTM D-93

ASTM D-974

ASTM D-97

ASTM D-1298

ASTM D-445

ASTM D-2270

SMS-2556

SMS-260

HVI HVI -- 9595 HVIHVI--160S160S HVIHVI--160B160B HVIHVI--650650

Clear & Bright

To be reported

Constant max. 0.01

Constant Min. 7.0

Constant max. 1.00

Max. 1.5Max. 2.0 Max. 3.0 Max. 4.0

Min. 3.0

Min. 204 Min. 210Constant Min. 228 Min. 267

Constant max. 0.05Max. -15.

Constant Max. -9.

Constant Min. 95.

Min. 4.4

Max. 4.9Max. 7.4

Max. 11.8Max. 33.5

Min. 6.7Min. 10.7

Min. 30.5

41

READ ACROSS TEST ITEMS

ITEM TEST METHOD

NO

Name of refinery

Location of refinery

Neutral number of base oil (mixing ratio)

Refining process

Flash point ( oC)

Pour point ( oC)

Kinematics viscosity (mm2/s ; 40 o ; 100oC)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Viscosity index

Aniline Point

Element content (mass %) (S/N)

Structural group analysis (mass %) (Paraffin's ; Naphthenes ; Aromatics)

12. Boiling range distribution ( oC)

ASTM D92

ASTM D97

ASTM D445ASTMD46

ASTM D2270

ASTM D611

ASTMD3121ASTMD3431

ASTM D3238

ASTM D2887

CLASSIFICATION REQUIREMENT OF OIL TEST METHOD

CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTIONNO

Element content in Oil Test

Cooper Strip Corrosion test

Rust prevention characteristic test

Oxidation Stability (ISOT)

Miscibility Test

Compatibility with Oil Seal

Rubber

Wear Prevention

characteristic

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

The element contents in oil are analyzed using the most accurate and precise methods currently available

The Copper Strip corrosion is evaluated at 120oC for 3 hours using a glass tube as specified in ASTM D1300

It is evaluated at 165,5oC for 72 hours in accordance with TSK1000G and n-pentane in soluble by ASTM D893

Follow Federal Test Method 791B and Method 3470

It is evaluated in accordance with ASTM D471 (Sect 12) at 120oC for 70 hours

It shall be evaluated in accordance with ASTM D655 using 10 volt % of distilled water

The wear preventive characteristic are evaluated in accordance with ASTM D4172 under of RPM 1800 rpm load of 392N (40 kef), t 90oC and time duration 30 minutes

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

PROPERTIES REQUIREMENTS STD. OF ENGINE OIL

42

ENGINE OIL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

1. CLASSIFICATION REQUIREMENT OF OIL TEST METHOD

2. READ ACROSS TEST ITEMS

3. QUALITY STD. REQUIREMENTS

Engine Dynamometer Test

43

HEAVY DUTY TEST – ENGINE TEST BENCH

44

7.

DISCUSSION

45

LOW VISCOSITY LUBRICANT FOR LOW FUEL CONSUMPTION & ZERO EMISSION CAR

EmissionCO, HC, NOx, PM.

Emission(g/km)

Fuel Efficiency(km/liter)

Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Zero (Emission & CO2)

Emission

LUBRICANT GRADE

Fuel Efficiency

(20. gr/km)

(9. gr/km)

(3. gr/km)(0.3 gr/km) (0.0 gr/km)

[10. km/liter]

[15. km/liter][20. km/liter]

[50. km/liter]

SE SF SJ ~ SL SJ ~ SL SL

46

COST COMPARATIONCOST COMPARATION

High

Low

Pric

eEV

HEV

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

Vehicle

Hybrid Electrical Vehicle

ICE

Electrical Vehicle

Source:Toyota data

47

8.

CONCLUSION

48

TOYOTA eco-car

Diesel Engine

Gasoline Engine

Electric Vehicle

Hybrid Technology

Approaches to Reduces CO2 andZero Emissions

No control CO2Euro-5 Euro 4, Euro 3 Euro 2,Euro 1.

Fuel Cell Vehicle

BIOFUEL

LPG CNG

UNDER STUDY

UNDER STUDY

49