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DO NOW (front of notes) 1.What do genes code for? 2.What are some examples of proteins?

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Genetic Technology Selective Breeding Recombinant DNA Gel Electrophoresis Cloning

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Selective Breeding What is selective Breeding? Selective breeding is when breeders choose plants and animals with the most desired traits to produce the next generation Selective breeding goes back thousands of years Nearly all domestic animals, including dogs, horses, cats, farm animals and most crops, have been produced by selective breeding Example: The great variety of modern dogs can be explained by selective breeding of dogs over many years.

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Selective Breeding This means How often the trait occurs in a population (want to see more of desired traits) What Is the purpose of Selective Breeding? 1.Humans use selective breeding to pass desired traits on to the next generation of offspring. 2.To increase the frequency of desired alleles in a population is the goal of selective breeding and genetic technology as a whole. Increase the frequency of desired alleles? What?!

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Selective Breeding When two dissimilar individuals are crossed (or mate) to bring out the best characteristics of both organisms the new organism is called a hybrid When two closely related individuals mate or are crossed this is called Inbreeding results in offspring that are homozygous for most traits in order to maintain desired traits (high milk yield, fast maturity, big cows for more meatetc). Inbreeding

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Selective Breeding Advantages of selective breeding: Produces animals with specific desirable traits that humans want Example: Small schnauzers were bred to hunt rats Example: Milk cows produce more milk Disadvantages of selective breeding: Decreased variation Can bring out harmful recessive traits because of a higher chance that two closely related individuals both may carry a harmful recessive allele for the trait

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Do Now 47 Complete questions: 1, 2, 3 (When you read underline important sentences or words!!) These questions ARE regents review!!

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Do Now 47 Complete questions: 4,5,6,7 (When you read underline important sentences or words!!) These questions ARE regents review!!

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Genetic Engineering playing with DNA Genetic Engineering a faster and more reliable method for increasing the frequency of a specific allele in a population Involves cutting DNA from one organism into small pieces (genes) and inserting one of those genes into the DNA of the same or different species The new recombined DNA is known as Recombinant DNA

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Creating Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA Made by connecting or recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms How? You need to isolate or cut out the desired gene Ummmm How??? Restriction enzymes cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences (break-down) Example: Where ever C C G G C C shows up a specific restriction enzyme will cut the DNA at this sequence!! Using Enzymes

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Restriction Enzyme Example Wherever A A T T shows up in DNA, a specific restriction enzyme will cut the DNA at this sequence always!

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So enzymes are used to cut the DNA into pieces what is used to put the new recombined DNA together? Enzymes! Lets mix bacterial DNA with the human insulin gene!! 1.Cut the insulin gene out of human DNA using restriction enzymes 2.Cut the bacterial plasmid (circular DNA in bacteria) using the SAME restriction enzymes 3.Insert human insulin gene into bacteria plasmid (DNA)

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4.Bacteria reproduce asexually which clones the plasmids and the insulin gene that was inserted 5.Bacteria reproduce fast so many bacteria containing the insulin gene are produced 6.Tons of good insulin is made by every recombinant bacteria Insulin Plasmids actually duplicate on their own so each bacteria has many plasmids and all recombinant plasmids will make insulin

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Benefits of recombinant DNA: 1.Fast and cheep production of human hormones such as insulin and human growth hormone If person has diabetes, and needs insulin, what if be better if he used insulin from a cow or insulin from recombinant DNA using HIS insulin gene? Why? Insulin Insulin from recombinant DNA using his insulin gene! Would be less likely to be rejected by the person

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Benefits of recombinant DNA: 2.Recombinant DNA in agriculture has allowed scientists to develop crops that are: Better tasting Stay fresh longer Protected from disease and insects

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Disadvantage of recombinant DNA: Some GM (genetically modified) plants produce certain chemicals that kill insects. The few insects that do not die will pass on their resistant DNA to their offspring and make resistant bugs (super bugs)!! Pollen from a transgenic variety of corn that contains a pesticide may stun or kill monarch caterpillars (upset the ecosystem) Create new allergens in crops

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What is going on in this picture?

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Do Now These questions ARE regents review!!

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Do Now 100 Complete questions: #1-5 These questions ARE regents review!!

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Do Now 100 Complete questions: #6-9 These questions ARE regents review!! Packet from Friday (Recombinant DNA)

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Cloning Cloning has allowed scientists to extract DNA from a donor and insert it into an egg cell that has had its DNA removed The egg cell is then stimulated to divide like a normal embryo The resulting offspring of this egg will be a CLONE of the donor because it contains the same genetic material Dolly was the first cloned mammal (1997)

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Do Now G Packet from Friday (cloning) Complete questions: #1-8 These questions ARE regents review!!

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Gel Electrophoresis What is it? A tool or technique used to separate DNA fragments based on __ SIZE

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DNA is cut into pieces using restriction enzymes The gel that is used has wells (pits) at one end where DNA is placed Gel is filled with microscopic holes The gel is made positive at one end and negative at the other. The electric current makes DNA move towards the positive end (DNA has a negative charge) Smaller fragments move faster and travel farther Large fragments get caught and travel slow and not far Process of Gel Electrophoresis Mixture of DNA molecules of different sizes Gel Longer molecules Shorter molecules Power source

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Rapid Fire - Gel Electrophoresis Recap DNA is cut into small fragments using The gel used is filled with small DNA fragments are placed at one end of gel and move towards the other end by an Smaller pieces of DNA travel ____________ and large pieces stay ____________ The pattern of bands produced is a DNA fingerprint which is different from other individuals Restriction Enzymes Holes Electric Current Farther Closer

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What is Gel Electrophoresis used for? Uses : 1.Evidence in criminal cases Who is guilty? Why? The OWNER! The DNA sample is the same as the Owners DNA Suspect 2! The DNA sample matches the crime scenes DNA!

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What is Gel Electrophoresis used for? Uses : 2.Paternity (who is the father) Mary had a child with Bob or John? Why? Mary had a child with John. Johns DNA is more closely related than Bobs (more fragments match)

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What is Gel Electrophoresis used for? Uses : 3.Evolutionary Relationships (how closely related organisms are to each other) Which 2 organisms are most closely related? Why? Organisms 2 and 4 because their DNA matches more closely than organism 1 or 3. More DNA fragments (bands) match

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Do Now: (Gel Electrophoresis questions) Complete questions: #65-72 These questions ARE regents review!!

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