dissertation report false ceiling

8/9/2019 Dissertation Report False Ceiling

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CHAPTER – 1

SYNOPSIS

1.1 INTRODUCTION -

A false ceiling is often a secondary ceiling hung below the main or structural ceiling, it

may also be referred to as drop ceiling. In the modern world, human life experience is

largely played out in interior spaces. We may love the out-of-doors for the sense of

open air and sky, for the escape it offers from life inside enclosure, but the very joy of

being outside reflects the reality that so much of life is spent inside.

he three major architectural elements of interior space are the floor, the walls and

the ceiling. Although out of our reach and not used in the series as the floor and walls

are, the ceiling plays an important vital role in shaping the interior space and limiting

its vertical dimension. It is the sheltering element of interior design offering both the

physical and the psychological protection for those beneath its canopy.

!eilings are formed by the underside of the roof structures. he ceiling materials can

be attached directly to the structural frame or be suspended from it. !eilings are often

the location of many building service elements, such as lighting, "#A! registers, fire

sprinklers, smoke detectors and signs. he separate design of each of these

elements or subsystems, as well as their total integration with the general ceiling

construction, is a major design activity.

In construction work interior spaces are sometimes said to have $no ceiling,$ meaning

that nothing special is done to create a ceiling-it is simply the unfinished, underside of

the overhead structure. %ore often, however& something is done, if nothing more than

some careful cleaning or painting of the underside of the overhead structure.

In many situations, a separate ceiling construction is developed, either attached

directly to, or suspended from, the overhead structure. hus a floor'ceiling or roof'

ceiling sandwich of sorts is created, and often encloses an interstitial space that is

used to contain various building service elements, such as wiring, piping, ducting and

minor e(uipment. he full design of this system and all of the contained elements is a

major integrated design problem.

In some ways, ceiling finishes represent a major opportunity for freedom of choice of

materials. here is a general lack of concern here for effects of contact wear& ceilings

are not walked on and are generally out of reach. )ragile materials can be used,although there is nothing wrong with hard, durable ones either.

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here are mainly three functions of false ceiling-

*. Interior !limatic !ontrol

+. Aesthetics

. Activity emand

HISTORY -

In view of the fact that the ceilings of the first shelters consisted merely of the

underside of whatever kept the elements out, it is probably safe to assume that their

design was given a little or no conscious thought. ince that time, whatever defines

the interior space overhead has been dealt with by the architects and designers in

one of two ways i.e. either by exposing or embellishing the structure beneath the roof,

or by hiding it. he beautiful exposed wood beams of the great halls of /nglish

!astles and stone arches of 0omanes(ue and 1othic !athedrals show how the

%edieval /uropeans used the structural elements of their buildings to enhance the

beauty of the interior space. o conceal a 1othic !athedral2s substructure, architects

either filled in the stone ceiling with brick and covered it with a wooden trussed roof,

or simply built a smaller, lighter roof just below the main one, creating a smooth

surface that could be painted or otherwise decorated. 3ater, plaster was applied

directly to the surfaces of vaulted ceilings, and then elaborately ornamented. he

eventeenth !entury )rench styles of 3ouis 4#, 3ouis 4#I, and 0ococo, whose

complex ornamentation was limited only by the media, materials and imaginations of

the artisans of the period, are all excellent examples of both approaches, such as

coffered ceilings, which alternate carved exposed beams with recessed plaster

surfaces in the spaces between.

According to )ernando 3ope5 the fresco is important because it is one of the earliest

examples of Italian 0enaissance art being imported to pain. It is also remarkable

because the fresco techni(ue -- watercolors painted on wet plaster -- was rare in

pain during this time period.

%ost likely, these reasons forced 6eter I in *789 to carry out additional works in the

cathedral which included the installation of a suspended ceiling.

According to the available data the first known use of the suspended glass ceiling

was in 6ost :ffice avings ;ank, #ienna in *98< =i.e. 6ost 0enaissance /urope>.

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he ceiling is suspended *< feet ? inches below the concrete roof of the church. his

blocks the second tier of windows, which can be seen from the outside. In *9+, the

church was ready for worship.

1.2 AIM -

he work aims to study all the new false ceiling materials that are used in modern

building systems.

1.3 OBJECTIVES -

o study different types of false ceiling systems.

o study different types of installations of false ceiling. o study different materials used in false ceiling.

o study sustainable materials and sustainable design.

1.4 SCOPE -

In the modern world, human life experience is largely played out in interior spaces.

We may love the out-of-doors for the sense of open air and sky, for the escape it

offers from life inside enclosure, but the very joy of being outside reflects the reality

that so much of life is spent inside.

1.5 LIMITATIONS -

he scope of work shall be limited to various design aspects, materials used and

construction details.

1.6 METHODOLOGY -

Assimilation of information and data from various sources.

*. 6rimary data @ case study, books.+. econdary data @ journals, e-books. ertiary data @ ime aver tandards

Internet

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CHAPTER-2

DEFINITION

uspended ceiling is basically a secondary ceiling consisting of suspension systems

which is created below the primary ceiling, that is, the main roof. It is provided for

aesthetical as well as for functional purpose such as to conceal the spilling wires and

crises-crossing service lines, air conditioning, lighting, acoustical and also for hiding

structural members and to provide insulation =thermal> and reduces volume. It plays

a vital role in interior design of any space whether it is residential, commercial or any

other public building. In many situations, the ceiling skin takes on further importance

beyond aesthetic, acoustical, or visual re(uirements. It can also be used to complete

an envelop that provides a fire- resistive rating to the structural members above.

ItBs used to conceal varied service lines C structural features, open pipes and wiring,

and air-conditioning ducts. It gives more options to use special lighting systems such

as cove lighting, wall washers, floating effects and so on.

)alse ceiling can be used to give thermal insulation for a given space. ;esides, those

going for effective sonic system especially in auditoriums, cinema halls or recording

studios can use them. here are basically three main types of false ceiling @

*. Wall-to-Wall false ceiling type is the commonly used

one. his is a straightforward ceiling with plane,

curved,domed or angular shaped forms connecting all

the four walls. %aterials mostly used in this category

are 6:6, gypsum board, thermocol, extruded

aluminium, plywood, wooden paneling and ceiling

tiles. P. 2.1 !" #$ !" F"%& C&''()

+. %odular ceiling comes in fixed si5es of panels thus accommodating the lightingsystem with the same, multiple or fractions of the modules. Acoustic tile is the best

example in this category. /ven extruded aluminium

strips can be brought under modular system. he

advantage in the modular system is the flexibility it

offers in terms of change in the lighting system. his

also offers flexibility to service ducts and pipes that run

below the primary ceiling without damaging the false

ceiling. P. 2.2 M$*+", C&''()

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. etached ceiling is a $part ceiling$ with or without

covering the primary ceiling. his type is mainly used

to play with the levels of the false ceiling, to provide

cove lighting, wall washers and floating effects on the

ceiling. %ost of the false ceiling materials are suitable

for this type of system. his system is creatively used,

especially at the exhibition galleries and showrooms P. 2.3 D"&* C&''()

using very unusual materials like fabrics and other similar kind of materials.

)alse ceiling is relatively easier to maintain in the long run if the right materials are

used. Avoid using the textured or porous materials especially at the non-air

conditioned space. his will accumulate dust in the longer run, thus creating difficulty

in maintenance. As far as possible, one should select the ceiling materials in such a

way that it can be painted at a later stage. Another important point to be considered is

that the space between false ceiling and the primary ceiling shall be completely

sealed off so that it becomes easier for maintenance. !hoosing the appropriate

material makes a lot of difference in enjoying the false ceiling. o do it the right

way.here are four ways in which a false ceiling can be constructed either attached to

or detached to the hori5ontal elements of the substructure, which usually consists of

either wood joists or steel beams. he method used depends on the design and

interval of spacing.

P. 2.4 T'/0&, C&''() P. 2.5 A$+%#'" T'& C&''()

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CHAPTER- 3

TYPES OF FALSE CEILINGS

!eilings are interior elements that basically have little to do with building enclosure.

"owever, the roof of any building is basically involved with the development of a

ceiling for a space beneath it. If a ceiling is separately constructed element, it

combines with the floor or roof above it to produce total construction element. #arious

properties @ such as acoustic treatment, fire separation and thermal flow resistance @

must be determined for the whole construction. here are basically four types of false

ceiling, namely -

3.1 UNFINISHED CEILINGS

3.2 DIRECTLY APPLIED CEILING FINISHES

3.3 SUSPENDED CEILINGS

3.4 INDEPENDENT CEILING CONSTRUCTION

3.1 UNFINISHED CEILINGS

paces are sometimes referred to as having no ceiling. his is technically true only

for outdoor, unroofed spaces. If a space is enclosed overhead it has a ceiling- bydictionary definition.

escribing a space as having no ceiling usually refers to the situation where no extra

effort is made to treat the underside of the structure overhead in terms of additional

construction. his is more accurately described as an unfinished ceiling.

/xposed structure sometimes present this situation. "owever, exposure may refer

basically to the form of the structure, and not necessarily to its raw, untreated

underside. A simple coat of paint is a finish in this case.

here are situations where the appearance of the underside of the overhead

construction is of little concern @ in storage rooms, e(uipment rooms, attic spaces,

and so on. "owever, appearance may not be the only concern. torage of ha5ardous

materials may re(uire a high fire rating for the overhead construction& noisy

e(uipment may indicate the need for a major sound barrier. !eilings have many

potential functions, including, of course, developing a more attractive view overhead.

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P. 3.1 U('('%&* C&''() P. 3.2 U('('%&* C&''()

3.2 DIRECTLY APPLIED CEILING FINISHES

In general, materials used to finish interior walls can also be used to finish ceilings. A

difference here is that ceilings are typically out of arm2s reach, and some materials

can be used here that would not endure where they can be routinely touched. In

addition, there is some difference in the re(uirement for attaching and supporting

elements in a hori5ontal position versus a vertical one.

In most cases, the simplest ceiling treatments are those made directly to the

overhead construction. A simple coating of paint, stain, or some texture-producing

material in a thick coating form is the easiest and most economical, if the underside of

the structure is simple in form. If there are a lot of beams, bridging, or trussing, a

Dsimple coating may become (uite laborious and marginally feasible. In such cases,

it is advisable to try to have structural elements prefinished to the desired degree

before they are installed.

If drywall, plaster, or some form of paneling is to be attached to an overhead

structure, the design of the structure must include this consideration. Additional dead

load, spacing of framing members, means of attachment, and the general

arrangements of the framing may result in some factors that influence the design of

the structure.

In some situations it may be necessary to develop a separate construction system for

the ceiling, even though it is directly attached to the overhead structure. If either the

spacing or the arrangement of overhead framing does not place framing members in

a location re(uired for ceiling units, some intermediate framing elements may be

re(uired. he difficulty of attaching some types of ceiling elements to particularframing elements may also re(uire this. In some cases, this may result in the use of

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ceiling framing that is similar in form to that used for suspended systems, with the

ceiling framing members directly attached to rather that suspended from, the

overhead structure.

P. 3.3 DIRECTLY APPLIED CEILING P. 3.4 DIRECTLY APPLIED CEILING

3.3 SUSPENDED CEILINGS

uspended ceilings occur when a separate ceiling construction is hung from the

overhead construction. his involves design considerations for the ceiling

construction, the suspending method, and the means for developing the suspension

from the structure overhead. his form of construction may be used for a number of

reasons, such asE

*. Feed for a lower ceiling. Where multiple interior spaces occur beneath a

general overhead structure, smaller rooms may re(uire lower ceilings.

+. esire for a ceiling for a ceiling form different from that of the underside of the

overhead structure.

. esire for ceiling materials that cannot be easily attached to the overhead

structure in a direct manner.


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;ecause they exist often to provide for service systems overhead, suspended ceilings

may need to provide for access to the elements of the enclosed services. his

sometimes favors the use of the priority, modular unit systems, whose surface units

are usually small and individually removable.

eparate ceiling constructions- whether suspended or directly- may serve various

purposes in addition to their basic ones forming and appearance modification. /ffects

on light, sound, and air movements in the spaces beneath them may be of concern.

;arrier functions relating to fire, sound transmission, thermal flow, or security may be

involved. :ptions for basic construction and surface finishes may be limited by such

re(uirements.

!eilings are typically the location for various overhead items, such as light fixtures,

"#A! elements, loudspeakers, signs, and decorations. )or some visual design

concerns, as well as the general controlled development of the whole overhead

construction, all of these items should be developed in an integrated manner.

ypes of uspended !eilings @

3.3.1 JOINTLESS SUSPENDED CEILING -

Goint less ceilings are made of in-situ construction. uch type of ceiling consists of a

wooden or a metal frame work suspended by metal supports or hangers fixed to the

roof. he ceiling finish may be made of large sheets of plaster boards or plaster

applied to metal lathing or sprayed materials. Goint less ceilings appear similar to the

direct ceilings.

P. 3.5 JOINTLESS SUSPENDED CEILING P. 3.6 JOINTLESS SUSPENDED CEILING

3.3.2 FRAME AND PANEL CEILINGS -

)ramed and panel ceilings are pre-fabricated in a factory and assembled on site. he

frame work of a frame and panel ceiling is similar to joint less ceiling consisting of a

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grid of steel or aluminium members suspended from the roof by metal hangers. he

underside of the ceiling is formed by small self-finished units he frame work of a

frame and panel ceiling may be either exposed or concealed.

P. 3. FRAME AND PANEL CEILING P. 3. FRAME AND PANEL CEILING

3.3.3 STRIPPED CEILINGS -

)rame and stripped ceilings are similar in construction to the frame and panel

ceilings. Inverted aluminium or steel sections are suspended from the roof by steel

wire hangers. 6anels in the form of flat aluminum or steel channel sections is fixed

with profiled strips finished in the factory.

P. 3. STRIPPED CEILING P. 3.1 STRIPPED CEILING

3.3.4 OPEN OR DETACHED CEILING SYSTEMS -

:pen ceilings consists of a series of vertically hanging strips or grids, which provide

the illusion of a surface. his illusion can be enhanced with more depth and close

spacing of the sections. he grid is hung from the roof by metal hangers. he

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underside of the ceiling is not covered. etached ceiling is a $part ceiling$ with or

without covering the primary ceiling.

his type is mainly used to play with the levels of the suspended ceiling, to provide

cove lighting, wall washers and floating effect on the ceiling. %ost of the suspended

ceiling materials are suitable for this type of system. his system is creatively used,

especially at the exhibition galleries and showrooms using very unusual materials like

fabrics and other similar kind of materials.

P. 3.11 OPEN OR DETACHED CEILING P. 3.12 OPEN OR DETACHED CEILING

3.4 INDEPENDENT CEILING CONSTRUCTIONIn some situations, ceiling may be developed with construction that is totally

independent of that overhead. his may simply be the practical means for achieving

the ceiling, or it may be necessary where the ceiling is a great distance below the

structure above it.

Where room si5es are small, wall construction permits it, a ceiling may be developed

with separate framing supported by the room walls. his framing may be (uite

modest, if it only needs to support the ceiling and does not provide a floor for the

space above it. 3ive loads for ceiling spaces with limited access are usually only *8

psf. pan limits may be derived from critical concerns for deflection rather than actual

load- carrying capacity.

)or some types of occupancies- notably speculative, commercial ones, such as

offices and shopping centers- use of independent interior wall and ceiling construction

allows an enhanced level of freedom and ease for modifications of the interior

spaces.

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P. 3.13 INDEPENDENT CEILING P. 3.14 INDEPENDENT CEILING

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CHAPTER- 4

TYPES OF INSTALLATIONS

4.1 DIRECTLY ATTACHED INSTALLATIONS -

!eilings may be developed by direct attachment of

surfacing material to the overhead structure. In

residential construction, drywall is ordinarily attached

directly to the underside of the closely spaced, light

wood rafters or floor joists.

irect attachment will yield the minimum total thickness

of the ceiling plus the overhead structure which is

generally more desirable with floor P. 4.1 D',&# A##"&* I(%#""#'$(%

constructionin multistory building,

as total floor height will be the least. "owever, it will also

provide the least interstitial space and may present

problems where considerable space re(uired for

building service elements, such as ducts and recessed

lighting fixtures. irectly attachment of ceilings will also

provide a direct reflection of the general overhead

structure @ not so much a problem with floors, but

possibly one with nonflat roof structure. P. 4.2 D',&# A##"&* I(%#""#'$(%

P. 4.3 D',&# A##"&* I(%#""#'$(%

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4.2 SEMI DIRECT OR FURRED INSTALLATIONS -

In this type the framing joists are larger

members that are spaced farther apart. hespacing between the joists varies between +<

inches to H8 inches.

If the drywall is attached directly to the main

joists, will tend to warp because the attachment

points are too far. )or such type of structures,

furring strips are installed as secondary P. 4.4 S&/' D',&# $, F+,,&* I(%#""#'$(%

upportive members to the main joists. hese members are attached to the main

joists at right angles. he spacing between two consecutive secondary joists may

vary between *H inches to +< inches apart.

If the main members are wooden then wooden

furring strips are attached to the main members

and if the main members are of metal W

sections then metal furring channels, or hat

channels, are wired to the bottom of the main

joists. he drywall is then attached to these P. 4.5 S&/' D',&# $, F+,,&* I(%#""#'$(%

furring strips. !eiling is not directly attached to the structural member above a

secondary framing for the ceiling is attached to the underside of the overhead

structure. It is used where the elements of the spanning structure are too widely

spaced for the ceiling materials.

4.3 SUSPENDED CEILING INSTALLATIONS -

In view of the number of elements that

re(uire space above the ceiling, which make it

difficult to successfully create a level surface

with either direct or semi direct installation,

the suspended ceiling is the most commonly

used false ceiling type in the interiors today.

P. 4.6 S+%7&(*&* C&''() I(%#""#'$(%

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A separate ceiling structure may be hung from the overhead structure, deriving

support from it but not necessarily reflecting its profile or detail. his is often done to

create needed space for e(uipment and services, but also to create a different form or

simply a lower ceiling level.

/ssentially, the suspended ceiling takes the basic furring grid and suspends it below

the elements that need to be covered. It allows the ceiling to be installed at almost

any height, as long as the hardware above has sufficient room.

)or instance, if the structure of the roof or the floor above is *? feet above the floor,

and the various hardware and system are * feet above the floor, the ceiling can

easily be installed at a height of *8 feet.

In addition, special shapes, angles and soffits can be created by merely hanging the

grid at an angle or by wiring the special shape into position.

uspension must be achieved with materials and details that relate to both the

overhead structure and the form of the ceiling construction.

ypical methods and materials used relate to common associations of structures and

ceiling constructions. )inally this type of ceiling can easily accommodate the variety of

items that must penetrate the ceiling surface, providing a platform for lights and air

diffusers.

P. 4. S+%7&(*&* C&''() I(%#""#'$(%

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4.4 SEPARATELY SUPPORTED INSTALLATIONS -

In some situations, ceilings may be

developed with construction that is totally

independent of that overhead. his maysimply be the practical means for achieving

the ceiling, or it may be necessary where the

ceiling is a great distance below the structure

above it.

Where room si5es arc small, and wall

construction permits it, a ceiling may be P. 4. S&7","#& S+77$,#&* I(%#""#'$(%

developed with separate framing supported by the room walls. his framing may be(uite modest, if it only needs to support the ceiling and does not provide for a floor for

the space above it. esign live loads for ceiling spaces with limited access are usually

only *8 psf. pan limits may be derived from critical concerns for deflection =visible

sag> rather than from actual load-carrying capacity.

)or some types of occupancies-notably speculative, commercial ones, such as offices

and stores-use of independent interior wall and ceiling construction allows an

increased level of freedom and ease for modification of interior spaces.

P. 4. S&7","#& S+77$,#&* I(%#""#'$(%

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CHAPTER- 5

MATERIALS USED IN FALSE CEILING

5.1 TIMBER CEILINGS

imber ceilings are a feature of older buildings and are beautiful when the grain of the

wood is exposed. hese usually have supporting members of thick sections of wood

that are transferred by smaller planks of wood or ply. he beams should either be

polished or varnished because paint will conceal the grain. A timber false ceiling is

usually made up of slats of wood that are fitted together using a tongue and groove

joint. 3ights may be inserted into the slats if re(uired.

P. 5.1 T'/0&, C&''() P. 5.2 T'/0&, C&''()

5.2 GYPSUM BOARD CEILINGS

1ypsum ;oard provides an uninterrupted ceiling surface which can be finished

smooth. he finished surface can easily be given some texture. he surface can also

be painted or even wallpapered. he gypsum board panels re(uire a supporting

framework of wood or metal which is attached to or suspended from the roof or floor

framing.

P. 5.3 G7%+/ B$",* C&''() P. 5.4 G7%+/ B$",* C&''()

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5.3 PLASTER OF PARIS CEILINGS

he most common false ceilings are made of 6laster of 6aris sheets that are

suspended on a galvani5ed iron framework. his is non-structural and does not take

any weight. !ommon applications include surgical rooms, clinically clean rooms,

curved detailing or intricate design. 6lasterboard suspended ceilings provide clean

uninterrupted lines with the appearance of plain flat finish creating a completely

sealed unit, which can then be individuali5ed with the use of color. A plain surface can

be embellished with cornices& embossing and other detailing that is moulded to one2s

specifications. hese details can then be painted different colors or gilded as

according to design.6laster can also be used to create a rough texture on ceilings @any tool can be used

to form a pattern of your choice. his type of installation is however restrictive in that it

is difficult to retro fit or alter any services installed into the ceiling void. Jsed

extensively in shop fit-out projects. Architects are demanding ever more eye-catching

features to foyers, reception and entrance areas. 6lasterboard on a metal or wooded

substrate provides a cost effective solution to these re(uirements.

P. 5.5 P"%#&, $ P",'% C&''() P. 5.6 P"%#&, $ P",'% C&''()

5.4 METAL CEILINGS

ecorative stamped metal panel ceilings were very popular in the early *988Bs. hey

were commonly used in commercial and retail buildings because of their uni(ue

appearance, low maintenance and fire resistance. If painted thoroughly on both sides,

these ceilings will literally last forever.

%etal ceiling panels are typically available in + ft. x + ft. s(uares and + ft. x < ft. or ? ft.rectangles. here are many patterns available, some from the original *88-year-old

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dies and other newer patterns. If you are a creative person, you can make a truly

uni(ue ceiling by using various combinations of patterns, cornice and crown

moldings, medallions, etc.

%ost metal ceiling panels are made of fairly thin steel sheet which is painted. )or a

more decorative and uni(ue appearance, an experienced painter can use two

different colors to highlight the surface texture. olid copper and brass panels are

also available, but they cost about three times as much as the steel.

It is not difficult to install metal ceiling panels. )irst, you should install ' ceiling. he standard si5e metal

panels usually will fit perfectly into a standard suspended ceiling support grid pattern.

It is best to leave the existing fiber panels in place over the thin metal panels. hese

help to keep the metal panels flat and stop the panels from moving =floating> from

bree5es from windows or when a door closes.

)or a very attractive installation, use a suspended grid system especially made for

these metal panels. hese grid members are very slim and some can even be hidden

by the edge of the ceiling panel to create a seamless appearance.

P. 5. M" C&''() P. 5. M" C&''()

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5.5 ALUMINIUM PANEL CEILINGS

A number of commercial and industrial interiors have metal ceilings. hese are

usually moulded aluminium panels or strips that fit together. hese are fabricated tofacilitate wiring and lighting. hese are available in a variety of finishes@powder

coated, perforated, brushed or ribbed. hese are expensive but (uick to install and

easy to maintain. he look is hi-tech, sleek and modern.

P. 5. A+/'(+/ P"(& P. 5.1 A+/'(+/ P"(& C&''()

5.6 GLASS CEILINGS

tained, colored or etched glass panels can be used in ceilings. hese can add

vitality to a restaurant or store especially if lit from above. !ommon applications

include clinical washrooms, kitchen areas, cleaning rooms, public rooms, and

swimming pools, in general, areas with high relative humidity. his type of ceiling

provides a washable ceiling, which still have superb decorative and acoustic (ualities.

kylights can also be inserted into a structural system to allow light. hese can be

made using fiberglass, acrylics or toughened glass. %irror chips can be inserted into

plaster as a dramatic flourish.

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can have interesting murals or collages on the ceiling may be a mobile can be part of

the dLcor. :ne can also attach stars and the moon in metallic finishes to the ceiling.

P. 5.1 F"0,' C&''() P. 5.1 F"0,' C&''()

5. STRETCHED CEILINGS

his is one of the latest suspended ceiling system products and allows for the most

spectacular designs and colour not possible with more conventional systems. A

stretched ceiling system is basically a stretched plastic sheet ceiling fitted to a simple

support system. It is jointed with ultrasonic flush weld joints, which are almost

invisible. he end result is something (uite fantastic and very individual.

P. 5.1 S#,&* C&''() P. 5.2 S#,&* C&''()

5.1 GREEN MATERIALS

5.1.1 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN -

ustainability has become a fundamental principle underlying successful building

design. )rom a global stand point, ustainability is imperative as it offers a critically

important means for conserving our dwindling natural resources. )rom an architec-

tural standpoint, itBs becoming an increasingly important consideration, as a growing

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percentage of building owners and homeowners not only desire $green$ buildings, but

are now demanding them.

1reen has, in fact, gone main stream. Architects are giving high priority to

environmental concerns in their product selection, builders and developers are

acutely aware of how sustainability can impact project success and retailers are

proactively promoting green products.

espite its growing acceptance, sustainable building design remains a complex

undertaking. ;ecause environmental issues can - and should - be considered in

virtually every aspect of the design process, specifies need to have a working

knowledge of a wide range of green definitions, criteria, standards and applications.

ustainability is a long-term evaluation of every decision made, without compromise

to future generations.

5.1.2 GREEN MATERIAL SELECTION -

1reen material selection is a key component of sustainable design. "owever,

sustainable design should also encompass life-cycle analysis, product durability,

embodied energy, the effect on indoor environmental (uality, manufacturing locations

and the companyBs environmental record and commitment. In general, green

materials have traditionally been defined as those that reduce, recycle and renew.

pecifically, sustainable productsE -

0educe the amount of raw materials and'or the amount of energy needed.

3ighter products generally re(uire the use of less energy for transportation,

storage and construction. he term $reduce$ can also refer to decreasing the

amount of material used and'or wasted, thereby fostering manufacturing

efficiencies and optimal use of the material.

:ffer high recycled content and'or environmental friendly reuses. he benefits

here are obvious. 6roducts with a high recycled content may decrease raw

material usage, energy consumption and landfill waste. $0ecycle$ can also

refer to the potential of a product being remade into that product again or into

another product as in adaptive reuse =closing the loop>.

0enew the environment by using materials that can be regenerated and'or

materials offering environmental friendly benefits& including renewable

resources such as agriculture based materials or products made without

chemically bound methods.

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5.1.3 RECAPTURED GYPSUM -

%ost construction papers are made from the wood industryBs leftovers, which include

cardboard cut-offs or post-consumer papers =usually newspapers, catalogs or phone

books>. he face papers used on gypsum panels are *88 percent recycled paper, and

some manufacturers started using recycled paper as early as the *9H8s. As for the

core material, which is primarily gypsum, air and starch, many manufacturers use a

by-product gypsum source obtained from coal-burning power plants.

he coal burned in many of these power plants produces undesirable air pollutants,

including sulfur dioxide. Wet limestone scrubbers are often used to prevent this

pollution from entering the atmosphere. As the exhaust smoke from the power plant

rises through the scrubber, its pollutants are chemically removed. he calcium and

water in the wet limestone combine with the sulfur dioxide to create calcium sulfate,

or recaptured =flue-gas desulfuri5ed> gypsum.

%anufactured from 9 percent recycled materials, the high-performance gypsum fiber

products available include interior wall panels, ceiling boards.

!eiling board manufactured from recaptured gypsum is indistinguishable in terms of

performance, appearance and (uality from panels made from natural gypsum rock..

5.1.4 GYPSUM BOARD PANELS -

1ypsum, the primary raw material used to make gypsum panels, forms naturally like

salt or limestone, and is one of the most abundant minerals on the planet. It is neither

rare nor endangered. he bulk of the remaining materials is gypsum board consist of

paper =recycled from newspapers, phone books, or corrugated cartons and cardboard

cuttings> and corn or wheat starch binders. hese starch binders, which serve as the

$glue$ in the manufacturing process, are renewable agricultural resources.

he embodied energy of gypsum board is extremely low =see chart below>. rywall

has less embodied energy than a wide variety of building products, including

brickwork, concrete, particle board, insulation, glass, vinyl flooring, plastics, steel and

aluminum.

!onstruction waste gypsum panels can be reground and made into new gypsum

panels when the paper is removed. his waste can also be used for many other

functions, including agricultural uses or concrete set material.

:ther reuses for drywall include its addition as a soil amendment =using gypsum as a

high-calcium fertili5er or as a method for treating high soil p">, neutrali5ing the high

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p" levels caused by road salt applications, odor treatment and concrete setting

agent. he majority of this waste is from new construction cut-offs =about H million

tons>. !urrently, more than million tonsB of gypsum are used as soil amendments

annually and another < million tonsB are used as concrete setting agents.

P. 5.21 G7%+/ B$",* P. 5.22 G7%+/ B$",* P"(& C&''()

5.1.5 CEMENT BOARD PANELS -

!ement board, a water-durable, multiuse panel commonly used as a backer for

ceramic tile, is made from approximately +8 percent recycled materials =fly ash>. )ly

ash is another waste stream material from power plant emission control processes

that features cement-like properties. It is produced by electrical power companies in

the combustion of coal and other solid fuels, and is subse(uently purchased byconcrete and cement board producers for use as an aggregate.

All products impact the environment, and the key is to reduce this impact as a goal of

sustainable design. It is very important to look at the cumulative effect a material and

its constituent components or processes may have on the environment, both currently

and in the future.

P. 5.23 C&/&(# B$",* P. 5.24 C&/&(# B$",* P"(& C&''()

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CHAPTER- 6

INTEGRATED CEILINGS

Integrated ceilings are modular systems in which all ceiling components =lighting,

diffusers and finish> ideally are supplied by one manufacturer to provide visible

integration and functional continuity in the finish ceiling. hey are most commonly

used in conjunction with an open office plan and in malls, atriums, and other open

areas.

P. 6.1 I(#&),"#&* C&''() P. 6.2 I(#&),"#&* C&''()

6.1 TYPES OF INTEGRATED CEILINGS8 -

here are two types of integrated ceilings availableE-

1. THE GRID TYPE with lay in acoustical panels

2. LINEAR TYPE composed of spliced sections of metal pans or planks.

;oth involve a close relationship between mechanical and interior and re(uire careful

coordination of these systems. Integrated ceilings are usually bid as a package, and it

is very difficult to delete the components in the shop drawing phase. !are must also

be taken that esthetics is not emphasi5ed to the detriment of performance.

LIGHT FI9TURES - ype and placement should be determined based on the number

of watts per s(uare foot re(uired. %ost types of light fixtures can be incorporated in

an integrated ceiling assembly.

DIFFUSERS - Integrated ceilings commonly employ linear diffusers connected to the

ducts by means of a metal or fiberglass boot or manifold. he unused portion of the

diffuser is masked or blocked above the ceiling.

In the grid type of ceiling the finished appearance is that of a continuous diffuser in

the suspension grid, while the linear ceilings incorporate the diffusers between the

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metals pans.

PANELS - he type of acoustical panel chosen for a grid ceiling has a profound effect

on its appearance and performance. he panel types vary from traditional flat lay-in

panels to vaulted or coffered fiberglass forms and vinyl-faced batt insulation.

METAL SPANS - hese are typically < to H in. wide. hey are available in aluminum

and steel, the latter being less expensive, and come in a wide variety of finishes and

colors.

COST - Integrated ceilings can be very cost-effective and provide excellent service if

properly designed and used.

hese systems work best when used within open spaces. It should be borne in mind

that in order for the ceiling to be most cost-effective, all components should be

supplied by one manufacturer. !omponents by different manufacturers can and

fre(uently are used in integrated ceiling systems, but compatibility problems can arise

and cost-effectiveness is decreased.

CEILING TYPE - he configuration and material of the acoustical panels or metal

pans have a direct bearing on the acoustical and illumination factors in the space.

he grid type of ceiling can be customi5ed to fit an enclosed office but the problems of

closure when finishing off field-cut metal pans make the linear type difficult to use with

partitions.

6.2 ADVANTAGES OF LINEAR TYPE SYSTEM -

he advantages of the linear type of systems are as follows @

*. his type of system can be easily formed in curves or other forms according

to the design re(uirements.

+. It is available in a wide range of colors.

. It can be used on the exterior if visual continuity is desired at a soffit.


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MAINTENENCE -

An integrated ceiling is not as much difficult to maintain as it is in case of a

conventional suspended ceiling. In the grid type moisture-resistant or soil-resistant

panels should be used in the same as they would be in a conventional suspended

ceiling. he metal pans used in the linear type dent easily, and should be located out

of reach.

ACOUSTICAL PERFORMANCE -

In the panel or pan material should have a high noise reduction coefficient =F0!> to

cut down on reflected sound. In spaces with solid partitions, a ceiling material with a

low sound transmission coefficient =!> should be used to prevent sound transfer to

adjacent rooms. In open office plans, electronic sound masking is usually desirable.

#arieties of insulating material are available for use above the ceiling, and are

especially useful with metal pans. he most commonly used types are unfaced or

black faced fiberglass bats and semi rigid mineral board. %etal pans may also be

perforated to enhance the acoustical performance.

FIRE RESISTANCE -

While each component of an integrated ceiling may be fire-rated, very few systems

are classified as J3 fire-rated assemblies. Where a fire rated assembly is re(uired by

code, an integrated ceiling is probably not a good choice since the spacing, si5e. and

degree of penetrations are severely restricted and must be duplicated exactly in a

rated assembly. prinkler penetrations, if any, must also be part of the system.

RESISTANCE TO SMO:E -

!avity barriers are primarily intended to delay the passage of fire. here are no

specific tandard test criteria for resistance to the passage of smoke. "owever,

indicative tests have shown that mineral wool, reinforced with a +mm wire mesh,

acts as a high efficiency filter to prevent the passage of smoke particles.

)or applications where a particularly high standard of resistance to smoke or fumes is

re(uired, then a foil faced cavity barrier should be used. imilarly, a foil faced cavity

barrier may also be considered necessary in air plenums.

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FIRE SPREADING AND LINING MATERIALS -

he void created between the ceiling and the soffit of the structural floor is often

utili5ed to carry building services, but it will also provide a route for smoke and fire

transfer in the event of a fire.

he choice of materials for the lining of walls and ceilings can significantly affect the

spread of a fire, and its rate of growth, even though they are not likely to be the

materials first ignited. his is particularly important in circulation spaces where linings

would offer the main vehicle for fire spread, and where rapid spread would be most

likely to prevent occupants from escaping.

everal properties of lining materials influence fire spread. hese include the ease of

ignition and the rate at which the lining material gives off heat when burning. he

guidance relating to the fire tests and classification provides for control of internal fire

spread through control of these properties.

FIRE RESISTING CEILINGS8 -

he need for cavity barriers in concealed floor or roof spaces can be reduced by the

use of a fire-resisting ceiling below the cavity.

uch a ceiling should comply with the followingE -

=a> It should have at least 8 minutes of fire resistance.

=b> It should be imperforate except for an opening allowed under par.

=c> It should extend throughout the building or compartment.

=d> It should not be demountable.

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CHAPTER-

FALSE CEILINGS FOR ACOUSTICAL INSULATION

.1 ACOUSTICAL INSULATION -

he void above a suspended ceiling is a potential route for flanking sound above

partitions. his is especially true where a lightweight, modular ceiling is installed.

he sound absorbent characteristics of mineral wool can be employed to minimi5e

the Macoustic weaknesses of suspended ceilings by installing mineral wool cavity

barriers above partitions. %ineral wool can also be used to provide acoustic

absorbency at ceiling level, and so reduce the reverberation time in the room below.

.2 SOUND ABSORBENT CAVITY BARRIERS -

here are many situations, such as hospital consulting rooms, where it is important

that the sound performance of a partition is not compromised by the void above the

suspended ceiling. In these cases, a mineral wool cavity barrier, in combination with

the suspended ceiling, can limit flanking sound. o achieve the sound reduction, the

partition must have at least the same level of sound insulation as the cavity barrier

and ceiling.

P. .1 S$+(* A0%$,0&(# C";'# B",,'&, P. .2 S$+(* A0%$,0&(# C";'# B",,'&,

.3 PERFORATED METAL CEILINGS -

"igh degrees of sound absorption can be achieved using perforated or slotted panels

with a mineral wool backing. he presence of an air space above a suspended ceiling

or behind a wall lining greatly increases the absorption value of the mineral wool

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backing. Although mineral wool directly above a perforated metal ceiling will help to

reduce flanking sound, this form of construction is mainly used to reduce the

reverberant noise within a room or area.

.4 SOUND ABSORPTION -

ound absorption refers to the attenuation of reverberant noise within the same room

or area as the noise source. his normally involves lining all or part of the room

surfaces with a material which absorbs sound.

When a sound wave hits a surface, some of its energy will be reflected and some will

be absorbed. A material2s ability to absorb sound efficiently can be gauged from its

sound absorption coefficient, which is defined as the ratio of the sound energy

absorbed to the sound energy incident. A material, which absorbs HN of the sound

energy striking it, has a sound absorption coefficient of 8.H.

1lass mineral wool and rock mineral wool have e(ually good sound absorption

characteristics due to their fibrous nature, making mineral wool ideal as a sound

absorption layer.

.5 ACOUSTIC MINERAL !OOL -

Acoustic %ineral Wool consists mainly of silicon oxide together with a number of other

metallic oxides. It is non-flammable, chemically inert and is not adversely affected by

any substance it may come into contact with. 0andom arrangement of fibers ensures

no water penetration in any direction. It is rot-proof, non-hygroscopic, does not

sustain vermin and will not encourage the growth of fungi, moulds or bacteria. It will

not react with wired plastic or metal wall ties, brickwork or masonry.

he density of Acoustic %ineral Wool is more than twice that of normal loft

insulation and so is very efficient at absorbing noise. Acoustic %ineral Wool

is used extensively in buildings and throughout industry to give acoustic,

thermal and fire insulation. It is particularly useful as a sound absorbing infill

for the reduction of airborne sound between flooring joists, suspended ceilings,

stud partitioning and with our 0esilient ;ars. It is available in different thicknesses i.e.

+ mm, 8 mm, 7 mm, *88 mm etc =i5e H88 mm 4*+88 mm>.

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P. .3 A$+%#' M'(&," !$$ C&''() P. .4 A$+%#' M'(&," !$$

FEATURES OF ACOUSTICAL MINERAL !OOL -

*. )or effective reduction of airborne noise through floors and walls.

+. Acoustic infill between floor'ceiling joists. Acoustic infill for stud partitions


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CHAPTER-

INSTALLATION OF FALSE CEILING

)ollowing are the steps and instructions on how to install a )alse !eiling.

STEP – 1 6lanning for a )alse !eiling

STEP – 2 Installing Wall Angles

STEP – 3 3ocating and "anging uspension Wires for %ain ees

STEP – 4 Installing %ain ees

STEP – 5 Installing !ross ees and ;order !ross ees

STEP – 6 Installing !eiling 6anels

STEP – 1 PLANNING FOR A SUSPENDED CEILING

)irst, get the exact measurements of the room

where the suspended ceiling will be installed. Jse

special care in measuring any odd-shaped

alcoves, bays, etc.

raw the exact dimensions to scale on graph

paper.

he pattern you pick will determine the material P. .1 PLANNING FOR SUSPENDED CEILING

re(uirements for your ceiling.

)or the +x< pattern, decide whether you want to

install the patterns in a standard or reverse pattern.

/ach pattern offers a different appearance.

ketch the layout for the planned ceiling on graph

paper.

raw the main tees


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If you are using a +Bx


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STEP – 3 LOCATING < HANGING SUSPENSION !IRES FOR MAIN

TEES

If you are going to use recessed lights, install the wiring

before putting the suspension wires in place. )or

recessed lighting, you can use +x + or +x < drop-in

lighting fixtures, which are specially designed for this

purpose. Oou can also center fluorescent light fixtures

over the panels and use a luminous lay-in panel instead

of a regular ceiling panel. hese lay-in panels now

come in several attractive designs.

0efer to your sketch of the room for the location of all P. .5 SUSPENSION !IRES

main tees. %ain tees should always run at right angles to the joists in the room.

3ocate the position of each main tee by stretching a tight line from the top edge of the

wall angle on all sides of the room at each position

where the main tees are to be placed.

tretch a tight line from top edge of the wall angle on

all sides of the room at each position where the teesare to be placed.

Fow, cut the suspension wires to the proper length.

he wires should be *+$ longer than the distance

between the old ceiling and the new guideline string P. .6 LOCATING SUSPENSION !IRES

you have stretched to indicate the position of each main tee.

3ocate the first suspension wire for each main tee directly above the point where the

first cross tee meets the main tee. !heck your original

sketch of the room to determine this location. ;e sure

the suspension wires are securely fastened. Apply them

to the ceiling with screw eyes, screw hooks, nails, or

drilling.

Attach a suspension wire every


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STEP – 4 INSTALLING MAIN TEES

%ost main tees are *+B long and have

cross tee slots punched every*+$beginning H$ from each end.

0efer to your layout sheet to determine

the distance from the wall to the first

cross tee. Fow measure this distance

along the top flange of the main tee and

locate the slot just beyond this point. P. . INSTALLING MAIN TEES

)rom this slot, measure back the same distance, subtract *'?$ and saw the main tee

at that point. he *'?$ subtraction is for

the thickness of the wall angle.

If the wall angles are not s(uare,

position the cross tee slots accordingly.

When main tees are installed in rooms

less than *+B across, cut the main tee to

the exact measurement of the room,

allowing *'?$ for the thickness of the wall angle. P. . INSTALLING MAIN TEES

)or rooms wider than *+B, the main tee can be spliced.

;e sure to align the splice so that the

suspension wires are correctly

positioned. plice carefully, or all the

main tees will be thrown off.

Install the main tees so that they are all

level with the wall angle already

mounted. Jse a long level for this.

P. .1 INSTALLING MAIN TEES

STEP – 5 INSTALLING CROSS TEES < BORDER CROSS TEES

Install the cross tees by inserting the ends of the cross tees into the slots in the main

tees.

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etermine the location of the cross tees by the pattern you selected@either +Bx+B or

+Bx


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BOO: CASE STUDY

DUBAI HYATT HOTEL

Dubai, United Arab Emirates

ARCHITECTURE –

3D= I(#&,("#'$("

In ubai, one of the Jnited Arab/mirates on the 6ersian 1ulf, the"yatt hotel chain decreed a subtlepleasure-dome- an DArabian-nightsclub for drinking, dancing, and dinner conversation.

"yatt built an entire hotel complexbased on plans developed by'International, Inc, of "ouston,exas. 'I was also commissionedby "yatt to design the hotel2sinteriors, including the in-housenightclub interior, "yatt instructed'I to create an environment with a P. .1 DUBAI HYATT HOTEL CEILINGflavor Dnot too gaudy, not too disco.;ecause most patrons of the club would be American or audi businessmen, "yattasked that the ambience be Dsimilar to, but more romantic that their accustomed

gathering places back home.'I laid out a conventional foot-print for the club2s approximately ,888 s(uare feet,providing table and seating room for *8, a dance floor, and a small stage for revues.'I then treated the walls and privacy partitions unconventionally, wrapping them in adark blue fabric meant to recall the sea.o suggest the clear, sparkling sky of the desert night on the club2s ceiling, 'I againhad recourse to fabric. his time it was used in a more frankly romantic manner- threecascading swags of gossamer ol-0-#eil =a panne cloth of polyester> were looselystretched and draped over the width of the club. /ach swag was laterally stitchedtogether from the manufacturer2s *7- inch widths.teel grommets are sewn, at 8- centimeter intervals, into each hori5ontal swag hem.

he hems are fastened over eyehooks welded to the steel-tube-and-pipe supportsystem =wall support& intermediate support>. he support system includes a slot-and-screw slide mechanism to adjust tension in the swags.he technical specifications of the fabric areE *.

CHAPTER- 1

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*. httpE''www.archiexpo.com'prod'decibel-france'acoustic-ceiling-tiles-in-melamine-

?+88-7??++.html

+. httpE''www.archiexpo.com'prod'decoustics'acoustic-tiles-for-suspended-ceiling-

9?7-+?7H89.html

. httpE''www.sae.edu'referenceQmaterial'audio'pages'Walls.htm


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dissertation report false ceiling

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