BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY - IV

AKSHAY ANANDAISHWARYA DEOPUJARIBHAVYA SHARMAMAYANK KATYALSAARANSH TANGRIRISHABH GUPTA

A dropped ceiling is often a secondary ceiling, hung below the main (structural) ceiling. It may also be referred to as a drop ceiling, T-bar ceiling,false ceiling, suspended ceiling, grid ceiling, drop in ceiling, or drop out ceiling .

The area above the dropped ceiling is called plenums pace.

Visual - color, texture, pattern, shape

Control diffusion of: light sound

Conceal MPE Accommodate: lights,

diffusers, communication, sprinkler…

May assist with fire resistance distribution / return of HVAC

Exposed Structural & MPETightly AttachedSuspended Interstitial

Exposed Structure & MPE Industrial, warehouse, …▪ Economy & ease of maintenance

Timber, trusses, etc.▪ Often for appearance

Flat Plate Painted - hotels & apartments Minimal MPE services in ceiling Economy and reduces story

height

Exposed Structure Ceiling“Joint” Preparation for Sprayed on Textured Ceiling

Textured Ceiling

Exposed Timber & MPE Services

Attached directly to joists or slabs Special arrangements / accommodations for:

Structural members (beams, girders) MPE systems

Suspended from the Structure Generally by wires

Materials: drywall, plaster, fibrous (acoustic)

Structure

Suspended Ceiling•Drywall•Plaster•Acoustic (incombustible fibers)

SupportWires

Ceiling Plenum space

forducts, pipes, conduit ...

Support System•Metal Framing•Furring Channels•“Metal Grid

Suspended Plaster Ceiling (note the delamination of the finish coat)

Acoustic “Lay-in Panels”

•Exposed Metal Grid•2x2 or 2x4 Lay-in Panels•MPE “sized” to fit grid or cut into the acoustic tile•Economical

Main Runners•Provide Main Ceiling Support•Generally 4’ o.c.•Attached to “Hangers”•Additional hangers may be required to support MPE “loads”

Cross Tees•Intermediate Support•“Rest”/ attach to Mains•Spacing depends on tile

“Difficult” to access

Wall Angle•Attaches to wall

Diffuser sized 2x2

“Recessed” Grid

Ceiling mounted - lights, sprinkler, smoke detector, communication

Multiple Tile Finishes Available

Common Support Grid Profile

Suspended Ceiling used as a

Fire Resistant Membrane

The Integrity of the Fire

Resistant Rating Must be Maintained

at the Ceiling Penetrations

Combination Light/Diffuser

Suspended Acoustic Ceiling with a Gypsum ‘Fire’ Ceiling Above

Common with elaborate MPE systems Hospitals & laboratories

Purpose: Accommodate extensive MPE systems Provide access for maintenance &

updating services

Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering. 

Floor covering is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface.

TYPES OF FLOORING: Hard flooring Soft flooring Flooring supporting under floor services

Functions: Visual Acoustics Light Wearing Surface

Considerations Life / durability Skid resistance Sanitation Noise Fire (resistance, combustibility) Other (conductivity,..)

Distribution of electrical /communications

Methods Conduit Cellular Raceways Cellular Decking Raised Flooring

Under-floor Electrical Services Placed in the concrete slab

Softer base.Types of Soft flooring:1.Carpets2.Rugs 3.ResilientsTypes of installations: Installation

Glued directly to substrate, or Pad & tackless strip

Insulates against drafts Decreases noise More comforting feel Quality

Pile (nap): visible surface of carpet Density: how close the tufts are made together,

more important than depth Heat setting Twist Depth

Types based on materials:NYLON: most popular, durable , easy to

maintain, limited colors.POLYPROPYLENE: strong, nonabsorbent, resists stains and static, colorfast, cheap, crushes easily, limited colors, heat sensitive

Polyester bend:• made from recycled plastics, • resists stains and fading Acrylic:• feels and looks like wool• low static level• resists mildew• subject to pilling

Glued Carpet abutting Terrazzo

Edge Strip

Wool:• soft• durable• long lasting• expensive• moth sensitive• shrinkage• allergies• hard to clean

Cut Pile Formal looking plush,

velvet, smooth, may flatten Saxony

Similar to cut but yarns have been twisted more giving less formal appearance

Frieze Informal, curly texture,

shows minimal marks

Level Loop Loops are all same height, may have

flecks of darker color, durableMulti-level Loop

Two or three loop heights, sculpted or embossed effect, good in high traffic areas

Cut and Loop Pile Sculptured effect from some looks cut

and some braided, very durable

Extends life of carpetShock absorberLess than ½” thick

Use of a Soft material Padded carpet Cushioned resilient flooring Resilient underlayment

Selection of surrounding material Dense ceiling material below (plaster,

drywall) Mount ceiling on resilient clips or spring

hangers

Skid Resistance Measure by its static coefficient of friction

(SCOF) Skid resistance – desirable to minimize slipping

Flame Resistance Most flooring required to meet minimum criteria Exit corridors typically have higher

requirements

Resistant to: Wear Moisture

Noisy -conduct sound

Types Concrete, stone, brick, tile, terrazzo

Advantages Low initial cost Durable

Common Uses Parking decks Warehouses Industrial

Exposed Concrete with a pattern & tinting

Types Marble Granite Slate Sandstone etc.

Installation Setting Bed Grouted joints

MARBLE Green Marble Golden Marble Rain Forest Brown Marble Rain Forest Golden Marble Rain Forest Green Marble Plain Green MarbleGRANITE Paradise Granites Asian Granite Black Galaxy Granite slab Paradiso Granite Kashmir Gold Granite Himalayan Blue Granite Raw Silk Granite Indian Jubrana Granite

Marble

Granite

Typically laid on face (but can be laid on edge)

Often with a setting bed

With Grouted Joints Without Grouted Joints

Paver Patterns

Fired Clay tiles Multiple shapes/sizes Installation

▪ Setting Bed (typical)▪ Thin Set▪ Grout Joints

Fired Clay Often Glazed Finish Floors & Walls Multiple sizes & colors, smaller tiles shipped with

backing sheets

Reinforced ‘Mesh’ Bridge Cracks in Floor

Laying Ceramic Tile

Applying Adhesive with a Notched Trowel

Spacers Being Installed

Tile Placement

Cutting Tile

Small tile shipped with backing sheet

Decorative Ceramic Tile

Ground/polished concrete Typ. granite or marble chips w/ colored cement Divider strips▪ At changes in color/texture, expansion/contraction

Brass Divider Strips

Strip Flooring Tongue and groove Nailed to sub floor Pre-finished or unfinished

Random Plank Wider than strips Screwed to sub floor, covered with wood plugs

Parquet Small pieces arranged in different designs Pre-finished squares for easy installation

Materials white & red oak, pecan, maple, pine, ….

Types Wood Strip Flooring - blind nailed Square edge - fasteners visible (or filled) Parquet

Pre-finished or finished in-place (except parquet)

Blind Nailed Strip Flooring

Multiple Floor Finisheswood, tile, & carpet

Vinyl Composition Thin (1/8”), rolls or tiles (VCT)

Will show substrate irregularities Multiple colors & patterns Low cost, moderate durability Installation - glued

Indoor air quality: problems often caused by finish materials and coatings ( glues, binders, fabrics, etc.)

Mold & Mildew: can be a problem in carpets, wall coverings, & fabrics

Vinyl common in finishes: manufacture of vinyl releases significant amounts of air pollution

Recycling of interior materials in its infancy