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Bibhor Baral

Digital edition of Buddhavaadka Teen AayamBrought to you bywww.OnlineSahitya.com

Bibhor Baral

a'4jfbsf tLg cfofd

(Three Dimensions of Buddhism)

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Bibhor Baral

Digital edition brought to you by Online Sahitya

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BUDDHABAADKA TEEN AAYAM(Three Dimensions of Buddhism)

by Pashupati Ghimire

ISBN: 978-9937-2-6933-9

a'4jfbsf tLg cfofd

(Three Dimensions of Buddhism)

kz'klt l3ld/]

Bibhor Baral

Bibhor Baral


b'O{ zAb

zfSod'lg l;$fy{ uf}td a'$jmf] hGdynf] ‘n'ÒDagL’–j}m gfdn] ‘n'ÒDagL

af}$ lj!ljBfno’ :yfkgf ePkl% af}$ wd{bz{gjmf] cWoog, cGj]if)f /

cg';Gwfg jmfo{df klg Pp^f gof“ cleofg z'ef/De ePjmf] %. ljz]iftM p‚

:t/jmf] af}$ lzÔfjmf] k&gkf&gjmf nflu cg';Gwfgk$ltdf cfwfl/t :t/Lo

kf&Øk':tjmx¿jmf] cfjZojmtf kg]{ j'm/f] ;j{ljlbt g} %. t/ o; jmfo{df jmnd

rnfpg' eg]jmf] TolQjmf] ;lhnf] j'm/f] rflx“ xf]Og. o; ljml;djmf] jmfo{jmf nflu

t cg'ej / Jofjxfl/jm !fgjmf] klg &"nf] cfjZojmtf kb{%.

pSt kl/k|]Iodf cWoog / cg';Gwfgdf bÔ x'g'ePjmf kz'klt l#ld/]Ho"n]

n]Vg'ePjmf]

a'$jfbjmf tLg cfofda'$jfbjmf tLg cfofd

a'$jfbjmf tLg cfofda'$jfbjmf tLg cfofd

a'$jfbjmf tLg cfofd gfdjm af}$ u|Gy Pp^f k&gLo …f]t ePjmf]

d}n] kfP“. x'g t o;df jmltko ;dfj]z ul/g'kg]{ ljifox¿ klg %g\, t/ tL

ljifox¿nfO{ kl% ylk“b} nfg klg ;ljmG%. h'g;'j}m j'm/fjmf] klg Pj}m rf]l^ ;a}

j'm/fsf] k")f{tf x'g] xf]Og.

ctM af}$ wd{bz{gjmf ljåfg\ n]vjm kz'klt l#ld/]n] ug'{ePjmf] k|of;

k|z+;gLo %. pxf“n] g]kfnL af}$ hut\df g]kfnL efiffdf k|:t't ug'{ePjmf] of]

u|Gy k&gLo / ;ª\u|x)fLo ePjmf] %. n]vjm dxf]bo wGojfbjmf kfq x'g'ePjmf]

%.

av'+axfn, nlntk'/

;Todf]xg hf]zL;Todf]xg hf]zL

;Todf]xg hf]zL;Todf]xg hf]zL

;Todf]xg hf]zL

c;f]h 14, 2070

Bibhor Baral


cf"gf] s'/f]

lqe'jg lj!ljBfnodf ‘af}$ cWoog’ ljifosf] ljBfyL{sf ¿kdf

a'$jfbsf ljljw cfofdx¿sf af/]df cWoog ug]{ df}sf ldNof]. af}$ bz{g,

;flxTo / Oltxf;k|lt hfu]sf] cle?lrn] ljle© k':tsfno, af}$ ljxf/ /

ljle© !fgLhgsf] glhs k'¥ofof].

lj!ljBfnon] lgwf{/)f u/]sf] kf]:^ u|Øfh'P^ txsf] kf&Øqmddf cfwfl/t

/x]/ ljifoj:t'nfO{ vf]tNb} hfg] qmddf of] k':ts hÒGdPsf] xf]. af}$ wd{

k|fb'ef{j eP/ k}mln“b}–˚:^fp“b} hfg] qmddf o; wd{jmf ljle© cfofdx¿ ljjml;t

x'“b} uP. a'$jfbleq af}$ wd{bz{g, af}$ ;flxTo, af}$ Oltxf;, af}$ jmnf,

af}$ ;+:j[mlt, af}$ k/Dk/fnufot ljle© cfofdx¿ ljjml;t ePjmf] kfOG%.

ljz]if u/L a'$jfbleq ljjml;t wd{bz{g, ;flxTo / Oltxf;jmf af/]df j]mÒGıt

eP/ ;ft jif{ nfdf] cGj]if)fkl% of] k':tjm tof/ ul/Pjmf] xf]. o; qmddf

a'$jfbsf ljljw cfofdx¿k|lt t[i)ff hufpg dbt ug]{ af}$ cWoog ;°fosf

u'?x¿k|lt ljz]if cfef/ k|s^ ug{ rfxG%'. kfnL lqlk^snufot ljljw af}$

u|Gyx¿ cWoogsf lgÒDt pknAw u/fpg] cfgGbs'̂ L ljxf/ -:joDe"_, lj!zfÒGt

ljxf/ -tLgs'g]_–nufot ljle© af}$ ljxf/x¿ tyf s]GıLo k':tsfno

-sLlt{k'/_, s]z/ k':tsfno / g]kfnef/t k':tsfno wGojfbsf kfq %g\.

cf"gf] Jo:t ;dojmf afah'b k|:t't k':tjm cfBf]kfGt k(]/ d]/f

jmdLjmdhf]/L cf}”NofOlbg'x'g] ljåfg\, g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;+:j[mltjmf o'uk'?if

>L ;Todf]xg hf]zLHo"k|lt cGtX{bob]lv g} j[mt!tf ck{)f ub{%'.

g]kfndf gkfOg] s]xL k':tsx¿ ef/taf^ NofP/ pkxf/ lbg'x'g] ldq jfNdLls

ljBfkL&sf pkk|fWofks Zofddl)f g]kfn / k':tssf] ̂ fOk tyf ;]l^ª ul/lbg'x'g]

hLjg g]kfnk|lt s[t! %'. k':tsn]vgsf lgÒDt zfGt jftfj/)f tof/ ul/lbg]

hLjg;“lugL jiff{ / k':ts k|sflzt ul/lbg'x'g] dftflktfk|lt cfef/ k|s^ ub{%'.

[email protected]'klt l#ld/]kz'klt l#ld/]

kz'klt l#ld/]kz'klt l#ld/]

kz'klt l#ld/]

Bibhor Baral


cg'qmdl)fsf

wd{ / bz{gwd{ / bz{g

wd{ / bz{gwd{ / bz{g

wd{ / bz{g

1—341—34

1—341—34

1—34

af}$ wd{ / bz{g 2

af}$ wd{sf] pTyfg x'g'sf sf/stŒjx¿ 3

a'$cl#sf] bfz{lgs cj:yf 5

s] lyP t cfwf/e"t af}$ lzÔfx¿< 7

rf/ cfo{;To 7

cflfl·s dfu{ 11

k|tLTo;d'Tkfb 13

hut\sf tLg ljz]iftfx¿ 18

af}$ d'ÒSt 22

cx{t 22

lgjf{)f 23

af}$ Wofgof]u 25

;dyf Wofg 26

b; cz'e sd{:yfg 29

b; cg':d[lt 30

rf/ a|#fljxf/ 31

rf/ cf¿Ko 32

ljkZogf Wofg 33

af}$ bz{gsf rf/ ;Dk|bfoaf}$ bz{gsf rf/ ;Dk|bfo

af}$ bz{gsf rf/ ;Dk|bfoaf}$ bz{gsf rf/ ;Dk|bfo

af}$ bz{gsf rf/ ;Dk|bfo

35—4535—45

35—4535—45

35—45

j}eflifs ;Dk|bfo 36

;f}qfÒGts ;Dk|bfo 39

Bibhor Baral

z"Gojfb÷dfWolds bz{g 41

lj!fgjfb÷of]ufrf/ bz{g 43

dxfofg af}$ wd{dxfofg af}$ wd{

dxfofg af}$ wd{dxfofg af}$ wd{

dxfofg af}$ wd{

46—5446—54

46—5446—54

46—54

af]lw;Œj 47

af]lwlrQ 48

kf/ldtfsf] cEof; 49

af]lw;Œjsf 10 e"ldx¿ 52

;†ljlw cg'Q/ k"hf M dxfofgsf] dfgl;s k"hf 54

jh|ofgsf] wfld{s–bfz{lgs JofVofjh|ofgsf] wfld{s–bfz{lgs JofVof

jh|ofgsf] wfld{s–bfz{lgs JofVofjh|ofgsf] wfld{s–bfz{lgs JofVof

jh|ofgsf] wfld{s–bfz{lgs JofVof

55—6055—60

55—6055—60

55—60

jh|ofg M cy{, kl/efiff / p@]Zo 55

jh|ofg ;dflw M pTk© qmd / ;Dk© qmd 56

cleif]s M u'?sf] :yfg, lziosf] of]Uotf / k‰fleif]s 57

k‰a'$sf] wf/)ff 59

af}$ ;flxToaf}$ ;flxTo

af}$ ;flxToaf}$ ;flxTo

af}$ ;flxTo

61—8661—86

61—8661—86

61—86

kfnL af}$ ;flxTo 61

kfnL af}$ ;flxTosf] pTklQ 62

kfnL ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf; 63

kfnL lqlk^sdf s] %< 64

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTo 70

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf; 71

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] kl/ro 72

dxf;fl‹s ;flxTo 73

dxf;fl‹s ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf; 73

dxfj:t' 74

;jf{:tLjfb ;flxTo 75

;jf{:tLjfb lqlk^ssf] ;fdfGo kl/ro 77

dxfofg ;flxTo 79

dxfofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf; 80

;$d{k')*/Ls;"q / nlntlj:t/;"qsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro 81

;dfhdf dxfofg ;flxTosf] k|efj 84

jh|ofg ;flxTo 85

jh|ofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf; 86

u'˛;dfhtGqsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro 86

af}$ Oltxf;af}$ Oltxf;

af}$ Oltxf;af}$ Oltxf;

af}$ Oltxf;

87—9487—94

87—9487—94

87—94

k|yd af}$ ;·fog -;Dd]ng_ 88

bf]…f] af}$ ;·fog 90

t]…f] af}$ ;·fog 92

rf}yf] af}$ ;·fog 93

Pl;ofdf af}$ wd{sf] lj:tf/Pl;ofdf af}$ wd{sf] lj:tf/

Pl;ofdf af}$ wd{sf] lj:tf/Pl;ofdf af}$ wd{sf] lj:tf/

Pl;ofdf af}$ wd{sf] lj:tf/

95—11395—113

95—11395—113

95—113

>Ln°f 95

Dofgdf/ 97

yfONofG* 98

OG*f]g]l;of 99

leotgfd 101

ltAat 101

rLg 109

sf]l/of 110

hfkfg 111

af}$ Oltxf;sf s]xL z}lÔs k|lt‡fgx¿af}$ Oltxf;sf s]xL z}lÔs k|lt‡fgx¿

af}$ Oltxf;sf s]xL z}lÔs k|lt‡fgx¿af}$ Oltxf;sf s]xL z}lÔs k|lt‡fgx¿

af}$ Oltxf;sf s]xL z}lÔs k|lt‡fgx¿

114—118114—118

114—118114—118

114—118

gfnGbf 114

j˜eL 116

ljqmdlznf 117

hubnf 118

cf]bfGtk'/L 118

;Gbe{…f]t 119

wd{ / bz{g

wd{sf] ;fdfGo cy{ wf/)f ug'{ e©] x'G%. JoÒSt jf j:t'df ;w}” /lx/xg]

u')f jf d"n j[lQ, k|j[lQ, :jefj÷:jfefljs u')f, ;xh j[lQ / :ju{ k|f† ug{

;lsg] nf]slj!f; ePsf] k')o sfo{, k')o sd{. s'g} hflt, ju{, kb cflbsf

lgÒDt lgwf{l/t sfo{ jf Jojxf/, nf]ssf] lxt jf Joj:yfsf nflu c“uflng] sd{

jf st{Jo -h:tf] dfgjwd{, gf/Lwd{, o'uwd{ OToflb_, c;n cfr/)f, ;bfrf/

lgod. k')o, ;Tsd{, O{!/ cyjf ;¨ltk|fl†sf nflu ul/g]] zfÚljlxt sd{. s'g}

dxfk'?ifn] rnfPsf] dt, ;Dk|bfo egL g]kfn k|!fk|lt‡fgn] k|sflzt u/]sf]

‘g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z’ df wd{nfO{ cYof{OPsf] %.

wd{ ;fdflhs / g}lts ljifo xf]. k|frLgsfndf wd{ g} Psdfq zÒStzfnL

;fdflhs Joj:yf / Jojxf/ lyof]. /fhgLlt klg wd{af^} lgb]{lzt x'GYof]. wd{s}

dfWodaf^ k|frLg ;dfh rNbYof]. k|frLg ;dfhJoj:yfnfO{ ;‰fng ug]{ k$lt

klg wd{af }̂ lgwf{l/t x'g] ub{Yof]. To;} a]nfb]lv c;n ;dfhJoj:yf ;‰fngsf]

lrGtg:j¿k ljle© dxfk'?ifn] le©le© cfljisf/x¿ ug{ yfn]. dfgj;dfhnfO{

g}lts cfr/)fleq /fv]/ cfbz{ ;dfhsf] lgdf{)fsf lgÒDt lj!sf b'j} uf]nf${df

k|frLgsfnsf lrGts–bfz{lgsx¿n] ljle© lsl;dsf dt / ;Dk|bfox¿sf]

:yfkgf u/]. ltg} dt / ;Dk|bfox¿ ljsl;t x'“b} hf“bf wd{sf] :j¿k ln“b} uP.

o;/L kf®fTo ;dfhdf ox'bL wd{, O;fO{ wd{h:tf wd{sf] k|fb'ef{j eof] eg]

k"jL{o ;dfhdf j}lbs -lxGb"_, af}$, h}g, O:nfd cflb ljle© wd{sf] k|fb'ef{j

ePsf] kfOG%. k|:t't k':tsdf xfdL d"ntM af}$ wd{sf af/]df rrf{ ug]{ %f}”.

To;} u/L bz{gsf] ;fdfGo cy{ x]/fO e©] x'G%. g]kfn k|!fk|lt‡fgn]

k|sflzt u/]sf] ‘g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z’ df bz{gsf] cy{ k|s[lt, O{!/, !fg,

lj!fg, j:t', hLjg / r]tgfaf/] ljj]rg / ljZn]if)f ul/g], tT;DaGwL ljifodf

Jofks ¿kn] oyfy{ kl/ro lbg] zfÚ, cfWofÒTds tyf ef}lts j:t'sf] lrGtg

jf ljZn]if)f elgPsf] %. bz{gzfÚnfO{ eg] !fg / lj!fgsf] cyjf cWofTd /

a'$jfbsf tLg cfofd ÷ 1

Bibhor Baral


ef}lts kÔkÔfGt/sf] JofVof / ljj]rgf ul/g] zfÚ, hLjg / k|s[ltsf cfGtl/s

tyf af˛ tŒjx¿sf af/]df lrGtg / cWoog ul/Psf] zfÚ egL p˜]v ul/Psf]

%. bz{gzfÚnfO{ cª\u|]hLdf Philosophy elgG%. Philosophy Philos /

Sophiya gfds Nofl^g zAbsf] ;+of]hgaf^ ag]sf] % hxf“ Philos sf] cy{

cg'/fu x'G% eg] Sophiya sf] cy{ ljBf x'G%. o;/L zfÒAbs ¿kdf l˚nf];f]̊ Lsf]

cy{ ljBfk|ltsf] k|]d jf cg'/fu e©] x'G%. ;+:s[tdf ‘™Zot] cg]g+ Olt bz{gd\’

elgPsf] %. cyf{t\ h;sf] dfWodaf^ b]lvG%, of] :y"n jf ;"Id x'g ;S%, Tof]

g} bz{g xf].

bz{gzfÚsf af/]df ljle© bfz{lgsx¿n] klg af]n]sf %g\. bfz{lgs

Pl/:^f]^nn] eg]sf %g\— j:t'tM bz{gzfÚ Tof] lj!fg xf] h;n] ;Todf lj!f;

ub{%. df]G^]g gfds ljåfg\sf cg';f/ cf®o{ ;a} bz{gzfÚsf] cfwf/lznf xf],

cg';Gwfg o;sf] ljsf; xf] Pjd\ c!fgtf o;sf] ;dfl†. o;/L ;fdfGotM s'g}

klg ef}lts jf cef}lts j:t' jf kbfy{sf af/]df hf©' / a'$g' jf ;Dk")f{ ¿kdf

!fg xfl;n ug'{ g} bz{g xf]. lrGtgsf] ulx/fOdf k'u]/ ;dfltPsf] !fg g} bz{g

xf]. hLjg / hut\nfO{ s]Gıdf /fv]/ ul/g] af}l$s lrGtg / dfgl;s cEof; g}

bz{g xf]. bz{gzfÚdf oxL lrGtg / cEof;sf af/]df cWoog ul/G%. oxL

bz{gsf af/]df cWoog ug]{ lj!fgnfO{ bz{gzfÚ elgG%.

bz{gzfÚsf] cWoogdf ljle© bfz{lgs k/Dk/fx¿ kfOG%g\. o;df d'VotM

b'O{ j^f dflgG%g\— k"jL{o / kf®fTo. kf®fTo bfz{lgs k/Dk/fdf af}l$s lrGtgnfO{

a(L k|fyldstf lbOPsf] kfOG% eg] k"jL{o bz{gk/Dk/fdf dfgl;s cEof;nfO{

dxŒj lbOPsf] kfOG%. k"jL{o bz{gdf klg ljle© bfz{lgs k/Dk/fx¿ kfOG%g\—

j}lbs, rfjf{s, h}g, af}$, ;fª\Vo, of]u, j}z]lifs, Gofo, k"j{dLdf+;f, j]bfGt

bz{g cflb. oxf“ xfdL ljz]if u/L k"jL{o bz{lgeqsf] af}$ bz{gsf af/]df rrf{

ug]{ %f}”.

af}$ wd{ / bz{gaf}$ wd{ / bz{g

af}$ wd{ / bz{gaf}$ wd{ / bz{g

af}$ wd{ / bz{g

(Buddhist Religion and Philosophy)af}$ wd{ / bz{g e©fn] O;fk"j{ 623 df g]kfnsf] n'ÒDagLdf hGdg'ePsf

dxfdfgj uf}td a'$n] k|ltkfbg ug'{ePsf] l;$fGt / bz{g tyf To;df cfwfl/t

wd{ e©] a'lemG%.

s'g} klg wd{sf] cf"g} bfz{lgs l;$fGt x'G%. x/]s wd{ ToxL l;$fGt /

bz{gnfO{ k%ØfP/ cl# a(]sf] x'G%. af}$ wd{ klg dxfdfgj a'$n] k|ltkfbg

2 ÷ a'$jfbsf tLg cfofd

ug'{ePsf] l;$fGt / bz{gdf cfwfl/t eP/ k}mln“b}, ̊ :^fp“b} uPsf] wd{ xf]. af}$

wd{ / bz{gsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / pTyfg x'g'k%fl*sf] k[‡e"ld s] lyof]< To;

a]nfsf] ;fdflhs cj:yf s:tf] lyof]< a'$sf cfwf/e"t lzÔf / l;$fGt

s]s:tf %g\< a'$jfbdf dfgjd'ÒStsf s]s:tf pkfo / ljlwx¿ %g\< af}$ wd{

/ bz{g ljsl;t x'“b} hf“bf s]s:tf jfb / ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ljsf; eof]< ltgsf

l;$fGt / dfGotfx¿ s]s:tf %g\< kl%˜f k[‡x¿df xfdL d"ntM log} / o:t}

ljifox¿af/] rrf{ ug]{ %f}”. af}$ wd{sf] ;'?jft ePb]lvsf ljle© bfz{lgs

lrGtg / cEof;sf af/]df k|sfz kfg]{ k|of; ul/g] %.

af}$ wd{sf] pTyfg x'g'sf sf/stŒjx¿af}$ wd{sf] pTyfg x'g'sf sf/stŒjx¿

af}$ wd{sf] pTyfg x'g'sf sf/stŒjx¿af}$ wd{sf] pTyfg x'g'sf sf/stŒjx¿

af}$ wd{sf] pTyfg x'g'sf sf/stŒjx¿

(Factors Responsible to the Rise of Buddhism)

af}$ wd{bz{gsf] dLdf+;f ug'{cl# af}$ wd{ k|ltkfbg x'g'sf sf/stŒjx¿

s] lyP< s'g k[‡e"lddf af}$ wd{bz{gsf] k|fb'ef{j eof]< To; a]nfsf] ;fdflhs

kl/j]z s:tf] lyof]< To; a]nfsf hNbfaNbf ljifo / ;d:ofx¿ s] lyP<

a'$cl# klg bfz{lgs / lrGtsx¿ lyP ls lyPgg\< lyP eg] pgLx¿sf]

lrGtgsf] wf/ s:tf] lyof]< oL ofjt\ k|Zgx¿sf] hjf˚ vf]Hg'kg]{ x'G%.

ca xfdL s]xL a]/ cfheGbf sl/a ;f(] 26 ;o jif{cl#sf] blÔ)fL

g]kfn / pQ/L ef/tsf] ;fdflhs cj:yfsf af/]df rrf{ u/f}”.

To; a]nfsf] ;dfh d"ntM wd{df h]lnPsf] lyof]. dfG%]sf lrGtg /

ljrf/x¿ wd{;“u} hf]l*Psf lyP. ljrf/hut\df ljle© k|Zgx¿ p&\g yfn]sf

lyP. wfld{s cf:yfsf] ;Gbe{df dfG%]x¿df ;+zo / låljwfsf] j[l$ ePsf]

lyof]. k/nf]s % ls %}g, d[To'kl% hLjgsf] cÒ:tTj x'G% ls x'“b}g, sd{ s] xf]

h:tf k|Zgx¿ Jofks ¿kdf /x]sf lyP. o;sf] lrQa'$bf] hjf˚ s'g} klg

lrGts / Clifd'lgn] lbg ;s]sf lyPgg\. dfG%]x¿df ;+zo / sf}t"xn lyof].

plt a]nfsf] wfld{s ;dfhnfO{ g]t[Tj ug]{x¿ b'O{ y/L lyP— a|f#)f /

>d)f. a|f#)fx¿ j]bdf lj!f; uy]{, o!ofuflbnfO{ dxŒj lbGy], pgLx¿ j}lbs

lyP eg] >d)fx¿ cj}lbs lyP, j}lbs wd{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{y]. >d)fx¿ klg

cfÒ:ts / gfÒ:ts b'j} ;Dk|bfosf lyP. pgLx¿ tk:ofnfO{ a(L dxŒj lbg]

ub{y]. >d)fx¿ a|#ro{sf] kfng ub{y] / ;f+;fl/s ljifojf;gfdf e'Nb}gy], t/

a|f#)fx¿ ;f+;fl/s lyP. >d)fx¿ ;Tosf] vf]hLsf lgÒDt / tŒj;fwgfsf

lgÒDt s'g} zf:tfsf] cwLgdf /x]/ lzÔf u|x)f ub{y] eg] a|f#)fx¿ j}lbs


ljlwcg';f/ dGq, hk, bfg, xf]d cflb cg'‡fgx¿df kf/·t x'Gy]. sd{sf)*nfO{

k|d'vtf lbOPsf] lyof]. To; a]nf o!x¿df kz'alnsf] k|yf klg ˚:^fPsf]

lyof]. ljlwk"j{s ePsf] eGb} of] lx+;fnfO{ lx+;f &flg“b}gYof]. wfld{s cg'‡fgx¿sf

xtf{stf{ ePsfn] / ljBfsf k|]dL ePsfn] a|f#)f k'/f]lxtx¿sf] To; ;dfhdf

cfb/ ul/GYof]. la:tf/} tL a|f#)fx¿ ;°L)f{ / :jfyL{ x'“b} uP, ;dfhdf cfk"mnfO{

g} ;a}eGbf p‚ ;ÒDemg yfn], o;} sfndf j)ff{>d wd{n] ;+/Ô)f kfof] /

˚:^fP/ uof]. To; ;do b]jLb]jtfx¿n] tk:ofs} dfWodaf^ p‚ kb k|f†

u/]sf x'g\ e©] e|d lyof], To; sf/)f tk:ofnfO{ klg k|d'vtf lbOPsf] lyof].

;f] ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf ljle© lj;·lt klg df}nfPsf lyP, ;dfh

ljle© hflt Pjd\ wd{df ljeflht lyof] h;n] ;fdflhs åGånfO{ a(fpg] sfd

u/]sf] lyof].

rf]/L / n'^kf^ ug]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof a(]sf] lyof]. rf]/Laf^} cf"gf] hLljsf

rnfpg]x¿ y'k|} lyP. o;af/] rqmjtL{ l;+xgfb;'Qdf j)f{g kfOG%. ef]uljnf;nfO{

g} k/dfy{ &f©] ljnf;Lx¿sf] hdft &"nf] lyof]. pbfgdf klg o;af/] rrf{

ul/Psf] %. o:tf ljnf;Lx¿n] j]Zofj[lQnfO{ klg k|f]T;fxg lbPsf lyP. ;dfhsf

cfWofÒTds g]tf dflgPsf a|f#)fx¿ la:tf/} ;DklQsf] df]xdf kb}{ uPsf lyP.

pgLx¿sf &"nf #/, k|z:t ;DklQ, v]tLkftL / ljnf;L hLjgz}nLn] ;dfhdf

c;Gtf]if a(fPsf] lyof]. o;af/] ;'Qlgkftsf] a|f#)f wfld{s ;'Qdf rrf{ ul/Psf]

%. dlxnfx¿nfO{ bafP/ /flvPsf] lyof]. lzÔf / wd{df dlxnfx¿sf] s'g}

clwsf/ lyPg. o; k|sf/ a'$sf] ;dsfnLg ;dfh ljle© lsl;dsf ;fdflhs

ljifdtfaLr h]lnPsf] lyof]. wgL / ul/aaLrsf] b"/L w]/} nfdf] lyof]. ul/ax¿

clt ul/a lyP, wgLx¿ clt wgL. wgLdfgLx¿n] bf;bf;Lx¿ /fVg] k|rng

lyof]. /fhgLlts cj:yf klg Psbd t/n lyof]. &"n&"nf ;fd|fHox¿ klg lyP

/ dl;gf u)f/fHox¿ klg. logsf /fHo / /fhfx¿aLr /fd|f] ;DaGw lyPg.

Psn] csf{nfO{ lhTg] / x*Kg] v]n rln/xGYof]. n*fO“ / o'$ To; a]nf /fhfx¿sf]

hLjgz}nL g} lyof].

o;/L ;j{;fwf/)f hgtf cg]s k|sf/sf ;d:of / b'Mv;f:tLx¿ e]mln/x]sf

lyP. To; k|frLg ;dfhsf dfG%]x¿ h;/L eP klg of] ;fdflhs ljifdtf,

;d:of / b'Mvaf^ d'ÒSt rfxGy]. bfz{lgs hut\df Jof† ljle© jfb / dtsf]

c/fhstfaf^ %'̂ sf/f rfxGy]. hgrfxgfsf] oxL k[‡e"lddf uf}td a'$n] dWodfuL{

wfld{s / bfz{lgs wf/sf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf lyP. To; a]nf ;dfhdf lx+;f x'g'


x'“b}g e©] cfjfhx¿ klg alnof b]lvg yfn]. o!ofuflbsf] ;fy{stfdfly k|Zg

p&fpg yflnof], a|#!fgnfO{ ;j{>]‡ &f© yflnof], o!–cg'‡fgaf^ a|#!fg k|f†

gx'g] /x]% e©] r]tgf hfu[t x'g yfNof]. dfG%]x¿n] a|#lrGtgnfO{ k|wfgtf lbg

yfn]. a|#!fgk|fl†sf nflu a|#lrGtgdf dUg /xg] Clifx¿sf cf>ddf uO{

a|#lrGtgsf] cEof; ug]{ qmd a(]/ uof]. Clifx¿n] g} klg lh!f;' lzÔfyL{nfO{

cf"g} cf>ddf af]nfO{ lzÔf lbg] ub{y]. la:tf/} To; sfnsf dfG%]x¿

sd{sf)*eGbf ljle© bfz{lgs k|Zgdfly ljrf/ljdz{ ug{ yfn], u[x:yLx¿ klg

;Tosf] vf]hLsf lgÒDt #/af/ %f]*]/ lx“*\g] qmd rNof]. o:t} ;fdflhs kl/j]zsf

aLr g]kfnsf] n'ÒDagLdf uf}td a'$sf] hGd ePsf] lyof].

a'$cl#sf] bfz{lgs cj:yfa'$cl#sf] bfz{lgs cj:yf

a'$cl#sf] bfz{lgs cj:yfa'$cl#sf] bfz{lgs cj:yf

a'$cl#sf] bfz{lgs cj:yf

(Pre-Buddhist Philosophy)

;'Qlk^scGtu{t bL#lgsfosf] a|#hfn;'Qdf a'$eGbf cl#sf / a'$sf

;dsfnLg ljle© cfWofÒTds lrGts / ltgn] rnfPsf jfbx¿sf af/]df p˜]v

ul/Psf] %. pl˜lvt lrGts–bfz{lgsx¿ d'VotM % hgf %g\— k")f{sfZok,

clht s]zsDan, k|q'mw sfTofog, dSvnL uf];fn, ;˙o a]níLk'Q / lgu)&

gfyk'Q.

oLdWo] clht s]zsDansf] dtcg';f/ of] hut\ s]xL klg %}g. g bfg

%, g ™lfl, g ;'s[t / b'is[t sd{ g} %, g Oxnf]s %, g s'g} >d)f–a|f#)fn]

cf"gf] !fgann] s'g} k/nf]ssf] ;fÔfTsf/ u/]/ cfPsf %g\. o;/L clht k"/}

gfÒ:ts lrGts b]lvG%g\. lognfO{ rfjf{skGyL klg elgG%.

a'$sf ;dsfnLg / a'$cl#sf lrGts–bfz{lgsx¿ d"ntM b'O{ lsl;dsf

kfOG%g\— gfÒ:ts / cfÒ:ts. k/nf]sdf lj!f; ug]{x¿nfO{ cfÒ:ts elgGYof]

eg] k/nf]sdf lj!f; gug]{x¿nfO{ gfÒ:ts. clht s]zsDan dfG%]nfO{

rt'd{xfe"taf^ lgld{t dfGby]. d[To'kl% k|f)fLx¿ oxL rt'd{xfe"tdf ldNb%g\ e©]

pgsf] dfGotf lyof].

k")f{sfZok klg gfÒ:ts lrGts b]lvG%g\. logsf] dt d"ntM clqmofjfbL

b]lvG%. logsf cg';f/ g c;n sd{af^ k')o ldN% g v/fa sd{af^ kfk g}.

bfg lbg' / o! ug'{sf] klg s'g} cy{ %}g. o; nf]sdf u/]sf] sd{sf] ˚n o;}

nf]sdf k|f† x'G%, k/nf]sdf k|f† x'“b}g e©] logsf] wf/)ff lyof].

csf{ lrGts lyP k|q'mw sfTofog. logL ;ft sfonfO{ dfGby]— k[YjLsfo,

hnsfo, t]hsfo, jfo'sfo, ;'v, b'Mv / hLjgsfo. oL ;ft} sfo cs[t jf


cs[t;dfg %g\ cyf{t\ oLaf^ s'g} sfo{ x'“b}g, oL sfo clgld{t;dfg %g\ /

crn %g\ e©] pgsf] dfGotf lyof]. lognfO{ cs[ttfjfbL bfz{lgs elgG%. pgL

oL ;ft kbfy{sf] ;Qf :jLsf/ u%{g\, t/ lognfO{ ;'vb'Mvsf] of]Uo dfGb}gg\.

logn] rt'd{xfe"tsf cltl/St ;'v, b'Mv / hLjg tLg c™Zo tŒjsf] klg ;Qf

:jLsf/ u/]sf %g\.

dSvnL uf];fn o:t} csf{ Ps lrGts x'g\. logL d"ntM lgoltjfbL

lyP. pgL ;Dk")f{ ;Œjk|f)fLx¿nfO{ zÒStxLg / jLo{xLg dfGby]. pgsf cg';f/

hLjdf g an %, g sfo{ %, g k/fqmd %. k|f)fLx¿ lagfsf/)f Sn]z ef]U%g\

e©] pgsf] wf/)ff lyof]. pgL eGy]— ægTyL sd{, gTyL lsl/od\, gTyL lal/od\.

g sd{ %, g lqmof %, g ;fx; %% h] % ;a} O{!/ %. sd{ u¥of} eg] ltd|f] cfgGb

vnalnG%, lrGtf x'G%% To;}n] r'krfk a;, h] ug]{ O{!/n] u%{. sd{ gu/,

zfÒGt ltd|f] kÔdf %. pgsf cg';f/ of] ;+;f/df pTklQ–ljgfz, hGd–k'gh{Gd

h]hlt eO/x]sf] % ;a efUoåf/f g} eO/x]sf] %. pgsf] l;$fGtdf x]t'k|Too

-sd{–sd{˚n_ sf] s'g} :yfg %}g, k|f)fLsf] ;'vb'Mv ;a} efUoåf/f g} lgwf{l/t

x'G%. dgdf pTk© x'g] OR%f, cfsfºf, Sn]z, å]if ;a} O{!/s} OR%fcg';f/ x'g]

x'g\ e©] pgsf] l;$fGt lyof].

;˙o a]nlík'Q klg csf{ o:t} Ps cfWofÒTds lrGts x'g\. logsf] s'g}

klg ljifodf s'g} lgl®t l;$fGt %}g, To;} sf/)f logsf] dtnfO{ clgl®ttfjfbL

elgG%. lognfO{ k/nf]s % ls %}g, b]jtf % ls %}g, d[To'kl% hLjg % ls %}g

egL ;f]Wof] eg] s'g} lgl®t pQ/ lb“b}gy]. oL ;a} k|Zgsf] pQ/df pgL %–%}g, %

klg %}g klg, g % g %}g h:tf pQ/ lbGy]. pgsf] of] clgl®ttfjfbn] h}g

bz{gsf] cg]sfGtjfbsf] cfwf/ v*f u/]sf] atfOG%.

o:t} csf{ tTsfnLg bfz{lgs x'g\ lgu)& gfyk'Q. logL h}g wd{sf cÒGtd

tLy{°/ j${dfg dxfjL/ x'g\. logL a'$sf sl/a ;dsfnLg x'g\ / pd]/df a'$eGbf

h]&f x'g\. logL rt'of{d;+j/ cyf{t\ rf/ k|sf/sf ;+odnfO{ dfGy]. pgL cfk}m“ klg

tk:ofdf nLg /xGy] / c¿nfO{ klg tk:ofs} pkb]z lbGy]. logL cfÒ:ts lyP.

o;/L a'$eGbf cl# b'O{ lsl;dsf wfld{s cltjfbsf] cÒ:tTj kfOG%—

Ps y/L k"/} gfÒ:ts / csf]{ y/L k"/} cfÒ:ts. of] cltjfbL lrGtgk/Dk/fn]

tTsfnLg wd{k|wfg ;dfhnfO{ s'g} :kfl lbzflgb]{z ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg. Tof]

;dfh wfld{s af^fd} lx“*\g rfxGYof], t/ af^f] k|:^ / nf]s l/emfpg] lsl;dsf]

lyPg. k|:^ af^f] gx'“bf ;dfhdf c/fhstf a(]sf] lyof]. ljle© lsl;dsf


lj;·ltx¿n] h/f uf*]sf lyP. ;dfhsf g}lts d"No / dfGotfx¿df ¸f;

cfpg yfn]sf] lyof]. dfG%]x¿ k/nf]s, O{!/, sd{ cflb wf/)ffx¿df g lj!f;

ug{ ;Sy], g clj!f; g} ug{ ;Sy]. b'j} lsl;dsf cltjfbL wf/sf] cjnDag

ug{ ;Sg] Ò:yltdf lyPgg\. o:tf] låljwf / ;+zo ePsf] a]nf Pp^f dWodfuL{

wfld{s af^fsf] cfjZostf a(]sf] lyof]. &ØfÍ} oxL ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf xfd|f]

b]zsf] n'ÒDagLdf hGd]sf l;$fy{ uf}tdn] cf"gf] hLjgsf] 35 cf}” jif{df Pp^f

o:tf] ;/n / dWodfuL{ wd{sf] k|ltkfbg u/] h;n] wd{sf] gfddf cf"gf] hGdsf]

2,600 jif{kl%;Dd klg lj!e/ sLlt{ lk“mhfO/x]sf] %.

s] lyP t cfwf/e"t af}$ lzÔfx¿<s] lyP t cfwf/e"t af}$ lzÔfx¿<

s] lyP t cfwf/e"t af}$ lzÔfx¿<s] lyP t cfwf/e"t af}$ lzÔfx¿<

s] lyP t cfwf/e"t af}$ lzÔfx¿<

(Basic Buddhist Teachings)

29 jif{sf] pd]/df u[xTofu ub}{ slknj:t' b/af/af^ aflxl/Psf l;$fy{

uf}tdn] % jif{sf] s&f]/ cWoog, ;fwgf / tk:ofsf] dfWodaf^ ef/tsf] uofdf

;Dos\ !fgsf] ;fÔfTsf/ ug'{eof]. ToxL af]lw!fg jf a'$Tjk|fl†kl% pxf“ a'$

sxnfpg nfUg'eof]. To;kl% a'$n] ;j{k|yd k‰eıjuL{o a|f#)fx¿nfO{ a'$Tjsf

cfwf/e"t lzÔfx¿ lbg'eof]. ;j{k|yd pxf“n] rf/ cfo{;Tosf af/]df atfpg'eof],

a'$sf] s]GıLo bfz{lgs l;$fGt k|ltTo;d'Tkfbsf af/]df atfpg'eof]. pxf“n]

;+;f/sf cfwf/e"t u')fx¿ clgTo, b'Mv / cgfTdsf af/]df k|sfz kfg'{eof]

h;nfO{ a'$sf] cfwf/e"t lzÔfsf ¿kdf lrlgG%. ca xfdL s]xL a]/ log}

a'$lzÔfsf af/]df ;º]kdf rrf{ u/f}”.

rf/ cfo{;Torf/ cfo{;To

rf/ cfo{;Torf/ cfo{;To

rf/ cfo{;To

(Four Noble Truths)

a'$sf] s&f]/ ;fwgfsf] Psdfq p@]Zo g} ;d:t k|f)fLx¿sf] b'Mvsf]

sf/)f s] xf] / Tof] b'Mv x^fpg] pkfo s] % egL kQf nufpg' lyof]. ˚n:j¿k

pxf“nfO{ a'$Tjk|fl† ePsf] j}zfv k"l)f{dfsf] /ft rf/ cfo{;Tosf af/]df !fg

eof]—

1= b'Mv % cyf{t\ of] ;+;f/ jf ;+;f/sf ;d:t k|f)fLx¿sf] hLjg b'Mvaf^

kl/k")f{ %.

2= b'Mvsf] sf/)f %. b'Mv ;d'bo.

3= b'Mvaf^ %'^sf/f kfpg ;lsG%. b'Mv lg/f]w.

4= b'Mvlg/f]wsf] dfu{ %. o;nfO{ cflfl·s dfu{ elgG%.


Bibhor Baral


b'Mvb'Mv

b'Mvb'Mv

b'Mv

(Suffering)

b'Mv ;To. ;+;f/ b'Mvdo %. b'Mv}b'Mv %, k|f)fL xd];f ;'vsf] vf]hLdf

x'G% t/ xft nfUg] b'Mv g} x'G%, ;'v t d[ut[i)ffh:tf] %, oyfy{ b'Mv g} xf].

a'$n] b'Mvsf] JofVof ug]{ qmddf e©'ePsf] %— Ob+ vf] kg leSvj] b'Sv+

cl/o ;‚+. hflt lk b'Svf,h/flk b'Svf, d/)ff+ lk b'v+, zf]s–kl/b]j

bf]dg:;'kfof;flk b'Svf, cÒKko]lx ;Dkof]uf] b'Svf], lko]lx ljKkof]uf] b'Svf],

ofÒDk%+ g nelt tÒDk b'Sv+ ;fª\ÒVoQ]g k‰'kfbgfgvGwflk b'Svf.

cyf{t\ x] leÔ'u)f, b'Mv k|yd cfo{;To xf]. hGd klg b'Mv xf], a'(Øf}nL

klg b'Mv xf], d[To' klg b'Mv xf]. zf]s, kl/j]bgf, pbf;Lgtf, x}/fgL ;a} b'Mv

x'g\. clk|o;“usf] of]u klg b'Mv g} xf], lk|o;“usf] ljof]u klg b'Mv xf]. OÒR%t

j:t' k|f† gx'g' klg b'Mv xf]. ;º]kdf e© ;lsG% ls /fuåf/f pTk© x'g]

k‰:sGw -¿k, j]bgf, ;~!f, ;+:sf/ / lj!fg_ klg b'Mv g} xf].

wDdkbdf elgPsf] %— sf] g' xf;f] lsdfgGbf] lg‚+ kÓlnt] ;lt -wDdkb,

ufyf 146_ cyf{t\ of] ;+;f/ hln/x]sf] #/ xf], oxf“ s;/L xf“;]/ /xg ;lsG%

cyjf cfgGb df© ;lsG%< o;/L e© ;lsG%— of] ;+;f/ b'Mvdo %. ;+;f/sf]

k|yd ;To b'Mv g} xf].

b'Mv ;d'bob'Mv ;d'bo

b'Mv ;d'bob'Mv ;d'bo

b'Mv ;d'bo

(Arising of Suffering)

a'$lzÔfsf] bf]…f] cfo{;To xf] b'Mv ;d'bo cyf{t\ b'Mvsf] sf/)f %.

s'g} klg sfo{sf] k%fl* To;sf] sf/)f cjZo klg x'G%. o;y{ b'Mv sfo{ xf] eg]

lg®o g} To;sf] s'g} sf/)f x'g'k%{. lagfsf/)f s'g} klg sfo{ pTk© x'“b}g /

b'Mvsf] klg sf/)f %. b'Mvsf] sf/)f xf] t[i)ff.

dÒHemd lgsfosf] dxfxÒTykbf]kd ;'Qdf a'$n] e©'ePsf] %— æOb+ vf]

kg leSvj] b'Mv ;d'bo+ cl/o ;‚+. of]o+ t)xf kf]gAdljsf gÒGb/fu ;xutf

tq tqflegÒGbgL ;]oldb+ sfdt)xf, ejt)xf, ljejt)xf.Æ cyf{t\ x] leÔ'u)f,

b'Mv ;d'bo bf]…f] ;To xf]. b'Mvsf] jf:tljs sf/)f t[i)ff xf] hf] xd];f k|f)fLx¿n]

pTk© ul//xG%g\. ljifox¿sf] /fuaf^ o'St tyf tL ljifojf;gfsf] clegGbg

ug]{ lsl;dsf] t[i)ff hf] ;j{q cf"gf] t[l† vf]lh/xG%. t[i)ff tLg k|sf/sf %g\—

sfdt[i)ff, ejt[i)ff / ljejt[i)ff. ;º]kdf oxL t[i)ffs} sf/)f b'Mv ;d'bo

x'G%.


-s_ sfdt[i)ff—-s_ sfdt[i)ff—

-s_ sfdt[i)ff—-s_ sfdt[i)ff—

-s_ sfdt[i)ff— ljle© lsl;dsf ljifj:t'sf] sfdgf ug'{ sfdt[i)ff xf].

ljifox¿sf] OR%f ug'{, ltgsf] rfxgf ug'{af^ klg b'Mv pTk© x'G%. OR%fPsf

ljifoj:t'sf] k|fl† gx'“bf t b'Mv x'G% g}, tL j:t' k|f† ug]{ qmddf cem a(L b'Mv

ef]luG%.

-v_ ejt[i)ff—-v_ ejt[i)ff—

-v_ ejt[i)ff—-v_ ejt[i)ff—

-v_ ejt[i)ff— ejsf] cy{ ;+;f/ cyjf hGd e©] x'G%. of] ;+;f/df

af“lr/xg], oxf“ /lx/xg] h'g t[i)ff % Tof] g} ejt[i)ff xf]. o; ;+;f/df cf"gf]

;Qf sfod /flv/xg] xfd|f] t[i)ffs} sf/)f ;+;f/sf] cÒ:tTj klg /lx/x]sf] xf].

-u_ ljejt[i)ff—-u_ ljejt[i)ff—

-u_ ljejt[i)ff—-u_ ljejt[i)ff—

-u_ ljejt[i)ff— ejsf] cy{ ;+;f/ ePh:t} ljejsf] cy{ ;+;f/sf]

gfz xf]. of] ;+;f/ gfl eOxfN% lg e©] wf/)ffn] ubf{ of] %f]^f] ;+;f/df ;'vk"j{s

af“rf}” e©] t[i)ff pTk© x'G% / Tof] ;'v ef]Ug] t[i)ffn] b'Mv k|bfg u%{. ljejt[i)ffsf]

;Gbe{df csf]{ klg dt % h;cg';f/ ljejsf] cy{ j}ej e©] klg x'G%. j}ej

eg]sf] wg, ;DklQ, P]!o{sf] kof{†tf xf]. hf]sf]xL dflg;sf] rfxgf cfk"m P]!o{zfnL

ag"“ e©] g} x'G%. To;}n] d]/f] dfq} j}ej xf];\ e©] t[i)ff g} ljejt[i)ff xf]. oxL

t[i)ffn] ubf{ dflg; wg / ;'vk|fl†sf nflu k|oTg ub{% h;n] ubf{ & cg]s

b'Mvdf ?dl˜G%. To;}n] ljejt[i)ff klg Pp^f b'Mv;d'bo cyf{t\ b'Mvsf]

sf/)f xf]. log} t[i)ffx¿sf sf/)f of] ;+;f/ oqf]lawL b'MvL / lj;·t ag]sf] xf].

b'Mvlg/f]wb'Mvlg/f]w

b'Mvlg/f]wb'Mvlg/f]w

b'Mvlg/f]w

(The cessation of Suffering)

lg/f]wsf] cy{ gfz xf]. cyf{t\ t]…f] cfo{;Tosf] clek|fo b'Mvsf] gfz

x'G% e©] x'G%. b'Mvsf] ;Qf ePh:t}, b'Mvsf] sf/)f ePh:t} b'Mvsf] gfz jf

cGt klg x'g ;S% e©] cf"gf] cfljisf/sf af/]df leÔ'x¿nfO{ pkb]z ug]{

qmddf a'$n] e©'ePsf] %— æOb+ vf] kg leSvj] b'Mv lg/f]w cfl/o;‚+. ;f]

t:;fo]j t)xfo c;];lj/fulg/f]wf] rfuf] kl/lg:;fuf] d'lQ cgfnof].Æ cyf{t\ x]

leÔ'u)f, b'Mvlg/f]w cfo{;To Tof] j}/fUosf] gfd xf] hxf“ s'g} klg t[i)ff af“sL

/x]sf] x'“b}g. To; t[i)ffsf] Tofu, k|lt;u{, d'ÒSt tyf cgfno -:yfg glbg'_ g}

b'Mvlg/f]w xf]. b'Mv lg/f]w x'g' eg]s} lgjf{)f k|f† ug'{ xf]. t[i)ffnfO{ ;Dk")f{ ¿kdf

gfz u/]/ t[i)ffsf] s'g} klg z]if af“sL g/xg]lalQs} x/]s JoÒStn] cf"g}

hLjgsfndf lgjf{)f k|f† ub{%. o; b'Mvlg/f]w cfo{;Tosf] clek|fo lgjf{)f g}

xf].

cª\u'Q/ lgsfo 3÷52 df lgjf{)fsf] o;/L ;flxÒTos JofVof ul/Psf]

%—


;]nf] oyf Ps wgf] jft]g g ;dL/tL.

Pj+ ?kf, /;f, ;@f, uGwf, ˚:;f r s]jnf..

O¶f wDdf clg¶f r g kj]wf]ÒGt tflbgf].

l&t lrQ ljikdt+ j;+ o:;fg'k:;lt..

cyf{t\ k|r)* em~emfjft kj{tnfO{ s;}n] klg p;sf] cf"gf] :yfgaf^

Ro't ug{ ;Sb}g, eo°/ cf“wL rn] klg kj{t Ps/;, cl*u / cRo't /lx/xG%.

lgjf{)f klg oxL kj{th:t} xf]. lgjf{)f kbk|f† JoÒSt ¿k, /;, uGwh:tf

ljifox¿sf] e"ne'n}ofdf kb}{g% p;sf] lrQ Tof] c^n kj{th:t} x'G%. zfGt

x'G%, k/dzfÒGt / ;'vsf] cg'e"lt ul//x]sf] x'G%. o;/L b'Mvsf] lg/f]w x'g'

eg]sf] lgjf{)f k|f† ug'{ jf zfÒGt k|f† ug'{ xf].

b'Mvlg/f]wsf] dfu{b'Mvlg/f]wsf] dfu{

b'Mvlg/f]wsf] dfu{b'Mvlg/f]wsf] dfu{

b'Mvlg/f]wsf] dfu{

(The Path Leading to the Cessation of Suffering)

b'Mv lg/f]w x'g ;S% egL t]…f] cfo{;Ton] atfPh:t} b'Mvlg/f]wsf dfu{

oL x'g\ egL rf}yf] cfo{;Ton] k|:^ kf/]sf] %. olb b'Mvlg/f]w cyjf lgjf{)fk|fl†nfO{

uGtJo df©] xf] eg] Tof] uGtJo;Dd k'Ug] af^f] rf}yf] cfo{;To -b'Mvlg/f]wsf]

dfu{_ xf]. o; dfu{nfO{ cfo{ cflfl·s dfu{ elgG%. o;sf cf& c·x¿ o;

k|sf/ %g\— ;Dos\ ™lfl, ;Dos\ ;°Nk, ;Dos\ jrg, ;Dos\ sd{, ;Dos\

cfhLljsf, ;Dos\ Jofofd, ;Dos\ :d[lt / ;Dos\ ;dflw.

a'$Tjk|fl†kl% klxnf] wd{rqm k|jt{gsf qmddf kf“r leÔ'nfO{ pkb]z

lb“b} a'$n] e©'ePsf] %—

t'Dx]lx ls‚+ cftKk+ cSvftf/f] tyfutf.

kl/k©f kdf]vÒGt emlogf] df/jGwgf.. -wDdkb dUujUu 20÷4_

cyf{t\ x] leÔ'x¿, pBf]u ltdLx¿n] g} ug'{k%{. pkb]z ;'g]/ dfq} slxNo}

klg b'Mv lg/f]w x'g ;Sb}g. o;sf nflu pBf]usf], >dsf] cfjZostf x'G%.

tyfutsf] sfd t s]jn pkb]z lbg' xf]. af^f] atfpg] d]/f] sfd xf], t/ Tof]

af^fdf lx“*\g] sfd ltdLx¿sf] xf]. o; dfu{af^ lx“*\g] JoÒSt dfq} df/aGwgaf^

d'St x'G%.

o;/L a'$n] lgjf{)f rfxg] JoÒStn] of] cflfl·s dfu{nfO{ s*fOk"j{s

nfu" ug{ / To; dfu{df lx“*\g pkb]z lbg'ePsf] %. wDdkbdf klg o; dfu{nfO{

;a} dfu{dWo] >]‡ elgPsf] %. o; dfu{sf] cjnDag ug]{ JoÒStsf] dfq} b'Mvsf]

gfz x'G% / lgjf{)fsf] k|fl† x'G%.


Bibhor Baral

af}$ wd{df zLn, ;dflw / k|!fnfO{ lgjf{)fk|fl†sf] dfu{ dflgPsf] %.

oyfy{df oxL cflfl·s dfu{leq} zLn, ;dflw / k|!f ;dflxt %g\. ;Dos\

jrg, sd{ / cfhLljsf zLn;“u ;DaÒGwt %g\ eg] ;Dos\ Jofofd, :d[lt /

;Dos\ ;dflw ;dflw;“u ;DaÒGwt %g\. To;} u/L ;Dos\ ™lfl / ;°Nk k|!f;“u

;DaÒGwt %g\. o;/L a'$jfbdf oxL cflfl·s dfu{nfO{ a'$Tjk|fl†sf] lglj{sNk

dfu{ dflgPsf] %. ca xfdL oL dfu{x¿sf af/]df %'§f%'§} rrf{ ug]{ %f}”.

cflfl·s dfu{cflfl·s dfu{

cflfl·s dfu{cflfl·s dfu{

cflfl·s dfu{

(Eight Fold Path)

1= ;Dos\ ™lfl—1= ;Dos\ ™lfl—

1= ;Dos\ ™lfl—1= ;Dos\ ™lfl—

1= ;Dos\ ™lfl— ™lflsf] cy{ !fg e©] x'G%. cyf{t\ cflfl·s dfu{sf]

klxnf] dfu{ ;xL !fg x'g' jf ;xL ™lfl x'g' xf]. s] /fd|f] xf] / s] /fd|f] xf]Og e©]

%'§Øfpg hf©' g} ;Dos\ !fg jf ;Dos\ ™lfl xf]. dfG%]n] /fd|f] / g/fd|f] %'§Øfpg

hf©'k%{. s'zn–cs'zn, enf]–s'enf], c;n–v/fa %'§Øfpg ;Sg] ™lfl jf

!fg g} ;Dos\ ™lfl xf].

dÒHemd lgsfodf sflos, jflrs / dfgl;s sd{nfO{ s'zn / cs'znsf

¿kdf o;/L %'§ØfOPsf] %—

s'zn cs'zn

lx+;f gug'{ lx+;f ug'{

rf]/L gug'{ rf]/L ug'{

Jolerf/ gug'{ Jolerf/ ug'{

d[iff jrg gaf]Ng' e"m^ af]Ng'

lkz'g jrg gaf]Ng' r'SnL v]Ng'

s^' jrg gaf]Ng' s^' jrg af]Ng'

;Dk|nfk gug'{ asjf; ug'{

nf]e gug'{ nf]e ug'{

k|ltlx+;f gug'{ k|ltlx+;f ug'{

ldYof ™lfl g/fVg' unt ™lfl /fVg'

log} s'zn / cs'zn sd{x¿ %'§Øfpg ;Sg] ™lfl g} ;Dos\ ™lfl xf].

2= ;Dos\ ;°Nk—2= ;Dos\ ;°Nk—

2= ;Dos\ ;°Nk—2= ;Dos\ ;°Nk—

2= ;Dos\ ;°Nk— &Ls / a]&Ls, /fd|f] / g/fd|f]sf] !fg eO;s]kl%

g/fd|f] %f]*]/ /fd|f] dfq} ug]{ hf] lg®o ul/G% Tof] g} ;Dos\ ;°Nk xf]. s'zn /

cs'zn %'§ØfO;s]kl% s'zn sd{ dfq} ug]{ ;°Nk ug'{ g} ;Dos\ ;°Nk xf].


Bibhor Baral

Bibhor Baral

Bibhor Baral


Bibhor Baral

Bibhor Baral

3= ;Dos\ jrg—3= ;Dos\ jrg—

3= ;Dos\ jrg—3= ;Dos\ jrg—

3= ;Dos\ jrg— ;Dos\ jrgsf] cy{ &Ls af]Ng' e©] x'G%. cs'zn

jflrs sd{x¿ gug'{ cyf{t\ e"m^f] gaf]Ng', s;}dfly s^' jrg gaf]Ng', csf{sf]

j'm/f sf^\g', r'SnL nufpg' / ajmjf; ug'{ h:tf sfo{af^ ̂ f(f x'g' g} ;Dos\ jrg

xf]. ;To af]Ng', dL&f] af]Ng', cf"gf] jrgn] c¿nfO{ rf]^ gk'¥ofpg', s;}sf] lgGbf

gug'{, s;}nfO{ ufnLunf]h gug'{ h:tf cfrf/;DaGwL ljifox¿ ;Dos\ jrg x'g\.

4= ;Dos\ sd{—4= ;Dos\ sd{—

4= ;Dos\ sd{—4= ;Dos\ sd{—

4= ;Dos\ sd{— ;Dos\ sd{sf] cy{ ;xL sfd ug'{ e©] x'G%. lx+;f, rf]/L,

Jolerf/ cflb sd{ gu/L c;n sd{n] g} JoÒStnfO{ lgjf{)fsf] uGtJo;Dd

k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ub{%. k‰zLn, cflzLn, bzzLnh:tf cfrf/x¿sf] kfng ug'{

klg ;Dos\ sd{ g} xf].

5= ;Dos\ cfhLljsf—5= ;Dos\ cfhLljsf—

5= ;Dos\ cfhLljsf—5= ;Dos\ cfhLljsf—

5= ;Dos\ cfhLljsf— ;Dos\ cfhLljsfsf] cy{ &Ls hLljsf ug'{ e©]

x'G%. cyjf hLjglgjf{xsf lgÒDt ;xL tl/sfsf] cjnDag ug'{ g} ;Dos\

cfhLljsf xf]. af“Rgsf nflu x/]s JoÒStn] s'g} g s'g} hLljsf ug}{kb{%, t/

Tof] ;xL x'g'k%{. s;}nfO{ &Ug], rf]g]{, lx+;f ug]{, c¿nfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg] tj/af^

hLljsf ug'{ x'“b}g. cª\u'Q/ lgsfo 5 df a'$n] To; a]nfsf] ;fdflhs

cj:yfcg';f/ lgDg hLljsfsf tl/sfnfO{ cof]Uo &x¥ofpg'ePsf] %— xltof/sf]

Jofkf/, hgfj/sf] Jofkf/, df;'sf] Jofkf/, hf“*/S;Lsf] Jofkf/ / ljifsf] Jofkf/.

6= ;Dos\ Jofofd—6= ;Dos\ Jofofd—

6= ;Dos\ Jofofd—6= ;Dos\ Jofofd—

6= ;Dos\ Jofofd— Jofofdsf] cy{ pBf]u, Ond jf kl/>d / k|oTg e©]

x'G%. ;xL Jofofd jf ;xL k|oTg ug'{ eg]sf] Ps dfgl;s k|lqmof xf]. dfG%]sf]

dgdf w]/} lsl;dsf /fd|f–g/fd|f ljrf/x¿ cfO/xG%g\. dg / OÒGıox¿nfO{

jzdf /fvL g/fd|f ljrf/ / efjgfx¿nfO{ kG%fO{ c;n sfo{sf] k|oTg ug'{ g}

;Dos\ Jofofd xf].

7= ;Dos\ :d[lt—7= ;Dos\ :d[lt—

7= ;Dos\ :d[lt—7= ;Dos\ :d[lt—

7= ;Dos\ :d[lt— ;Dos\ :d[lt cflfl·s dfu{sf] ;ftf}” c· xf]. :d[ltsf]

cy{ :d/)f ug'{ jf ;ÒDemg' e©] x'G%. bL#lgsfosf] dxf;lQ k&fg ;'Q 2÷9 df

o;sf] j)f{g ul/Psf] % hxf“ sfo, j]bgf, lrQ / wd{ oL rf/ lrhsf] jf:tljs

:j¿knfO{ a'e]m/ To;sf] :d[lt /flv/xg' lgtfGt cfjZos dflgPsf] %.

sfofg'kZogf, j]bgfg'kZogf, lrQfg'kZogf / wdf{g'kZogfh:tf :d[ltk|:yfgdWo]

sfonfO{ dnd"q, s]z, gª cflb kbfy{sf] ;d'‚o dfq df©] JoÒStnfO{

sft]sfofg'kZoL elgG%.

To;} u/L j]bgf tLg lsl;dsf] dflgPsf] %— ;'v j]bgf, b'Mv j]bgf /

g ;'v g b'Mv -pk]Ôf_ j]bgf. j]bgfsf] of] :j¿knfO{ a'$g] JoÒStnfO{ j]bgfdf

j]bgfg'kZoL elgG%.


Bibhor Baral

Bibhor Baral

Bibhor Baral

Bibhor Baral

Bibhor Baral

Bibhor Baral

To:t} lrQsf klg ljle© cj:yf x'G%g\. lrQ slxn] ;/fu -/fu;lxtsf]_

x'G% t slxn] lj/fu x'G%% slxn] ;å]if x'G%, slxn] ljtå]if x'G%, slxn]

df]x;lxtsf] x'G%, slxn] df]x/lxt x'G%. lrQsf oL ljle© cj:yf hf©] JoÒStnfO{

lrQdf lrQfg'kZoL elgG%.

wd{ klg ljle© lsl;dsf x'G%g\— lgj/)f–sfd%Gb -sfd'stf_, Jofkfb

-ıf]x_, :Tofgd[$ -zf/Ll/s–dfgl;s cfn:o_, cf}$To–sf}s[To -på]u, v]b_

tyf lrlsT;f -;+zo_ :sGw, cfotg, af]Wo· / cfo{ rt'M;To. wd{sf oL

:j¿knfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] a'$g] JoÒStnfO{ wd{df wdf{g'kZoL elgG%.

o;/L cflfl·s dfu{dfk{mt lgjf{)f k|f† ug{sf nflu sfo, j]bgf, lrQ /

wd{sf] jf:tljs :j¿knfO{ a'e]m/ To;nfO{ :d/)f ul//xg' cToGt cfjZos

dflgG%. of] :d[ltn] g} ljifoef]uk|lt cf;ÒSt pTk© x'g lb“b}g. lrQ cgf;St

ePkl% j}/fUolt/ (Ns“b} hfG% / ;dflwsf lgÒDt lrQnfO{ tof/ /fVg ;lsG%

h'g dfu{af^ lgjf{)f kb k|f† ug{ ;lsG%.

8= ;Dos\ ;dflw—8= ;Dos\ ;dflw—

8= ;Dos\ ;dflw—8= ;Dos\ ;dflw—

8= ;Dos\ ;dflw— ;dflwsf] cy{ Wofg / Psfu|tf e©] x'G%. Wofg jf

;dflwn] k|!fsf] pTklQsf nflu zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s of]Uotfsf] lgdf{)f ub{%.

zLn / ;dflwsf] dfWodåf/f sfoz'l$ / lrQz'l$ ul/;s]kl% k|!fsf] pTklQ

x'G%. cflfl·s dfu{n] oxL zLn, ;dflw / k|!fnfO{ g} lj:t[t ¿kdf JofVof

u/]sf] %. zLn kfng ub}{ ;dflw;Dd k'u]kl% k|!fsf] pbo x'G%. k|!fsf] pbo

x'g' eg]sf] of] dfgjhLjg Pp^f ejrqm xf] / Tof] ejrqmsf] s]Gıdf cljBf %

e©] !fg x'g' xf]. ;dflwdfk{mt ha;Dd of] !fg x'“b}g ta;Dd cljBfsf] gfz

x'“b}g / lgjf{)f klg k|f† ug{ ;ls“b}g. o;/L lgjf{)fk|fl†sf lgÒDt ;Dos\ ;dflwsf]

clws dxŒj /x]sf] %.

k|tLTo;d'Tkfbk|tLTo;d'Tkfb

k|tLTo;d'Tkfbk|tLTo;d'Tkfb

k|tLTo;d'Tkfb

(Law of Dependent Origination)

k|ltTo;d'Tkfb eujfg\ a'$sf] bfz{lgs ljrf/ xf]. of] pxf“sf pkb]zsf]

cfwf/e"t l;$fGt xf] / xf] ;d:t af}$ bz{gs} s]GıLo l;$fGt.

b'Mvsf] sf/)f x'G% / Tof] sf/)fnfO{ lg/f]w u/]kl% b'Mv af“sL /x“b}g e©]

rt'Mcfo{;Toleqsf] bf]…f] / t]…f] ;To;“u k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf] ;DaGw e]l^G%.

¿kdf s]nfp“bf k|tLTosf] cy{ s'g} lrhsf] ck]Ôf /fv]/ cyjf lge{/ jf

cfl>t /x]/ e©] x'G% eg] ;d'Tkfbsf] zfÒAbs cy{ x'G% pTklQ. o;/L


Bibhor Baral

Bibhor Baral

Bibhor Baral

k|ltTo;d'Tkfbsf] cy{ sf/)fsf] ck]Ôf /fv]/ jf sf/)fdfly lge{/ /x]/ sfo{sf]

pTklQ x'g' e©] x'G%. o;/L k|ltTo;d'Tkfb eg]sf] ;f]e}m sfo{sf/)fjfb xf].

sfo{ ;w}” sf/)f;fk]Ô x'G%. sf/)f eP/ g} sfo{ x'G%, sf/)f gx'g] xf] eg]

sfo{ x'“b} x'“b}g. sf/)flagf sfo{ pTk©} x'“b}g. dfWolds j[lQsf] k[‡ 9 df p˜]v

ePh:t} cÒ:dg\ ;lt, Ob+ ejlt cyf{t\ sf/)f x'G% / g} sfo{ x'G%.

s'g} klg j:t'sf] pTklQsf] sf/)f x'G%. lagfsf/)f s'g} lrh pTk© x'“b}g.

of] dxfg\ l;$fGt af}$ bz{gsf] d]?b)* xf]. k|ltTo;d'Tkfbsf] of] lgod a'$n]

pkb]z lb“bflb“b} "Øf§} ag]sf] xf]Og. of] pxf“sf] cf"g} df}lns vf]h, cg';Gwfg,

cGj]if)f / sl&g ;fwgfsf] k|lt˚n xf]. h:tf] xfdLn] cl#˜f kf&x¿df a'$cl#sf

bfz{lgsx¿ / lrGtsx¿sf af/]df rrf{ u¥of}”. ltgdf sf]xL efUojfbL lyP. o;

hut\sf /fd|f–g/fd|f ;a} lrh efUodf lge{/ /x]sf] dfGy]. sf]xL eujfg\jfbL jf

O{!/jfbL lyP. pgLx¿ O{!/sf] OR%flagf Pp^f kft klg xl˜“b}g eGby], hut\sf

;a} sfo{ O{!/s} s[kfdf rn]sf] dfGy]. o;/L sfo{sf lgÒDt pQ/bfoL s'g} lrh

lyPg. lrGtgsf] Ô]qdf Pp^f c/fhs Ò:ylt lyof]. o;} kl/j]zdf a'$n]

sfo{sf/)fjfbsf] j}!flgs / qmfÒGtsf/L l;$fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ug'{ePsf] lyof].

k|ltTo;d'Tkfbsf 12 c· %g\. of] sf/)fsfo{z['nf #*Lh:t} rflqms

qmddf #'ld/xG%. klxnfsf] sf/)f bf]…f] pTk© x'G%, bf]…fsf] sf/)f t]…f]. Pj+/Ltn]

of] sf/)fsfo{z['nf rln/xG%. o;nfO{ ejrqm, ;+;f/rqm, hGdd/)frqm jf

wd{rqm klg elgG%. o;sf c·nfO{ lgbfg elgG%. k|ltTo;d'Tkfbsf 12 c·

jf lgbfg o; k|sf/ %g\— 1= cljBf, 2= ;+:sf/, 3= lj!fg, 4= gfd¿k, 5=

if*fotg, 6= :kz{, 7= j]bgf, 8= t[i)ff, 9= pkfbfg, 10= ej, 11= hflt / 12=

h/fd/)f.

d/)f of] rqmsf] cGTo xf]Og. d/)fkl% klg cljBf ;'? x'G%. cljBfsf

sf/)f ;+:sf/ x'G%. Pj+/Ltn] of] ejrqm #'ld/xG%.

oL 12 c·dWo] klxnf b'O{ c· cljBf / ;+:sf/ k"j{hGd;“u ;DaÒGwt

%g\ eg] cÒGtd b'O{ c· hflt / h/fd/)f eljiodf x'g] k'gh{Gd;“u ;DaÒGwt

%g\. aLrsf c· eg] jt{dfg hLjg;“u ;DaÒGwt %g\. of] sf/)fsfo{z['nfdf

klxnf] c· kl%˜f] c·sf] sf/)f xf] eg] kl%˜f] c· klxnf] c·sf] sfo{ xf]. of]

rqmsf] d"n / s]GıLo sf/)f cljBf xf]. cljBfsf] gfz geP;Dd of] rqm

rln/xG%. cljBfsf] gfz x'g' eg]s} lgjf{)f k|f† ug'{ xf], of] ejrqmaf^ d'ÒSt

ldNg' xf]. of] b'Mvdo ;+;f/af^ %'^sf/f kfpg' xf].


ca xfdL s]xL a]/ k|ltTo;d'Tkfbsf oL 12 lgbfgsf] lg¿k)f u/f}”.

1= cljBf 1= cljBf

1= cljBf 1= cljBf

1= cljBf (Ignorance)——

——

— cljBf k|ltTo;d'Tkfbrqmsf] k|yd c· xf] /

of] ejrqms} d"n sf/)f xf]. of] k"j{hGd;“u ;DaÒGwt %. cljBfnfO{ k"j{hGdsf]

Tof] bzf dflgG% h;df c!fg, df]x tyf nf]esf] jzdf /x]/ k|f)fL Sn]za$

ePsf] x'G%. cljBfnfO{ cgflb dflgG%. cljBfsf] gfz s]jn ljBfaf^ dfq}

;Dej %. xfdL dfgjhfltsf] JoÒStut c!fgtf ljsNk;lxtsf] af}l$s !fgn]

x^fpg ;S%, t/ of] cljBfsf] lgj[lQ o:tf] af}l$s !fgn] x'g ;Sb}g, lsgls

of] cljBf t ;d:t b'Mv¿kL ;+;f/s} h* xf]. of] cljBfsf] gfz t s]jn

lglj{sNk–lg/k]Ô k|ToÔ cg'e"ltaf^ dfq} ;Dej x'G% h;nfO{ af]lw cyjf

k|!f elgG%. af]lw!fgn] dfq} cljBfsf] gfz ug{ ;Sb%.

cljBfn] tŒjnfO{ p;sf] jf:tljs ¿kdf b]Vg lb“b}g. tŒjsf] ljs[t

¿k b]vfOlbG%. of] cljBfsf] sfo{ xf]. cljBfn] tŒjnfO{ a'l$ / ts{sf]

#]/fleq /flvlbG% / Toxf“af^ pÒDsg lb“b}g. o;n] cå}tnfO{ å}tsf] / PsnfO{

cg]ssf] efg u/fOlbG%. cljBfn] of] sfd sd{;+:sf/åf/f ub{%.

2= ;+:sf/2= ;+:sf/

2= ;+:sf/2= ;+:sf/

2= ;+:sf/ (Karmic Propensities)——

——

— cljBfaf^ ;+:sf/ pTk© x'G%.

;+:sf/sf] cy{ sd{;+:sf/ e©] x'G%. cyjf ;+:sf/sf ¿kdf ;l‰t sd{ g}

;+:sf/ xf]. of] klg k"j{hGd;“u} ;DaÒGwt %. cljBfs} sf/)f k|f)fLn] k"j{hGddf

/fd|f] of g/fd|f] sd{ u/]sf] x'G%. o;/L of] sd{;+:sf/ k"j{hGdaf^ lgM;[t dflgG%.

3= lj!fg3= lj!fg

3= lj!fg3= lj!fg

3= lj!fg (Consciousness)——

——

— ;+:sf/af^ lj!fg pTk© x'G%. lj!fg

jt{dfg hLjg;“u ;DaÒGwt %. ha s'g} klg k|f)fL cf"gL cfdfsf] ue{df k|j]z

ub{% ta p;n] Pp^f r]tgf jf lj!fg k|f† ub{%. oxL ue{s} Ô)faf^ lj!fg k|f†

x'G%. lj!fgsf] cy{ ;Lldt, ;fk]Ô tyf ;ljsNk !fg xf]. of] lj!fg cljBf /

sd{;+:sf/af^ sn'lift x'G%.

4= gfd¿k4= gfd¿k

4= gfd¿k4= gfd¿k

4= gfd¿k (Name and Form)——

——

— lj!fgaf^ gfd¿k pTk© x'G%.

gfd¿kdf gfdsf] cy{ dfgl;s x'G% eg] ¿ksf] cy{ ef}lts e©] x'G%. o;/L

gfd¿ksf] cy{ dfgl;s efj / ef}lts kbfy{x¿sf] of]uaf^ ag]sf] z/L/ e©]

x'G%. lj!fgn] sd{˚n ef]Ugsf nflu OÒGıo, dg cflb pks/)f;lxtsf] z/L/sf]

ck]Ôf /fv]sf] x'G%. gfd¿k jt{dfg hLjg;“u ;DaÒGwt c· xf] / of] ue{df

e|")fsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] cj:yf xf]. o;/L uef{j:yfdf lj!fg;d]t ;dflxt

ePsf] gfd¿kfTds ;‹ft pTk© x'G%. cyjf gfd¿kaf^ cg'k|fl)ft gfd¿kfTds

dgf]ef}lts z/L/sf] lgdf{)f x'G%.


5= if*fotg5= if*fotg

5= if*fotg5= if*fotg

5= if*fotg (The Six Sense Spheres)——

——

— gfd¿kaf^ if*fotg pTk©

x'G%. if*fotg eg]sf] % cfotg xf]. oxf“ cfotgsf] cy{ OÒGıo e©] x'G%. ha

cfdfsf] ue{df ePsf] e|")f k")f{ ¿kdf ljsl;t eO;s]kl% hGd lnG% To;

a]nf;Dd p;sf ;a} c·k|To· tof/ eO;s]sf x'G%g\. kf“r !fg]ÒGıo / Ps dg

u/L % j^} c· -cfotg_ sf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] x'G%. lj!fgsf sf/)f gfd¿k

/ gfd¿ksf sf/)f pTk© ;f] dgf]ef}lts z/L/df ¿k u|x)f ug]{ cf“vf, /; u|x)f

ug]{ lha|f], uGw u|x)f ug]{ gfs, :kz{ u|x)f ug]{ sfo -%fnf_ tyf zAb u|x)f ug]{

sfgh:tf !fg]ÒGıosf cltl/St dgf]efjgfx¿ u|x)f ug]{ dg;lxt % j^f c·

jf cfotgsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] x'G%, t/ k|of]u ePsf] x'“b}g.

6= :kz{6= :kz{

6= :kz{6= :kz{

6= :kz{ (Contact)——

——

— if*fotgaf^ :kz{ pTk© x'G%. :kz{sf] ;f]emf] cy{

x'G% %'g' jf ;Dks{ ug'{. a‚f ha ev{/} hGd]sf] x'G% ta & af˛ hut\sf

kbfy{x¿sf] ;Dks{df k'Ub%, hut\df cg's"lnt x'gsf nflu cf"gf c·x¿sf]

k|of]u ug{ yfNb%. cf–cf"gf] g};lu{s k|j[lQcg'¿k OÒGıox¿n] aflx/L kbfy{sf]

;Dks{ ub{%g\. cf“vfn] x]g]{ r]flf u%{. sfgn] ;'©] r]flf u%{. oBlk o; ;dosf]

!fg w]/} slnnf] x'G%, yfxf x'“b}g.

7= j]bgf7= j]bgf

7= j]bgf7= j]bgf

7= j]bgf (Feeling)——

——

— :kz{af^ j]bgf pTk© x'G%. j]bgfsf] cy{ x'G%

OÒGıon] rfn kfpg] ;+j]bgf jf OÒGıon] ug]{ cg'e"lt. ha afns b'O{tLg jif{sf]

x'G%, p;n] ;'vb'Mvsf] cg'e"lt ug{ yfNb%. :kz{sf sf/)f af˛ hut\sf] !fg

ePh:t} j]bgfsf sf/)f cGth{ut\sf] !fg x'G%. o;/L pTk© x'g] j]bgf tLg

lsl;dsf x'G%g\— ;'v j]bgf, b'Mv j]bgf / pk]Ôf -g ;'v g b'Mv_ j]bgf.

pk]Ôf j]bgfnfO{ pbf;Lg j]bgf klg elgG%.

8= t[i)ff8= t[i)ff

8= t[i)ff8= t[i)ff

8= t[i)ff (Craving)——

——

— j]bgfsf sf/)f t[i)ff pTk© x'G%. j]bgfn] ;'v s]

xf] / b'Mv s] xf] e©] s'/f %'§ØfOlbG%. o;/L ;'v / b'Mv %'l§Pkl% OÒGıo;'vsf]

pkef]u ug]{ tLj| nfn;f pTk© x'G%. ;f+;fl/s ;'vsf] ef]u ug]{ of] Kof; / tLj|

OR%f g} t[i)ff xf]. ljifo;'v ef]Ug] of] tLj| /fu g} ;a} b'Mvsf] h* xf]. ;'vsf]

t[i)ffn] xfdLnfO{ b'Mv g} k|bfg ul//x]sf] x'G%.

9= pkfbfg9= pkfbfg

9= pkfbfg9= pkfbfg

9= pkfbfg (Grasping)——

——

— pkfbfgsf] cy{ xf] cf;ÒSt. t[i)ffaf^ pkfbfg

pTk© x'G%. ljifo;'vsf nflu cToGt cf;St x'g' pkfbfg xf]. pkfbfg ljle©

lsl;dsf %g\ h;df d'Vo tLg %g\— 1= ÚLdf cf;St x'g' sfdf]kfbfg, 2=

j|tdf cf;St x'g' zLnf]kfbfg / 3= cfTdfnfO{ lgTo df©sf nflu cf;St x'g'

cfTdf]kfbfg.


10= ej10= ej

10= ej10= ej

10= ej (Becoming)——

——

— pkfbfgsf sf/)f ej pTk© x'G%. ejsf] cy{

x'G%— ˚n–pGd'v sd{sf] ˚n ef]u ug{sf nflu hGd -jf k'gh{Gd_ lng]

;°Nk ug'{. ljifo;'vdf cf;St eP/ ha dfG%] ljle© lsl;dsf c;n–

v/fa sd{x¿ ub{%% ljifojf;gfdf, ;'vef]udf cf;St eP/ ug]{ log} sd{x¿n]

dfG%]sf] gof“ hGdsf] z['nf lgdf{)f ub{%g\. o;/L o; hGddf ul/g] sd{x¿n]

g} efjL hLjgsf] lgdf{)f ub{%g\. ej jt{dfg hLjgsf] cÒGtd c· xf].

11= hflt11= hflt

11= hflt11= hflt

11= hflt (Birth)——

——

— hfltsf] cy{ x'G% hGd. cyjf o;}nfO{ k'gh{Gd klg

e© ;lsG%. ejsf sf/)f hflt pTk© x'G%. ha dfG%] cfdfsf] ue{df k|j]z

ub{%, p;n] cf"gf] k"j{hGdsf sd{x¿sf] ̊ n ef]Ug] of]Uotf xfl;n ub{%. af}$

dfGotfcg';f/ of] c· eljiosf] hGd;“u ;DaÒGwt %.

12= h/fd/)f12= h/fd/)f

12= h/fd/)f12= h/fd/)f

12= h/fd/)f (Old Age and Death)——

——

— hfltaf^ h/fd/)f pTk© x'G%.

h/fsf] cy{ j[$fj:yf xf] eg] d/)fsf] cy{ d[To'. h/fd/)f zAb oxf“ b'Mvsf]

k|tLssf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] %. d/)feGbf &"nf] b'Mv s]xL klg %}g. t/

d/)fkl% klg k|f)fLsf] b'Mvsf] cGTo x'“b}g. cljBf, ;+:sf/ x'“b} of] rqm rln/xG%.

cljBfsf] gfzaf^ dfq} of] b'Mvsf] gfz x'G%. cljBfsf] gfz ljBfaf^ x'G%.

ljBf eg]s} lgjf{)f xf].

xfdLn] oxf“ rrf{ u/]sf k|ltTo;d'Tkfbsf 12 c·sf] j)f{g sf/)faf^

sfo{tk{msf] -cg'nf]d_ j)f{g xf] h;df xfdLn] cljBfaf^ h/fd/)f;Ddsf] rrf{

u¥of}”.

ef/tLo bz{g M cfnf]rg cf}/ cg'zLng e©] k':tsdf rGıw/ zdf{n]

o;sf] k|ltnf]d -sfo{af^ sf/)ftk{m_ sf] lg¿k)f u/]sf %g\. To;af/] xfdL klg

s]xL a]/ rrf{ u/f}”.

xfdLnfO{ clk|o;“usf] ;+of]udf, lk|o;“usf] ljof]udf, /f]uJoflw nfUbf,

zf]s kbf{, h/fd/)f cflb x'“bf b'Mv lsg x'G%< lsgeg] xfdLn] hGd lnPsf %f}”.

xfdL hGd -/ k"j{hGd klg_ lsg lnG%f}”< lsgeg] xfdLn] hGd lngsf nflu

k|]l/t ug]{ sd{ u/]sf %f}” / xfdLdf Tof] sd{ ef]u ug{sf nflu hGd lng] OR%f %.

o:tf] sd{ / o:tf] OR%f lsg x'G%< lsgeg] xfdL ef]udf cf;St eP/ To;}df

nLg %f}”. o:tf] cf;ÒSt lsg x'G%< lsgeg] xfdLdf ef]u ug]{ t[i)ff %. o:tf]

t[i)ff lsg x'G%< lsgeg] ef]uaf^ OÒGıo;+j]bghGo ;'v ldN%. o:tf] ;+j]bg

lsg x'G%< lsgeg] OÒGıo / ljifosf] :kz{ tyf ;Dks{ x'G%. o:tf] ;Dks{ lsg

x'G%< lsgeg] xfdL;“u % j^f OÒGıo %g\ h;sf] k|j[lQ g} ljifo;“u ;Dks{ ug'{


Bibhor Baral


xf]. oL % OÒGıo lsg x'G%g\< lsgeg] xfdL;“u gfd¿kfTds dgf]ef}lts

;‹ft¿ksf] z/L/ % h;df oL OÒGıox¿ pTk© x'G%g\.

o:tf] ;‹ft lsg x'G%< lsgeg] of] lj!fgaf^ cg'k|fl)ft %. lj!fg

o;df lsg k|ljfl x'G%< lsgeg] k"j{sd{sf] ;+:sf/n] o;nfO{ afWo kf/]sf] x'G%.

sd{;+:sf/ lsg x'G%< lsgeg] cljBf sd{df k|j[Q ePsf] x'G%. o;/L cljBf

g} o; ;+:sf/rqm¿kL b'Mvsf] d"n sf/)f xf]. cljBfsf] lgj[lQ ug'{ g} lgjf{)f

xf].

hut\sf tLg ljz]iftfx¿hut\sf tLg ljz]iftfx¿

hut\sf tLg ljz]iftfx¿hut\sf tLg ljz]iftfx¿

hut\sf tLg ljz]iftfx¿

(World with Three Characteristics)

af}$ wd{ / bz{gn] lgb]{z u/]cg';f/ o; hut\sf tLg j^f dxŒjk")f{

ljz]iftf %g\— 1= ;+;f/ clgTo %% 2= b'Mv %, b'Mv g} hut\sf] klxnf] ;To xf],

b'Mv lg/f]w gu/L lgjf{)f k|f† x'“b}g / 3= of] hut\df cfTdf gfdsf] s'g} r]tg

ıJo %}g, ;a} lrh cgfTd %g\.

o;/L af}$ bz{gn] tLg j^f ljz]iftfdf o; ;+;f/nfO{ ;d]̂ ]sf] %. o;nfO{

lqnÔ)f elgG%. ca xfdL hut\sf oL nÔ)f jf rl/qsf af/]df %'§f%'§} ¿kdf

s]xL rrf{ u/f}”. of] ljj]rgf d"ntM af}$ bz{gsf] lxgofg ;Dk|bfo;“u ;DaÒGwt

%.

clgToclgTo

clgToclgTo

clgTo

(Impermance)

clgTosf] cy{ x'G% s'g} klg lrh lgTo %}g. cyf{t\ ;a} lrh Ôl)fs

%g\— ;j{( Ôl)fsd\. o; hut\sf ;a} lrh, ;a} k|jfx xfdLnfO{ lgTo eO/x]sf]

h:tf] efg x'G%, t/ oyfy{df k|jfxx¿ clgTo %g\, Ôl)fs %g\, lgTo %}gg\.

hut\sf x/]s j:t'df Ôl)fs wd{sf] wf/f dfq alx/x]sf] %. Ôl)fs wd{ b'O{

lsl;dsf %g\— r]tg / cr]tg. r]tg wd{ !fg xf] eg] cr]tg wd{ ef}lts

k/df)f' xf]. o; hut\df log} Ôl)fs lj!fg / Ôl)fs k/df)f'sf cnu–cnu

k|jfx alx/x]sf %g\. ;a} Ôl)fs sd{, lj!fg / k/df)f' sf/)fsfo{ lgoddf

cg'aÒGwt %g\. cyf{t\ k|ltTo;d'Tk© %g\, ;+:s[t %g\, lsgeg] Ôl)fs wd{sf]

lg/Gt/ k|jfxdf k|ltTo;d'Tkfbsf åfbz rqmh:t} k"j{jtL{ Ôl)fs wd{ sf/)f

x'G% / pQ/jtL{ Ôl)fs wd{ To;sf] sfo{ x'G%. sf/)f Ô)f pTk© x'“bfx'“b} sfo{

Ô)fnfO{ hGd lbG% / cfk"m gfl x'G%. clg k]ml/ Tof] sfo{Ô)f sf/)fÔ)fdf kl/)ft


x'G% / csf]{ sfo{ pTk© u/L cfk"m gfl x'G%. o;/L Ô)fÔ)fdf sf/)fsfo{sf] gfl

x'g] / pTk© x'g] k|lqmof rln/x“bf xfdLnfO{ lg/Gt/ k|jfxsf] efg x'G%. o;/L

k|ltÔ)f oL Ôl)fs wd{x¿ pTk© / ljgfz eO/xG%g\. sfo{sf] pTkfbg ug]{ Ôdtf

ePsf] lrhnfO{ ;t\ dflgG%. Ôl)fs wd{n] klg sfo{sf] pTkfbg ug]{ ePsfn]

o;nfO{ ;t\ dflgG%. ot Ôl)fs+ ;t\ tt\. o;/L k|ltTo;d'Tkfbsf] sf/)fsfo{

k|jfxdf k|jfxdfg\ Ôl)fs wd{ ;t\ xf]. ctM Ôl)fs lj!fg / Ôl)fs k/df)f' b'j}

;t\ x'g\.

!fg>Lsf cg';f/ ot\ ;t\ tt\ Ôl)fs+ oyf hnw/M ;Gt®efjfcld

cyf{t\ h'g ;t\ % Tof] Ôl)fs %. h:t} hnw/ cyf{t\ afbn PsÔ)fdf Ps

&fp“df b]lvG%, bf]…f] Ô)fdf xfjfn] To;nfO{ cs}{ &fp“df k'¥ofO;s]sf] x'G%.

To:t} of] hut\df b]lvPsf kbfy{x¿ ;a} ;t\ x'g\, To;}n] Ôl)fs klg x'g\.

of] Ôl)fs k|jfx jf clgTonfO{ cem k|:^ kfg{sf nflu lxgofg bz{gn]

gbLsf] k|jfx / bLklzvfsf] k|jfxsf] ™flfGt lbPsf] %. gbL lg/Gt/ alu/x]sf]

x'G%. of] gbLsf] lg/Gt/ axfj / k|jfx x]bf{ xfdLnfO{ of] lgTo %, Ôl)fs %}g

h:tf] nfU% t/ To;f] xf]Og. alu/x]sf] gbLsf] Pp^} hn;d"xdf xfdL bf]…f] k^s

g'xfpg ;Sb}gf}”, klxnf] *'a'NsL nufPsf] h'g hn;d"x xf] Tof] t au]/ uOxfN%

/ csf]{ hn;d"xn] To;sf] &fp“ lnG% / xfdLn] bf]…f] *'a'NsL cs}{ hn;d"xdf

nufp“b%f}”. of] k|lqmof w]/} l%^f] / lg/Gt/ x'G% h;n] xfdLnfO{ gbLsf] lg/Gt/

k|jfxsf] e|d lbG%.

hln/x]sf] bLklzvf klg o:t} xf]. Ôl)fs lzvfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ k|jfxsf

sf/)f of] lgToh:tf] nfU%, t/ Toxf“ Ôl)fs lzvfx¿ gfl x'“b} pTk© x'“b} u/]sf

x'G%g\. o;/L Ps bLklzvf csf]{ bLklzvfsf] ;dfg x'G%, t/ Pp^} x'“b}g.

hn;d"x klg Ps hn;d"x csf]{ hn;d"xsf] ;dfg x'G%, t/ pxL x'“b}g. o;/L

Ps Ôl)fs lj!fg jf k/df)f' csf]{ Ôl)fs lj!fg jf k/df)f';dfg t x'G% t/

pxL x'“b}g. k|jfxsf] lg/Gt/tf / j]usf sf/)f Ôl)fsnfO{ lgToh:tf] nfu] klg

oyfy{df Tof] clgTo g} x'G%. oBlk k|jfxsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu lj!fg jf

k/df)f'n] sd;]sd tLg Ô)f;Dd /xg' cfjZos x'G%. k|yd Ô)fdf pTk© x'G%,

bf]…f] Ô)fdf sfof]{Tkfb zÒSt pTk© ub{% / t]…f] Ô)fdf sfo{ pTk© u/]/ gfl

x'G%. o;/L j:t'sf] Ôl)fsTj l;$ x'G%. oBlk sltko ljåfg\x¿ of] tLg

Ô)fsf] Ôl)fs k/Dk/fnfO{ dfGb}gg\. pgLx¿sf cg';f/ o; lsl;dsf] Ôl)fsjfbdf

j:t'sf] Ôl)fs k/Dk/f rNg ;Sb}g. To;}n] sd;]sd b'O{ Ô)f :jLsf/ ug{


cfjZos x'G%. klxnf] Ô)fdf pTk© x'G% / bf]…f] Ô)fdf csf{nfO{ pTk© u/L

gfz x'G%. o;df klg bf]…f] Ô)fdf j:t'sf] gfz :jLsf/ ul/Psfn] o;nfO{

Ôl)fsjfb e© ;lsG%.

b'Mvb'Mv

b'Mvb'Mv

b'Mv

(Suffering)

b'Mv o; hut\sf] zf!t rl/q xf]. ;+;f/ b'Mvdo %. a'$n] k|ltkfbg

ug'{ePsf rf/ cfo{;TodWo]sf] klxnf] ;To g} b'Mv xf]. of] ;+;f/ b'Mvdo %

e©] s'/f t ;d:t dfgjhfltsf] nf}lss cg'ejn] g} l;$ u/]sf] %. o;

;+;f/sf ;a} kbfy{ clgTo, Ôl)fs / g!/ ePs} sf/)f of] hut\ b'Mvk")f{

ePsf] xf]. xfdL OÒGıo;'vsf] cg'ej u%f}{(, nf}lss ;'vsf] sNkgf u%f}{( t/ tL

;'v klg b'Mvaf^ el/k")f{ %g\, b'Mv}b'Mvn] #]l/Psf %g\. OÒGıo;'v k|f† ug]{

k|of;df, nf}lss ;'v k|f† ug]{ k|of;df xfdL b'Mv g} ef]lu/x]sf x'G%f}”. ljifo;'vsf]

k|fl† g} eP klg st} of] gfz eP/ kf] hfG% ls< k]ml/ d}n] ef]Ug gkfpg] x'“ ls

e©] ljrf/n] b'Mv g} k|bfg ul//x]sf] x'G%. cem Tof] ljifo;'vsf] gfzn] emg\

&"nf] b'Mv k|bfg ub{%.

csf{lt/ sfd, qmf]w, nf]e, df]x, zf]s, kl/b]j, dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s

/f]uJoflw klg ;a} b'Mv x'g\. hGd b'Mv xf], j[$fj:yf b'Mv xf], d[To' emg\ &"nf]

b'Mv xf]. clk|o;“usf] ;+of]udf b'Mv %, lk|o;“usf] ljof]udf klg b'Mv %,

cfk"mn] OR%fPsf] s'/f k"/f ePg eg] b'Mv nfU%. ¿k, j]bgf, ;~!f, ;+:sf/ /

lj!fg oL kf“r :sGwx¿ klg b'Mv g} x'g\. hGdb]lv d[To';Ddsf] of] ;f/f hLjg

g} b'Mv xf]. d[To'df k'u]/ klg b'Mvsf] cGTo t sxf“ x'G% /< d[To'kl% k'gh{Gd

x'G%. clg k]ml/ hLjgel/sf] b'Mv cfk}m“;“u /xG%. hGd, d[To' / k'gh{Gdsf] of]

rqm rln/xG%% k|f)fLn] b'Mv ef]lu/xG%. lgjf{)faf^ dfq} of] b'Mvsf] cGTo

x'G%.

cgfTdcgfTd

cgfTdcgfTd

cgfTd

(Selflessness)

cgfTdsf] ;f]emf] cy{ cfTdf %}g e©] x'G%. cgfTd o; hut\sf] rl/q xf]

/ cgfTdjfb af}$ bz{gsf] Ps k|wfg l;$fGt klg. ‘;j{( cgfTd’ sf] cy{ x'G%

cfTdf gfdsf] s'g} lgTo ıJo %}g, g r]tg % g h*, g s"^:y lgTo % g

kl/)ffdL lgTo. g t s'g} k'¨n jf cfTdf gfdsf] r]tg ıJo % g s'g} ef}lts

kbfy{ gfds h* ıJo. of] t s]jn sNkgf xf].


cgfTdjfbLx¿ cfTdjfbLnfO{ s] cf/f]k nufp“%g\ eg] pgLx¿ cfTdfsf]

:j¿k lrGb} glrgLsg To;sf] k"hf ul/lbG%g\. a'$jfbLx¿ cfTdfsf] ;Qf

:jLsf/ ub}{gg\. oBlk pklgifb\n] cfTdfsf] sfdgfsf nflu ;a} lrhnfO{ lk|o

dfg]sf] %— cfTdg:t' sfdfo ;j{( lk|o+ ejlt.

t/ a'$sf] l;$fGtdf cfTdfsf] cÒ:tTj df©' g} ;a} cgy{sf] d"n xf].

cfTdfsf] ;Qf dfg]s} sf/)f cx°f/ jf cxDefjsf] pbo x'G%. oxL cfTdfnfO{

;'v lbgsf nflu k|f)fLn] ;'vk|fl†sf ljle© pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ub{%. /fusf]

cf>o ag]/ /x]sf] o;} cfTdfsf] cÒ:tTjd} sfdsf] pbo klg lge{/ x'G%. o;y{

cfTdfnfO{ lgif]w ug'{ g} plrt dflgPsf] xf].

gfufh'{gsf cg';f/ hf] cfTdfnfO{ b]Vb% p;}sf] cxd\sf nflu ;w}” µ]x

alg/xG%. µ]xaf^ ;'vsf nflu t[i)ff k}bf x'G%. t[i)ffaf^ pkfbfg k}bf x'G%.

o;/L ha;Dd cfTdf /xG% ta;Dd ;+;f/ /lx/xG%. cfTdfs} sf/)f cfk"m /

k/fO{sf] !fg x'G%. cfk"m / k/fO{sf] e]bn] /fuå]if pTk© ub{%. /fuå]ifs} sf/)f

;Dk")f{ bf]ifx¿ pTk© x'G%g\. o;/L ;Dk")f{ bf]ifnfO{ x^fpg cfTd™lflnfO{ g} x^fpg'k%{.

cgfTdjfbnfO{ k'¨n g}/fTDo klg elgG% h;sf] cy{ cfTdf %}g e©] g}

x'G%. cgfTd zAbn] cfTdfsf] cefjnfO{ t atfp“% g}, ;fy;fy} cGo kbfy{sf]

;QfnfO{ klg :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'G% h;sf] cy{ cfTdfafx]s ;a} j:t'sf] ;Qf jf

cÒ:tTj % e©] xf] / ;a} j:t'sf] clek|fo xf] wd{. wd{sf] cy{ clt ;"Id k|s[lt

tyf dgsf] cÒGtd tŒj h;nfO{ k'gM ̂ 'qmØfpg ;ls“b}g, ef}lts kbfy{sf] xsdf

k/df)f' xf]. log} ljle© wd{sf] #ftk|lt#ftaf^ g} of] hut\ rn]sf] %. cfTdfsf]

sf/)faf^ xf]Og. cgfTd e©'sf] dtna g} oxL xf] ls cfTdfsf] ;Qf %}g, wd{sf]

;Qf %. o;/L g}/fTDosf] csf]{ gfd wd{tf x'g hfG%.

cfTdfnfO{ k'b\un cyjf hLj h] eg] klg s'/f] Pp^} xf]. a'$jfbdf of]

zAbn] lgb]{z ug]{ s'g} lrhsf] :jtGq ;Qf %“b} %}g. cfTdf t s]jn Pp^f gfd

jf ;~!f dfq} xf]. af}$ wd{n] klg Jojxf/df sfd rnfpg cfTdfnfO{ lgif]w

u/]sf] %}g, kf/dfly{s ¿kdf dfq lgif]w u/]sf] %. nf]sJojxf/sf nflu cfTdfsf]

;Qf k‰:sGw ¿k, j]bgf, ;~!f, ;+:sf/ / lj!fgsf nflu dfq :jLsf/ ul/P

klg k/dfy{df cfTdf gfdsf] s'g} :jtGq ;Qfwf/L kbfy{ %}g. o;/L hut\

cgfTd %.


Bibhor Baral


af}$ d'ÒStaf}$ d'ÒSt

af}$ d'ÒStaf}$ d'ÒSt

af}$ d'ÒSt

(Buddhist Liberation)af}$ wd{ / bz{gn] o; hut\df k|f)fLx¿n] ef]Ug'kg]{ b'Mv / bzfsf] j)f{g

dfq} u/]sf] %}g, clkt' b'Mvd'ÒStsf] pkfosf] vf]hL klg u/]sf] %. of] clgTo /

Ôl)fs ;+;f/, of] b'Mvk")f{ / cgfTd ;+;f/af^ d'ÒStsf] cj:yf s] x'G% egL

a'$jfbdf w]/} lrGtg / rrf{ ul/Psf] %. b'Mvd'ÒStsf] pkfo vf]Hb} cx{t /

lgjf{)fsf] cj:yfsf] cfljisf/ ul/Psf] %. af]lw;Œj / a'$Tjsf] cEof;

ul/Psf] %.

ca xfdL a'$jfbdf rrf{ ul/Psf b'Mvd'ÒStsf log} cj:yfx¿sf af/]df

;º]kdf rrf{ u/f}”.

cx{tcx{t

cx{tcx{t

cx{t

(Arhat)

af}$ u|Gyx¿df ofg+ lqljw+ elgPsf] %, cyf{t\ ofg tLg j^f %g\—

>fjsofg, k|To]sa'$ofg / ;Dos\;Da'$ofg. ofg eg]sf] lgjf{)f jf af}$

d'ÒStk|fl†sf] af^f] jf ;fwg xf]. >fjsofg lxgofg ;Dk|bfosf] csf]{ gfd xf] /

cx{t kb k|ft ug'{ oxL >fjsofgsf] cÒGtd nIo xf]. x/]s cfo{sf] nIo klg

oxL g} xf]. af}$ u|Gyx¿n] cx{t kbsf] k|fl†sf nflu rf/ e"ld kf/ ug'{kg]{

atfPsf %g\— …f]tfk© e"ld, ;s[bfufdL e"ld, cgfufdL e"ld / cx{t e"ld.

k|To]s e"lddf b'O{ bzf x'G%g\— dfuf{j:yf / ˚nfj:yf.

s'g} klg ;fwssf] lrQ ;f+;fl/s k|k‰af^ x^]/ cx{t kbk|fl†sf] dfu{df

nfUg' g} …f]tfk© cj:yf xf]. o; e"lddf k|j]z u/]kl% ;fws k'gM ;f+;fl/s

k|k‰df ˚ls{g] ;Defjgf x'“b}g.

;s[bfufdL e"lddf ;Dk")f{ Sn]zx¿sf] gfz ul/G% h;nfO{ cf>jÔo

elgG%. cgfufdLsf] cy{ k]ml/ hGd glng] e©] x'G%. o; e"lddf sfd/fu

-OÒGıolnK;f_ / k|lt# -csf{sf] clgfl lrtfpg] efjgf_ k")f{ ¿kdf x^\b%g\.

>fjssf] cÒGtd e"ld / cÒGtd nIo cx{t xf].

¿k/fu, c¿k/fu, dfg, cf}$To / cljBf gfds kf“r aGwgx¿ tf]*]kl%

k|To]s leÔ' cx{t aGb%. oL aGwgx¿ tf]*]kl% ;a} Sn]z x^\b%g\. ;Dk")f{ b'Mv

:sGwsf] cGTo x'G%, t[i)ffsf] n]z dfq klg af“sL x'“b}g, ;fws o; ;+;f/df t

x'G% t/ k"/} cln† x'G% ;+;f/af^. s'g} /fu, å]if, t[i)ff, df]x s]xL x'“b}g. o:tf]

JoÒStn] g} r/d zfÒGtsf] cg'ej u/]sf] x'G%, oxL g} cx{t kb xf].


cx{t lxgofgsf] cfbz{ xf] / uGtJo klg. t/ dxf;fl‹sx¿n] lxgofgn]

dfg]sf] cx{tsf] :j¿ksf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf %g\. dxf;fl‹sx¿sf cg';f/ cx{t

eO;s]sf] JoÒStdf klg c!fg af“sL g} /x]sf] x'G%, ;+zo / ;Gb]x x'G%. cx{tn]

cf"g} ana'tfdf geP/ cs}{sf] andf !fg k|f† u/]sf] x'G%. cx{tsf] o;/L

cfnf]rgf ub}{ dxf;fl‹sx¿n] dfgjd'ÒStsf nflu af]lw;Œjsf] sNkgf u/]sf

%g\.

gdf] t:; eujtf] c/xtf] ;Ddf ;Da'$:;. o; :t'ltn] a'$nfO{ klg

cx{t g} dfg]sf] %. o;/L x]bf{ s] b]lvG% eg] a'$ x'g' cx{t klg x'g' xf], t/

cx{t dfq} x'g' a'$ x'g' xf]Og. lqlk^scGtu{t ;+o'St lgsfosf] hDa'/jfb;'Qdf

;fl/k'qn] hDa'/jfb kl/j|fhsnfO{ Ps k|Zgsf] hjf˚ lbg] qmddf cx{tsf]

JofVof u/]sf %g\.

pQd+ g vf] cfj';f] c/xGtlt, of] vf] cfj';f], /fuDvof], bf]ifDvof],

df]xDvof] Ob+ a'‚tL c/xÒGt o;/L /fu, å]if / df]x Ôo ePsf] JoÒStnfO{ cx{t

elgPsf] %.

To:t} csf]{ Ps k|;·df cx{tnfO{ ;fÔfTsf/ ug]{ af^f]sf ¿kdf cfo{

cflfl°s dfu{nfO{ lrq)f ul/Psf] %— cfj';f], cl/of], cflfl·sf] dUuf] Pt:;

c/xGt:; ;ÒR%lsl/ofo.

lgjf{)flgjf{)f

lgjf{)flgjf{)f

lgjf{)f

(Nirvana)

lgjf{)f a'$jfbdf kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] r/d d'ÒStsf] cj:yf xf]. lgjf{)fsf]

cy{ ‘a'$g'’, ‘Ôo jf gfz x'g'’ e©] x'G%. h;/L aln/x]sf] lbof]df t]nsf] Ôoaf^

bLks a'lemG% To;} u/L rln/x]sf] hLjgdf cljBf / Sn]zsf] Ôoaf^ lgjf{)f

a'lemG%. cyf{t\ lgjf{)f k|f† ul/G%. lgjf{)f k|f† eO;s]kl% o; b'Mvdo hut\df

k]ml/k]ml/ hGd lnO/xg'kb}{g. of] b'Mvd'ÒStsf] ;LdfGt cj:yf xf]. a'$n]

a'$Tjk|fl†kl%sf] cf"gf] hLjgsf] 45 jif{;Dd ;f/df hDdfhDdL b'O{ s'/fsf]

dfq} pkb]z lbg'eof]— b'Mv / b'Mvlg/f]w. a'$sf cg';f/ of] ;+;f/ b'Mv xf] eg]

b'Mvlg/f]w lgjf{)f xf]. b'Mvlg/f]wsf nflu ejrqmsf] gfz ug'{k%{, ejrqmsf]

gfz ug{ cljBfsf] gfz ug'{k%{, cljBfsf] gfz jf lg/f]w k|!faf^ dfq} ;Dej

% / ljsNkxLg k|ToÔ cg'e"ltaf^ g} k|!f k|f† x'G%. jf:tjdf k|!fk|fl†sf] of]

cg'e"lt g} lgjf{)f xf]. k|!f tLg lsl;dsf %g\— >'tdoL k|!f, lrGtgdoL k|!f

/ efjgfdoL k|!f. of] k|!f g} lgjf{)fsf] ;fwg xf]. pklgifb\df cfTdfnfO{ g]lt


g]lt elgPh:t} af}$ bz{gdf lgjf{)fnfO{ klg lgif]wfTds kbx¿n] k'sfl/Psf] %.

lgjf{)fnfO{ OÒGıox¿eGbf k/sf] ctLÒGıo dflgPsf] %. a'l$ ljsNkftLt /

clgj{rgLo elgPsf] %. pklgifb\df cfTdfnfO{ g]lt g]lt eg]/ cfTdljifos

j)f{gnfO{ dfq} lgif]w ul/Psf] xf], cfTdfnfO{ xf]Og. To;} u/L lgif]wfTds kbn]

lgjf{)fsf] j)f{gnfO{ lgif]w u/]sf] xf], lgjf{)fnfO{ g} xf]Og.

lgjf{)f lg/k]Ô k/dtŒj xf]. of] cRo't, cd[t / k/d;'v xf]. a'$lzÔfsf]

Psdfq /; g} lgjf{)f xf]. af}$ bz{gsf] nIo lgjf{)f xf]. olb sxL”st} :ju{ %

eg] af}$ pkf;ssf] ™lfldf lgjf{)f g} :ju{ xf].

oBlk af}$ bz{gsf ljle© ;Dk|bfon] lgjf{)fsf] :j¿ksf] cf–cf"g}

(·n] JofVof u/]sf %g\. lxgofgsf cg';f/ ha Sn]zsf] cfj/)f x^\b% ta

lgjf{)fsf] cj:yfsf] hGd x'G%. t[i)ffsf] lg/f]waf^ pkfbfg tyf ejsf] lg/f]w

x'G%, ejsf] lg/f]wn] k'gh{Gdsf] af^f] aGb ub{%, clg ;a} b'Mv /f]lsG%g\.

o;/L t[i)ff cflb Sn]zsf] lg/f]w x'g' g} lgjf{)f xf]. lgjf{)fsf] ;fÔfTsf/ ug{

;lsG%, t/ pTk© ug{ ;ls“b}g. lgjf{)f ;u/dfyfh:t} xf]. h;/L s'g} ;fx;L

JoÒSt ;u/dfyf cf/f]x)f ug{ ;S% t/ cfk}m“ ;u/dfyfsf] lgdf{)f ug{ ;Sb}g

&Ls To;} u/L >fjsx¿ lgjf{)f¿kL kj{tsf] cf/f]x)f ug{ t ;S%g\ t/ lgjf{)fsf]

lgdf{)f ug{ ;Sb}gg\.

olb ;xL dfu{ cjnDag ug]{ xf] eg] x/]s JoÒSt ;a} ;+:sf/nfO{ clgTo,

b'Mv tyf cgfTd¿kdf b]Vb} k|!fsf] dfWodaf^ lgjf{)fsf] ;fÔfTsf/ ug{ ;dy{

x'G%. lgjf{)f s'g} k/nf]sdf k'u]/ k|f† x'g] xf]Og, o;} nf]sdf k|f† x'G%.

:jlj/jfbLx¿sf] ™lfldf lgjf{)f dfgl;s tyf ef}lts hLjgsf] r/d lg/f]w xf].

k|!f k|f† cx{tsf] ef}lts hLjgsf] cj;fg klg lgjf{)fs} gfdaf^ lrlgG%.

j}eflifs dtsf cg';f/ lgjf{)fnfO{ Sn]zefj¿k dflgPsf] %. j}eflifsn]

lgjf{)fnfO{ cefj dfg] klg ;QfTds kbfy{ dfg]sf] %. j}z]lifs / j}eflifs

bz{gn] cefjnfO{ kbfy{ dfG%g\.

;f}qfÒGtsx¿ lgjf{)fnfO{ ljz'$ !fgåf/f pTk© x'g] ef}lts hLjgsf]

r/d lg/f]w dfGb%g\. o; cj:yfdf ef}lts ;Qf ljBdfg x'“b}g e©] pgLx¿sf]

dfGotf %. ;f}qfÒGtssf] Ps xf“uf] lgjf{)fkl% s]xL klg af“sL /x“b}g, s'g} r]tgf

jf s'g} cjz]if af“sL /x“b}g e©] dfGotf /fVb%.

t/ dxfofgn] lgjf{)fnfO{ dfly j)f{g ul/PeGbf a]Un} :j¿kdf JofVof

u/]sf] %. lxgofgL sNkgfsf] lgjf{)fdf s]jn Sn]zfj/)fsf] dfq} Ôo x'G%,


!]ofj/)f t af“sL g} /xG%. !]ofj/)f gx^L jf:tljs lgjf{)f k|f† x'“b}g e©]

dxfofgLx¿sf] dfGotf %. !]ofj/)fn] ;a} !]o kbfy{x¿eGbf dfly /x]/ !fgsf]

k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sb%. ctM of] cfj/)fnfO{ x^fP/ dfq} ;j{!tfsf] k|fl† x'G%. ;j{!tfsf]

k|fl† eg]sf] z"Gotfsf] !fg xf].

sfNklgs k/nf]sdf cfTdfnfO{ ;'v lbgsf nflu dfG%]n] ljle© lsl;dsf

cs'zn sd{ ub{%g\. oxL cfTd™lfl -;Tsfo ™lfl_ s} sf/)f ;Dk")f{ Sn]z /

bf]ifx¿ pTk© x'G%g\. ctM cfTdfnfO{ lgif]w u/]/ dfq} Sn]zsf] gfz x'G%. To;/L

cfTdfnfO{ lgif]w ug'{nfO{ k'̈ n g}/fTDo elgG%. oxL g}/fTDos} sf/)f Sn]zfj/)fsf]

Ôo x'G%, t/ !]ofj/)f af“sL g} /xG%. dxfofgLx¿sf cg';f/ of] af“sL /x]sf]

!]ofj/)f klg x^]kl% dfq} jf:tljs lgjf{)f k|f† x'G%. of] lgjf{)f g pTk© x'G%,

g lg?$ x'G%, g of] k|f† ug{ ;lsG%, g %f]*\g ;lsG%. :jefjsf] ™lflaf^ of]

pTklQ / ljgfz/lxt %, zAbsf] ™lflaf^ clgj{rgLo %. lgjf{)fsf] ;Gbe{df

lxgofg / dxfofgsf] aLrdf w]/} k[ys\tf kfOG%. lxgofgn] lgjf{)fnfO{ ;To,

lgTo, b'Mvefj tyf kljq dfg]sf] %. dxfofgn] o;sf cltl/St lgjf{)fnfO{

;'v¿k klg dfg]sf] %, t/ p;sf] ™lfldf lgjf{)f clgj{rgLo %. lxgofgn]

lgjf{)fnfO{ k|f† ug]{ j:t' dfg]sf] %, t/ dxfofgn] ck|fKo dfg]sf] %. lxgofgn]

lgjf{)fnfO{ nf]sf]Q/ bzf dfg]sf] % eg] dxfofgn] nf]sf]Q/eGbf klg dflysf]

bzf dfg]sf] %. o;/L lxgofgn] leÔ'n] cx{t kb k|f† u/]kl% dfq} lgjf{)f k|f†

ub{% e©] dfGb% eg] dxfofgn] z"Gotfsf] !fgkl% dfq} lgjf{)f k|f† x'G% e©]

dfGb%.

af}$ Wofgof]uaf}$ Wofgof]u

af}$ Wofgof]uaf}$ Wofgof]u

af}$ Wofgof]u

(Buddhist Meditation)xfdLn] cl#˜f] kf&df lgjf{)fsf af/]df s]xL rrf{ u¥of}”. ljz'l$dUuf]

gfds u|Gydf ljz'l$sf ljle© dfu{x¿sf] lg¿k)f ul/Psf] %. cyf{t\

lgjf{)fk|fl†sf] pkfo atfOPsf] %. lgjf{)fk|fl†sf] pkfos} qmddf Wofg / ;dflwsf]

rrf{ ul/Psf] %. a'$n] pkb]zsf qmddf lgjf{)fk|fl†sf] dfWodsf ¿kdf st}

ljkZogf, st} Wofg / k|!f tyf st} k|!f / ;dflwsf] rrf{ ug'{ePsf] %.

leÔ'x¿nfO{ pkb]z lb“b} ljz]if ¿kdf a'$n] lgjf{)fk|fl†sf b'O{ j^f ;fwgsf

af/]df g} d"ntM rrf{ ug'{ePsf] %— zLn ljz'l$ / lrQ ljz'l$. ;Tsd{sf]

cg'‡fg u/]/ g}lts z'l$ ug'{ zLn ljz'l$ xf] eg] lrQsf] z'$tf lrQ

ljz'l$cGtu{t kb{%.


ljz'l$dUuf]d} lxgofgL ™lflaf^ Wofgof]usf] ljj]rgf ul/Psf] %. dxfofgdf

klg Wofgof]usf] dxŒjk")f{ :yfg %. of]u / cfrf/df a(L dxŒj lbPs} sf/)f

lj!fgjfbnfO{ of]ufrf/ elgPsf] %. nIo -lgjf{)f_ k|fl†sf nflu Wofgsf]

pkof]u ul/G%. lxgofgLsf] p@]Zo cx{tk|fl† jf lgjf{)fk|fl†sf nflu Wofgof]un]

g} ;xfotf ub{%. ;dflwn] ;fwsnfO{ sfdwft'af^ ¿kwft'df n}hfG%. Wofgs}

ann] ;fws :y"n hut\af^ ;"Id hut\df k|j]z ub{%.

dxfofgsf] r/d nIo a'$Tjk|fl† xf]. k|!fkf/ldtfsf] pbolagf a'$Tjsf]

k|fl† x'g ;Sb}g / ;dflwlagf kf/ldtfsf] pbo x'g ;Sb}g. o;/L dxfofgdf klg

;dflw / Wofgof]usf] clws dxŒj %. kf/ldtf;Dd k'Ugsf nflu ;fwsn]

ljle© 10 e"ldx¿ kf/ ug'{kb{% -st} 14 elgPsf] %_. oL e"ldx¿ kf/ u/]kl%

;fwsn] a'$Tj k|f† ub{%. ctM a'$Tjsf] k|fl†sf nflu Wofgof]usf] cToGt

&"nf] dxŒj %. lgjf{)fsf] k|fl†sf nflu lrQnfO{ Psfu| ug'{ clt g} cfjZos

x'G%. /fu, å]if, df]x cflb Sn]zn] lrQnfO{ ljs[t ul/lbG%g\. ljs[t / czfGt

lrQn] lgjf{)f k|f† ug{ ;Sb}g. o;/L lrQnfO{ ljifojf;gfaf^ x^fP/ lgjf{)fsf]

dfu{df cu|;/ u/fpg] sfd Wofgof]un] ub{%. d"ntM af}$ Wofg b'O{ lsl;dsf

%g\— ;dyf / ljkZogf.

;dyf Wofg;dyf Wofg

;dyf Wofg;dyf Wofg

;dyf Wofg

(Samatha Meditation);dyfsf] cy{ lrQsf] Psfu|tf xf]. kf“r lj£gx¿sf] zdg u/]kl% lrQsf]

Psfu|tf sfod x'G%. k‰lgj/)ffg+ ;dg¶]g ;dy+. ;dyfnfO{ nf}lss ;dflwsf]

dfu{ dflgG% eg] ljkZogfsf] dfu{nfO{ nf]sf]Q/ ;dflw dflgG%. lj£gx¿sf]

gfzaf^ g} nf}lss ;dflwdf k|yd Wofgsf] nfe x'G%. k|yd Wofgdf kf“r

c·sf] k|fb'ef{j x'G% eg] bf]…f]–t]…f] Wofgdf kf“r c·sf] cltqmd)f x'G%.

Wofgdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] kf“r tŒj %g\. ;j{k|yd lognfO{ lgjf/)f ug'{k%{. k‰

lgj/)f o; k|sf/ %g\—

1= sfd%Gb—1= sfd%Gb—

1= sfd%Gb—1= sfd%Gb—

1= sfd%Gb— ljifosf] cg'/fu, df]x / cf;ÒStkg

2= Jofkfb—2= Jofkfb—

2= Jofkfb—2= Jofkfb—

2= Jofkfb— lx+;f, å]if, #[)ff, k|Lltsf] pN^f]

3= :Tofg ld$—3= :Tofg ld$—

3= :Tofg ld$—3= :Tofg ld$—

3= :Tofg ld$— :Tofgsf] cy{ lrQsf] csd{)otf / ld$ eg]sf] cfn:o,

a]xf];L jf lgıf

4= cf}$To–sf}s[To—4= cf}$To–sf}s[To—

4= cf}$To–sf}s[To—4= cf}$To–sf}s[To—

4= cf}$To–sf}s[To— cJojÒ:yt / Jofs'n lrQ, r‰ntf

5= ljlrlsT;f—5= ljlrlsT;f—

5= ljlrlsT;f—5= ljlrlsT;f—

5= ljlrlsT;f— ;+zo, z°f / ;Gb]x


Bibhor Baral


oL kf“r tŒjx¿sf] lgjf/)f gu/L ;dflwdf lrQsf] k|lt‡f x'g ;Sb}g.

k‰ lgj/)fsf] gfzaf^ Wofgsf] nfe x'G% eg] Wofgsf kf“r c· ljts{, ljrf/,

k|Llt, ;'v / Psfu|tfsf] k|fb'ef{j x'G%. oL kf“r c·sf] k|fb'ef{j k|yd Wofgdf

x'G%.

of]usf] ;fwgnfO{ sd{:yfg elgG%. h]åf/f of]usf] efjgf pTk© x'G%

To;}nfO{ sd{:yfg elgG%. sd{:yfg jf ;dflwsf ;fwg 40 %g\ h;dWo] 10

sl;)f, 10 cz'e, 10 cg':d[lt, 4 a|#fljxf/, 4 cf¿Ko, 1 ;~!f / 1

Jofj:yfg %g\.

ljz'l$dfu{n] lglb{fl u/]sf Wofgsf 40 ;fwgdWo] sl;)f 10 j^f %g\.

sl;)f zAb ;+:s[tsf] s[Tµaf^ ag]sf] xf] h;sf] cy{ af“Wg' e©] x'G%. ;Dk")f{

OÒGıo / lrQnfO{ lgoGq)fdf /fVg'nfO{ g} sl;)f elgG%. o;n] lrQsf] ;Dk")f{

c+znfO{ cfk"mlt/ cfslif{t ub{%. 10 sl;)fx¿ o; k|sf/ %g\— k[YjL, hn,

t]h, jfo', gLn, nf]lxt, kLt, cjbft, cfnf]s tyf kl/ÒR%©fsfz.

10 sl;)fsf] rrf{ ug'{cl# af}$ bz{gsf] JofVofcg';f/ ;dfhdf s'gs'g

rof{ jf k|s[ltsf dflg;x¿ x'G%g\ / s'g k|s[ltsf dflg;nfO{ s'g sd{:yfg jf

;dflw plrt x'G% e©]af/] ;fdfGo rrf{ u/f}”. af}$ dfGotfcg';f/ d"ntM dflg;sf

rof{ jf k|s[lt % j^f %g\— /furof{, å]ifrof{, df]xrof{, >$frof{, a'l$rof{ /

ljts{rof{. rof{sf e]bcg'¿k % lsl;ds} rl/q x'G%g\— /furl/q, å]ifrl/q,

df]xrl/q, >$frl/q, a'l$rl/q / ljts{rl/q. s'g JoÒSt s'g rl/qsf] xf] e©]

kQf nufpg p;sf] Oof{ky -udg, :yfg, lgifBf, zog_, s[To, ef]hg, bz{g

tyf wd{k|j[lQsf] cjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ x'G%.

/furl/q—/furl/q—

/furl/q—/furl/q—

/furl/q— /furl/q x'g]sf] ult :jfefljs x'G%, rt'/ :jefjsf] x'G%,

la:tf/la:tf/} lx“*\%, p;sf] k}tfnfsf] dWoefun] e'O“ %'“b}g. /furl/qsf] k'?if

sfo{s'zn x'G%, ;fjwfgLk"j{s / ;'Gb/tf;fy sfd ˚Q] ub{%. ljle© /;sf]

:jfb ln“b} ef]hg ug]{ x'G%, dL&f] vfg dg ug]{ x'G%. clnslt /fd|f] lrh b]Vof]

eg] To;}nfO{ x]l//fVg] x'G%. o:tf] dfG%]sf] dgdf k|]d, dfof, dfg, kfk]R%f,

c;Gtf]if, r‰ntf, nf]e / z[·f/efj x'G%.

å]ifrl/q—å]ifrl/q—

å]ifrl/q—å]ifrl/q—

å]ifrl/q— å]ifrl/q ePsf dflg;x¿ lx“*\b}v]l/ e'O“ vg]h:tf] u/L lx“*\%g\.

sfo{ Ò:y/, :tAw / ljifd x'G%. lognfO{ ¿vf] / cldnf] vfg] s'/f dg k%{.

:jfbsf] jf:tf gu/L vfG%g\, t/ gdL&f] vfg'k¥of] eg] l/;fp“%g\. g/fd|f] ™Zo x]g{

?rfp“b}gg\. logLx¿df å]if, qmf]w, O{iof{, bDe cflb x'G%.


df]xrl/q—df]xrl/q—

df]xrl/q—df]xrl/q—

df]xrl/q— df]xrl/q x'g]sf] ult Jofs'n x'G%, sfd ug{ lgk')f x'“b}gg\.

coyfy{ / ljifd x'G%g\. eoeLt, ;zl°t / ldYof s'/fdf ™( eO/xg] x'G%g\.

vfgf vf“bf klg ts{ljts{ ul//xG%g\. h] b]v] klg logdf pk]Ôfefj pTk© x'G%.

logdf cfn:o, csd{)otf, k®fQfk cflb ug]{ k|j[lQ x'G%.

>$frl/q—>$frl/q—

>$frl/q—>$frl/q—

>$frl/q— >$frl/q x'g] JoÒStsf] Oof{ky /furl/qsf] h:tf] x'G%.

logLx¿ wd{sf] >j)f ug]{ OR%f /fVb%g\. k|Lltsf] ax'ntf x'G%. >$fefj,

d[b'efifL / sf?l)fs x'G%g\.

a'l$rl/q—a'l$rl/q—

a'l$rl/q—a'l$rl/q—

a'l$rl/q— a'l$rl/qnfO{ k|!frl/q klg elgG%. cfbz{ ljrf/, ePsf,

dL&f] af]Ng], ;+oldt, ;f}Do, sNof)fldq / hfu¿s x'G%g\.

ljts{rl/q—ljts{rl/q—

ljts{rl/q—ljts{rl/q—

ljts{rl/q— Ôdtf geP klg ug{ ;S%' e©] :jefj ePsf x'G%g\.

s'ts{ ug]{, n*\g], efubf}* u/L lx“*\g] :jefj x'G%.

o; k|sf/ 40 sd{:yfgdWo] /furl/q ePsfnfO{ 10 cz'e / Ps sfofut

:d[lt u/L 11 sd{:yfg cg's"n x'G%g\ eg] å]ifrl/q ePsfnfO{ cf& sd{:yfg,

rf/ a|#ljxf/ / rf/ j)f{sl;)f cg's"n x'G%g\. To:t} df]x / ljts{rl/q x'g]sf

nflu cfgkfg :d[lt cg's"n x'G%. >$frl/q x'g]sf nflu klxnf % cg':d[lt

cg's"n x'G%g\, To:t} a'l$rl/qsf nflu d/)f:d[lt, pkzdfg':d[lt, rt'wf{t'

Joj:yfg / cfxf/sf] ljifodf k|lts"n ;~!f cg's"n x'G%. af“sL sl;)f / rf/

cf¿Ko ;a} rl/qsf JoÒStsf nflu cg's"n x'G%g\.

ca xfdL 10 sl;)fsf af/]df rrf{ u/f}”.

1= k[YjL sl;)f—1= k[YjL sl;)f—

1= k[YjL sl;)f—1= k[YjL sl;)f—

1= k[YjL sl;)f— s'g} klg uf]nfsf/ df^fsf] *˜f]nfO{ k[YjL ;De]m/

lrQnfO{ To;}df cfnDag u/L Wofg ug]{ ljlw g} k[YjL sl;)f xf]. o;df ;f]

df^fsf] kfq /·Lr·L x'g' x'“b}g. la:tf/} ;f] uf]nfsf/ lrq jf k[YjLsf] gfd

p‚f/)f ug'{k%{. o;/L la:tf/} cf“vf aGb u/]kl% ToxL j:t'sf] cfs[ltleq

emÒNsg yfNb%. o;af^ k‰ lgj/)f tyf Sn]zsf] gfz x'G%, lrQ Ò:y/ x'G%

/ ;fws la:tf/} Wofgsf] e"lddf cf/f]x)f ub{%.

2= cfkf] sl;)f—2= cfkf] sl;)f—

2= cfkf] sl;)f—2= cfkf] sl;)f—

2= cfkf] sl;)f— cfkf]sf] cy{ kfgL x'G%. tnfp, ;d'ı, jiff{sf] hn jf

gbLsf] kfgLdf x]/]/ lrQnfO{ cfnDag ug]{ Wofgsf] Ps ljlw xf].

3= t]hf] sl;)f—3= t]hf] sl;)f—

3= t]hf] sl;)f—3= t]hf] sl;)f—

3= t]hf] sl;)f— t]h eg]sf] cfuf] xf]. lbof]sf] Hof]lt, r'nfsf] cfuf] jf

bfjfgnnfO{ x]/]/ lrQnfO{ cfnDag ug]{ Wofgsf] ljlw xf].

4= jfo' sl;)f—4= jfo' sl;)f—

4= jfo' sl;)f—4= jfo' sl;)f—

4= jfo' sl;)f— af“;sf] kft, pv'sf] kft jf skfnsf] /f}” x˜fpg] xfjfnfO{

Wofg lbP/ x]g]{ Wofgsf] lsl;d xf].


5= gLn sl;)f—5= gLn sl;)f—

5= gLn sl;)f—5= gLn sl;)f—

5= gLn sl;)f— gLnf] k"mn ePsf] s'g} (fsLnfO{ sk*fn] (fs]/ ;f]

sk*fsf] rf/}lt/ /·Lla/·L lrh /flvG% / ;fwsn] oL ljle© /·af^ lrQnfO{

x^fP/ s]jn gLnf] /·df dfq} s]ÒGıt ub{%. of] g} gLn sl;)fsf] k|lqmof xf].

6= kLt sl;)f—6= kLt sl;)f—

6= kLt sl;)f—6= kLt sl;)f—

6= kLt sl;)f— kLtsf] cy{ xf] kx]”nf]. o;df kx]”nf] /·sf] lrh rflxG%.

ToxL kx]”nf] j:t'nfO{ x]/]/ ul/g] lrQsf] cfnDag xf] of].

7= nf]lxt sl;)f—7= nf]lxt sl;)f—

7= nf]lxt sl;)f—7= nf]lxt sl;)f—

7= nf]lxt sl;)f— nf]lxtsf] cy{ /ftf] xf]. /ftf] sk*f, k"mn cflb s'g}

/ftf] j:t'df lrQnfO{ s]ÒGıt u/L ul/g] Wofgsf] ljlw xf].

8= cfbft -cjbft_ sl;)f—8= cfbft -cjbft_ sl;)f—

8= cfbft -cjbft_ sl;)f—8= cfbft -cjbft_ sl;)f—

8= cfbft -cjbft_ sl;)f— cjbftsf] cy{ ;]tf] xf]. ;]tf] sk*f, k"mn

cflbnfO{ x]/L ul/g] Wofg.

9= cfnf]s sl;)f—9= cfnf]s sl;)f—

9= cfnf]s sl;)f—9= cfnf]s sl;)f—

9= cfnf]s sl;)f— cfnf]ssf] cy{ pHofnf] Hof]lt jf ls/)f e©] x'G%.

#/sf] kvf{nsf] Kjfn jf ¿vsf] kftsf] Kjfnaf^ l%/]sf] ;"o{sf] jf rGıdfsf]

ls/)fnfO{ x]/]/ ul/g] Wofgsf] ljlw xf].

10= kl/ÒR%©fsfz sl;)f—10= kl/ÒR%©fsfz sl;)f—

10= kl/ÒR%©fsfz sl;)f—10= kl/ÒR%©fsfz sl;)f—

10= kl/ÒR%©fsfz sl;)f— #/sf] s'g} Kjfnaf^ b]lvg] cfsfznfO{ x]/L

ul/g] Wofg. l;Gw'kfNrf]slt/ nfdfx¿n] #}”^fdf Kjfn kf/L Toxf“af^ l%/]sf]

k|sfznfO{ x]/L Wofg ug]{ rng %.

b; cz'e sd{:yfgb; cz'e sd{:yfg

b; cz'e sd{:yfgb; cz'e sd{:yfg

b; cz'e sd{:yfg

s'g} cz'e lrhdf lrQnfO{ cfnDag u/L ul/g] Wofg cz'e

sd{:yfgcGtu{t kb{%. o;df d[t z/L/nfO{ Wofgsf] ljifo agfOG%. d[t z/L/sf]

Wofgaf^ hut\sf] clgTotfsf] ;d]t lzÔf lng ;lsG%. ha of] ;'Gb/ z/L/sf]

cj;fg g} s'¿k nf;sf ¿kdf x'G% eg] cledfg s]sf nflu ug]{ e©] efjgf

pTk© x'G%. o;/L d[t z/L/nfO{ x]/]/ ul/g] Wofgsf 10 cj:yf %g\—

1= pb\#'dftsd—1= pb\#'dftsd—

1= pb\#'dftsd—1= pb\#'dftsd—

1= pb\#'dftsd— xfQLsf] h:tf] k'mn]sf] zjnfO{ x]/]/ ul/g] Wofgsf] tl/sf

xf].

2= ljgLnsd—2= ljgLnsd—

2= ljgLnsd—2= ljgLnsd—

2= ljgLnsd— gLnf] x'“b} uPsf] zjsf] /ªdf lrQnfO{ cfnDag ug]{

Wofgsf] ljlw xf].

3= ljk'Ajsd—3= ljk'Ajsd—

3= ljk'Ajsd—3= ljk'Ajsd—

3= ljk'Ajsd— lkkn] el/Psf] zjnfO{ x]g]{ Wofgsf] ljlw.

4= ljÒR%@sd—4= ljÒR%@sd—

4= ljÒR%@sd—4= ljÒR%@sd—

4= ljÒR%@sd— c·e· ePsf] zjnfO{ x]g]{ Wofgsf] tl/sf.

5= ljVvflkQsd—5= ljVvflkQsd—

5= ljVvflkQsd—5= ljVvflkQsd—

5= ljVvflkQsd— :ofn / s's'/n] l%©le© kf/]sf] zj x]g]{ Wofg.

6= ljÒSvtd—6= ljÒSvtd—

6= ljÒSvtd—6= ljÒSvtd—

6= ljÒSvtd— ;a} c·x¿ lalu|;s]sf] zjnfO{ x]/L ul/g] Wofg.

7= xtljÒSvtd—7= xtljÒSvtd—

7= xtljÒSvtd—7= xtljÒSvtd—

7= xtljÒSvtd— gfl eO;s]sf] / c· l%©le© eO;s]sf] zjnfO{ x]/L

ul/g] Wofg.


8= nf]lxtsd— 8= nf]lxtsd—

8= nf]lxtsd— 8= nf]lxtsd—

8= nf]lxtsd— /ut ntkltPsf] zjnfO{ x]g]{ Wofg.

9= k'n'jsd— 9= k'n'jsd—

9= k'n'jsd— 9= k'n'jsd—

9= k'n'jsd— :ofp“:ofp“ sL/f k/]sf] zjnfO{ x]g]{ Wofg.

10= cl§sd—10= cl§sd—

10= cl§sd—10= cl§sd—

10= cl§sd— s°fn dfq} af“sL /x]sf] zjnfO{ x]g]{ Wofg.

oL cz'e lrhsf] Wofg ubf{ Sn]z tyf lgj/)fsf] gfz x'G%. of] Wofg u'?

jf leÔ'sf] cwLgdf /x]/ ul/G%.

b; cg':d[ltb; cg':d[lt

b; cg':d[ltb; cg':d[lt

b; cg':d[lt

af/Daf/ pTk© eO/xg] :d[ltnfO{ cg':d[lt elgG%. s'g} klg ljifonfO{

k^sk^s ;ÒDemg', bf]xf]¥ofO{–t]x]¥ofO{ :d/)f ug'{ g} cg':d[lt xf]. 40 sd{:yfgdWo]

cg':d[lt 10 %g\—

1= a'$fg':d[lt—1= a'$fg':d[lt—

1= a'$fg':d[lt—1= a'$fg':d[lt—

1= a'$fg':d[lt— eujfg\ a'$sf gf} j^f u')fnfO{ :d/)f ug'{ g} a'$fg':d[lt

xf]. a'$sf gf} j^f u')f— Oltlk ;f] eujf c/xd\ — eujfg\ cx{t x'g'x'G%%

;Ddf;Da'$f] — ;Da'$ x'g'x'G%% ljÓfr/)f ;Dk©f] — ;Dk")f{ ljBfn] ;Dk©

x'g'x'G%% ;'utf] — nf]ssNof)fsf/L x'g'x'G%% nf]sljGb' — nf]ssf] s]GıljGb'

x'g'x'G%% cg'Q/f] kfl/bDef] ;f/ly — k|f)fLnfO{ o; nf]saf^ tfg]{ ;f/ly x'g'x'G%%

;Tofb]j dfg':;fgd\ — b]jtf / dg'iosf] zf:tf x'g'x'G%% a'$f] — a'$ x'g'x'G%%

eujtL — ;f/f zLnn] ;Dk© x'g'x'G%. a'$sf log} u')fx¿nfO{ :d[lt ug'{ a'$fg':d[lt

xf]. of] Znf]s af}$ ljxf/df leÔ'x¿n] x/]s lbg kf& u%{g\.

2= wdf{g':d[lt—2= wdf{g':d[lt—

2= wdf{g':d[lt—2= wdf{g':d[lt—

2= wdf{g':d[lt— a'$sf % lsl;dsf wd{sf] cg':d[lt u/L Wofgsf] efjgf

ug'{nfO{ wdf{g':d[lt elgG%. % k|sf/sf wd{ lgDgcg';f/ %g\\— :jfSvftf] —

;a} ™lflaf^ ;'Gb/, zLn, ;dflw, k|!fo'St wd{% ;ÒGblb&\sf] — :jod\ b]Vg

;lsg], k|ToÔ cg'ej x'g]% csflnsf] — ˚nk|fl†sf nflu bL#{sfn;Dd kv{g'

gkg]{, %f]^} ;dodf ˚n k|f† ug{ ;lsg]% ;lxofÒ:;sf] — cfk}m“ x]g{ ;lsg] wd{,

x]g{ nfossf] wd{% cf]kgfÒDdsf] — lrQdf Nofpg of]Uo wd{, cg';/)fof]Uo wd{%

k‚Gt+ j]lbtAaf] lj˙'lx — lj!hgx¿n] :jfg'e"lt ug{ ;Sg], efjgf ug{ ;lsg],

k/LÔ)f ug{ of]Uo wd{. wd{sf oL u')fx¿nfO{ :d[lt u/L ul/g] Wofg g} wdf{g':d[lt

xf].

3= ;‹fg':d[lt—3= ;‹fg':d[lt—

3= ;‹fg':d[lt—3= ;‹fg':d[lt—

3= ;‹fg':d[lt— leÔ' ;‹sf u')fx¿ ;'k|ltk©, Ch'k|ltk©, cfo{wd{k|ltk©,

;DosTjk|ltk©, …f]tfk© %g\. log} u')fx¿sf] :d[lt u/L Wofgsf] efjgf ug]{

tyf ;‹ blÔ)f]o %, c˙nLs/)fLo %, ;‹ k')oÔ]q xf] e©] :d[lt u/]/ Wofg

ug'{ ;‹fg':d[lt xf].


4= zLnfg':d[lt—4= zLnfg':d[lt—

4= zLnfg':d[lt—4= zLnfg':d[lt—

4= zLnfg':d[lt— PsfGt :yfgdf uP/ cf"gf] zLndfly ljrf/ ug'{

zLnfg':d[lt xf]. d]/f] zLn cv)*, cÒR%ı, c;n, clsÒNdif, :jtGq, lj!n]

k|zÒ:t ufPsf], ck/fd[fl / ;dflw ;+jt{lgs % egL :d/)f ug'{ g} zLnfg':d[lt

xf].

5= Tofufg':d[lt—5= Tofufg':d[lt—

5= Tofufg':d[lt—5= Tofufg':d[lt—

5= Tofufg':d[lt— s;}nfO{ s]xL bfg glbO{ c© u|x)f gug]{ / ToxL cfk"mn]

lbPsf] bfgnfO{ ;De]m/ d TofuL x'“ eGb} ul/g] Wofg Tofufg':d[lt xf].

6= b]jtfg':d[lt—6= b]jtfg':d[lt—

6= b]jtfg':d[lt—6= b]jtfg':d[lt—

6= b]jtfg':d[lt— b]jtfnfO{ ;De]m/ ul/g] Wofgsf] efjgfnfO{ b]jtfg':d[lt

elgG%.

7= d/)ffg':d[lt—7= d/)ffg':d[lt—

7= d/)ffg':d[lt—7= d/)ffg':d[lt—

7= d/)ffg':d[lt— zjnfO{ b]v]/ d/)fsf] efjgfdf lrQnfO{ s]ÒGıt u/L

ul/g] Wofgefjgf d/)ffg':d[lt xf].

8= sfoutfg':d[lt—8= sfoutfg':d[lt—

8= sfoutfg':d[lt—8= sfoutfg':d[lt—

8= sfoutfg':d[lt— dfgjz/L/df /x]sf ljle© dnd"qflb c·x¿df

lrQnfO{ s]ÒGıt u/L cflv/ dfG%]sf] z/L/ s] xf] /, dnd"qsf] ;‹ft dfq} t xf]

lg e©] efjgf pTk© u/L ul/g] Wofg sfoutfg':d[lt xf].

9= cfgfkfg:d[lt—9= cfgfkfg:d[lt—

9= cfgfkfg:d[lt—9= cfgfkfg:d[lt—

9= cfgfkfg:d[lt— PsfGt :yfgdf a;]/ !f;k|!f;sf] lqmofdfly :d[lt

u/L h'g Wofgsf] efjgf ul/G% Tof] g} cfgfkfg:d[lt xf].

10= pkzdfg':d[lt—10= pkzdfg':d[lt—

10= pkzdfg':d[lt—10= pkzdfg':d[lt—

10= pkzdfg':d[lt— pkzd¿k lgjf{)fdf :d[ltnfO{ s]ÒGıt u/L ul/g]

Wofgsf] efjgf xf]. ;To, ch/, w|'j, lgik|k‰, cd[t, lzj, ljz'$ lgjf{)fnfO{

;De]m/ Wofg ug'{ pkzdfg':d[lt xf].

rf/ a|#fljxf/rf/ a|#fljxf/

rf/ a|#fljxf/rf/ a|#fljxf/

rf/ a|#fljxf/

d}qL, s?)ff, d'lbtf / pk]ÔfnfO{ rf/ a|#fljxf/ elgG%. of] lrQsf]

;jf]{Ts[fl cj:yf xf] / lrQ ljz'l$sf] pQd ;fwg klg. h;n] oL rf/ ljxf/sf]

efjgf u%{ p;n] k|f)fLsf] b'Mv x^fpg] r]flf u%{. wgLnfO{ b]Vbf k|;© x'G%, O{iof{

ub}{g% ;a}k|lt ;defj /xG%. a|#fljxf/ eg]sf] a|#f;dfgsf] u')f xf]. a'$n]

rf/ d'v ePsf a|#fnfO{ dfGotf lbg'ePsf] %}g% a? d}qL, s?)ff, d'lbtf /

pk]Ôf oL rf/ u')f ePsf hf]sf]xLnfO{ a|#f df©'ePsf] %.

1= d}qL—1= d}qL—

1= d}qL—1= d}qL—

1= d}qL— d}qLsf] cy{ x'G% ldqjt\ efjgf. k|f)fLx¿k|lt µ]x / ;XboL

efj k|s^ ug'{ d}qL xf]. k|f)fLsf] pksf/ ug'{, ltgsf] ;'vsf] sfdgf ug'{, å]if /

ıf]xsf] kl/Tofu ug'{ d}qLsf nÔ)f x'g\. d}qLdf å]if / nf]e x'“b}g.

2= s?)ff—2= s?)ff—

2= s?)ff—2= s?)ff—

2= s?)ff— s?)ffsf] cy{ k|]defj jf bofefj e©] x'G%. c¿sf] b'Mv

b]v]/ !fgL JoÒStTjsf] Xbodf h'g sDkg k}bf x'G% ToxL g} s?)ff xf]. c¿sf]


b'MvnfO{ cf"gf] &f©' s?)ffsf] k|j[lQ xf]. csf{sf] b'Mv b]v]/ h'g Xbo ıljt

x'G% Tof] s?)f Xbo xf].

3= d'lbtf—3= d'lbtf—


3= d'lbtf— d'lbtfsf] cy{ O{iof{ gug'{, c¿sf] k|ultdf v';L x'g' e©]

x'G%. d'lbtf u')fn] o'St dflg;n] c¿nfO{ ;Dk© b]Vbf xlif{t x'G%. O{iof{ / å]if

x'“b}g. c¿sf] u')f, j}ej / k')o b]v]/ dgdf k|Llt pTk© x'G%, xif{ nfU%. oxL g}

d'lbtf xf]. d'lbtfsf] nÔ)f xif{ xf].

4= pk]Ôf—4= pk]Ôf—

4= pk]Ôf—4= pk]Ôf—

4= pk]Ôf— pk]Ôfsf] cy{ ;defj / t^:ytf xf]. c¿sf] /fd|f] ePsf]df

/fu pTk© gx'g' / g/fd|f]df å]if pTk© gx'g' g} pk]Ôf xf]. o;/L Ps k|sf/sf]

pbf;Lg efj g} pk]Ôf xf]. pk]Ôfsf] efjgf ug]{ JoÒSt k|f)fLx¿k|lt ;defj

/fVb%, lk|o÷clk|odf s'g} e]b x'“b}g, p;sf lgÒDt ;a} lk|o x'G%g\. ;a}k|lt

pbf;Lg efj /xG%. pk]Ôf — pk ¢ OSvf hxf“ pksf] cy{ lgikÔtfk"j{s x'G%

eg] OSvfsf] cy{ ;dfg ¿kn] b]Vg], x]g]{ / sfd ug]{ e©] x'G%. Pp^f k|;·df

ljz'l$dfu{df a'$n] Ps ;do o;f] e©'ePsf] %— s;}n] ltd|f] lgGbf u¥of] jf

ufnL u¥of] eg] k'm^]sf] #)^e}m“ r'k nfu]/ aµ", k|ltlqmof glbg". o:tf] ug{ ;Sof]

eg] lgjf{)f k|f† geP klg lgjf{)fsf] glhs k'u];/x x'G%. lgGbfaf^ jl‰t dfG%]

sf]xL klg x'“b}g, g klxn] lyof] g clxn] %, g kl% x'g] %. ct'n gfds

pkf;ssf] lgGbf ug]{ rl/qk|lt nlÔt ub}{ a'$n] of] pkb]z lbg'ePsf] lyof]. oxf“

k'm^]sf] #)^ pk]Ôfefjsf] k|tLs xf]. o;/L rt'a{|#fljxf/dWo] d}qLn] ;a}

k|f)fLx¿nfO{ ldqtfsf] ™lfln] x]b{%, s?)ffn] b'MvLx¿nfO{ bofn' ™lfln] x]b{%,

d'lbtfn] ;'vLx¿nfO{ xlif{t dgn] x]b{% / pk]Ôfn] lk|o / clk|o ;a}nfO{ ;defjn]

x]b{%. jf:tjdf a'afcfdfsf] dgdf %f]/f%f]/Lk|lt oL ;a} efj pTk© ePsf

x'G%g\. ctM a'afcfdf g} a|#f x'g\.

rf/ cf¿Korf/ cf¿Ko

rf/ cf¿Korf/ cf¿Ko

rf/ cf¿Ko

xfn;Dd jl)f{t 34 j^f sd{:yfgn] sfdwft'af^ ¿kwft'df n}hfG%, t/

¿kwft'eGbf k/ c¿knf]sdf n}hfg] sfd rf/ cf¿Ko sd{:yfgn] ub{%g\ h;df

cfsfzgGTofotg, lj!fgfgGTofotg, cfls‰gGTofotg / j}j;~!fgf;~!fotg–

;d]t rf/ cf¿Ko Wofg %g\.

-s_ cfsfzgGTofotg-s_ cfsfzgGTofotg

-s_ cfsfzgGTofotg-s_ cfsfzgGTofotg

-s_ cfsfzgGTofotgsf] dtna cgGt cfsfz cfotg e©] xf]. sl;)fdf

;fgf] Kjfnaf^ dfq} cfsfznfO{ x]/L Wofg ul/GYof], t/ oxf“ cgGt cfsfzdf

lrQnfO{ s]ÒGıt ul/G%. o;af^ k‰d Wofgsf] pbo x'G%.


-v_ lj!fgfgGTofotg—-v_ lj!fgfgGTofotg—

-v_ lj!fgfgGTofotg—-v_ lj!fgfgGTofotg—

-v_ lj!fgfgGTofotg— of] zAb cgGt ¢ lj!fg ¢ cfotgaf^ ag]sf]

%. cgGt cfsfzsf] sNkgf;“u} cgGt lj!fgsf] klg ;DaGw aGb% / ;fws

cfsfzeGbf dfly p&L lj!fgdf lrQnfO{ ;dflxt ub{%. o;af^ %}^f}” Wofgsf]

pbo x'G%.

-u_ cls‰gfGTofotg—-u_ cls‰gfGTofotg—

-u_ cls‰gfGTofotg—-u_ cls‰gfGTofotg—

-u_ cls‰gfGTofotg— Wofgsf] of] r/)fdf cl#˜f] Wofgdf lrQdf

pTk© lj!fgnfO{ klg lrQaf^ x^fOG%. ha lrQaf^ lj!fg x^\b% ta lj!fgsf]

z"Go efjgf hful/t x'G% / z"Gotfsf] af]w x'g yfNb%. To;kl% ;fws ;†d

Wofgdf k'Ub%.

-#_ g}j;~!fgf;~!fotg—-#_ g}j;~!fgf;~!fotg—

-#_ g}j;~!fgf;~!fotg—-#_ g}j;~!fgf;~!fotg—

-#_ g}j;~!fgf;~!fotg— cl#˜f] Wofgdf rf/ :sGwsf] !fg -;~!f_

af^ ;fws d'St x'G%, t/ clt ;"Id ;+:sf/sf] !fg af“sL g} /xG%. o;/L

g}j;~!fgf;~!fotgsf] cj:yfdf cls‰gGTofognfO{ klg cltqmd)f u/L ;fws

cf¿Ko sd{:yfgsf] cÒGtd ljGb'df k'Ub%.

cÒGtd b'O{ sd{:yfg %g\ ;~!f / Joj:yfg.

;~!f—;~!f—

;~!f—;~!f—

;~!f— of] ;~!fnfO{ cfxf/ k|lts"n ;~!f elgG% h;sf] cy{ ef]hgb]lv

#[)ff e©] x'G%. o;df vfg] s'/f;DaGwL g/fd|f s'/fx¿df Wofg lbOG%. ef]hgsf]

vf]hLdf ^f(f^f(f hfg', vfg] s'/f gkr]/ cg]s x}/fgL x'g'h:tf s'/fdf lrQnfO{

s]ÒGıt u/]kl% ;fwssf] lrQ ef]hgsf] t[i)ffaf^ x^\b% / la:tf/} ;a} lsl;dsf

t[i)ffaf^ d'ÒSt ldNb%.

Joj:yfg—Joj:yfg—

Joj:yfg—Joj:yfg—

Joj:yfg— 40 sd{:yfgdf of] cÒGtd xf]. o;nfO{ rt'wf{t' Joj:yfg

klg elgG% h;sf] cy{ z/L/sf rf/} wft'sf] lg®o u/L efjgf ug'{ e©] x'G%. of]

z/L/ rf/ dxfe"t -k[YjL, hn, t]h / jfo'_ af^ ag]sf] xf]. oL rf/} dxfe"tsf]

:j¿kdfly ljrf/ ubf{ :kfl ¿kdf s] k|tLt x'G% eg] ;Dk")f{ sfdgfx¿sf] s]Gı

ag]/ /x]sf] of] ;'Gb/ z/L/ t cr]tg -ef}lts_, cJofs[t -cj)f{gLo_, z"Go

-:j¿kxLg_ / lg;Œj -;QfxLg_ kf] /x]%. o;/L z"Gotfsf] efjgfsf nflu

Joj:yfgsf] pkof]u ul/G%. z/L/ z"Go xf], hut\sf ;a} kbfy{ z"Go x'g\ e©]

efjgf o;af^ pTk© x'G%.

ljkZogf WofgljkZogf Wofg

ljkZogf WofgljkZogf Wofg

ljkZogf Wofg

(Vipasyana Meditation)af}$ Wofgof]usf b'O{ ;fwgdWo] ;dyfkl% ljkZogf Wofgsf] rrf{ ul/G%.

lgjf{)fsf] k|fl†sf nflu ;dyf Wofgkl% ljkZogf Wofgsf] clej[l$ ug'{ cfjZos

x'G%. ljkZogflagf cx{t kb klg k|f† x'“b}g.


Bibhor Baral


ljkZogf t Ps Wofg dfq} xf]Og, of] Pp^f bz{g g} xf]. hlt a]nf ;a} wd{

clgTo x'g\, b'Mvdo x'g\ tyf cgfTd x'g\ e©] !fgsf] pbo x'G% To;} a]nf

ljkZogfsf] k|fb'ef{j x'G%.

af}$ u|Gyx¿n] k'¨n -hLj_ nfO{ ;+:sf/ ;d"x dfg]sf %g\. cfTdf

gfdsf] lgTo, w|'j / :j¿k s'g} kbfy{ %}g, s]jn k‰:sGw dfq} %. ¿k, j]bgf,

;~!f, ;+:sf/sf] k|lqmofaf^ u'lh|/x]sf %g\. cf>j wd{ b'Mv xf] hf] Sn]zsf]

sf/)faf^ pTk© x'G%. k|!fn] g} b'Mvsf] cGTo ub{%. o;/L ;j{k|yd cfTdf %}g,

b'Mv % / ;a} ;+:s[t wd{ clgTo %g\ e©] !fg x'g' cfjZos %. h;n] ;a}

wd{df clgTotf, b'Mv / cgfTdtf b]Vb% & oyfe"tbzL{ xf]. o:tf] oyfe"tbzL{nfO{

ljkZogf !fg k|f† u/]sf] elgG%. wDdkb c¶syf 1÷1 df o;f] elgPsf] %—

æOdÒ:;+ ;f;g] slt w'/fgLlt< uGyw'/+ ljk:;gf w'/ÒGt å] o]j w'/flg leSv'lt.

std+ ljk:;gf w'/fÒGt< ;˜x's s'lQgf] kg\ kGy ;]gf ;gfle/t:; cQefj]

vojo+ k¶k]Tjf ;ft‰ lsl/oj;]g. ljk:;g+ jb\(]Tjf cf/xQux)fÒGt Ob+

ljk:;gfw'/+ gfdflt.Æ

o;/L cfTdefjsf] Ôosf] k|lt‡f u/L ;tt cEof;af^ cx{t kb u|x)f

ug'{nfO{ g} ljkZogf elgPsf] % wDdkbdf. jf:tjdf ljkZogf k|!fsf] dfu{ xf].

of] nf]sf]Q/ ;dflw xf], o; ljkZogf dfu{df lx“*\g]nfO{ ljkZogfoflgs elgG%.

;ft ljz'l$åf/f ljkZogf dfu{sf] ˚n k|f† x'G%. ;ft ljz'l$x¿ o; k|sf/

%g\— zLn ljz'l$, lrQ ljz'l$, ™lfl ljz'l$, sfºf ljt/)f ljz'l$, dfuf{dfu{

!fgbz{g ljz'l$, k|ltklt!fg bz{g ljz'l$ / !fgbz{g ljz'l$.


Bibhor Baral


af}$ bz{gsf rf/ ;Dk|bfo

a'$n] cf"gf] hLjgsfndf xd];f tŒjnfO{ clgj{rgLo lg/k]Ô k/dtŒjsf

¿kdf lrlqt ug'{eof]. o;sf] ck/f]Ôfg'e"ltd} ljz]if hf]* lbg'eof]. o;y{ a'$sf]

hLjgsfndf To; clgj{rgLo tŒjsf ljifodf JofVof / ljj]rgf x'g ;s]g.

o;;DaGwL bfz{lgs ax;x¿ cl# a(\g ;s]gg\. t/ a'$sf] kl/lgjf{)fsf] s]xL

;dokl%b]lv a'$s} h:tf] pkb]z ug]{ leÔ'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof #^\b} uof] / a'$sf

bfz{lgs l;$fGtsf] JofVof / ljj]rgf ug]{ kÒ)*tx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a(\b} uof].

af}$ kÒ)*tx¿n] a'$sf pkb]zdf lglxt bfz{lgs l;$fGtx¿sf] vf]hL u/].

a'$bz{gnfO{ cf–cf"g} a'emfOsf cfwf/df JofVof ub}{ uP. log} JofVofx¿sf

cfwf/df ljle© bfz{lgs dt / ;Dk|bfosf] ljsf; x'g yfNof]. of] ljsf; Ps

lbg, Ps dlxgf jf Ps} jif{df geP/ w]/} bzs / ztfAbLsf] a'$jfbsf] bfz{lgs

lrGtg / cEof;sf qmddf ePsf] xf]. o; qmddf Ps k^s af}$ bz{gsf

;Dk|bfosf] ;ª\Vof 18 ;Dd k'Uof]. o;/L ljle© dt / ;Dk|bfox¿ pTklQ /

lgiklQ x'g] qmd rln/x“bf xfn d"ntM af}$ bz{gsf rf/ ;Dk|bfox¿ cÒ:tTjdf

/x]sf] kfOG%. ltgdf j}eflifs, ;f}qfÒGts, of]ufrf/ / dfWolds %g\. oL ljle©

bfz{lgs ;Dk|bfox¿sf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmdnfO{ s]nfp“b} hf“bf ljqmdk"j{ kf“rf}”

ztfAbLb]lv kGw|f}” ztfAbL;Ddsf] 1,500 jif{sf] sfnfjlwdf af}$ bz{gsf Ô]qdf

ljle© &xfkf]x¿ ePsf] kfOG%. ;dosf] oxL ljzfn sfnv)*df ljle© dt /

;Dk|bfox¿sf] pbo eof].

;'?jftL ;dodf af}$ bz{gn] k'¨n g}/fTDo -cfTdfsf] lgif]w_ sf]

l;$fGtnfO{ c·Lsf/ u¥of]. af˛ cfotg jf ljifoj:t'sf] ;QfnfO{ lgif]w dflgof].

To; a]nf JoÒStut lgjf{)f k|f† ug'{ g} dfgjhLjgsf] nIo lyof]. cx{t kb k|f†

ug'{ x/]ssf] st{Jo dflgGYof]. of] dfGotf j}eflifs dt;“u ;DaÒGwt %. of] ;do

ljqmdk"j{ kf“rf}” ztfAbLb]lv ljqmdsf] k|yd ztfAbL;Dd dflgG%. ljqmdsf]

k|yd ztfAbLb]lv kf“rf}” ztfAbL;Ddsf] cjlwdf bfz{lgs dfGotfx¿df s]xL


k'g;{(/rgf ePsf] kfOG%. o; sfnv)*df k'¨n g}/fTDosf] :yfg wd{ g}/fTDosf]

l;$fGtn] lnof]. JoÒStut sNof)f -lgjf{)f_ sf] :yfg lj!sNof)fsf] efjgfn]

lnof]. o;} ;dodf z"Gojfbsf] pbo eof]. of] bfz{lgs dtn] hut\sf] ;QfnfO{

k")f{ ¿kdf lgif]w u/]g, cfo{;Tosf cltl/St ;+j[lQ ;To / k/dfy{ ;Tosf]

kl/sNkgf u¥of]. j}eflifssf] ax'Tjjfbsf] :yfgdf cå}tjfbsf] l;$fGt k|ltkfbg

u¥of], /x:ojfbnfO{ dxŒj lbOof], af]lw;Œj / nf]sf]Q/ a'$sf] kl/sNkgf u/L

dfgjsNof)fsf] dfu{ vf]lhof].

ljqmdsf] kf“rf}” ztfAbLb]lv b;f}” ztfAbLsf] sfnv)*df z"Gotfsf] k"j{jtL{

l;$fGtdf vf]̂ b]lvof] / lj!fgsf] ;TotfnfO{ ;j{dfGo dflgof]. ;Dk")f{ hut\nfO{

lrQ jf lj!fgsf] kl/)ffd dflgof], cfno lj!fgsf] sNkgf ul/of]. oxL ;dodf

lj!fgjfbsf] pbo eof].

o;kl%sf] ;do af}$ bz{geGbf a(L af}$ wd{sf] p©ltdf s]ÒGıt b]lvG%.

k'/fg} bfz{lgs dfGotfnfO{ gof“ ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ yflnof]. of]ufrf/ / z"Gojfbsf]

l;$fGt "o'hg eP/ tfÒGqs af}$wd{ cyf{t\ jh|ofgsf] pbo eof]. o;/L

ljle© sfnv)*df ljle© dt / ;Dk|bfosf] ljsf; x'“b} cfh d"n ¿kdf af}$

wd{sf rf/ ;Dk|bfon] a'$lzÔfnfO{ cf–cf"gf] bfz{lgs dfGotfsf] s;f}^Ldf

v/f] ptf/]sf %g\.

j}eflifs ;Dk|bfoj}eflifs ;Dk|bfo

j}eflifs ;Dk|bfoj}eflifs ;Dk|bfo

j}eflifs ;Dk|bfo

af}$ bz{gsf k|frLg dtx¿dWo] j}eflifs dt dxŒjk")f{ %. of] lxgofg

bz{gcGtu{t %. o; ;Dk|bfonfO{ ;jf{:tLjfbsf] gfdaf^ klg lrlgG%. ;jf{:tLjfb

g} ljqmdsf] k|yd ztfAbLkl% j}eflifssf] gfdn] k|ltl‡t x'g yfn]sf] xf]. o;

dtsf cg';f/ o; hut\df h]hlt lrh %g\, ;a}sf] cÒ:tTj ljBdfg %.

aflx/L–leqL, e"t–ef}lts, lrQ–r}lts h'g;'s} j:t' x'g\, ltgsf] cÒ:tTjdf

s'g} ;+zo gdf©] x'gfn] cyf{t\ ;a}sf] cÒ:tTj df©] x'gfn] g} o; dtsf] gfd

;jf{:tLjfb /xg uPsf] xf]. ;j{–cÒ:tTjjfbL — ;jf{:tLjfbL.

;jf{:tLjfb ;Dk|bfosf] gfd j}eflifs s;/L /xg uof] t< o;af/] ;fdfGo

rrf{ u/f} ”. !fgk|:yfgzfÚ gfds sfTofogLk'qn] /rgf u/]sf] u|Gy

;jf{:tLjfbLx¿sf] d"n u|Gy lyof]. /fhf slgissf] kfnfdf O;fsf] k|yd ztfAbLdf

ha af}$ leÔ'x¿sf] rf}yf] ;·fog eof], ;f] ;·fogn] ;jf{:tLjfbLx¿sf] d"n

u|Gy !fgk|:yfgzfÚdfly ljzfn ;dfnf]rgfTds s[ltsf] /rgf u¥of] h;sf]


gfd ljefiff /flvof]. o; dtsf cg'ofoLx¿n] ljefiffnfO{ cTolws dfGotf

lbP. ljefiffnfO{ d"n u|Gy dfg]sf sf/)f la:tf/} ;jf{:tLjfbsf] gfd g} j}eflifs

/xg k'Uof].

o; ;·fogn] dxfljefiffsf] /rgf ug'{sf] cltl/St k"/} lqlk^sdfly

ljefiffx¿ n]Vg] k|:tfj u¥of] h;cg'¿k ;"qlk^sdfly pkb]zsf] /rgf ul/of]

eg ] ljgolk^sdfly ljgoljefi f fzfÚ / clewd { lk^sdfly

clewd{ljefiffzfÚsf] /rgf ul/of]. oL /rgfx¿ lqlk^sdfly j}eflifs dtcg'¿k

ul/Psf JofVofx¿ x'g\. oLdWo] ;"qlk^scGtu{tsf bL#{lgsfo, dÒHemdlgsfo,

;+o'Stlgsfo, cª\u'Q/lgsfo / v'@slgsfodfly qmdzM bL#f{ud, dWodfud,

;+o'Stfud, c·f]Q/fud / Ô'ısfudsf] /rgf ul/of]. j}eflifs dtdf lgsfonfO{

cfud elgG%.

To;} u/L ljgolk^scGtu{tsf dxfjUukfnL, kfltdf]Svkfln, ;'Qlje·,

r'˜jUu / kl/jf/kfnLdfly qmdzM ljgoj:t', k|ltdf]Ô;"q, ljgoljefu,

ljgoÔ'ısj:t' / ljgopQ/f u|Gysf] /rgf ul/of]. To:t} clewd{cGtu{t j}eflifs

dtsf u|Gyx¿df cfo{sfTofogLk'qn] /rgf u/]sf] !fgk|:yfg;lxt ;·Lltkof{o,

k|s/)fjfb, lj!fgsfo, wft'sfo, wd{:sGw / k|!l†zfÚ %g\. o;cGtu{t

!fgk|:yfgdfly n]lvPsf] ljefiff / ljefiffdfly n]lvPsf] dxfljefiff klg

dxŒjk")f{ %g\.

af}$ l;$fGtdf wd{ zAbn] ef}lts j:t' / lrQsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] Tof]

;"Id tŒjnfO{ hgfp“b% h;nfO{ k]ml/ ^'qmØfpg / cnUofpg ;ls“b}g. oxL

wd{sf] #ft, k|lt#ft / ;‹ftaf^ o; hut\sf] lgdf{)f ePsf] xf]. af}$

l;$fGtcg';f/ of] hut\ wd{sf] ;‹ft dfq} xf]. j}eflifs dtn] klg oxL wd{sf]

cÒ:tTjdf lj!f; /fVb% / hut\nfO{ ;To dfGb%% hut\sf] :jtGq ;Qfsf]

cg'e"lt cf"gf] k|ToÔ !fgaf^ x'G% e©] p;sf] dfGotf %. hut\sf] ;QfnfO{

k|ToÔ cg'ej ug{ ;lsG% e©] dfGotf g} j}eflifssf] d'Vo dfGotf xf]. o;n]

hut\nfO{ b'O{ lsl;ddf af“*]sf] %. aflx/L hut\ -e"t tyf ef}lts_ / leqL

hut\ -b'Mv, ;'v cflb lrQsf] hut\_ oL b'j} lsl;dsf hut\sf] ;Qf :jtGq

/ lg/k]Ô %. To;} u/L hut\sf] d'Vo j:t' wd{nfO{ klg j}eflifsn] b'O{ ju{df

af“*]sf] %— ljifoLut / ljifout. ljifoLutnfO{ tLg lsl;ddf af“l*Psf] %—

k‰:sGw, åfbz cfotg / cflfbzwft'.


ljifout juL{s/)fcGtu{t ;jf{:tLjfbn] wd{sf] juL{s/)f b'O{ ljefudf

u/]sf] %— ;+:s[t wd{ / c;+:s[t wd{. oxf“ ;+:s[t wd{ e©fn] cfk;df ldn]/

Pscsf{sf] ;xfotfaf^ pTk© x'g] wd{ e©] a'lemG%. ;+:s[t wd{ sfo{sf/)f

lgodaf^ pTk© x'G%. o; sf/)f of] c:yfoL, clgTo / ultzLn x'G%. cf…jaf^

o'St x'G%. o;afx]ssf wd{nfO{ c;+:s[[t wd{ elgG%. ;+:s[t wd{nfO{ rf/

efudf af“l*Psf] %— ¿k, lrQ, r}Ql;s / lrQljk|o'St. j}eflifs dtcg';f/

¿k 11 lsl;dsf %g\— rÔ'l/ÒGıo, >f]q]ÒGıo, #|f)f]ÒGıo, lh)]ÒGıo, sfo]ÒGıo,

¿k, zAb, uGw, /;, :k|flJo, ljifo / clj!l†. ¿Kot] Olt ¿kd\ elgPsf] %.

Tof] wd{ h;n] ¿k wf/)f ub{%, o;n] e"t jf ef}lts tŒjnfO{ hgfp“%. xfd|f

OÒGıox¿sf] dfWodaf^ hf] aflx/L b'lgof“sf] :j¿k k|tLt x'G%, j}eflifsn]

To;}nfO{ ;To / oyfy{ dfGb%. of] k/df)f'sf] ;Qf :jLsf/ ug]{ oyfy{jfbL bz{g

xf]. ¿kdf h] b]lvG% To;nfO{ o;n] :jLsf/ u%{. k|f)fLx¿df x'g] ‘hLjgtŒj’

nfO{ af}$x¿ ‘lrQ’ sf] ;~!f lbG%g\. OÒGıo tyf OÒGıou|f˛ ljifosf] aLrdf

ha;Dd #ftk|lt#ftsf] cÒ:tTj /lx/xG% ta;Dd dfq lrQsf] cÒ:tTj /xG%,

cyf{t\ hLjg eP lrQ /xG%, hLjg geP lrQ klg /x“b}g. j}eflifs;lxt

:ylj/jfb / of]ufrf/n] ;d]t o; dfGotfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{%g\. af}$ dtdf lrQ,

dg, lj!fg oL ;a} zAbn] Ps} cy{ a'emfp“%. lrQn] ha j:t'x¿sf] u|x)f ug{

yfNb% ta To;sf] gfd ‘lj!fg’ x'g cfp“%— ljz]if])f !fot] cg]g]lt lj!fgd\.

j:t'tM lrQ Pp^} wd{ eP klg cfnDagx¿sf] le©tfsf cfwf/df ;ft

lsl;ddf ljefhg ul/Psf] %— dg;, rÔ'lj!fg, >f]qlj!fg, #|f)flj!fg,

lh)flj!fg, sfolj!fg / dgf]lj!fg. lrQ;“u #lg‡ ;DaGw /fVg] wd{nfO{

r}Qwd{ elgG%. o;nfO{ lrQ;Dk|o'St wd{ klg elgG%. 45 r}Qwd{nfO{ %

lsl;ddf ljefhg ul/Psf] %— lrQdxfe"lds wd{ 10, s'zndxfe"lds wd{

10, Sn]zdxfe"lds wd{ 6, cs'zndxfe"lds wd{ 2, pkSn]ze"lds wd{ 10

/ clgoldte"lds wd{ 8. ;+:s[t wd{cGtu{tsf oL tLg wd{afx]s csf]{ Ps

k[ys\ wd{ % h;nfO{ lrQljk|o'St wd{ elgG%. o;df ef}lts wd{ / r}Qwd{

s'g} klg ;dfj]z gePsfn] o;nfO{ ¿klrQljk|o'St elgG%.

c;+:s[t wd{—c;+:s[t wd{—

c;+:s[t wd{—c;+:s[t wd{—

c;+:s[t wd{— :ylj/jfbsf cg';f/ c;+:s[t wd{ Ps} %, Tof] xf]

lgjf{)f. wd{nfO{ x]t'–k|Toosf sf/)f pTk© gePsf] x'gfn] :yfoL / lgTo dflgG%.

of] cf>j -dn_ cflb sf] ;Dks{df klg g/xg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ cgf…j -z'$_

tyf ;To dflgG%. o;y{ o:tf] z'$ tŒj lgjf{)f g} xf]. lgjf{)f b'O{ lsl;dsf


%g\— ;f]kflwz]if / lg?kflwz]if. ;a} cf>jx¿ gfz ePsf], cx{t kbdf k|ltl‡t

eO;s]sf] t/ klg hLljt, hLjg z]if /x]sf] cx{tsf] lgjf{)fnfO{ ;f]kflwz]if

elgG% eg] d[t ePkl% -hLjg z]if g/x]kl%sf] cj:yf_ nfO{ lg?kflwz]if

elgG%.

j}eflifsn] c;+:s[t wd{nfO{ tLg lsl;ddf af“*]sf] %— cfsfz,

k|lt;ª\Voflg/f]w / ck|lt;ª\Voflg/f]w. sfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg j}eflifsn] tLg}

sfnsf] cÒ:tTj :jLsf/ u/]sf] %. o; dtsf cg';f/ wd{ lqsfn :yfoL x'G%—

jt{dfg -pTk©_, e"t -ctLt_ / eljio -cgfut_.

;f}qfÒGts ;Dk|bfo;f}qfÒGts ;Dk|bfo

;f}qfÒGts ;Dk|bfo;f}qfÒGts ;Dk|bfo

;f}qfÒGts ;Dk|bfo

;f}qfÒGts ;Dk|bfosf af}$ leÔ'x¿n] ;"q -;"qfGt_ cyf{t\ ;"qlk^sdf

;ª\u[xLt a'$jrgnfO{ cflwsfl/s df©] ePsfn] of] dtjfbLx¿nfO{ ;f}qfÒGts

elgPsf] xf]. ;'?df o;nfO{ ;jf{:tLjfbL ;Dk|bfos} csf]{ zfvfsf ¿kdf lnOGYof].

logLx¿ af}$ dtsf] ;dLÔfsf nflu ;"qlk^snfO{ g} k|fdfl)fs dfGb%g\,

clewd{nfO{ dfGotf lb“b}gg\. ;f}qfÒGtsx¿sf cg';f/ ;"qlk^sn] g} clewd{sf]

klg sfd ub{%.

o; dtsf k|lt‡fks cfrfo{sf ¿kdf s'df/nftsf] gfd >$fk"j{s lnOG%.

k|l;$ lrlgof“ ofqL o'jfg Rjfªn] klg tÔlznf lgjf;L log} s'df/nftnfO{ g}

;f}qfÒGts dtsf ;+:yfks atfPsf %g\. sNkgfdÒ)*ltsf gfds s'df/nfts[t

u|Gydf k|yd ztfAbLsf ef/tjif{sf k|l;$ /fhf slgisnfO{ ctLtsfnsf JoÒStsf

¿kdf lrlqt ul/Psfn] of] u|Gy, logsf] ;do / ;f}qfÒGts dtsf] ;'?jft t]…f]

ztfAbLlt/ ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] %. ;+:s[t efiffdf n]lvPsf] of] u|Gy af}$

wd{sf] lzÔf k|bfg ug]{ wfld{s tyf dgf]/˙gfTds cfVofgx¿sf] ;ª\u|x xf].

s'df/nftsf lzio >Lnfen] ;f}qfÒGts l;$fGtsf] >Lj[l$sf nflu

;f}qfÒGts ljefiff gfds u|Gysf] /rgf u/]sf lyP. o;/L x]bf{ klg ;f}qfÒGtssf]

pTklQ j}eflifs dtkl% g} ePsf] a'lemG% eg] j}eflifs u|Gyleq} ;f}qfÒGts

l;$fGtx¿sf] p˜]v kfOG%.

;f}qfÒGts l;$fGt—;f}qfÒGts l;$fGt—

;f}qfÒGts l;$fGt—;f}qfÒGts l;$fGt—

;f}qfÒGts l;$fGt— ;f}qfÒGts l;$fGt klg j}eflifsn] h:t} wd{sf]

;QfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{%, t/ lrQ cyf{t\ lj!fgsf] ;QfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{g. af˛

kbfy{sf] ;QfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{% / lj!fgjfbsf] v)*g ub}{ cf"gf] l;$fGtnfO{

:yflkt ub{%. ;f}qfÒGts / lj!fgjfbsf dfGotf k/:k/ aflemPsf %g\.


lj!fgjfbLx¿ lj!fg -lrQ_ afx]ssf ;a} af˛ kbfy{x¿ e|fÒGt x'g\ eGb%g\.

olb af˛ kbfy{sf] ;Qf gdf©] xf] eg] To;sf] sfNklgs Ò:yltsf] klg plrt

JofVof ug{ ;ls“b}g e©] ;f}qfÒGtssf] wf/)ff %. lj!fgjfbLx¿ eg] e|fÒGts}

sf/)f lj!fg klg af˛ kbfy{;dfg k|tLt x'g] wf/)ff /fVb%g\. t/ lj!fg tyf

ljifo -af˛ j:t'_ sf] aLrdf e]b cjZo klg %. ljifo / ljifoL ce]b x'g}

;Sb}gg\. olb o;f] x'GYof] eg] of] d}n] n]lv/x]sf] sndnfO{ klg d snd x'“ e©]

!fg x'g'kg]{ lyof]. n]Vb} u/]sf] p;n] rfn kfpg'kg]{ lyof]. oxf“ ljifoL eg]sf] d

e©] r]tgf xf] eg] ljifo sdn xf]. t/ sndnfO{ d e©] r]tgf -lj!fg_ slxNo}

klg x'“b}g. o;/L lj!fg / af˛ j:t' k[ys\ x'g\. olb ;a} kbfy{nfO{ lj!fg¿k g}

df©] xf] eg] ltgsf] k/:k/ e]b %'l§g] lyPg. t/ snd / r]tgf t %'§f%'§} s'/f

x'g\. oxL”lg/ lj!fg %'l§OxfNof]. o;/L ;f}qfÒGts dtdf af˛ hut\sf] ;Qfdf

h;/L e|fÒGt %}g To;} u/L lj!fgsf] ljifodf klg s'g} e|fÒGt af“sL %}g.

;f}qfÒGts dt j}eflifscg'¿ks} eP/ klg af˛fy{sf] k|tLltsf] ljifodf

eg] s]xL ˚/s dt /fVb%g\. olb ;a} j:t' Ôl)fs %g\ eg] t af˛ j:t'sf]

h:tf] k|tLlt x'G%, Tof] oyfy{df To:t} x'“b}g. OÒGıo;“u ;Dks{ ePsf] k|yd

Ô)fdf pTk© eP/ ctLtsf] ue{df uO;S%, ToxL :j¿kdf /lx/x“b}g e©] ;f}qfÒGts

wf/)ff %. oxL af˛ cy{sf] ;Qf k|ToÔuDo geP/ cg'dfguDo % e©] wf/)ff g}

;f}qfÒGtssf] k|l;$ l;$fGt xf].

!fgsf] ljifodf logLx¿ :jtM k|fdf)ojfbL %g\. k|bLkn] cfk"mn] cfk"mnfO{

hfg]h:t} !fgn] klg cf"gf] ;+j]bg yfxf kfp“% e©] l;$fGt %. aflx/L j:t'

ljBdfg t x'G%, t/ To;sf] cfsf/sf] ljifodf ;f}qfÒGtsdf dte]b %. sf]xL

af˛ j:t'df :jod\ cf"gf] cfsf/ x'G% eGb%g\. s]xL ljåfg\ j:t'sf] cf"g}

cfsf/ x'“b}g, Tof] a'l$åf/f lgld{t x'G%, a'l$n] g} cfsf/nfO{ kbfy{df ;dfljfl

u/fp“% eG%g\ eg] j:t'sf] cfsf/ peofTds x'G% e©]x¿ klg %g\.

k/df)f'aLrsf] :kz{sf] ;Gbe{df klg logLx¿sf] s]xL ˚/s wf/)ff %.

logLx¿ s'g} klg j:t'sf] aLrdf :kz{ x'gnfO{ :kz{ ug]{ c· jf cjoj x'g'k%{

eGb%g\ / k/df)f' c·xLg j:t' ePsfn] oxf“ s'g} kf/:kl/s :kz{ x'“b}g e©]

;f}qfÒGts dt %. logLx¿ ljgfzsf] s'g} sf/)f x'“b}g eGb%g\, x/]s j:t'

:jefjaf^} ljgfz wd{zLn x'G%g\ / of] clgTo xf]Og, Ôl)fs xf] eGb%g\.

;f}qfÒGts dtdf k'¨n -cfTdf_ / cfsfzsf] s'g} ;Qf x'“b}g, j:t'tM oL ;To

%}gg\. lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf klg j:t' tyf lqmofsnfkdf clnslt klg le©tf


%}g, j:t' c;Toaf^ pTk© x'G%, PsÔ)f /xG%, k]ml/ nLg x'G%% o;/L e"t /

eljiosf] klg ;Qf lsg df©] e©] wf/)ff ;f}qfÒGtssf] %. j}eflifsx¿ b'O{

lsl;dsf ¿k dfGb%g\— j)f{ -/·_ / ;+:yfg -cfs[lt_. t/ ;}qfÒGtsx¿

¿kaf^} j)f{sf] klg cy{ nufp“%g\. ;+:yfgnfO{ ;ÒDdlnt ub}{gg\.

;f}qfÒGts ;d:t kbfy{nfO{ b'Mvdo &fGb%g\% ;'v / j]bgfn] klg b'Mv

g} pTk© u%{ e©] pgLx¿sf] wf/)ff %. logLx¿ jt{dfgsfnsf] dfq} ;Qf :jLsf/

u%{g\, e"t / eljio b'j} z"Go x'g\ eGb%g\. logLx¿ Sn]z pTk© x'g' g} ;+zo

pTk© x'g'sf] sf/)f dfGb%g\ eg] Sn]z pTk© gx'g'nfO{ lgjf{)f dfGb%g\. j}eflifsx¿

wd{sf] ;ª\Vof 75 dfGb%g\. lj!fgjfbL 100 dfG%g\, t/ ;f}qfÒGts 43 dfq}

dfGb%g\ hxf“ ¿k 8, j]bgf 3, ;~!f 6, lj!fg 6 / ;+:sf/ 20 -10 s'zn, 10

cs'zn_ %g\.

z"Gojfb÷dfWolds bz{gz"Gojfb÷dfWolds bz{g

z"Gojfb÷dfWolds bz{gz"Gojfb÷dfWolds bz{g

z"Gojfb÷dfWolds bz{g

a'$jfbdf ljsl;t ljle© bfz{lgs dtdWo] dfWolds bz{g ;j{lk|o

dflgG%. o; dtsf k|lt‡fks cfrfo{sf ¿kdf cfrfo{ gfufh'{gsf] gfd >$fk"j{s

lnOG%. log}n] cf"gf] rlr{t s[lt

dfWoldssfl/sfdfWoldssfl/sf

dfWoldssfl/sfdfWoldssfl/sf

dfWoldssfl/sfdf dfWolds dtnfO{ tfls{s

Pjd\ bfz{lgs ¿kdf k|ltl‡t u/]sf %g\.

a'$dfu{nfO{ dWoddfu{ klg elgG%. a'$ cfk}m“n] cf"g} hLjgdf b'O{

lsl;dsf cltjfb— cf"gf] Hofgsf] ;d]t jf:tf gu/L ul/g] cv)* tfk;L

hLjg / ef]uljnf;df dfq} /dfpg] ljnf;L hLjgsf] Tofu ub}{ tL b'O{aLrsf]

dfu{ cyf{t\ dWoddfu{sf] cjnDag ug'{ePsf] lyof]. o;} sf/)f of] dWoddfu{nfO{

cfTd;ft\ ug]{ x'gfn] g} of] dtnfO{ dfWolds elgPsf] xf] eg] ‘z"Go’ nfO{ k/dfy{

df©] ePsfn] o; dtsf dtfjnDaLx¿nfO{ z"GojfbL elgPsf] xf].

z"GojfbL cfrfo{x¿n] of] ;Dk")f{ hut\sf] ;QfnfO{ g} z"Go¿k dfg]sf

%g\. dfWolds dtdf cfTdf jf lrQsf] cÒ:tTj klg :jLs[t %}g. ts{ s] % eg]

lrQ cfk}m“n] cfk}m“nfO{ b]Vg ;Sb}g. h;/L ToxL v's'/Ln] ToxL v's'/LnfO{ sf^\g

;Sb}g, h;/L cf"g} cf“vfn] cf"g} cf“vf b]Vg ;Sb}g To;} u/L lrQn] lrQnfO{

b]Vg ;Sb}g— glx lrt+ lrt+ kZolt.

hut\ sfo{sf/)f lgodsf cfwf/df rn]sf] x'G% e©] dfGotfnfO{ klg

gfufh'{gn] v)*g u/]sf %g\—

g :jtf] gflk k/tf] g åfEof+ gfKox]t'tM.

pTk©f hft' ljBGt] efjfM s'rg s]rg.. -dfWoldssfl/sf, k[= 12_


kbfy{ g t :jtM pTk© x'G% g s;}sf] ;xfotfaf^ pTk© x'G% g b'j}af^

x'G% g s'g}af^ x'G%. s'g} klg k|sf/af^ efjsf] pTklQ x'“b}g, h;sf] pTklQ g}

ePsf] x'“b}g To;sf] ljgfzsf] k|Zg} p&\b}g. o; k|sf/ dfWolds dtdf ;a} j:t'

lgM:jefj %g\.

hut\sf kbfy{x¿ s'g} sf/)fsf sf/)f pTk© x'G%g\ g} eg] klg olb Tof]

sf/)fnfO{ g} x^fOlbg] xf] eg] Tof] kbfy{ :jtM gfl eOxfN%. h;sf] pTklQ x'g g}

sf/)f rflxG%, hf] cGo ;xfos sf/)f geO{sg cÒ:tTjd} /xg ;Sb}g, gfz

x'G% eg] To:tf] kbfy{nfO{ ;Qfwf/L s;/L df© ;lsG%< t;y{ hut\sf oL

kbfy{x¿nfO{ ;QfTds df© ;ls“b}g. of] t s]jn e|d xf], dfof xf] e©] dfWolds

dt %.

dfWolds dtdf ;To Ps} %— Tof] xf] z"Gotf. lxgofg bz{gn] ‘z"Go’ sf]

cy{ ‘;Qfsf] lgif]w’ jf ‘cefj’ dfg]sf] %. nf]sJojxf/df klg z"Gosf] cy{

cefj g} dflgG%. t/ dfWolds cfrfo{x¿ z"GonfO{ cefj¿k dfGb}gg\. s'g}

klg kbfy{sf] :j¿k lgwf{/)fdf ‘rt'isf]l^’ cyf{t\ rf/ sf]^L jf Ò:yltsf] k|of]u

ul/G%— cÒ:t -ljBdfg %_, gfÒ:t -ljBdfg %}g_, tb'eod\ -ljBdfg

%÷ljBdfg %}g_ / gf]eod\ -g % g %}g_. ;f+;fl/s kbfy{sf lgÒDt oxL rf/

lsl;daf^ :j¿k lgwf{/)f ul/G%, t/ of] rf/} sf]^Laf^ klg tŒjsf] lgj{rg ug{

g;lsg] x'gfn] g} k/dfy{ rt'isf]l^ ljlgd'{St % elgPsf] %.

z"Gotf cefj xf]Og, lsgeg] cefjn] efjsf] ck]Ôf /fv]sf] x'G%, of]

efj ;fk]Ô klg %}g, of] t lg/k]Ô %. lg/k]Ô ePs} sf/)f o;nfO{ cefj¿k

df© ;ls“b}g. hut\sf s'g} klg kbfy{df cfTdf gfdsf] s'g} klg lgTo j:t' %}g.

;a} kbfy{ lg/jnDa %g\, lgM:jefj %g\ e©] !fg x'g' g} jf:tjdf z"Gotfsf]

!fg xf].

z"Gotfsf] !fgaf^ g} lgjf{)fk|fl† x'G%. z"Gotfsf] !fg eO;s]kl% ;Dk")f{

;f+;fl/s k|k‰af^ d'ÒSt kfOg] x'gfn] g} oxL !fgnfO{ lgjf{)f elgPsf] xf].

z"Gotfsf ljle© nÔ)fx¿ %g\. o;sf af/]df pkb]z lbg ;ls“b}g,

lsgeg] of] clgj{rgLo %. x/]s k|f)fLn] cfk}m“n] cg'e"lt ug]{ lrh xf] of],

:jfg'e"ltuDo %. of] zfGt % / :jefj/lxt %. z"Gotf k|k‰z"Go %, czAb %,

cgÔ/ %, lglj{sNk %, lrQsf] bfo/feGbf dfly %. OÒGıo / a'l$sf] kx'“reGbf

aflx/ ePsf sf/)f of] tŒj ctLÒGıo / ljsNkftLt %.


a'l$sf rf/ sf]^Lx¿ ;t\, c;t\, ;b;t\ / ;b;ble©dWo] s'g}n] klg

;TonfO{ cyf{t\ z"GotfnfO{ ;xL ¿kdf k|tLt x'g lb“b}g. ctM z"Gotfsf] ;fÔfTsf/

ug{ of] a'l$sf] sf]^Laf^ dfly p&\g'k%{. tŒj!fg a'l$u|f˛ %}g. ;+;f/sf ;d:t

kbfy{ a'l$u|f˛ ePsf sf/)fn] g} ldYof ;flat %g\. tL a'l$u|f˛ %g\. ha;Dd

a'l$sf] of] ;LdfnfO{ a'e]m/ xfdL o;eGbf dfly p&\g] k|oTg ub}{gf}” ta;Dd xfdL

a'$Tjaf^, lgjf{)faf^, z"Gotf ;fÔfTsf/af^ ̂ f(} /xG%f}”. z"Gotf a'l$ljsNkeGbf

dfly p&]/ cfk}m“n] cg'e"lt ug]{ lrh xf]. hxf“ a'l$sf ;Dk")f{ sf]̂ Lx¿, sNkgfx¿,

wf/)ffx¿ ;Gt'fl eP/ zfGt x'G%g\, ;Dk")f{ k|k‰ -ljrf/_ af^ z"Go x'G%, hf]

ctLÒGıo / lglj{sNk x'G%, hxf“ å}t / ax'Tj ljnLg eP/ cå}t ag]sf] x'G%, of]

g} k|k‰z"Go cå}t lzjtŒj xf].

cfrfo{ rGısLlt{sf cg';f/ z"Gojfb g t cÒ:tTj xf] g gfÒ:tTj g}. of]

t lgjf{)fk'/lt/ hfg] cåodfu{ xf]. z"GotfnfO{ k'¨ng}/fTDo / wd{g}/fTDo b'j}

dflgPsf] %. k'¨ng}/fTDosf] !fgaf^ cx°f/–ddsf/hGo Sn]zx¿sf] cfj/)f

x^]/ b'Mvsf] Ôo x'G% eg] wd{g}/fTDoaf^ j:t'sf] cGoyf!fg cyf{t\ !]ofj/)f

Ôo x'G%. o;/L Sn]zfj/)f / !]ofj/)fsf] Ôo ePkl% z"Gotfsf] cg'e"lt x'G%.

cljBf lg/f]waf^ x'g] oxL cg'e"lt g} lgjf{)f xf], z"Gotf xf].

lj!fgjfb÷of]ufrf/ bz{glj!fgjfb÷of]ufrf/ bz{g

lj!fgjfb÷of]ufrf/ bz{glj!fgjfb÷of]ufrf/ bz{g

lj!fgjfb÷of]ufrf/ bz{g

af]lwk|fl†sf nflu of]u / cfrf/df a(L g} Wofg lbg] x'gfn] lj!fgjfbnfO{

of]ufrf/ bz{g elgPsf] xf]. cfOl*oflnhd cyf{t\ z'$ k|ToojfbnfO{ o;sf]

bfz{lgs ™lfl dflgG%. P]ltxfl;s ™lflaf^ dfWoldssf] k|ltlqmof:j¿k of]ufrf/

bz{gsf] pTklQ ePsf] dflgG%.

d}q]ogfy lj!fgjfbsf k|lt‡fks cfrfo{ x'g\. d}q]ogfysf r]nf c;·,

cfrfo{ j;'aGw', cfrfo{ Ò:y/dlt, lbªgfu, wd{sLlt{, sdnzLn, zfGt/lÔt

cflb cfrfo{n] lj!fgjfbnfO{ k|lt‡flkt u/]sf x'g\. n°fjtf/;"qdf lj!fgjfbsf]

lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf] %.

;f}qfÒGts dtn] af˛ kbfy{sf] ;Qf !fgdf cfwfl/t x'G% e©] dfg]sf] %.

lj!fgjfbn] oxL dtnfO{ g} Ps sbd cl# a(fPsf] %. olb af˛ kbfy{sf] ;Qf

!fgdf cfwfl/t x'G% eg] !fg g} jf:tljs ;Qf xf] e©] lj!fgjfbsf] egfO %.

lj!fg jf lj!l† g} Psdfq k/dfy{ xf], hut\sf cGo kbfy{ s]jn dfof x'g\,

:jKg;dfg x'g\ cyf{t\ e|d x'g\.


af}$ bz{gsf rf/ ;Dk|bfodWo] j}eflifs ;jf{Ò:tjfb / ;f}qfÒGts lxgofg

cyf{t\ :ylj/jfb;“u ;DaÒGwt %g\ eg] dfWolds / of]ufrf/ dxfofg;“u ;DaÒGwt

%g\.

of]ufrf/ bz{gsf] d"n klxNofp“b} hfg] xf] eg] j}k'No;"q;Dd k'Ug'kg]{

x'G%. n°fjtf/;"qsf cltl/St ;ÒGwlgdf]{rg cflb ;"qn] klg af˛ hut\sf]

cÒ:tTjnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub}{ lj!fgnfO{ g} cyf{t\ !fg / a'l$nfO{ g} Psdfq kbfy{

dfg]sf %g\.

lj!fgjfbsf cg';f/ o; hut\df g t efj % g cefj %, lrQafx]s

s'g} klg kbfy{ ;t\ x'“b}gg\. aflx/L ™Zo hut\ ljBdfg %}g, lrQ Psfsf/ %,

lrQ cyf{t\ lj!fgnfO{ hut\df ljle© ¿kdf b]Vg ;lsG%, slxn] b]xsf ¿kdf

t slxn] ef]usf ¿kdf. o;/L lrQ jf lj!fg g} jf:tljs ;Qf xf], hut\ o;}sf]

kl/)ffd dfq xf]. lj!fgsf] :j¿k le©le© %}g e©] dflgG%, t/ klg

cj:yfe]bcg';f/ lj!fgnfO{ cf& lsl;ddf af“l*Psf] %— 1= rÔ'lj{!fg, 2=

>f]qlj!fg, 3= #|f)flj!fg, 4= lh)flj!fg, 5= sfolj!fg, 6= dgf]lj!fg, 7=

ÒSnfl dgf]lj!fg / 8= cfnolj!fg.

lj!fgjfbn] dfWolds ;Dk|bfosf] plt w]/} cfnf]rgf u/]sf] %}g. o;n]

z"Gotf, wd{tf, dWodf k|ltkb, wd{wft' cflb dfWolds wf/)ffx¿ :jLsf/

u/]sf] %. Jojxf/ / k/dfy{sf] e]bnfO{ klg :jLsf/ u/]sf] %. o;n] cfWofÒTds

;fwgfåf/f g} tŒj;fÔfTsf/df hf]* lbPsf] %.

of]ufrf/ dtsf cg';f/ ljz'$ lj!fg¿k wd{wft' x/]s wd{df cGtlg{lxt

%. kl/sÒNkt, k/tGq / kl/lgik© oL tLg :jefj %g\. k'¨n -hLj_ / wd{

-hut\, ljifo_ oL b'j} cfnolj!fgsf cfef; dfq} x'g\. af]lwk|fl†sf nflu

if^\kf/ldtf cfjZos x'G%. a'$Tjk|fl†sf lgÒDt af]lw;Œjsf 10 e"ldx¿ kf/

ug'{kb{%. lxgofgsf] JoÒStut lgjf{)feGbf dxfofgsf] af]lw;Œjåf/f cGo

k|f)fLx¿sf] lgjf{)fsf lgÒDt k|oTg ug'{ cToGt cfgGbbfos %. k'¨ng}/fTDoåf/f

Sn]zfj/)fsf] Ôo / wd{g}/fTDoåf/f !]ofj/)fsf] Ôoaf^ g} af]lwk|fl† x'G% h;af^

wd{sfo / a'$sfodf k|j]z x'G%. cljBfhGo u|f˛u|fxs jf;gfsf] lg/f]waf^

k|!f jf af]lwsf] k|fl† x'G%. ;+;f/ / lgjf{)fdf, ;ª\Sn]z / Jojbfgdf, cz'$ /

z'$df j:t'tM s'g} cGt/ %}g, lsgeg] cåo wd{wft' k|s[lt ljz'$ % / å}t

cljBfhGo %. a'$sf tLg sfo %g\— ;l‚bfgGb cyf{t\ wd{sfo -;t\_,


lgdf{)fsfo -lrt\_ / ;Def]usfo -cfgGb_. wd{sfodf cGo b'O{ sfo ;dfljfl

%g\. wd{sfonfO{ wd{wft', tytf, tytfue{ / ljz'$ lj!fg klg elgG%.

dxfofgsf] k|l;$ u|Gy n°fjtf/;"qdf lj!fgnfO{ dfq} tŒj dflgPsf]

%. sfdnf]s, ¿knf]s / c¿knf]s oL tLg} nf]ssf] s'g} :jtGq ;Qf %}g. af˛

kbfy{sf] klg s'g} ;Qf %}g. lrQdfq}sf] !fg g} tŒj!fg, tytf!fg jf k|!f xf].


Bibhor Baral


dxfofg af}$ wd{

;d|f \̂ czf]ssf] kfnflt/ a'$sf d"lt{x¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] lyPg, a'$d"lt{sf]

k"hf ul/“b}gYof]. To; a]nf a'$sf] k|tLssf ¿kdf l/Qf] cf;g, rqm, sdnsf]

k"mn / r/)fkfb'sf lyP. a'$sf cÒ:ywft'x¿ /flvPsf :t"kdf k"hf ul/GYof].

O:jL ;+jt\ ;'? x'g' s]xL ;docl#b]lv a'$sf] k|tLssf ¿kdf a'$k|ltdf /

d"lt{x¿sf] ljsf; ;'? eof]. a'$nfO{ s?)ffsf b]jtfsf ¿kdf k"hf ug{ yflnof].

a'$eÒSt a(\g yfNof], d'ÒStsf nflu k|fy{gf ug{ yflnof]. la:tf/la:tf/} a'$jfb

ljsl;t eof]. o;cl# g} lxg;fl‹s / dxf;fl‹sdf af“l*Psf] af}$ dtdWo]

dxf;fl‹sdf nf]sf]Q/jfbsf] ljsf; eof]. ljsl;t x'“b} hfg] qmddf oxL

dxf;fl‹s dtaf^ dxfofg wd{sf] pTklQ eof]. o;kl% af}$ ;‹df k|:^;“u b'O{

j^f bfz{lgs le©tf b]lvP— lxgofg / dxfofg.

dxfofgn] a'$nfO{ nf]sf]Q/ cyf{t\ of] nf]seGbf dfly cs}{ nf]ssf

b]jtfsf ¿kdf :yflkt ul/lbof]. la:tf/} a'$eÒSt a(\g yfNof]. k"hf / k|fy{gfsf]

rng a(]/ uof]. dxfofg wd{n] cflfl·s dfu{sf] :yfgdf af]lw;Œj rof{sf]

ljsf; u¥of] / dxfofgsf] cfbz{ cx{t geP/ af]lw;Œj eof]. a'$Tj k|f†

ul/g;s]sf] t/ a'$Tjk|fl†sf] dfu{df cf¿( ePsf], ;Dos\ !fgk|fl†sf] rfxgf

/fVg], ;Dk")f{ k|f)fLx¿k|lt s?)ffefj ePsf] ;fwsnfO{ g} af]lw;Œj elgG%.

af]lw;Œjn] ;+;f/sf k|f)fLx¿sf] sNof)fsf nflu lgjf{)fdf k|j]z x'g] qmdnfO{

klg :ylut ub{%g\. pgLx¿ ;a} k|f)fLsf] b'Mv lgjf/)f u/]/ dfq} cfk"m lgjf{)f

kb k|f† ug{ rfxG%g\. oxL af]lw;Œjsf] sNkgf ug]{ wd{ g} dxfofg wd{ xf]. of]

gof“ ljrf/ af]Sg] dxfofgwdL{x¿n] k|frLg ljrf/ af]Sg]x¿nfO{ lxgofgjfbL eg]

h;nfO{ csf]{ zAbdf >fjsofg klg elgG% eg] dxfofgnfO{ af]lw;Œjofg

elgG%. af]lw;Œjsf] k"hf ug'{ dxfofgsf] ljz]iftf xf]. la:tf/} lxgofgdf h:t}

dxfofgdf klg kfl/dtfofg, af]lw;Œjofg, a'$ofg, k|!fofg, !fgdfu{,

eÒStdfu{h:tf ljle© jfbx¿sf] ljsf; eof]. ce}m ljsl;t x'“b} hf“bf tGqofg,

jh|ofgsf] klg ljsf; oxL dxfofgaf^} ePsf] kfOG%.


dxfofgLx¿ cf"gf] ;fwgfnfO{ >]‡ ;DemG%g\. >fjsofg jf lxgofgaf^

lgjf{)f k|f† x'“b}g e©] pgLx¿sf] wf/)ff %. af]lw;Œjh:t} dxfofgsf] csf]{

ljz]iftf lqsfojfb xf]. lqsfo e©fn] wd{sfo, lgdf{)fsfo / ;Def]usfo a'lemG%

hxf“ nf]sf]Q/jfb ce}m ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG%. o; cltl/St dxfofgsf

ljz]iftfnfO{ af]lw;Œjsf] sNkgf, af]lwlrQu|x)f, if \̂kf/ldtfsf] ;fwgf, bze"ld,

lqsfojfb / wd{z"Gotf jf tytfsf ¿kdf ;"rLa$ ug{ ;lsG%. dxfofgLsf

cg';f/ dxfofg ;fwgfn] Sn]zfj/)f / !]ofj/)f b'j}sf] Ôo u/L k|!fsf] pbo

ub{%, t/ lxgofgn] s]jn Sn]zfj/)fsf] dfq} Ôo ub{%. dxfofgsf] k|d'v u|Gy

cfl;fxl…sf k|!fkf/ldtf xf]. ;aeGbf klxn] o;}df z"Gotfsf] l;$fGt k|ltkfbg

ePsf] kfOG%. o;}af^ xLgofg / dxfofg bz{gsf] le©tf ;'? ePsf] kfOG%.

dxfofg wd{n] dxfs?)ffnfO{ ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwsf] ;fwg dfg]sf] %.

cfl;fxl…sfk|!fkf/ldtfsf] P#f/f}” cWofodf lxgofg / dxfofgsf] t'ngf ;Dos\

(·n] ul/Psf] % h;cg';f/ lxgofgLx¿sf] ljrf/ Pp^} cfTdfsf] bdg u¿“,

Pp^} cfTdfnfO{ zfÒGt lbnfp“m / Pp^} cfTdfnfO{ lgjf{)fsf] k|fl† u/fp“m e©] x'G%

eg] af]lw;Œjn] cfk"mnfO{ k/dfy{ ;Todf :yflkt u/fpg rfxG%, ;fy} ;a}

k|f)fLnfO{ k/dfy{ ;Todf k|lt‡flkt u/fpg rfxG%. o; k|sf/ dxfofgLx¿sf

cg';f/ dxfs?)ff g} d'ÒStsf] pkfo xf]. dxfofg u|Gysf cg';f/ a'$Tjsf]

k|fl†sf nflu oTgjfg\ af]lw;Œjn] if^\kf/ldtfsf] u|x)f ug'{k%{. o;nfO{ af]lwrof{

elgG%.

af]lw;Œjaf]lw;Œj

af]lw;Œjaf]lw;Œj

af]lw;Œj

(Bodhisattva)xfdLn] dfly g} rrf{ ul/;Sof}”, af]lw;Œj dxfofgsf] cfbz{ xf]. dxfofgn]

af]lw;ŒjnfO{ dfq} a'$Tj k|f† ug]{ Psdfq xsbf/ dfGb%. af]lw;Œjaf^ le©

csf]{ s;}n] klg a'$Tj k|f† ug{ ;Sb}g. af]lw;Œj eg]sf] Pp^f cj:yfsf] gfd

xf], To:tf] cj:yf hf] a'$Tjk|fl†sf] dfu{df t nfu]sf] % t/ a'$Tj k|f† ul/;s]sf]

%}g. o;/L x]bf{ af]lw;Œj Ps lsl;dsf] c!fgs} cj:yf xf]. t/ c!fgsf]

cfj/)f x^\g} nfu]sf] cÒSnfl c!fgsf] cj:yf xf].

af]lw;Œjsf ljle© e"ldx¿ %g\. tL e"ldx¿ kf/ ub}{ hf“bf z'$ jf;gf

lgj[Q x'“b} hfG% / cGTodf af]lw;Œjsf] cÒGtd cj:yfdf a'$Tjsf] ljsf;

x'G%. af]lw;Œjdf k|!fsf ;fy} dxfs?)ffsf] efj klg ljBdfg x'G%. dxfs?)ff


eg]sf] hut\sf ;d:t k|f)fLx¿sf] sNof)fsf] efj xf]. af]lw;Œjsf] hLjgsf]

p@]Zo g} cGo k|f)fLx¿sf] b'Mvd'ÒStsf nflu ;fwgf ug'{ xf]. af]lw;Œjsf] Xbo

olt s?)ffdo x'G% ls pgLx¿ cGo k|f)fLsf] b'MvnfO{ cf"g} &fGb%g\ / hut\sf

;d:t k|f)fLx¿sf] b'Mv lg/f]w geP;Dd cf"gf] d'ÒSt rfx“b}gg\. ;dlfldf

a'$Tjk|fl†sf lgÒDt oTgjfg\ JoÒSt hf] ;d:t ;Œjk|f)fLsf] b'Mvd'ÒStsf nflu

cg]s hGddf ;fwgf ul//xG%g\ pg} af]lw;Œj x'g\.

af]lwlrQaf]lwlrQ

af]lwlrQaf]lwlrQ

af]lwlrQ

(Bodhichitta)xfdLn] rrf{ ub}{ u/]sf] k/dkb a'$Tjsf] k|fl†sf lgÒDt h'g ljlzfl

;fwgf ul/G% To;nfO{ af]lwrof{ elgG%. af]lwrof{ ;fwgfsf] k|yd v'*\lsnf]

af]lwlrQ u|x)f xf].

;Dk")f{ ;Œjk|f)fLx¿sf] p$f/sf] clek|foaf^ a'$Tjsf] k|fl†sf nflu

cf"gf] lrQnfO{ k|ltl‡t u/fpg' af]lwlrQ u|x)f ug'{ xf]. cyf{t\ cem k|:^ ubf{ of]

b'Mv / kfkn] #]l/Psf] hf] ;+;f/ %, o;af^ d'ÒSt kfpg] efjgf pTk© ePsf]

Ô)fsf] lrQsf] cj:yf g} af]lwlrQ xf]. af]lwlrQ Ps lsl;dsf] /;wft' xf]

h;n] dfG%]sf] :jefjdf kl/jt{g u/L a'$dfu{df cjnDag u/fp“b%.

af]lwlrQu|x)faf^ kfkz'l$ x'G%. af]lwlrQn] cg]s sNkx¿b]lv ;l‰t kfknfO{

gfl u/L !fgsf] k|sfzn] k|sflzt ub{%. ;Dk")f{ kfkx¿ lgd"{n ug]{ Psdfq

pkfosf ¿kdf af]lwlrQnfO{ lnOPsf] %. ;a} af}$ wd{sf] aLh af]lwlrQnfO{ g}

dflgPsf] %. af]lwlrQnfO{ dxfofg wd{sf] d"n g} elgG%. af]lwlrQ pTk© gu/L

sf]xL klg dxfofgdfu{df nfUg ;Sb}g / af]lwrof{ cjnDag ug{ / lzÔf u|x)f

ug{ ;Sb}g.

af]lwlrQ b'O{ k|sf/sf %g\— af]lwk|l)flw lrQ / af]lwk|:yfg lrQ.

af]lwk|l)flw lrQ af]lwlrQ u|x)fsf] k"jf{j:yf xf]. k|l)flwsf] cy{ Wofg

cyjf sd{˚nsf] kl/Tofu ug'{ e©] x'G%. lzÔf ;d'‚odf elgPsf] %— dof

a'$]g eljtJoldlt lrQ+ k|l)fwfgfb'Tk©+ ejlt. cyf{t\ d ;Dk")f{ hut\sf] kl/qf)fsf

lgÒDt a'$ ag"“. lrQdf o:tf] efjgfsf] ha pbo x'G% To; a]nfsf] lrQsf]

cj:yf g} af]lwk|l)flw lrQ xf]. of] cj:yf eg]sf] dxfofg gfds ljzfn

/fhdfu{sf] a^'jf x'g] OR%f dfq} k|s^ ePsf] xf], Tof] af^fdf lx“*\g yfn]sf] jf ;f]

/fhdfu{tk{m k|:yfg u/]sf] xf]Og.


lrQn] ha dxfofg¿kL To; /fhdfu{tk{m k|:yfg ub{% To; a]nfsf]

lrQsf] cj:yfsf] gfd af]lwk|:yfg lrQ xf]. j|t u|x)f u/L z'esfo{df cu|;/

eO{ ;fws ;f] dfu{sf] klys ag]kl%sf] cj:yf g} af]lwk|:yfg lrQ xf].

;Dos\ ;Daf]lwk|fl†sf nflu af]lwk|:yfg lrQsf] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] ;fws

o; hLjnf]sdf b'n{ek|foM g} x'G%. af]lwk|:yfg lrQ lg/Gt/ k')o k|bfg ug]{

lrQ xf]. p;n] ;d:t ;Œjk|f)fLx¿sf] b'Mv cGTo u/L ;a}nfO{ ;'vL agfpg]

pBf]u ub{%.

kf/ldtfsf] cEof;kf/ldtfsf] cEof;

kf/ldtfsf] cEof;kf/ldtfsf] cEof;

kf/ldtfsf] cEof;

(Practices of Paramitas)kf/ldtfsf] zfÒAbs cy{ k")f{tf e©] x'G%. a'$Tjk|fl†sf] ;fwgfnfO{ k")f{tf

k|bfg ug]{ cEof; g} kf/ldtf xf]. kf/ldtfsf] cEof; gu/L cyf{t\ kf/ldtf u|x)f

gu/L s'g} klg af]lw;Œjn] a'$Tj k|f† ug{ ;Sb}g. a'$Tjsf] k|fl†sf nflu

kf/ldtfsf] cEof; clgjfo{ %. af]lwlrQ u|x)f ul/;s]kl% kf/ldtfsf] cEof;

cfjZos dflgG%.

hfts syfdf 10 kf/ldtfsf] rrf{ kfOG%, t/ dxfofg u|Gyx¿df kf/ldtfsf]

;ª\Vof % dflgPsf] %. pko'{St if^\kf/ldtfx¿df bfg, zLn, ÔfÒGt, jLo{, Wofg

/ k|!f kf/ldtf %g\.

bfg kf/ldtf—bfg kf/ldtf—

bfg kf/ldtf—bfg kf/ldtf—

bfg kf/ldtf— ;d:t ;Œjk|f)fLx¿sf lgÒDt ;Dk")f{ lrhx¿ bfg ug'{ /

bfgaf^ k|f† x'g] ˚nsf] s'g} cfzf gug'{, ;Dk")f{ s'/f kl/Tofu ug'{ g} bfg

kf/ldtf xf]. o;lgÒDt af]lw;Œjn] cfTdefjsf] klg pT;u{ ub{%g\, ;a} ef]Uo

j:t'x¿sf] kl/Tofu u%{g\. e"t, jt{dfg / eljiosf s'zn d"nsf] klg kl/Tofu

ub{%g\.

lgjf{)fk|fl†sf nflu ;a} lrhsf] Tofu ul/;s]kl% ;Dk")f{ k|f)fLx¿sf]

gfddf z/L/ klg ck{)f ub{%g\. pgLx¿ cf"gf] sf/)fn] s'g} klg k|f)fLn] b'Mv

ef]Ug' gk/f];\ e©] &fGb%g\. s'g} klg j:t'k|lt pgLx¿sf] ddTj /x“b}g.

;j{kl/u|x)fnfO{ ;f+;fl/s b'Mvsf] d"n sf/)f dflgPsf] %. ckl/u|x)fnfO{ of]

ejb'Mvaf^ d'ÒStsf] dfWod dflgPsf] %. o;/L af]lw;Œjn] cfTdefjsf] pT;u{

u/]/ ;a} ;Œjx¿dfly bof /fVb} c¿sf] b'Mvlgjf/)fsf nflu cfk}m“n] b'Mv

af]xf]b}{ a'$Tjk|fl†df sl^a$ eP/ cGo kf/ldtfx¿sf] u|x)f ub{%g\.

zLn kf/ldtf—zLn kf/ldtf—

zLn kf/ldtf—zLn kf/ldtf—

zLn kf/ldtf— lrQnfO{ lj/t ug'{nfO{ zLn elgG%. cfTdefj cflbsf]

/Ôf lzÔfsf] /Ôfaf^ x'G%. lzÔfsf] /Ôf lrQsf] /Ôfaf^ x'G%. lrQ rnfodfg\


lrh ePsfn] lzÔfsf] Ò:y/tf gfl gxf];\ e©sf nflu o;nfO{ :jfoQ %f]l*lbg'k%{.

k|f)fLsf] eo / b'Mvsf] sf/)f lrQ g} xf]. lrQ eg]sf] dfg;sd{ xf] / dfg;sd{åf/f

g} jfs\sd{ / sfosd{ pTklQ x'G%g\. ;d:t kfk / wd{sf] s]Gı lrQ g} ePsfn]

lrQsf] bdg cfjZos dflgG%. o; k|sf/sf] lrQnfO{ lj/t ug'{nfO{ g} zLn

elgG%. k|f)ffltkft cflb ;a} ulx{t sfo{af^ lrQnfO{ lj/t ug'{nfO{ zLnsf]

cy{sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] %.

lrQ olt ljifof]Gd'v x'G% ls ;fjwfgLk"j{s o;sf] /Ôf ul/Pg eg]

zfÒGt slxNo} klg k|f† gx'g ;S%. ljifo, jf;gf, zq'k|e[lt oL af˛ efjx¿

x'g\. o;sf] lgoGq)f / lgjf/)f ;Dej x'“b}g, ctM lrQsf] lgjf/)faf^} sfo{l;l$

x'g ;S%. h;/L s'g} Pp^f rf]/ ufO{af^ afnLgfnL arfpg v]tnfO{ k"/} af/a]/

ug'{eGbf Tof] ufO{nfO{ g} ;dft]/ af“Wg' ;lhnf] / Jofjxfl/s x'G% To;} u/L af˛

efjx¿nfO{ lgoGq)f ug'{eGbf lrQs} lgoGq)f / lgjf/)f ;lhnf], Jofjxfl/s /

k|efjsf/L x'G%.

ljifojf;gfx¿ cgGt x'g] ePsfn] To;sf] lgjf/)f ;Dej x'“b}g, t/

lrQsf] lgjf/)f ;Dej x'G%. ;a} sd{ lrQsf] cwLgdf x'G%g\ / wd{sf] cwLgdf

af]lw x'G%. zLn kf/ldtf cEof;sf] Psdfq p@]Zo g} lrQsf] kl/zf]wg ug'{ xf].

o;/L lrQnfO{ ljifox¿af^ lj/t ug'{ g} zLn kf/ldtf xf].

ÔfÒGt kf/ldtf—ÔfÒGt kf/ldtf—

ÔfÒGt kf/ldtf—ÔfÒGt kf/ldtf—

ÔfÒGt kf/ldtf— å]ifnfO{ zdg ug{sf nflu ÔfÒGt kf/ldtfsf] cEof;

ul/G%. ÔfÒGtsf] cy{ Ôdf lbg' xf]. h;/L cfuf]n] bfp/fnfO{ v/fgL kfb{% p;}

u/L å]ifn] cg]sf}” sNkb]lv pkflh{t z'esd{nfO{ gfl ul/lbG%. å]ifh:tf] csf]{

kfk s'g} %}g eg] ÔfÒGt;dfg csf]{ s'g} tk %}g. o;/L å]ifsf] cGTosf nflu

ljle© lsl;daf^ ÔfÒGtsf] cEof; ug'{ cfjZos dflgG%. å]ifn] Xbo el/Psf]

dfG%]n] zfÒGt / ;'v k|f† ug{ ;Sb}g. o;y{ dfG%]df ÔfÒGt x'g' cfjZos %.

ÔfÒGt tLg lsl;dsf %g\— b'Mvlwjf;gf ÔfÒGt, k/fksf/dif{)f ÔfÒGt / wd{lgWofg

ÔfÒGt. cToGt clgfl eP/ klg bf}d{g:o gx'g] ÔfÒGtnfO{ b'Mvflwjf;gf ÔfÒGt

elgG%. bf}d{g:osf] k|ltkÔ ¿k d'lbtf xf], o;sf] k|oTgk"j{s cEof; ug'{kb{%.

c¿n] u/]sf] cksf/nfO{ ;d]t ;xg ug'{ / To;sf] k|Toksf/ gug'{nfO{

k/fksf/dif{)f ÔfÒGt elgG%. ÔfÒGtsf] pkof]u å]ifnfO{ lhTgsf nflu ul/g'k%{.

wd{sf] :jefjdfly Wofg lbgfn] wd{lgWofg ÔfÒGtsf] hGd x'G%. :jefjsf]

lx;fan] hut\sf ;a} wd{ Ôl)fs / lgM;f/ x'g\, ;a} lrh Ôl)fs %g\ eg] lsg

qmf]w ul//xg]< lsg å]if ug]{< o; sf/)f ÔfÒGt jf Ôdfsf] cEof; cfjZos %.


jLo{ kf/ldtf—jLo{ kf/ldtf—

jLo{ kf/ldtf—jLo{ kf/ldtf—

jLo{ kf/ldtf— ;fx;, hf]; / pT;fxnfO{ jLo{ elgG%. ÔfÒGt pTk©

ePsf] JoÒStn] g} jLo{ nfe ug{ ;Sb%, jLo{df g} af]lw k|ltl‡t x'G%. s'zn

sd{df pT;fx x'g' g} jLo{ x'g' xf]. jLo{lagf k')o x'“b}g. ;+;f/ / b'Mvsf] cg'ej

geO{sg sf]xL klg s'zn sd{df k|j[Q x'g ;Sb}g. ;fwssf] lrQdf slxNo} klg

ljiffbn] :yfg kfpg' x'“b}g. dflg;n] dh:tf] ;fwf/)f JoÒStn] s;/L a'$Tj k|f†

ug{ ;S%' egL slxNo} klg ;f]Rg' x'“b}g. hf];“u k'?iffy{ jf jLo{ % p;sf lgÒDt

s]xL klg b'is/ x'“b}g. o;/L lrQdf pT;fxsf] efj e/]/ lgjf{)f dfu{df cu|;/

x'g'kb{%.

;Œjsf] cy{ l;l$sf nflu af]lw;Œj;“u Ps anJo"x x'G% h;df %Gb,

:ofd, /lt / d'ÒSt %g\. %Gbsf] cy{ s'zn sd{sf] clenfiff xf] eg] :ofdsf]

cy{ cf/Aw sfo{df ™(tf. ;Tsd{df cf;St x'g' /lt xf] eg] Tofu jf pT;u{nfO{

d'ÒSt elgG%. of] anJo"xn] jLo{ ;Dkfbg ug{df dxŒjk")f{ sfd ub{%. o;af^

cfn:onfO{ eufP/ jLo{nfO{ a(fpg] k|oTg ug'{kb{%. af]lw;Œj pT;fx / jLo{åf/f

g} ;‰flnt x'G%.

Wofg kf/ldtf—Wofg kf/ldtf—

Wofg kf/ldtf—Wofg kf/ldtf—

Wofg kf/ldtf— Wofgsf] cy{ x'G% ;dflw. jLo{sf] j[l$ u/L ;fwssf]

lrQnfO{ ;dflwdf :yflkt u/fpg' cfjZos x'G%. ljlÔ† lrQ ePsf] JoÒSt

jLo{jfg\ eP/ klg Sn]znfO{ x^fpg ;Sb}g. o;sf lgÒDt b'O{ lsl;dsf Wofgsf]

rrf{ ul/Psf] %— ;dyf / ljkZogf. oxf“ ;dyfsf] cy{ lrQsf] Psfu|tf¿kL

;dflw x'G% eg] ljkZogfsf] cy{ !fg x'G%. ;+;f/k|lt cf;St x'g %f]*]kl%

;dyf Wofgsf] hGd x'G% eg] ;dyfkl% ljkZogfsf] hGd x'G%. ;+;f/df /t

xf]pGh]n ;dflw x'g ;Sb}g. cf;ÒStaf^ ^f(f x'gsf nflu dxfofgL ;fwsx¿

h·ndf uP/ lrQnfO{ Wofgdf ;dflxt ub{%g\. o;/L af]lw;Œjx¿ ;+;f/sf

lk|o j:t'x¿af^ cf"gf] lrQnfO{ x^fP/ cgy{sf/L sfdx¿sf] lgjf/)fsf nflu

PsfGtjf; ub}{ lrQsf] Psfu|tf jf Wofgsf] cEof; ub{%g\.

k|!f kf/ldtf—k|!f kf/ldtf—

k|!f kf/ldtf—k|!f kf/ldtf—

k|!f kf/ldtf— lrQsf] Psfu|tfaf^ g} k|!fsf] k|fb'ef{j x'G%. h;sf] lrQ

Wofgdf ;dflxt ePsf] % p;nfO{ g} !fg / k|!fsf] cg'e"lt x'G%. k|!fsf] pbon]

k|ltTo;d'Tkfb åfbzrqmsf] s]Gıdf /x]sf] cljBfsf] gfz x'G%. of] ;+;f/¿kL

ejrqmaf^ kf/ kfpgsf nflu k|!fs} e"ldsf x'G%. ;dflwsf] dfWodaf^ g}

k|!fsf] pbo x'G%. ;a} wd{sf] lg:;f/tf jf ;j{wd{z"Gotfsf] !fg x'g'nfO{ k|!f

kf/ldtf elgG%. k|!f kf/ldtf eg]sf] k")f{ !fg jf ;j{!tf xf]. z"Gotfdf k|ltl‡t

JoÒStn] dfq} of] !fg k|f† ug{ ;Sb%. k|!f kf/ldtfsf] pbo ePkl% ;fwsdf


s'g} k|sf/sf] Jojxf/ af“sL /x“b}g. To; a]nf of] ;f/f ™Zodfg\ hut\ ldYof

nfUb%, hut\sf] ;Qf s]jn Jofjxfl/s nfUb%% hut\sf] hf] :j¿k b]lvG% Tof]

dfof dfq} xf], oyfy{df ;a} z"Go g} z"Go % e©] !fgsf] ha pbo x'G% ta

cljBfsf] gfz x'G%. cljBfsf] gfzaf^ ;+:sf/sf] lg/f]w x'G%. o;/L sfo{sf/)f

;DaGwdf h]lnPsf ;a} sfo{sf] lg/f]w x'“b} cGtdf b'Mvsf] lg/f]w x'G%. o;/L

k|!f kf/ldtfsf] pboaf^ ;+;f/sf] lgj[lQ / lgjf{)fsf] k|fl† x'G%. dxfofg ;fwgfsf]

p@]Zo / cfbz{ g} k|!f kf/ldtf xf].

af]lw;Œjsf 10 e"ldx¿af]lw;Œjsf 10 e"ldx¿

af]lw;Œjsf 10 e"ldx¿af]lw;Œjsf 10 e"ldx¿

af]lw;Œjsf 10 e"ldx¿

dxfofgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] a'$Tjk|fl† af]lwlrQ pTk© u/L kf/ldtfsf]

cEof;af^ Ps} k^s x'g] xf]Og. kl/>d, pT;fx / ;fwgfsf] ̊ n:j¿k ;fwsn]

Pskl% csf]{ tx kf/ ub}{ a'$Tjk|fl†;Dd k'Ub%g\. dxfofgLx¿ a'$Tj;Dd k'Ug]

oxL tx jf r/)fnfO{ e"ld eGb%g\. cfrfo{ c;·n] cf"gf] u|Gy bze"ldzfÚdf

oL e"ldx¿sf] ;ª\Vof 10 atfPsf %g\.

lxgofg bz{gdf klg cx{t kb;Dd k'Ugsf nflu …f]tfk©, ;s[bfufdL,

cgfufdL / cx{t u/L rf/ e"ldx¿sf] rrf{ kfOG%. dxfofgdf eg] 10 e"ld kf/

u/]kl% dfq a'$Tjsf] k|fl† x'G%. oL e"ldx¿ o; k|sf/ %g\— d'lbtf, ljdnf,

k|efs/L, clr{idtL, ;'b'h{of, cled'ÒSt, b'/·df, crnf, ;fwdtL / wd{d]w.



1= d'lbtf— k"j{hGddf z'esd{ u/]sf] x'gfn] af]lw;Œjsf] Xbodf af]lwlrQ

pTk© x'G%, Tof] eg]sf] ;Daf]lw k|f† ug]{ clenfiff xf]. To;kl% af]lw;Œj

;fwf/)f dfG%]sf] txaf^ lg:s]/ tyfutsf] s'^'Da aGb%g\. a'$ / af]lw;Œjsf

uf}/jk")f{ sfo{x¿ ;De]m/ pgsf] Xbo cfgÒGbt x'G%, Xbodf dxfs?)ff pTk©

x'G%. To;kl% 10 dxfk|l)fwfg jf j|t ;Dkfbg ug]{ ;°Nk ub{%g\. oL 10

j|tx¿df 1= x/]s b]zdf a'$sf] k"hf ug'{, 2= a'$ hxf“ pTk© eP klg pgsf

lzÔfsf] kfng ug'{, 3= t'lift nf]snfO{ %f]*]/ o; e"tndf cfpg] / lgjf{)f k|f†

ug]{;Ddsf] a'$sf] pbo / lqmofsnfknfO{ lg/LÔ)f ug'{, 4= ;a} e"ld / kf/ldtfsf]

cEof; ug{ !fg k|f† ug'{, 5= hut\sf ;a} k|f)fLx¿nfO{ ;j{! agfpg', 6=

hut\df /x]sf ;a} e]bx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug'{, 7= ;a} k|f)fLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿s}

tl/sfn] cfgÒGbt ug'{, 8= af]lw;Œjsf] Xbodf Ps lsl;dsf] efjgf pTk© ug'{,

9= af]lw;Œjrof{sf] ;Dkfbg ug'{ / 10= ;Daf]lw k|f† ug'{. of] d'lbtf e"ldnfO{

ljz'$ kfg{sf nflu >$f, bof, d}qL, bfg, zfÚ!fg, nf]s!fg, gd|tf, ™(tf

tyf ;xgzLntf h:tf u')fsf] cfjZostf x'G%.


2= ljdnf—2= ljdnf—

2= ljdnf—2= ljdnf—

2= ljdnf— a'$Tj;Dd k'Ugsf nflu ;fwssf] of] bf]…f] e"ld xf]. o;

e"lddf ;fwsn] sfo, jrg, dg, 10 k|sf/sf kfk jf bf]ifx¿ x^fp“%g\. of]

e"lddf 10 kf/ldtfdWo] zLnsf] cEof; ul/G%.

3= k|efs/L—3= k|efs/L—

3= k|efs/L—3= k|efs/L—

3= k|efs/L— o; e"lddf ;fwsn] hut\sf ;a} ;+:s[t kbfy{x¿nfO{

clgTo b]Vb%g\. cf& lsl;dsf ;dflw, rf/ a|#fljxf/ / l;l$x¿ k|f† ub{%g\.

sfdjf;gf / b]xt[i)ff ÔL)f x'G%% dg / :jefj s‰g / lgd{n x'G%.

4= clr{idtL—4= clr{idtL—

4= clr{idtL—4= clr{idtL—

4= clr{idtL— of] rf}yf] e"lddf ;fwsn] cflfl·s dfu{sf] cEof; ub{%g\.

bof tyf d}qLefjn] lrQ ;˚f x'G%, ;+zo af“sL /x“b}g. hut\af^ j}/fUo pTk©

x'G% / ;fwsn] jLo{ kf/ldtfsf] cEof; ub{%g\.

5= ;'b'h{of—5= ;'b'h{of—

5= ;'b'h{of—5= ;'b'h{of—

5= ;'b'h{of— rf}yf] e"ldaf^ kf“rf}” e"lddf k|j]z ug{ ;fwssf] lrQdf

;dtf / ljrf/df z'$tf pTk© x'g'kb{%. o; e"lddf k|f)fLx¿k|lt bof pTk© x'G%

/ ;fws ljle© nf}lss ljBfx¿sf] cEof; ub{%g\. o;df Wofg kf/ldtfsf]

cEof; ul/G% / ;fws pkb]zs aGb%g\.

6= cled'ÒSt—6= cled'ÒSt—

6= cled'ÒSt—6= cled'ÒSt—

6= cled'ÒSt— 10 lsl;dsf ;dtfaf^ of] e"ld k|f† x'G%. o; e"lddf

;fws hut\sf ;d:t kbfy{nfO{ z"Go ;DemG%g\ / k|f)fLx¿dfly bof ug{sf

nflu z"GonfO{ ;Tosf ¿kdf lnG%g\, c!fgdf /x]sf ;a} k|f)fLx¿dfly bofefj

/fVb%g\. o; e"lddf k|!f kf/ldtfsf] cEof; ul/G%.

7= b'/·df—7= b'/·df—

7= b'/·df—7= b'/·df—

7= b'/·df— o;cl#sf % e"ldx¿sf] t'ngf lxgofgsf rf/ e"ldx¿;“u

ul/GYof], t/ ;ftf}” e"ldaf^ ljz]if ;fwgfsf] ;'?jft x'G%. o; e"ldaf^ z"Gotfsf]

pknÒAwsf] k|f/De x'G%. 10 lsl;dsf pkfosf] !fg -pkfo–sf}zNo !fg_ sf]

;Dkfbg oxL”af^ cf/De x'G%. ;ftf}” e"lddf af]lw;Œj ;j{!tfsf] e"lddf k|j]z

ub{%g\.

8= crnf—8= crnf—

8= crnf—8= crnf—

8= crnf— o; e"lddf k|j]z u/]kl% ;fwsn] j:t'x¿nfO{ lg:jefj

b]Vb%g\. b]x, jrg / dgsf] cfgGbaf^ clnslt klg k|efljt x'“b}gg\. of]

e"lddf cfOk'u]sf] ;fws hut\sf ;Dk")f{ k|k‰x¿nfO{ dflos, e|fGt / c;To

dfGb%g\. pgsf ™lfldf ;To Ps} x'G%, Tof] xf] z"Gotf jf lgjf{)f.

9= ;fwdtL—9= ;fwdtL—

9= ;fwdtL—9= ;fwdtL—

9= ;fwdtL— o; e"lddf cfOk'u]sf ;fwsn] dg'io / ;Dk")f{ k|f)fLsf]

p$f/sf lgÒDt ;f]Rb%g\. pgn] wd{sf] pkb]z lbG%g\ / af]lw;Œjsf rf/ k|sf/sf

ljifo kof{nf]rg -kl^;ÒDebf_ sf] cEof; ub{%g\. zAbsf] cy{sf] ljj]rgf,

wd{sf] ljj]rgf, Jofs/)fsf] ljZn]if)fk$lt / ljifosf] zL#| k|ltkfbg zÒSt

-k|ltdfg_ nfO{ kl^;ÒDebf jf k|lt;+ljt elgG%.


10= wd{d]w—10= wd{d]w—

10= wd{d]w—10= wd{d]w—

10= wd{d]w— wd{d]wnfO{ cleif]s klg elgG%. of] 10 e"ldsf] cÒGtd

e"ld xf]. o; cj:yfdf af]lw;Œjn] ;a} k|sf/sf ;dflwx¿ k|f† ub{%g\.

af]lw;Œjsf 10 e"ldx¿sf] of] r/d cj:yf xf]. of] a'$Tjk|fl†sf] cj:yf xf].

o;df ;fwsn] a'$Tjsf] cleif]s k|f† ub{%g\.

;†ljlw cg'Q/ k"hf M dxfofgsf] dfgl;s k"hf;†ljlw cg'Q/ k"hf M dxfofgsf] dfgl;s k"hf

;†ljlw cg'Q/ k"hf M dxfofgsf] dfgl;s k"hf;†ljlw cg'Q/ k"hf M dxfofgsf] dfgl;s k"hf

;†ljlw cg'Q/ k"hf M dxfofgsf] dfgl;s k"hf

(Saptavidhianuttarapuja: Mental Worship ofMahayana)

af]lwlrQ pTk© ug{sf nflu ul/g] k"hfsf] ljlwnfO{ ;†ljlw cg'Q/ k"hf

elgG%. wd{;ª\u|xsf cg';f/ o; k"hfljlwsf ;ft j^f c· ePsfn] o;nfO{

;†ljlw elgPsf] xf]. jGbgf, k"hgf, kfkb]zgf, k')ofg'df]bg, cWo]if)ff,

af]lwlrQf]Tkfb / kl/)ffdgf oL ;ft c·x¿ x'g\. t/ k|!fs/dltsf cg';f/ eg]

oL c·x¿ cf& %g\ h;df jGbgf, k"hgf, z/)f, udg, kfkb]zgf, k')ofg'df]bg,

a'$Wo]if)f, ofrgf / af]lwkl/)ffdgf kb{%g\.

af]lwlrQ u|x)fsf nflu ;j{k|yd a'$, wd{ / af]lw;Œju)fsf] k"hf cfjZos

x'G%. of] k"hfdf ;fwsn] k|f)fLdfqsf] lxt ug]{, klxn] u/]sf kfkx¿nfO{ cltqmd)f

ug]{ / k]ml/ kfk gug]{ k|lt!f ub{%g\. of] k"hfnfO{ dgf]do k"hf elgG%. o;kl%

;fwsn] a'$, af]lw;Œj, ;$d{, r}To cflbsf] ljz]if k"hf ub{%g\. dgf]/d

µfgu[xdf uLt;·Ltsf ;fy a'$ tyf af]lw;ŒjnfO{ µfg u/fp“b%g\ / rLj/

k|bfg ub{%g\. uxgf, cn°f/, uGw / ıJon] lje"lift ub{%g\. dfnf, w"k, bLk,

g}j]B ck{)f ub{%g\. a'$, wd{ / ;‹sf] z/)fdf hfG%g\. of] jGbgf / k"hgfsf]

sfo{ eof]. To;kl% cf"gf ;a} kfkx¿sf] k|Vofkg ub{%g\. o;nfO{ kfkb]zgf

elgG%.

kfkb]zgfkl% ;fwsn] ;a} k|f)fLx¿sf] nf}lss z'esd{sf] / b'Mvdf]Ôsf]

cg'df]bg ub{%g\. o;nfO{ k')ofg'df]bg elgG%. To;kl% hDnfxft u/]/ c!fgn]

#]l/Psf hLjx¿sf] p$f/sf nflu wd{sf] pkb]z lbg'xf];\ egL ;a} lbzfdf /x]sf

a'$nfO{ k|fy{gf ub{%g\. of] g} a'$fWo]if)ff xf]. a'$ofrgf eg]sf] a'$n] clxn] g}

kl/lgjf{)fdf k|j]z gug'{xf];\ egL ul/g] ofrgf xf]. cGTodf ;fwsn] cfk"mn]

u/]sf] k"hfsf] qmdaf^ cfk"m ;a} k|f)fLx¿sf] b'Mv zdg ug{ ;dy{ xf]p“m, pgLx¿nfO{

;Dos\ !fg lbnfpg ;dy{ xf]p“m e©] k|fy{gf ub{%g\. of] af]lwkl/)ffdgf xf]. o;/L

;†ljlw cg'Q/ k"hfsf] ljlw ;Dkfbg ul/G%.


Bibhor Baral


jh|ofgsf] wfld{s–bfz{lgs JofVof

dxfofgnfO{ af}$ wd{ / bz{gsf] Ps dxŒjk")f{ ljsf;sf ¿kdf lnOG%

eg] jh|ofgnfO{ dxfofgs} csf]{ r/)fsf] ljsf;sf ¿kdf lnOG%. kf/ldtfofg

/ dGqofgnfO{ dxfofgsf c· dflgG% eg] oL b'O{ ofgsf] ;+o'St ¿k /

cleJoÒStnfO{ jh|ofg elgG%. jh|ofgnfO{ dxfofgs} kl%˜f] wfld{s / bfz{lgs

ljsf;sf ¿kdf lnOG%.

jh|ofgdf d"ntM dGqtGqsf ] cEof; ul/G%. jh|ofgL u|Gy

u'̨ ;dfhtGqsf cg';f/ a'$s} kfnfb]lv tGqsf] pbo ePsf] lyof]. pSt u|Gysf

cg';f/ a'$n] cf"gf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ pkb]z lbg] qmddf cfk"m bLk°/ a'$ /

sZok a'$sf ¿kdf pTk© ePsf] ;dodf cg'ofoLx¿sf] tfÒGqs lzÔf u|x)f

ug]{ of]Uotf gePsfn] pSt lzÔf glbPsf] atfpg'ePsf] lyof]. o;/L x]bf{ tGq,

dGq, of]u, l;l$h:tf s'/fx¿ a'$s} kfnfdf klg cÒ:tTjdf lyP, t/ k")f{

¿kdf k|s^ ePsf lyPgg\ e© ;lsG%. o:t} ltAatL u|Gyx¿sf cg';f/ a'$n]

cf"gf] hLjgsfndf tLg j^f wd{rqm k|jt{g ug'{ePsf] lyof]. klxnf] k^s

af]lw!fgk|fl†sf] k|yd jif{df ClifkQgdf >d)f wd{sf] rqmk|jt{g ug'{ePsf]

lyof] eg] 13 cf}” jif{df /fhu[xsf] u[$s"^ kj{tdf dxfofg wd{sf] rqmk|jt{g

ug'{eof]. To;} u/L af]lw!fgk|fl†sf] 16 cf}” jif{df >LwfGos^s kj{tdf t]…f]

k|jt{g ug]{ qmddf dGqofgsf] rqmk|j{tg ug'{ePsf] lyof] / oxL dGqofgsf]

kl%˜f] wfld{s / bfz{lgs ljsf;sf qmddf jh|ofgsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG%.

t/ tGqdGqsf] ljsf; w]/} ;docl#b]lv ePsf] eP klg jh|ofgsf] ljsf; eg]

cf&f}” ztfAbLb]lv ePsf] kfOG%.

jh|ofg M cy{, kl/efiff / p@]Zojh|ofg M cy{, kl/efiff / p@]Zo

jh|ofg M cy{, kl/efiff / p@]Zojh|ofg M cy{, kl/efiff / p@]Zo

jh|ofg M cy{, kl/efiff / p@]Zo

jh|sf] zfÒAbs cy{ ce]B / ™( j:t' e©] x'G%. jh|ofgsf] jh|n] klg

™(, ckl/jt{gzLn, cljgfzL, ce]B, cR%]B / gfl gx'g] lrhnfO{ atfp“%.

a'$jfbn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] k/dkb lgjf{)fnfO{ dxfofgn] z"Gotfsf] gfdn] ;Daf]wg


ub{% / jh|ofgn] ToxL k/dkb z"GotfnfO{ g} slxNo} gfl gx'g] b'e]{B tŒjsf

¿kdf cyf{t\ jh|sf ¿kdf lnPsf] %. o;f] x'“bf z"Gotf jf lgjf{)fsf] k|tLssf]

cy{df jh|nfO{ lnOPsf] %. jh|ofgL dfGotfcg';f/ ;fg} k|oTgaf^ klg z"Gotfh:tf]

&"nf] pknÒAw k|f† ug{ ;lsG% e©] lj!f; ul/G%. ljle© lsl;dsf k|oTg /

;fwgfsf] ̊ n sfo, jfs\ tyf lrQsf] ™(tf ;Dkfbg ug'{ x'G%. b]jtfsf] ;+of]uaf^

sfosf] ™(tf pTk© x'G%. jh|hfkåf/f rGı;"o{sf] ult vÒ)*t ePkl% jfs\sf]

™(tf / !f;nfO{ ;'d]? lzv/df k'¥ofPkl% lrQsf] ™(tf ;Dkfbg x'G%. oL

™(tfx¿sf] ;Dkfbg u/]k®ft\ ;fwsdf k/d r}tGosf] cfljef{j x'G%. oxL

™(tfsf] cleJoÒSt g} jf:tjdf jh| xf]. o;/L å}tefjsf] kl/Tofuaf^ cå}tefjsf]

cg'e"lt g} jh|ofgsf] r/d nIo xf]. Tof] cå}tefj eg]sf] z"Gotf xf], z"Gotf

cef}lts xf] t/ z"Gotfsf] ef}lts k|tLs jh| xf].

;j{tyfut+ !fg+ jh|ofgldlt :d[td\ cyf{t\ ;a} a'$sf] !fg x'g'nfO{ g}

jh|ofgsf] cy{sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] %. jh|ofgL dfGotfdf k/dfy{nfO{ ;j{Jofks,

cljsf/L / ;j{! dflgG%. g efj¿k, g cefj¿k, g efjfefj¿k s'g} klg

¿k gePsf] Jofks tyf nÔ)fjlh{t tŒj g} jh|ofg xf]. ;f/df e©'kbf{ dGqofg

cyf{t\ jh|ofg dxfofgs} zfvf xf]. dGqofgdf dGqkbx¿åf/f lgjf{)fsf] k|fl†

x'G%. oL dGqkbx¿df u'˛ zÒSt x'G%. jh|ofgdf z"Go / lj!fgnfO{ jh|t'No

dflgG%— slxNo} ljgfz gx'g]. jh|ofgn] cå}t bz{gsf] lzÔf lbG% / ;a}

;ŒjnfO{ jh|;Œj dfGb%.

jh|ofg ;dflw M pTk© qmd / ;Dk© qmdjh|ofg ;dflw M pTk© qmd / ;Dk© qmd

jh|ofg ;dflw M pTk© qmd / ;Dk© qmdjh|ofg ;dflw M pTk© qmd / ;Dk© qmd

jh|ofg ;dflw M pTk© qmd / ;Dk© qmd

cfwf/e"t af}$ lzÔfn] zLn, ;dflw / k|!fdf hf]* lbPsf] %. zLn

cyf{t\ lgod / g}lts cfr/)fleq /x]/ ;dflw cyf{t\ ;Dos\ Wofg / ;fwgf

ul/of] eg] k|!f k|f† ug{ ;lsG%. jh|ofgn] klg jh|¿kL k/dkb z"Gotfsf]

cg'e"ltsf lgÒDt ljz]if tj/n] ;dflwd} hf]* lbPsf] %.

jh|ofgleq w]/} lsl;dsf ;dflwx¿ kfOG%g\. jh|ofgdf b]jLb]jtfx¿sf]

;ª\Vof w]/} % / tL b]jLb]jtfx¿sf] ;DaGw jh|ofgn] ljsl;t u/]sf] Wofg jf

;dflwl;t % elgG%. ;dyf / ljkZogfb]lv afx]ssf oL Wofgx¿ hlt b]jb]jL

%g\ Tolt g} %g\. To; sf/)f oL Wofgsf lsl;dx¿sf] uGtL ug'{ c;Dejk|foM

%. t/ ;dflwsf] ;ª\Vof hlt g} eP klg ;a} lsl;dsf ;dflwdf b'O{ j^f s'/f

dxŒjk")f{ x'G%g\— pTk©qmd / ;Dk©qmd.


1= pTk©qmd1= pTk©qmd

1= pTk©qmd1= pTk©qmd

1= pTk©qmd (Order of Origination)——

——

— pTk©qmdn] xfd|f] hLjgsf] jf

hLjgrqmsf] pTklQ s;/L x'G% e©] b]vfp“%. åfbzf· k|ltTo;d'Tkfbsf]

sfo{sf/)fz['nfdf hf]l*Psf] rqm h:t} cljBfaf^ ;+:sf/, ;+:sf/af^ lj!fg,

lj!fgaf^ gfd¿k x'“b} hflt / h/fd/)f, clg k]ml/ cljBf–;+:sf/sf] rqm

s;/L pTklQ x'G% e©] pTklQqmdsf] Wofgaf^ yfxf kfpg ;lsG%. pTklQqmddf

Psbd} p‚ sNkgf ul/G% / Wofgsf] dfWodaf^ cg'e"lt ul/G%. pbfx/)fsf

¿kdf cfo{tf/fsf] WofgnfO{ lng ;lsG%. of] Wofgdf d)*nsf] sNkgf ug{

nufOG%. d)*nsf] sNkgf TolQs} ul/“b}g, Psbd} gfkhf“r;lxtsf] &Ls&Ls

gfksf], cfsf/, k|sf/, ¿k, /·;lxtsf] sfNklgs d)*n tof/ ul/G% cyf{t\

lbdfudf &Ls&Ls gfk ePsf] d)*nsf] pTklQ ul/G%. of] cfo{tf/fsf] pTklQ

eof]. oxL g} pTk©qmd xf].

2= ;Dk©qmd2= ;Dk©qmd

2= ;Dk©qmd2= ;Dk©qmd

2= ;Dk©qmd (Order of Completion)——

——

— o;/L pTk©qmddf pTk© ePsf

s'/fx¿ s;/L ;Dk© eP/ hfG%g\ e©] b]vfpg] qmdnfO{ ;Dk©qmd elgG%.

pTklQqmd geO{sg ;Dk©qmd x'“b}g. of] Wofgsf] tx / k|sf/ b'j} xf]. pTklQqmddf

h;/L cfo{tf/fsf] pTklQ ul/Psf] lyof], ;Dk©qmddf Tof] lbdfudf pTklQ u/]sf]

d)*nsf PsPs j^f c·x¿ la:tf/} x^fp“b} nluG% / qmd};“u lbdfunfO{

vfnL u/fOG%. of] qmdnfO{ g} ;Dk©qmd elgPsf] xf]. of] WofgnfO{ ljkZogf

WofgeGbf sl&g dflgG%.

cleif]s M u'?sf] :yfg, lziosf] of]Uotf / k‰fleif]scleif]s M u'?sf] :yfg, lziosf] of]Uotf / k‰fleif]s

cleif]s M u'?sf] :yfg, lziosf] of]Uotf / k‰fleif]scleif]s M u'?sf] :yfg, lziosf] of]Uotf / k‰fleif]s

cleif]s M u'?sf] :yfg, lziosf] of]Uotf / k‰fleif]s

jh|ofgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] k/dkb jf dxf;'v k|f† ug]{ Psdfq pkfosf

¿kdf u'?sf] pkb]znfO{ lnOPsf] %. jh|ofg eg]sf] dGqtGqsf] ;fwg jf dfu{

ePsfn] lstfa k(]/ dfq} jh|ofgsf] /x:o hf© ;ls“b}g. ctM jh|ofgsf]

;fwgfdfu{df ;xL ¿kdf k|j[Q x'g of]Uo u'?sf] lzÔf k|f† u/L cleif]s u|x)f ug'{

Psbd} cfjZos dflgG%. t/ jh|ofgn] olt dxŒjk")f{ dfg]sf u'?sf] :j¿k s]

xf], :yfg s] xf]< of] k|Zgsf] hjf˚ lgtfGt cfjZos %. jh|ofgLx¿ u'?

o'ug$¿k cyf{t\ ldy'gfsf/ x'G%g\ eGb%g\. k|!f / pkfosf] ldl>t ¿knfO{

ldy'gfsf/ elgG%, cyf{t\ z"Gotf / s?)ffsf] o'un d"lt{ g} ldy'gfsf/ :j¿k xf].

z"Gotfsf] !fgnfO{ ;j{>]‡ !fg dflgG%, k|f)fLx¿sf] p$f/sf lgÒDt k|s^ x'g]

dxfg\ bofefjnfO{ s?)ff elgG%. o; sf/)f jh|ofgL dtdf o:tf u'?sf] df}g

d'ıfnfO{ g} u'?sf] pkb]z dflgG%. z"Gotf, ;xhtŒj, jh|tŒj jf dxf;'v h] eg]


klg of] zAbftLt %, zAbaf^ o;sf] kl/ro, JofVof / j)f{g ug{ ;ls“b}g. of]

lglj{sNk / cgÔ/ %. To;}n] u'?n] o;sf] df}lvs pkb]z lb“b}gg\. df}g a:%g\.

;‚f u'?n] cfgGb jf /ltsf] k|efjaf^ lziosf] Xbodf dxf;'vsf] lj:tf/

ub{%g\. ;b\u'? lzio] /lt:jefj]g dxf;'v+ tg]lt u'?sf] sfd lziosf] Xbodf

/x]sf] cGwsf/ x^fP/ cfgGbsf] p˜f; sfod ug'{ xf].

lziosf] of]Uotf lziosf] of]Uotf

lziosf] of]Uotf lziosf] of]Uotf

lziosf] of]Uotf (Qualification of Disciple)——

——

— ;'of]Uo u'? dfq} eP/

k'Ub}g, lzio klg of]Uo x'g'kb{%. pkb]z u|x)f ug{ ;Sg] of]Uotf ljrf/ gu/L

u'?n] lzionfO{ pkb]z ub}{gg\. u'?sf] cf/fwgf ug'{ lziosf] k/d st{Jo dflgG%.

;fy} lziosf] lrQdf /x]sf cg]s k|k‰x¿nfO{ x^fP/ ;Daf]lwk|fl†sf lgÒDt

pko'St agfpg' u'?sf] st{Jo x'G%.

s'g} klg lzion] tfÒGqs ;fwgfsf lgÒDt s'g} ;'Gb/L gjof}jgfnfO{ cf"gL

;“lugL agfpg'kb{%, o;nfO{ d'ıf elgG%. of] d'ıfaf^ ;Dk© eP/ dfq} lziox¿

u'? cyf{t\ jh|frfo{sxf“ uO{ bLÔf k|bfg ug{ u'?;“u k|fy{gf ub{%g\. jh|frfo{n]

pgnfO{ jh|;Œjsf] dÒGb/df n}hfG%g\% pSt dÒGb/ w"k, k"mn tyf ;'uGwn]

;hfOPsf] x'G%. To:tf] dÒGb/ dfnfn] #]l/Psf] / ;]tf] r“b'jf ^f“luPsf] x'GYof]

klxn]klxn]. dfnf / dlb/f;d]tsf] ;'uGwn] ;'jfl;t To:tf] :yfgdf jh|frfo{n]

d'ıfsf ;fy lzionfO{ tfÒGqs ljwfgaf^ cleif]s ub{y] / lgod kfng ug]{

k|lt!f u/fp“y].

slxNo} k|f)fLlx+;f gug{, lq/Tg -a'$, ;‹ / wd{_ g%f]*\g, cfrfo{nfO{

kl/Tofu gug{ k|lt!f u/fp“y]. o;kl% u'?n] af]lwlrQ cleif]s lbPkl% lzionfO{

a'$k'q elgGYof], lsgeg] u'?nfO{ :jod\ a'$¿k dflgGYof]. u'?n] k|f)fLlx+;f,

dBkfg, sfdfrf/, ldYof efif)f cflb gug]{ k|lt!fsf] ;Gdfu{df nufp“b%g\.

tGqdfu{ p‚ sf]l^sf] ;fwgf ePsfn] lzionfO{ g}lts cfr/)fdf s*fO ul/G%.

of] ;fwgfdf ;fdfGo g}lts lzlyntf klg #fts x'g hfG%.

k‰fleif]s k‰fleif]s

k‰fleif]s k‰fleif]s

k‰fleif]s (Panchabhishek)——

——

— ;'of]Uo lzion] ;'of]Uo u'? k|f† u/]kl%

u'?sf] lgb]{zg / lgu/fgLdf /x]/ lzion] !fg k|f† ub}{ hfG%g\ / ;f]xL !fgcg'¿k

lzion] cleif]s ln“b} hfG%g\. o:tf !fg / cleif]ssf] ;ª\Vof kf“r % h;nfO{

k‰fleif]s elgG%.

cfbz{ !fg jf oyfy{ !fgsf] k|tLs:j¿k pbsfleif]s lbOG%, ;dtf

!fgsf lgÒDt #)^fleif]s lbOG%. k|Toj]Ô)ff !fgsf lgÒDt jh|fleif]s lbOG%


eg] s[Tog'‡fg !fgsf lgÒDt d's'^fleif]s lbOG%. To:t} ;'ljz'$ wd{wft' !fgsf

lgÒDt gfdfleif]s lbOG%. cfbz{ !fg eg]sf] oyfy{ !fg xf]. h] xf] ToxL b]lvg],

P]gfdf b]lvg] tÒ:a/h:tf] sfnf] eP sfnf] b]lvG%, uf]/f] eP uf]/f]. of] !fgkl%

;dtf !fg k|f† x'G%. of] !fgk|fl†kl% ;fwsn] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg b]V%, ™lfldf

e]befj x'“b}g.

k|To]s Ô)fÔ)fdf ljZn]if)f ug{ ;Sg] !fgnfO{ k|Toj]Ô)ff !fg elgG%.

ljkZogf Wofg ubf{ of] ljZn]if)ffTds !fgsf] cg'e"lt x'G%. s[Tog'‡fg !fg

eg]sf] st{Joaf]wsf] !fg xf]. ;a} /x:o yfxf kfO;s]kl% r'k nfu]/ aµ] xf]Og.

To;kl% s] ug'{kg]{ xf], st{Joaf]w x'G%. af]lwlrQ pTk© ug{ af]lw;Œjrof{df

nfUg] st{Joaf]w x'G%. ;'ljz'$ wd{wft' !fg eg]sf] Sn]zfj/)f / !]ofj/)f

x^]sf] z'$ lrQ ePsf] !fgsf] cj:yf xf]. wd{wft' eg]sf] lrQ xf]. of] !fg k|f†

u/]kl% ;fwsnfO{ s'g} gfd lbP/ cleif]s lbOG%. k‰fleif]s eg]sf] k‰!fgsf]

k|tLs xf].

k‰a'$sf] wf/)ffk‰a'$sf] wf/)ff

k‰a'$sf] wf/)ffk‰a'$sf] wf/)ff

k‰a'$sf] wf/)ff

(The Concept of Panchabuddha)k‰!fgnfO{ ;du|df k‰a'$sf] !fg klg elgG%. k‰a'$ e©fn] j}/f]rg

a'$, /Tg;Dej a'$, cldtfe a'$, cdf]#l;l$ a'$ / cÔf]Eo a'$ a'lemG%.

j}/f]rg a'$nfO{ cfbz{ !fgsf] k|tLs dflgG%. j}/f]rg a'$ cfk}m“ pTklQ ePsf

x'g\, To;}n] logsf afa'cfdf %}gg\ elgG%. logsf] /· ;]tf] x'G% / logL l;+xsf]

cf;gdf a;]sf x'G%g\. cfbz{ !fg k|f† u/]kl% ;fwsnfO{ kfgL %s]{/ cleif]s

lbOG%. d"n k'/f]lxtn] k"hfcfhfsf] nfdf] ljlw k"/f u/]kl% To:tf] cleif]s

lbOG%.

/Tg;Dej a'$nfO{ ;dtf !fgsf] k|tLs dflgG%. of] !fgk|fl†kl% ;fwsnfO{

#)^ lbOG%. o;df klg k"hfsf] nfdf] ljlw k"/f u/]kl% dfq} #)^sf] cleif]s

lbOG%. cldtfe a'$nfO{ k|Toj]Ô)ff !fgsf] k|tLs dflgG%. o;df !fgsf]

k|tLs:j¿k jh| lbP/ cleif]s ul/G%. cdf]#l;l$ a'$nfO{ s[Tog'‡fg !fgsf]

k|tLs dflgG%. of] !fgk|fl†kl% ;fwsnfO{ k‰a'$sf] k|ltdf ePsf] d's'^ lbP/

cleif]s ul/G%. cÔf]Eo a'$nfO{ ;'ljz'$wd{wft' !fgsf] k|tLs dflgG%. of]

!fg k|f† u/]kl% u'?n] lzionfO{ s'g} Pp^f gfdsf] cleif]s lbG%g\. of] g}

gfdfleif]s xf].


oL dfly rrf{ ul/Psf k‰a'$x¿ eujfg\ xf]Ogg\, !fgsf k|tLs dfq}

x'g\. wd{wft' !fgsf] k|tLs dflgPsf cÔf]Eo a'$nfO{ s;}s;}n] cfbz{ !fgsf]

k|tLs klg dfg]sf %g\.

k‰fleif]s lbO;s]kl% klg csf]{ Ps ;~!f cleif]s lbOG%. To;nfO{

cfrfo{ cleif]s elgG% / of] cleif]s k|f† ug]{ JoÒStnfO{ jh|frfo{ elgG%.

pko'{l˜lvt cleif]sx¿ !fgsf cfwf/df lbOg'kg]{ eP klg cfhsfn

!fgsf cfwf/df geP/ s]jn k/Dk/fsf cfwf/df lbg] u/]sf] kfOG%.


Bibhor Baral


af}$ ;flxTo

af}$ wd{sf] k|ltkfbg ePb]lv xfn;Ddsf] hf] af}$ Oltxf; % of]

ax'cfoflds ¿kn] ljsl;t ePsf] %. g]kfnsf] o; kljq e"lddf hGd]/

dxfdfgj uf}td a'$n] h'g dfgjbz{gsf] k|fb'ef{j ug'{eof] ToxL bz{gsf] ;]/f]k]m/f]df

/x]/ af}$ wd{, af}$ ;+:s[lt, af}$ ;flxTo, af}$ snf cflb ljljw cfofdx¿sf]

ljsf; eof] / of] qmd ce}m hf/L %. o; v)*df xfdL af}$ ;flxTosf af/]df

rrf{ ug]{ %f}“. ljz]if u/L ;flxTosf] Oltxf;sf] ;fdfGo cg'zLng ug]{ k|of;

ul/g] %.

;flxTo e©f;fy o;sf] l;wf ;DaGw efiff;“u x'G%. af}$ ;flxTo klg

o;af^ k[ys\ %}g. To; a]nf lnlvt af}$ ;flxTo tTsfnLg ;dodf rngrNtLdf

/x]sf efiffx¿d} n]lvPsf] kfOG%. xfn;Dd k|f† ;a}eGbf k|frLg af}$ u|Gyx¿

kfnL efiffdf ePsf] kfOPsf] % eg] To;kl% ;+:s[t efiffdf y'k|} u|Gyx¿ /rgf

ePsf] kfOG%. log} kfnL / ;+:s[t efiffsf u|Gyx¿ ;ftf}” ztfAbLb]lv lrlgof“ /

ltAatL efiffdf cg"lbt ePsf] kfOG%. cfhsfn t lj!sf w]/} efiffx¿df af}$

;flxTosf] cg'jfb / /rgf eO;s]sf] %, eO/x]sf] %.

kfnL af}$ ;flxTokfnL af}$ ;flxTo

kfnL af}$ ;flxTokfnL af}$ ;flxTo

kfnL af}$ ;flxTo

(Buddhist Pali Literature)kfnL efiff a'$sfnLg ;dosf] hgefiff lyof]. tTsfnLg ;dodf Jofks

¿kdf af}$ wd{ k}mnfpg] k|b]zx¿ sf]zn tyf duwdf af]lng] of] efiffnfO{

dfuwL efiff klg elgG%. ;+:s[taf^} ljsl;t tyf p‚f/)f ug{df ;+:s[teGbf

;lhnf] nfUg] o;} efiffdf plgP/ af}$ wd{ / ;+:s[lt;“u} af}$ ;flxTosf] klg

ljsf; ePsf] kfOG%. kfnL efiffdf kfOPsf] xfn;Ddsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] u|Gy

af}$ wd{sf] cflwsfl/s / kljq u|Gy kfnL lqlk^s xf]. of] lqlk^s xfn;Dd

klg kfnL efiffdf ;+/lÔt %. a'$n] pkb]z lb“bf / wd{b]zgf ubf{ cf"gf]

/fhefiff ;+:s[t eP klg hgtfsf] efiff kfnLdf g} pkb]z ug'{x'GYof]. To; sf/)f


klg a'$sf] kl/lgjf{)fkl% pxf“sf pkb]zx¿ kfnL efiffd} ;°ng ul/of]. To;kl%

;ª\u[xLt / ;+/lrt af}$ u|Gy / ;flxTo klg kfnL efiffd} /lrg k'u]. xfn klg

af}$ wd{sf] cflwsfl/s u|Gysf ¿kdf kfnL lqlk^snfO{ g} lnOG%.

kfnL af}$ ;flxTosf] pTklQkfnL af}$ ;flxTosf] pTklQ

kfnL af}$ ;flxTosf] pTklQkfnL af}$ ;flxTosf] pTklQ

kfnL af}$ ;flxTosf] pTklQ

(Evolution of Buddhist Pali Literature)

kfnL ;flxTosf] pTklQsf af/]df vf]hL ubf{ a'$sfnd} k'Ug'kg]{ x'G%.

lqlk^ssf] ljgolk^scGtu{t r'̃ aUudf Pp^f k|;· %. a'$n] cf"gf r]nfx¿nfO{

wd{b]zgfsf nflu cnu–cnu :yfgx¿df k&fpg'x'GYof]. leÔ'x¿ ljle© :yfgdf

uP/ wd{ k|rf/ ub{y]. o:t} wd{k|rf/df uPsf b'O{ hgf leÔ'n] k|rf/df uPsf

cGo leÔ'x¿n] cf–cf"gf] efiffdf wd{b]zgf ub}{ %g\, a'$jrgnfO{ kl/jt{g

ub}{ %g\ egL a'$nfO{ kf]n nufP. ;“u} pgLx¿n] a'$jrgnfO{ Pp^} efiffdf

;'/lÔt /flv/xgsf nflu Pp^} efiff cyf{t\ ;+:s[t efiffdf wd{k|rf/sf] cg'dlt

lbg klg pgLx¿n] a'$;“u laGtL u/]. t/ a'$n] pgLx¿sf] cfu|xnfO{ :jLsf/

ug'{ ePg, a? pN^} e©'eof]— cg'hfgfld leSvj] ;sfo–lg?lQof a'$ jrgd\

kfl/of k'l)ft'. cyf{t\ d leÔ'x¿nfO{ cf–cf"gf] efiff k|of]u ug{sf nflu cf!f

k|bfg ub{%'._

o;/L efiffsf] ;DaGwdf a'$n] pbf/ gLlt cjnDag ug'{ePsf] lyof].

h'g efiffdf eP klg ;j{;fwf/)f ;a}n] cf"gf] wd{ a'e"mg\ / cg';/)f u¿g\ e©]

clenfiff ePsf a'$n] s'g} efiffljz]ifdf hf]* lbg'ePg. To; sf/)f g} To;

a]nfsf] hgefiff kfnL efiffdf a'$jrgx¿ hgtf;Dd k'Ug yfn]. hgtfn] cf"g}

efiffdf a'$jrgnfO{ u|x)f u/]. o;/L kfnL efiffsf] dfWodaf^ h;} af}$ wd{ /

;+:s[ltsf] k|rf/k|;f/ / ljsf; x'“b} uof] To;} u/L af}$ ;flxTo / u|Gyx¿sf]

;+/Ô)f klg kfnL efiffd} x'g k'Uof].

o;/L kfnL ;flxTosf] pTklQ vf]Hb} hf“bf a'$sfn;Dd k'luP klg af}$

;flxTo jf u|Gyx¿sf] /rgf cyf{t\ ;°ng eg] a'$sfnd} ePsf] xf]Og. a'$sf]

kl/lgjf{)fsf] nuQ}kl% ePsf] k|yd af}$ ;·fogdf klxnf] k^s a'$jrgx¿nfO{

JojÒ:yt ¿kdf ;°ng ul/Psf] lyof] h;df wd{ / ljgosf] ;°ng ul/of].

o;} a]nf ;°lnt wd{ / ljgo g} kl% kfnL lqlk^s u|Gydf qmdzM ;"qlk^s

/ ljgolk^ssf ¿kdf ;ª\u[xLt ePsf x'g\. o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t JofVof af}$

Oltxf; v)*df ul/Psf] %.


kfnL ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;kfnL ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

kfnL ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;kfnL ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

kfnL ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

(Origin and Development of Pali Literature)d"ntM kfnL ;flxTo e©fn] kfnL efiffdf ;°lnt, ;ª\u[xLt jf /lrt

;flxTo e©] a'lemG%. kfnL ;flxTo eg]sf] d"ntM kfnL lqlk^s g} xf] h;cGtu{t

;'Qlk^s, ljgolk^s / clewDdlk^jm kb{%g\. o;jmf] ;'?jft / ljsf;sf]

qmd vf]Hb} hf“bf a'$sfn;Dd g} k'luG% hxf“ of] ;flxTo ;'?jftsf] cfwf/e"ld

tof/ ePsf] lyof]. kfnL ;flxTosf] cfwf/e"ld cl#˜f] k[‡df JofVof u/]adf]lhd

a'$sfnd} tof/ ePsf] eP klg o;sf] vf; ;'?jft eg] k|yd af}$ ;·fogaf^

ePsf] kfOG% hxf“ ;j{k|yd a'$jrgx¿sf] ;°ng u/L ;"q / ljgosf] ;ª\u|x

ul/Psf] lyof]. olt a]nf ;°lnt wd{ -;"q_ / ljgo g} kl% lqlk^sdf

;"qlk^s / ljgolk^ssf ¿kdf ;ª\u[xLt eP eg] kl%sf cfrfo{x¿n] u/]sf]

bfz{lgs JofVof /x]sf] clewd{lk^s ce}m s]xL ;dokl% ;ª\u[xLt ul/of]

clewDdsf] k|l;$ u|Gy syfjTy'sf] /rgf eg] ;d|f^\ czf]ssf] kfnfdf ePsf]

kfOG%.

kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsf;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ lgofNbf of] ljle© r/)faf^ u'h|]sf]

kfOG%. k|yd af}$ ;·fogdf ;°ng ul/Psf wd{ / ljgo hf] kl% ;"qlk^s /

ljgolk^ssf ¿kdf lrlgP, oL ;ª\u|xx¿ klg Tolt a]nfb]lv g} lnlvt ¿kdf

clen]vdf /x]sf xf]Ogg\. a'$sfndf cyjf a'$sf] kl/lgjf{)fkl%sf k|yd,

bf]…f] / t]…f] af}$ ;·fog;Dd klg af}$ u|Gyx¿nfO{ lnlka$ ul/Psf] Oltxf;

st} e]l^Psf] %}g. oL u|Gyx¿sf] ;°ng / ;+/Ô)f t ul/of] t/ lnlvt ¿kdf

jf lnlka$ u/]/ xf]Og, s]jn >'ltk/Dk/fsf cfwf/df dfq. af}$ leÔ'x¿n] s'g}

klg u|Gysf] Pp^f–Pp^f lgsfosf] lhDdf lnGy] / To;nfO{ #f]s]/ s)&:y kfy]{

/ of] qmd k':tfGt/ x'“b} hfGYof]. h:t} klxnf] ;·fogdf leÔ' pkfnLn] ljgonfO{

s)&:y u/]sf lyP eg] leÔ' cfgGbn] ;'Qlk^ssf] bL#lgsfo. o;} u/L kl%

cfpg] cfrfo{x¿ leÔ' bf;s, zf])fs, df]uflnk'Q ltio, /]jt cflbn] of] qmdnfO{

hf/L /fv]% kfnL efiffd} df}lvs ¿kdf oL u|Gyx¿sf] ;+/Ô)f ul//x].

;f“rLsf] Ps clen]vdf Ps leÔ'nfO{ k‰g]jflrs egL p˜]v ul/Psf]

%. oxL zAb O= k"= bf]…f] ztfAbLsf] e/x"tsf] clen]vdf klg kfOG%. of]

k‰g]jflrs eg]sf] ;"qlk^ssf kf“r lgsfo bL#lgsfo, ;+o'Stlgsfo,

dÒHemdlgsfo, cª\u'Q/lgsfo / v'@slgsfo hfg]sf] jf s)&:y ePsf] leÔ'

elgPsf] xf]. o;/L To; a]nf lqlk^s s)&:y kfg]{ k/Dk/f /x]sf] a'lemG%.


t/ lnlvt kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;sf] klxnf] kfgf kN^fpg eg] O;fsf]

k|yd ztfAbL;Dd cfOk'Ug'kg]{ x'G%. tTsfnLg l;+xnåLk cyf{t\ xfnsf] >Ln°fsf

/fhf a§ufldgL ceo -zf;gsfn 29—17 O= k"=_ sf] kfnfdf ;j{k|yd

lqlk^snfO{ tf*kq (Palm Leaf) df lnlka$ ug]{ sfd eof].

To; a]nf;Dd kf& u/]/ jf #f]s]/ g} af}$ u|Gyx¿nfO{ s)&:y kfg]{ /

hf]ufpg] sfd eof]. Tolt a]nf klg >Ln°fdf clgsfn k/]sfn] clgsfnsf]

a]nf wd{sf] /Ôf x'g ;Sb}g e©] ;f]r]/ /fhf ceon] wd{/Ôfy{ lqlk^snfO{

lnlka$ ug{ nufPsf lyP. o;/L tf*kqaf^ ;'? ePsf] kfnL ;flxTosf]

lnlvt Oltxf; ;g\ 1871 df adf{ cfOk'u]/ l;·dd{/df lnlka$ eof]. adf{

cyf{t\ Dofgdf/sf tTsfnLg /fhf ldG*f]ldgsf] kfnfdf 729 j^f l;·dd{/sf

Kn]^x¿ (Marble Slab) df slxNo} gd]l^g] u/L lnlka$ ul/of] h;dWo]

;"qlk^s 410, ljgolk^s 111 / clewd{ 208 l;·dd{/df lnlka$ ul/Psf]

lyof]. oL ;a} kfnL efiffd} n]lvPsf] lyof]. o;/L kfnL lqlk^s cToGt aÒGbnf]

u/L ;+/lÔt eof].

jf:tjdf of] kfnL lqlk^s eg]sf] s] xf]< lqlk^sleq s]s] kb{%g\< af}$

;flxTodf o;sf] s]s:tf] :yfg / dxŒj %< o;af/] ca xfdL ;fdfGo rrf{ u/f}”.

kfnL lqlk^sdf s] %<kfnL lqlk^sdf s] %<

kfnL lqlk^sdf s] %<kfnL lqlk^sdf s] %<

kfnL lqlk^sdf s] %<

(Introduction to the Pali Tripitaka)kfnL lqlk^s e©fn] kfnL efiff jf k|frLg dfuwL efiffdf n]lvPsf]

lqlk^s e©] a'lemG%. o;} u/L lqlk^s e©fn] tLg j^f lk^s. lq — tLg /

lk^s — k]^f/f] jf *fnf] jf ;d"x. o;/L tLg j^f af}$ u|Gyx¿sf] k]^f/f] jf

;d"xnfO{ lqlk^s elgG%. lxGb" wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] j]b / pklgifb\, O:nfdsf]

s'/fg, O;fO{sf] afOan ePh:t} af}$x¿sf] kljq wfld{s u|Gy lqlk^snfO{

dflgG%. lqlk^sdf tLg j^f lk^s %g\— ;'Qlk^s, ljgolk^s / clewDdlk^s.

1= ;'Qlk^s1= ;'Qlk^s

1= ;'Qlk^s1= ;'Qlk^s

1= ;'Qlk^s

;'Qlk^sdf a'$n] cf"gf] hLjgsfnel/ ljle© ;dodf ljle© :yfgdf

ug'{ePsf wd{b]zgf tyf wd{lzÔfx¿sf] ;ª\u|x ul/Psf] %. vf; u/L af}$

wd{sf af/]df rrf{ ePsf] cflwsfl/s u|Gy ;'Qlk^s g} xf]. o; lk^ssf] p@]Zo

g} wd{ pTk© ug'{ xf]. o; cltl/St a'$sf] hLjgLsf af/]df klg o;}df rrf{

ul/Psf] kfOG%. ;'Qlk^ssf kf“r j^f lgsfo %g\.


-s_ bL# -bL#{_ lgsfo—-s_ bL# -bL#{_ lgsfo—

-s_ bL# -bL#{_ lgsfo—-s_ bL# -bL#{_ lgsfo—

-s_ bL# -bL#{_ lgsfo— bL#{sf] cy{ nfdf] x'G%. o;sf] gfdaf^ k|:^

x'G% ls of] nfdfnfdf ;"qx¿n] ag]sf] lgsfo xf]. o;df 34 j^f nfdfnfdf

;"qx¿ ;ª\u[xLt %g\. a'$sf ;dsfnLg / s]xL cl#sf ljrf/s, bfz{lgsx¿sf

af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] ;fd~`˚n;"q klg o;} lgsfocGtu{t kb{%. bL#{ lgsfodf

a'$n] lbPsf pkb]zx¿nfO{ k|;·;lxt /flvPsf] %. ;fd~`˚n;"q, a|#hfn;"q,

cDa&;"q, t]ljÓ+ ;"q;lxt 34 j^f nfdf uBdf n]lvPsf ;"qx¿sf] of] ;ª\u|x

g} bL# jf bL#{ lgsfo xf].

-v_ dÒHemd lgsfo—-v_ dÒHemd lgsfo—

-v_ dÒHemd lgsfo—-v_ dÒHemd lgsfo—

-v_ dÒHemd lgsfo— ;"qlk^ssf] bf]…f] lgsfo dÒHemd lgsfo xf].

o;df 152 j^f ;"qx¿ ;ª\u[xLt %g\. o; lgsfodf rf/ cfo{;To, sd{,

lgjf{)f, cfTdjfb, Wofg cflb ljifosf ;Gbe{x¿ kfOG%g\. o;cGtu{t

c:;nfog;'Qdf tTsfnLg ;dfhsf] lrq)f kfOG%. o;df a'$sf k|d'v r]nfx¿sf]

ljj/)f klg % eg] dxfkl/lgAafg;'Qdf a'$sf] kl/lgjf{)f ;dosf] b'?:t lrq)f

kfOG%. ljle© syf, pkdf / ™flfGt;lxt ;+jfb / j)f{gfTds z}nL /x]sf] of]

lgsfo ;flxÒTos u')fn] kl/k")f{ %.

-u_ ;+o'St lgsfo—-u_ ;+o'St lgsfo—

-u_ ;+o'St lgsfo—-u_ ;+o'St lgsfo—

-u_ ;+o'St lgsfo— o; lgsfocGtu{t 56 j^f ;"qx¿ ;ª\u[xLt %g\.

b]jtf ;+o'St, df/ ;+o'St, ldVv')fL ;+o'St, cgtdUu ;+o'St, Wofg

;+o'Stnufotsf ljefux¿ o;df ;d]l^Psf %g\ eg] b]jjrgx¿sf] ;ª\u|x

ul/Psf] %. gf/Lsf] u')fbf]if aofg ug'{, rf/ cfo{;Tosf] ljj]rgf ug'{, nf]ssljtfsf]

;°ng ug'{ tyf oÔ / a'$aLrsf] /f]rs ;+jfb k|:t't ug'{ o; lgsfosf]

ljz]iftf xf].

-#_ cª\u'Q/ lgsfo—-#_ cª\u'Q/ lgsfo—

-#_ cª\u'Q/ lgsfo—-#_ cª\u'Q/ lgsfo—

-#_ cª\u'Q/ lgsfo— of] lgsfo a'$sf wd{b]zgf / ;"qx¿nfO{

;ª\Vofsf] lx;fan] qmd ldnfP/ cnu–cnu u/L juL{s/)f ul/Psf] u|Gy xf].

o;nfO{ 11 lgkftdf ljefhg ul/Psf] %.

-ª_ v'@s lgsfo—-ª_ v'@s lgsfo—

-ª_ v'@s lgsfo—-ª_ v'@s lgsfo—

-ª_ v'@s lgsfo— of] %f]^f%f]^f ;"q ePsf] 15 u|Gy ;ª\u[xLt lgsfo

xf]. v'@s lgsfo ;Da$ u|Gyx¿ lgDgcg';f/ %g\—

1= v'@s kf&—1= v'@s kf&—

1= v'@s kf&—1= v'@s kf&—

1= v'@s kf&— of] gf} c+z ePsf] ;fgf] u|Gy xf]. z/)fqo, 10 lzÔfkb,

s'df/ k|Zg, d·n;'Q, /tg;'Q, lglws')*;'Q, lt/f]s'@;'Q, e]t;'Qnufot ;"qx¿

o;df ;ª\u[xLt %g\. af}$ wd{df k|j]z ug'{cl# hf©'kg]{ cfjZos lrhsf

af/]df klg o;df rrf{ ul/Psf] %.

2= wDdkb—2= wDdkb—

2= wDdkb—2= wDdkb—

2= wDdkb— lqlk^sleqsf] nf]slk|o u|Gy xf] wDdkb. a'$n] ljle©

;dodf cf"gf lziox¿nfO{ pkb]z lbPsf 423 ufyfx¿ o;df ;d]l^Psf] %.


Bibhor Baral


of] d"ntM g}lts lzÔfn] el/k")f{ syfx¿sf] ;ª\u|x xf]. o;nfO{ 26 ju{df

ljefhg ul/Psf] %% h:t}— ods ju{, cKkdfb ju{, cQ ju{, a'$ ju{, dUu

ju{ cflb. o;df gLlt tyf cfrf/sf] Ps} ljifonfO{ cg]s u|Gydf cg]s

syfsf] dfWodaf^ k|:^ kfg{ vf]lhPsf] %. wDdkb lj!sf ljle© efiffdf

cg"lbt ePsf] %.

3= pbfg—3= pbfg—

3= pbfg—3= pbfg—

3= pbfg— a'$n] vf;vf; ;dodf k|s^ ug'{ePsf k|Lltk")f{ jrgx¿

o;df ;ª\u[xLt %g\. o;df %f]^f%f]^f t/ rf]l^nf jfSox¿ %g\. tL jfSo k|:t't

ug'{cl# To;sf] ;Gbe{ / k|:t'ltsf] syf hf]l*Psf] %. o;df cf& j^f ju{ %g\

h;dWo] hfToGt ju{df cGwfn] xfQL %fd]sf] /f]rs / ax'rlr{t syf ;d]l^Psf]

%.

4= Oltj'Qs—4= Oltj'Qs—

4= Oltj'Qs—4= Oltj'Qs—

4= Oltj'Qs— Oltj'Qssf] cy{ x'G% Olt pStsd\ cyf{t\ o; k|sf/

elgPsf] %. o;}af^ k|:^ x'G%, o;df k|frLg syfx¿ %g\ cyf{t\ a'$n]

k|frLgsfndf u/]sf pkb]zx¿ o;df ;ª\u[xLt %g\. o;df 112 j^f o:tf

%f]^f%f]^f pkb]zsf c+zx¿ %g\. x/]s pkb]zdf Olt pStsd\ cyf{t\ o; k|sf/

elgPsf] % e©] p˜]v %. o;df uB / kB b'j} z}nLsf] k|of]u ldl>t %.

5= ;'Q lgkft—5= ;'Q lgkft—

5= ;'Q lgkft—5= ;'Q lgkft—

5= ;'Q lgkft— o;df af}$ wd{sf l;$fGtsf] j)f{g ul/Psf] %. ufyf

¿kdf /x]sf] o; u|Gydf uBsf] klg k|of]u ul/Psf] %. o;df kf“r ju{ / 72 ;"q

;dfljfl %g\ h;dWo]sf] k|jHof;'Q / k|wfg;'Qdf a'$sf] hLjgsf k|d'v

#^gfx¿sf] j)f{g ul/Psf] %. o;df a'$sf k|frLgtd pkb]zx¿ klg ;ª\u[xLt

%g\.

6= ljdfgaTy'—6= ljdfgaTy'—

6= ljdfgaTy'—6= ljdfgaTy'—

6= ljdfgaTy'— o;df d[To'kl% k|f† x'g] b]jof]lg / k|]tof]lgsf af/]df

j)f{g ul/Psf] %. hLjgdf /fd|f] sfd ug]{n] d[To'kl% b]jof]lg k|f† u%{g\ e©]

b]vfOPsf] %.

7= k]taTy'—7= k]taTy'—

7= k]taTy'—7= k]taTy'—

7= k]taTy'— ljdfgaTy' / k]taTy'sf] ljifoj:t'df s'g} cGt/ %}g. b'j}df

Ps} ljifosf] j)f{g %. cl#˜f]df b]jof]lg / kl%˜f]df k|]tof]lg. hLjgdf g/fd|f]

sfd ug]{n] d[To'kl% k|]tof]lg k|f† u%{g\ e©] o;df b]vfOPsf] %.

8= y]/ufyf, 9= y]/Lufyf—8= y]/ufyf, 9= y]/Lufyf—

8= y]/ufyf, 9= y]/Lufyf—8= y]/ufyf, 9= y]/Lufyf—

8= y]/ufyf, 9= y]/Lufyf— o;df leÔ'–leÔ')fLx¿sf cf"gf cg'ej /

ef]ufOx¿nfO{ sfJosf] dfWodaf^ ;'Gb/ (·df j)f{g ul/Psf] %. y]/ufyfsf]

1,279 ufyfx¿nfO{ 107 sljtfx¿df ;d]l^Psf] % eg] y]/Lufyfsf 522 ufyfnfO{

73 sljtfdf ;d]l^Psf] %. k|frLg nf]ssljtfsf ;'Gb/ gd'gf oL ufyfx¿

;flxÒTos /;n] el/k")f{ %g\, cg'kd %g\ / dd{:kzL{ %g\.


10= hfts—10= hfts—

10= hfts—10= hfts—

10= hfts— hfts syfx¿ a'$sf] k"j{hGdsf] hLjgrof{df cfwfl/t

syfx¿ x'g\. a'$cl#sf af]lw;Œjsf] syfnfO{ 550 hfts syfx¿df ;d]l^Psf]

%. oL syfx¿sf] d'Vo p@]Zo g}lts lzÔf k|bfg ug'{ xf]. k|frLgsfnb]lv

af}$snfdf ;d]t oL hfts syfsf] k|efj kfOG%.

11= lg@];—11= lg@];—

11= lg@];—11= lg@];—

11= lg@];— lg@];sf] zfÒAbs cy{ JofVof x'G%. of] lg@];df klg JofVof

g} %. o;df ;'Q lgkftsf] t]…f] ;"q vUulj;fg;'Q / cfls ju{sf] JofVof

ul/Psf] %. o;sf b'O{ efu %g\— dxflg@]; / r'˜lg@];.

12= kl^;ÒDebfdUu—12= kl^;ÒDebfdUu—

12= kl^;ÒDebfdUu—12= kl^;ÒDebfdUu—

12= kl^;ÒDebfdUu— o;sf] zfÒAbs cy{ x'G% ljZn]if)fsf] dfu{. o;df

af}$ l;$fGtsf dxŒjk")f{ ljifox¿ h:t} Wofg, sd{, cfo{;To, d}qL, k|f)ffofd

cflbsf] ljZn]if)f / JofVof ul/Psf] %.

13= cjbfg—13= cjbfg—

13= cjbfg—13= cjbfg—

13= cjbfg— o;df af}$ leÔ' cyf{t\ cx{tx¿sf] hLjgrl/q /

hLjgj[QfGtsf] j)f{g %. af}$ leÔ'x¿sf] hLjgrl/qaf^ lzÔf k|bfg ug'{ o;sf]

p@]Zo b]lvG%.

14= a'$ j+z—14= a'$ j+z—

14= a'$ j+z—14= a'$ j+z—

14= a'$ j+z— af}$x¿sf] Pp^f lj!f; % zfSod'lg a'$eGbf cl# w]/}

a'$x¿sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] / uf}td a'$ 25 cf}” x'g\ e©]. o;}cg'¿k o; a'$

j+zdf klg uf}td a'$cl#sf cGo 24 a'$x¿sf] hLjgrl/q j)f{g ul/Psf] %.

15= rl/oflk^s—15= rl/oflk^s—

15= rl/oflk^s—15= rl/oflk^s—

15= rl/oflk^s— o;nfO{ ;"qlk^scGtu{t v'@s lgsfosf] cÒGtd

u|Gy dflgG%. o;df 35 hfts syfsf] dfWodaf^ % kf/ldtfx¿sf] j)f{g

ul/Psf] %.

o;/L v'@s lgsfocGtu{t 15 j^f u|Gy dflgPsf] eP klg adf{df ;Dk©

%}^f}” ;·fogdf g]lQs/)f, k]^sf]kb]z / ldlnGbk~x e©] tLg u|Gyx¿nfO{ klg

v'@s lgsfod} ;dflxt u/L s'n 18 u|Gy dflgof]. o:t} cfhsfn oL 18 /

lg@];cGtu{tsf b'O{ u|Gy dxflg@]; / r'˜lg@];nfO{ klg %'§f%'§} dfg]/ v'@s

lgsfodf s'n 19 u|Gy ePsf] dflgG%.

2= ljgolk^s2= ljgolk^s

2= ljgolk^s2= ljgolk^s

2= ljgolk^s

ljgosf] zfÒAbs cy{ x'G% lgod. ljgolk^ssf] cy{ lgodx¿sf] ;ª\u|x

e©] x'g cfp“%. jf:tjdf leÔ'÷leÔ')fLx¿sf] cfr/)fnfO{ lgodg ug{sf nflu

a'$n] h'g lgodx¿ pklbfl ug'{eof] ltg}sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] % o; lk^sdf. oL

lgodx¿nfO{ k|ltdf]Ô -kfnLdf kltdf]Sv_ elgG%. ljgolk^ssf ;'Q lje·,

vGws / kl/jf/ kfnL u/L tLg efu dflgPsf] % eg] st} ;'Q lje·sf


kf/flhs kfnL / kflrlQo kfnL tyf vGwssf dxfaUu / r'˜aUu;d]tnfO{ u/L

s'n kf“r efu dflgPsf] %.

o; lk^ssf] k|yd u|Gy ;'Q lje·sf] kf/flhs kfnLdf 227 j^f

leÔ'x¿sf] lgodsf] JofVof ul/Psf] %. kf/flhs kfnLnfO{ leSv' lje· /

kflrlQo kfnLnfO{ leSv')fL lje· elgG%. kflrlQo kfnLdf leÔ')fLx¿n] ug{

gx'g] 311 lgodx¿sf] ;ª\u|x ul/Psf] %. To:t} vGwscGtu{tsf] dxfaUudf

k|j|Hof, pkf];y, jiff{jf;, k|jf/)ff cflb;“u ;DaÒGwt lgodx¿sf] rrf{ ul/Psf]

% eg] r'˜aUudf leÔ'x¿aLr cfk;L Jojxf/ tyf leÔ')fLx¿sf nflu ljz]if

lgod / cfrf/ljrf/af/] p˜]v ul/Psf] %. a'$hLjgL / a'$n] ug'{ePsf] sl&g

;fwgfsf af/]df klg dxfaUud} p˜]v ul/Psf] %.

kl/jf/ kfnLdf klg log} lgod tyf ljlgodx¿sf] ;lº† ljj/)f tyf

;"rL k|:t't ul/Psf] %. ljgolk^ssf] of] cÒGtd u|Gy c¿ u|Gyx¿sf] /rgf

ePsf] w]/} kl% >Ln°fsf s'g} Ps leÔ'n] /rgf u/]sf] dflgG%. o;df af}l$s

cg'qmdl)fsfx¿ h:t} ljgo tyf lgodsf ljle© ;"rLx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] %.

3= clewDd lk^s3= clewDd lk^s

3= clewDd lk^s3= clewDd lk^s

3= clewDd lk^s

lqlk^scGtu{t t]…f] lk^ssf] gfd xf] clewd{ jf clewDd lk^s. of]

Pp^f bfz{lgs u|Gy xf]. ;"qlk^sdf a'$sf pkb]zsf] dfWodaf^ k|ltkfbg

ePsf] af}$ wd{sf] lj:t[t ljj]rgf ul/Psf] % eg] clewd{df ;"qlk^sdf

ePsf] a'$jrgsf] bfz{lgs JofVof / ljZn]if)f ul/Psf] %. of] u|Gy /rgf

;dosf] lx;fan] ;"q / ljgolk^seGbf kl%sf] xf]. o;sf ;ft ljefu %g\.

o;af/] ;º]kdf rrf{ u/f}”.

-s_ wDd;·)fL—-s_ wDd;·)fL—

-s_ wDd;·)fL—-s_ wDd;·)fL—

-s_ wDd;·)fL— wDd;·)fLsf] cy{ wd{ cyf{t\ dfgl;s j[lQsf]

juL{s/)f jf j)f{g e©] x'G%. o; u|Gydf klg wd{sf] juL{s/)f / JofVof ul/Psf]

%. st{JozfÚ / lrQsf ljle© ¿kx¿sf] j)f{g ul/Psf] %. of] ;lhn} a'$g

d'Ò:sn kg]{ cToGt p‚ :t/sf] bfz{lgs u|Gy xf].

-v_ lje·—-v_ lje·—

-v_ lje·—-v_ lje·—

-v_ lje·— lje· zAbsf] cy{ efu nufpg' jf juL{s/)f ug'{ e©]

x'G%. o; u|Gydf klg wDd;·)fLdf ;'? ePsf] wd{sf] juL{s/)fnfO{ cl#

a(fOPsf] %. o; u|Gysf] klxnf] c+zdf a'$ wd{sf d"n l;$fGtsf] k|ltkfbg

ul/Psf] % eg] bf]…f] c+zdf a'$sf] ;fwf/)f !fgb]lv p‚ !fg;Ddsf] j)f{g

ul/Psf] %. t]…f] v)*df !fglj/f]wL kbfy{x¿sf] ljZn]if)f ul/Psf] % eg]


rf}yf] tyf cÒGtd v)*df dfgj tyf dfgj]t/ k|f)fLsf ljle© bzfx¿sf] ljj]rgf

ul/Psf] %.

-u_ wft'syf—-u_ wft'syf—

-u_ wft'syf—-u_ wft'syf—

-u_ wft'syf— o; u|Gydf wft' -kbfy{_ / wd{aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{

b]vfOPsf] %. k|Zgf]Q/ z}nLdf wft' cyf{t\ kbfy{sf] JofVof ul/Psf] %. of] ;fgf]

u|Gydf 14 kl/R%]b %g\. o;df d"ntM k‰:sGw, cfoftg, wft', :d[lt k|:yfg,

an, OÒGıo cflbaLrsf] e]bsf] ljj]rgf k|:t't ul/Psf] %. kÒ)*t anb]j

pkfWofon] o;nfO{ wDd;·)fLsf] kl/lzfl dfg]sf %g\.

-#_ k'Uunk~`lt—-#_ k'Uunk~`lt—

-#_ k'Uunk~`lt—-#_ k'Uunk~`lt—

-#_ k'Uunk~`lt— zfÒAbs ¿kdf k'Uun -k'¨n_ sf] cy{ x'G% hLj /

k~`lt -k|!l†_ sf] cy{ x'G% ljj]rgf jf j)f{g. o;df ljle© hLjx¿sf]

™flfGt k|:t't ub}{ dg'iosf ljljw u')fx¿sf] juL{s/)f / JofVof ul/Psf] %. o;

u|Gydf 11 kl/R%]b %g\.

-ª_ syfjTy' jf syfj:t'—-ª_ syfjTy' jf syfj:t'—

-ª_ syfjTy' jf syfj:t'—-ª_ syfjTy' jf syfj:t'—

-ª_ syfjTy' jf syfj:t'— oxf“ k|o'St syfjTy'sf] zfÒAbs cy{

s]nfp“bf syfsf] cy{ ljjfb x'G% eg] jTy'sf] cy{ ljifo x'G%. cyf{t\ ljjflbt

ljifo. t]…f] af}$ ;·fogdf af}$ wd{sf] ;Gbe{df p&]sf ljjfbsf ljifonfO{

tyf unt wf/)ffnfO{ lg¿k)f ul/Psf] u|Gy xf] of]. o; u|Gysf n]vs df]Uulnk'Q

ltio dxf:ylj/nfO{ dflgG%. o;sf] /rgf O= k"= t]…f] ztfAbLdf ePsf] xf].

o;df 219 j^f k|Zgf]Q/sf] dfWodaf^ To; a]nf p&]sf ljjfbx¿sf] lg¿k)f

ul/Psf] %.

To; a]nf af}$ wd{df 18 j^f ;Dk|bfo cÒ:tTjdf lyP. log} 18 ;Dk|bfosf

k/:k/ lj/f]wL dfGotf / wf/)ffx¿sf] v)*g ul/Psf] of] u|Gy k|frLg af}$

Oltxf;sf] cWoogsf lgÒDt ljz]if pkof]uL %.

-r_ ods—-r_ ods—

-r_ ods—-r_ ods—

-r_ ods— clewd{sf wDd;·)fLb]lv syfjTy';Ddsf kf“r u|Gyx¿sf]

cWoog ubf{ h'g ;Gb]x / k|Zgx¿ af“sL /xG%g\ tL k|Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfg o;

u|Gydf lbOPsf] %. o;df k|Zg klg b'O{ lsl;dn] ul/Psf] % / pQ/ klg b'O{

lsl;dn] g} lbOPsf] %. To;}n] o;nfO{ ods elgPsf] xf]. p‚ :t/sf] of] u|Gy

a'$gsf nflu clt b'¿x %.

-%_ k¶fg—-%_ k¶fg—

-%_ k¶fg—-%_ k¶fg—

-%_ k¶fg— of] clewd{sf] cÒGtd t/ dxŒjk")f{ u|Gy xf]. o;df sfo{sf/)f

;DaGwsf] ulx/f] ljj]rgf k|:t't ul/Psf] %. tLg efudf ljeflht o; u|Gydf

o; hut\df /x]sf ;Dk")f{ j:t'x¿aLr 24 lsl;dsf sfo{sf/)f ;DaGw x'G%g\

egL b]vfOPsf] %. o; u|Gyn] oxL sfo{sf/)f ;DaGwsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] %.

k¶fgsf cg';f/ o; ;+;f/df k/dfy{ eg]sf] Pp }̂ % / Tof] xf] lgjf{)f. lgjf{)fafx]s


;a} lrh ;fk]lÔt %g\ / ltgLx¿ oxf“ lgld{t 24 sfo{sf/)f ;DaGw;“u ;DaÒGwt

%g\ e©] bfz{lgs ljZn]if)f o; u|Gyn] k|:t't u/]sf] %. o;/L kfnL lqlk^ssf

tLg lk^ssf] cf–cf"gf] dxŒj /x]sf] % eg] clewd{lk^s ;jf{lws kf]l^nf]

bfz{lgs u|Gysf ¿kdf /x]sf] %.

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxToaf}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTo

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxToaf}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTo

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTo

(Buddhist Sanskrit Literature)

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTo M s]xL tYox¿af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTo M s]xL tYox¿

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTo M s]xL tYox¿af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTo M s]xL tYox¿

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTo M s]xL tYox¿

;g\ 1816 df g]kfn–cª\u|]h o'$ ;df† ePkl% cª\u|]hx¿ g]kfn

lelqP / oxf“sf af}$ ;flxTosf] vf]hL ug{ yfn]. g]kfn cfpg] klxnf] la|l^;

/fhb"t a|fog x*;g a*f] ;flxTofg'/fuL lyP.

— g]kfndf k|f† a'$rl/t cw'/f] lyof] / To;df rf/ ;u{ leÔ' cd[tfgGbn]

yk]sf lyP. cd[tfgGb b"tfjf;d} sfd uy]{. ctM pgsf] ;xfotfn]

x*;gn] g]kfndf k|f† af}$ x:tlnlvt u|Gyx¿sf] ;ª\u|x u/].

— To; a]nf x*;gn] g]kfnaf^ nu]sf u|Gyx¿ kl% a·fnsf] Pl;ofl^s

;f];fO^L, k]l/;sf] laÒAnof]y}s gf:nfn tyf OÒG*of cl˚;sf]

k':tsfnodf e]l^P.

— Pl;ofl^s ;f];fO^L, a·fndf e]l^Psf u|Gyx¿ ;g\ 1882 df g]ÒKnh

a'l$:^ ln^/]r/sf] gfdaf^ k|sflzt eof] eg] SofÒDa|hdf ePsf

u|Gysf] ;"rL k|f= ;L= ;L= a]G*nn] ;g\ 1883 df k|sflzt u/].

— otf h·axfb'/ /f)ffn] s]xL af}$ljxf/x¿ sAhf u/L u|Gyx¿ ;*sdf

"of“s]sf lyP. tL u|Gy *f= *]lgon /fO^n] dfu]/ SofÒDa|h

o'lgel;{^LnfO{ bfg lbP.

— o;kl% kf®fTo ljåfg\ klg ;+:s[t af}$ ;flxTok|lt cfslif{t eP.

— k]l/;df kfOPsf ;+:s[t u|Gyx¿sf cfwf/df ag'{˚n] k|]mGr efiffdf

af}$ wd{sf] Oltxf; dfq} n]v]gg\, ;$d{k')*/Lssf] cg'jfb;d]t

u/].

— ef/tLo ljåfg\ /fh]Gınfn ldqn] nlntlj:t/;"q / cfl;fxl…sf

k|!fkf/ldtf u|Gy laÒAnof]lysf OÒG*sfdf k|sflzt u/] eg] a]G*nn]

lzÔf ;d'‚o gfdsf] u|Gy k|sflzt u/]. To; a]nf af}$ ;flxTosf]

vf]hL, cg'jfb / k|sfzg ug{ Ps lsl;dsf] xf]*afhL h:t} rNof].


— k|mfG;]nL ljåfg\ ;]gf^{n] dxfj:t'–cjbfg tLg v)*df k|sflzt u/]

eg] x/k|;fb zfÚLn] :joDe"k'/f)f k|sflzt u/].

— x:tlnlvt u|Gysf] vf]hLsf lgÒDt ljåfg\x¿ wdfwd g]kfn cfpg

yfn]. ;g\ 1884 df a]G*n cfP, ;g\ 1897 df x/k|;fb zfÚL cfP.

l;Nef“ n]eL klg g]kfn cfP. pgn] c;·/lrt ;"qfn°f/sf] Ps

k|lt k]mnf kf/], kl% To;nfO{ k|]mGr efiffdf k|sflzt u/]. ;g\ 1898÷99

df k]ml/ a]G*n / zfÚL g]kfn cfP. zfÚLn] b/af/ k':tsfnosf

kf]yL -x:tlnlvt_ u|Gyx¿sf] ;"rLkq tof/ u/] hf] ;g\ 1905 df

k|sflzt eof]. a·fnsf] Pl;ofl^s ;f];fO^Ldf ePsf u|Gyx¿sf]

;"rLkq klg zfÚLn] g} tof/ u/] / ;g\ 1916 df k|sflzt u/].

af}$ ;flxTosf w]/} dxŒjk")f{ u|Gyx¿ ;+:s[t efiffdf n]lvPsf %g\.

ctM af}$ bz{g / ;flxTosf] Ô]qdf ;+:s[t efiffsf] p‚ dxŒj /x]sf] %.

dxfofgsf w]/} u|Gyx¿ ;+:s[td} kfOG%g\. o; sf/)f cfhsfn dxfofg ;Dk|bfonfO{

;+:s[t af}$ wd{ klg elgG%. t/ lxgofgsf klg s]xL u|Gy ;+:s[t efiffdf

/lrPsf %g\. h:t} lxgofgcGtu{t ;jf{:tLjfbsf] cfud u|Gy ;+:s[tdf /rgf

ePsf] %. lxgofg / dxfofg b'j} ;Dk|bfosf u|Gyx¿ ;+:s[t efiffdf /rgf

ePsfn] o; k|frLg efiffsf] af}$ ;flxTodf &"nf] dxŒj /x]sf] %.

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

(Origin and Development of Buddhist SanskritLiterature)

af}$ ;flxTosf ljljw u|Gyx¿sf] /rgf ;+:s[t efiffdf ePsf] eP klg

tL u|Gydf k|o'St ;+:s[t efiffnfO{ z'$ dflg“b}g. cyjf o;f] e©' plrt x'G% ls

tL u|Gydf k|o'St ;+:s[t efiff k/Dk/fut ;+:s[t Jofs/)fcg's"nsf] geP/

cf"g} df}lnstf af]s]sf] %. ctM of] ;+:s[t efiffnfO{ ljåfg\x¿n] l;w} ;+:s[t

efiff geg]/ cnu–cnu gfd lbPsf %g\. s;}n] ld>;+:s[t, s;}n] af}$;+:s[t

t s;}n] ufyf;+:s[t eg]sf %g\. t/ k|f]k]m;/ Ph {̂gn] o; efiffnfO{ af}$;°/;+:s[t

eg]sf %g\ / w]/}n] o;}nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf %g\.

;'?jft;'?jft

;'?jft;'?jft

;'?jft

(Origin)

af}$ ;flxTodf k|o'St ;+:s[t efiffsf] pTklQ O:jL ;g\sf] ;'?jft x'g'eGbf

cufl* g} ePsf] dflgG%. clxn]sf] lj!df cª\u|]hL efiff k|ltl‡t ePh:t} To;


a]nf ;+:s[t efiffnfO{ wgLdfgL ju{sf] / /fh;L efiffsf ¿kdf a'lemGYof].

;j{;fwf/)f hgtfsf lgÒDt z'$ ;+:s[t a'$g' / af]Ng' w]/} sl&g lyof]. ctM

;+:s[tnfO{ g} ;lhnf] u/L af]n]/ hg:t/af^ le©le© efiffx¿sf] ljsf; eO/x]sf]

lyof]. h:t} a'$sfndf hgtfsf] aLrdf ;+:s[taf^ ljsl;t kfnL efiff k|rlnt

lyof]. cf"gf] /fh;L efiff ;+:s[t x'“bfx'“b} klg hgtfnfO{ a'$g ;lhnf] xf];\ egL

a'$n] kfnL efiffd} cf"gf] wd{b]zgf ug'{ePsf] lyof].

To;} u/L dWob]zdf klg d"n efiff ;+:s[taf^} cnÒUuP/ cs}{ efiff a©

yfn]sf] ;ª\qmd)fsf] cj:yfsf] h'g c;+:s[t efiff lyof] To;} efiffnfO{ g} af}$

;flxTodf k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG%. dxfj:t', nlntlj:t/ h:tf ;+:s[t af}$

u|Gydf k|o'St efiff o; sf/)f g} z'$ ;+:s[t x'g g;s]sf] xf]. tL u|Gyx¿df

zAbsf] j)f{gdf ;fdfGotM ;+:s[tsf] k|efj t kfOG% t/ ltgsf] efjfy{ ;+:s[t;“u

&ØfÍ} ldNb}g. t/ ;doqmddf kl% cfpg] ljåfg\x¿n] tL u|Gydf k|o'St efiffnfO{

e|fl ;+:s[tsf ¿kdf JofVof u/L ;Rofpg k|of; u/]sf] klg kfOG%. t/ tL

u|Gysf] efiffnfO{ ToxL df}lns ¿kd} %f]l*lbg' plrt x'g] ljåfg\x¿sf] /fo %.

o;y{ To;nfO{ ;Rofpg' e"n x'g hfG%. eujfg\ a'$n] leÔ'x¿nfO{ wd{b]zgfsf

af/]df atfp“b} e©'ePsf] lyof] ls hxf“;'s} uP/ wd{b]zgf ubf{ klg hgtfn]a'$g]

hgefiffdf pkb]z lbg". ctM leÔ'x¿n] klg To; a]nf rngrNtLdf /x]sf

efiffx¿ kfnL -dfuwL_, k|fs[t, ;+:s[t cflbdf wd{b]zgf u/]sf lyP. kl%

lqlk^snfO{ lnlka$ ubf{ klg hgtfsf] efiff dflgg] kfnL efiffd} lnlka$

ul/Psf] lyof]. o; sf/)f klg e© ;lsG% ls dxfj:t', nlntlj:t/nufotsf

u|Gydf k|o'St af}$;°/;+:s[t efiff klg To; a]nf ef/tjif{sf] s'g} k|b]zdf

af]lng] hgefiff g} lyof].

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] kl/roaf}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] kl/ro

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] kl/roaf}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] kl/ro

af}$ ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] kl/ro

(Introduction to Buddhist Sanskrit Literature)dfly rrf{ ul/Pcg';f/ ljle© af}$ ;Dk|bfosf wfld{s u|Gyx¿sf] /rgf

;+:s[t efiffdf ePsf] %. dxf;fl‹s ;flxTocGtu{t dxfj:t'nufot u|Gy x'g\

cyjf >fj:tLjfbsf] lqlk^s, ;+:s[t efiffd} /rgf ePsf] %. dxfofg ;flxTosf

;$d{k')*/Ls;"q, nlntlj:t/;"qnufotsf ;"qx¿ x'g\ of tGqofgL dfGotfsf]

u'˛;dfhtGq xf];\, logLx¿ ;a} ;+:s[t efiffd} /lrPsf x'g\.

olt dfq geP/ hfts syfx¿ klg ;+:s[t efiffd} /rgf eP. d"n

¿kdf ;'?df ;+:s[t efiff -af}$;°/;+:s[t_ d} /lrt oL kljq af}$ u|Gyx¿


kl% lrlgof“, ltAatLnufot ljle© efiffdf cg"lbt t eP t/ ;+:s[taf^} eP.

ca xfdL ;+:s[t efiffdf /lrt o:t} s]xL af}$ ;flxTosf af/]df rrf{ ug]{ %f}”.

d"ntM dxf;fl‹s, ;jf{:tLjfb tyf dxfofgsf ;flxÒTos u|Gyx¿ ;+:s[t efiffdf

kfOG%g\.

dxf;fl‹s ;flxTodxf;fl‹s ;flxTo

dxf;fl‹s ;flxTodxf;fl‹s ;flxTo

dxf;fl‹s ;flxTo

(Mahasanghika Literature)af}$ wd{ / bz{gsf] ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df le©le© sfnqmddf ljle©

;Dk|bfo / dtx¿sf] ljsf; x'g k'Uof]. af}$ Oltxf;df Ps k^s t o:tf] Ò:ylt

cfof] ls 18 j^f;Dd af}$ ;Dk|bfox¿ Ps} k^s cÒ:tTjdf cfP. oBlk

;doqmddf sdhf]/ bfz{lgs w/ftndf /x]sf af}$ ;Dk|bfox¿ lanfp“b} uP,

ltgsf af/]df s'g} ;flxTo klg n]lvPg, t/ bfz{lgs w/ftn alnof] /x]sf s]xL

af}$ dt / ;Dk|bfox¿ emf“lu“b}–k}mln“b} hfg yfn]. ltgsf af/]df ljle© ;flxTox¿

n]lvP. tL ;Dk|bfosf] bfz{lgs ljsf; a(]/ uof]. o:t} af}$ Oltxf;sf] ;'?jfts}

;dodf ljsl;t klxnf] af}$ ;Dk|bfosf ¿kdf dxf;fl‹s ;Dk|bfonfO{ lrlgG%.

o;sf af/]df dxfj:t'nufotsf ;flxTosf s[lt klg /lrPsf %g\. o;/L

dxf;fl‹s af}$ dt;“u af}$ ;flxTosf] klg ljsf; ePsf] kfOG%.

dxf;fl‹s ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;dxf;fl‹s ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

dxf;fl‹s ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;dxf;fl‹s ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

dxf;fl‹s ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

(Origin and Development of Mahasanghika Literature)a'$sf] kl/lgjf{)fsf] sl/a 100 jif{kl% af}$ ;‹df dtdtfGt/x¿ r'lng

yfn]. af}$ wd{sf k|rlnt lgod / ljgodf ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ cfu|x;lxt s]xL

leÔ'x¿ cnu ;‹sf] lgdf{)fdf h'^\g yfn]. o:tf ljıf]xL leÔ'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof

a(\b} uof]. o;}aLr j}zfnLdf ;Dk© bf]…f] af}$ ;·fogaf^ cnu eO{ sl/a 10

xhf/ leÔ'x¿n] sf}zfDaLdf e]nf eP/ cf"gf] cnUu} ;·fog u/].

d"n leÔ' ;‹af^ ljKnj u/L %'l§g] log} leÔ'x¿n] o;} ;·fogb]lv

yf]/} ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf :ylj/jfbL leÔ'x¿nfO{ lxg;fl‹s eg] eg] &"nf] ;ª\Vofdf

/x]sf] cf"gf] ;‹nfO{ eg] dxf;fl‹s gfds/)f u/]. oxL”af^ dxf;fl‹s ;Dk|bfosf]

ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG%.

af}$ ljgosf sl&g lgodx¿df kl/jt{g u/L ;j{;fwf/)fsf nflu ;lhnf]

agfpg rfxg] oL dxf;fl‹sx¿n] cf"gf] cnu l;$fGtsf] ljsf; / JofVof

ub}{ uP. pgLx¿n] a'$nfO{ dfG%] dfg]gg\, nf]sf]Q/ cyf{t\ o; nf]seGbf aflx/sf


b]jtf dfg] / a'$sf] nf]sf]Q/tfsf] l;$fGtnfO{ :yflkt u/]. pgLx¿n] a'$sf]

lzÔf Jofjxfl/s ;Tosf] ljifodf geP/ k/dfy{ ;Tosf] ljifodf ePsf] lhls/

u/]. a'$nfO{ cnf}lss zÒStsf ¿kdf lrlqt ug{ nfu]. a'$ / cx{tnfO{ Ps}

sf]l^df /fVg gx'g] wf/)ff cl# ;f/]. af]lw;Œjsf] sNkgf ul/of], ;+;f/sf

;d:t k|f)fLx¿nfO{ wd{sf] pkb]z lbgsf nflu af]lw;Œjsf] hGd x'g] u%{ e©]

dfGotfsf] ljsf; ul/of]. cx{t ˚n k|f† ug'{nfO{ klg k")f{ dflgPg, OÒGıosf]

¿knfO{ s]jn ef}lts dflgof].

o;/L dxf;fl‹s leÔ'x¿n] k|rlnt af}$ k/Dk/faf^ k[ys\ dfGotfx¿sf]

ljsf; u/]. oL dfGotfx¿sf] ljsf;;“u} o;nfO{ bfz{lgs ¿kn] k'fl agfpg]

k|of;x¿ eP, ˚n:j¿k ljle© cfrfo{x¿n] o;sf] JofVof u/], cfnf]rgf /

ljj]rgf ul/of]. la:tf/} dxf;fl‹s dtdf cfwfl/t eP/ ;flxTosf] klg /rgf

eof]. o;/L dxf;fl‹s dtsf] ljsf;;“u} dxf;fl‹s ;flxTosf] klg ;'?jft /

ljsf; ePsf] kfOG%. dxf;fl‹s dtdf cfwfl/t /x]/ /lrPsf ;flxÒTos

s[ltdf dxfj:t' (The Great Subject) sf] dxŒjk")f{ :yfg /x]sf] %.

dxfj:t'dxfj:t'

dxfj:t'dxfj:t'

dxfj:t'

(Mahavastu)

dxfj:t'nfO{ dxf;fl‹s ;Dk|bfo cyf{t\ nf]sf]Q/jfbL ;Dk|bfosf] ljgo

u|Gy dflgG%. dxfj:t'sf] cy{ dxfg\ ljifo jf dxfg\ syf e©] x'G%. cyf{t\

pk;Dkbf OToflb af}$ ljgo;DaGwL syf. kfnL ljgosf] dxfaUudf h:t}

dxfj:t'df klg a'$sf] hLjgrl/q / ;‹ :yfkgfsf] j)f{g kfOG%. o;sf] ;'?d}

rf/ af]lw;Œjrof{sf af/]df j)f{g ul/Psf] %. k|s[ltrof{, k|l)fwfgrof{,

cg'nf]drof{ / clgjt{grof{sf] k"lt{af^ dfq} af]lw;Œjn] a'$Tjsf] k|fl† ub{%g\

e©] p ]̃v ul/Psf] %. o;kl% u|Gysf] gfd / kl/ro % eg] gfdkl% pk;Dkbfsf

af/]df j)f{g ul/Psf] %.

dxfj:t'n] a'$nfO{ nf]sf]Q/ jf eujfg\ eg]sf] %. of] d"ntM eÒStk|wfg

u|Gy xf]. jf:tjdf a'$ dfgj g} lyP. pgsf :ylj/jfbL r]nfx¿n] klg a'$nfO{

eujfg\;/x cfb/ t u/] t/ eujfg\ g} dfg]gg\. o; sf/)f lxgofg jf :ylj/jfbn]

eÒStdfu{sf] jsfnt u/]g, la:tf/} dfG%]x¿nfO{ a'$ xfdLh:t} dfG%] t /x]%g\

lg e©] kg{ yfNof]. af}$ wd{df dfG%]x¿sf] lj!f; sd x'“b} uof]. o;/L af}$

wd{df ;°^ cfPsf] b]v]/ Ps y/L leÔ'x¿n] wd{nfO{ l^sfO/fVgsf nflu


nf]sf]Q/jfbsf] sNkgf u/]sf] / eÒStdfu{sf] cjnDag u/]sf] kfOG%. oxL

;ª\qmd)fs} ;dodf dxfj:t'sf] /rgf ePsf] lyof]. o;/L a'$nfO{ eujfg\ df©]

/ eÒStnfO{ k|wfg dxŒj lbg] dfq} geP/ dxfj:t'sf] Ps :yfgdf t af}$:t"k

kl/qmdf ubf{ k')o k|f† x'g] / a'$sf] pkf;gfn] g} lgjf{)f k|f† x'g] p˜]v ul/Psf]

%.

o;} u|Gydf af]lw;Œjsf] bze"ldsf] j)f{g ul/Psf] %. dxfj:t'df hfts,

;"qsyf / ljgosf] ld>)f kfOG% eg] y'k|} s'/f kfnL af}$ lgsfoaf^ cg';/)f

ul/Psf] kfOG%.

O;fk"j{ 200 eGbf cl# /rgf ePsf] dflgPsf] o; u|Gysf] efiff ax't

k|frLg %. d"ntM ld>;+:s[tdf n]lvPsf] of] efiff O= k"= bf]…f]–t]…f] ztfAbLlt/

ef/tsf] dWob]zdf k|rlnt ePsf] kfOG%.

;jf{:tLjfb ;flxTo;jf{:tLjfb ;flxTo

;jf{:tLjfb ;flxTo;jf{:tLjfb ;flxTo

;jf{:tLjfb ;flxTo

(Sarvastivada Literature):ylj/jfbL d"n af}$ ;‹af^ cnu eO{ ax';ª\Vos leÔ'x¿n] dxf;fl‹s

;Dk|bfo v*f u/]kl% af}$ ;‹df ̊ /s dt /fVg]x¿n] a]Un} ;‹ v*f ug]{ nx/

g} rNof]. o;kl% cnu ;‹ / ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ljsf; x'“b} hf“bf ljle© ;Dk|bfox¿

cÒ:tTjdf b]lvP h;dWo]sf] Ps lyof] ;jf{:tLjfb ;Dk|bfo. j}eflifs eg]/

lrlgg] lxgofgL af}$ bz{gsf] d"n xf“uf] oxL dt / ;Dk|bfo;“u lgs^ /x]/ /lrt

;flxTo jf af}$ u|Gyx¿ g} ;jf{:tLjfb ;flxTocGtu{t kb{%g\.

j}zfnLsf] bf]…f] af}$ ;·fogb]lv :ylj/jfbaf^ -dlxzf;s_ dxf;fl‹s

/ dlxzf;saf^ ;AaÒTyjfb -;jf{:tLjfb_ / wd{u'† cnu eP egL bLkj+zdf

p˜]v ul/Psf] %. lrlgof“ ofqL OÒT;ªsf] ljj/)fdf klg pgsf] ;dodf rf/

k|d'v af}$ ;Dk|bfox¿ cÒ:tTjdf /x]sf] kfOG% / To;dWo] d'Vo cfo{d"n

;jf{:tLjfb lgsfo lyof]. ;jf{:tLjfb lgsfonfO{ j}eflifs klg elgG%. ;jf{:tLjfb

;Dk|bfosf d"n ;flxÒTos u|Gysf ¿kdf ;+:s[t clewd{lk^snfO{ lnOG%

h;cGtu{t ;ft j^f u|Gy kb{%g\ / h;nfO{ le©le© n]vssf] /rgf dflgG%.

o;dWo] k|d'v u|Gy sfTofogLk'qn] /rgf u/]sf] clewd{!fg k|:yfg xf].

af“sL % j^f u|Gyx¿ o;}sf kfb -kl/lzfl_ z['nfx¿ dflgG%g\. oxL !fg

k|:yfgcGtu{t g} dxfljefiff / ljefiff gfds efio jf ^Lsfsf] /rgf ePsfn]

o; ;Dk|bfonfO{ j}eflifs;d]t elgPsf] xf]. oL u|Gyx¿sf d"n ;+:s[t pknAw


%}gg\. ljefiffsf] /rgf dxf/fh slgiseGbf kl% ePsf] xf]. o;sf] /rgf j;'ldqn]

u/]sf x'g\.

;jf{:tLjfb lgsfosf] Oltxf; ;d|f^\ czf]ssf] kfnfdf ePsf] t]…f] af}$

;·fogaf^ ;'? x'G%. o;} ;·fogdf df]ufnLk'Q ltion] syfjTy'sf] /rgf

u/]sf lyP eg] ToxL ;ª\u|xdf ;AaÒTyjfbsf lj?$ s]xL k|Zgx¿ p&fOPsf]

lyof].

k/dfy{ -499—569 O=_ sf cg';f/ ;jf{:tLjfbLx¿sf] u|Gy ljefiffzfÚ

%}^f}” ztfAbLdf ljåfg\x¿aLr zfÚfy{sf] k|d'v ljifo lyof] eg] lrlgof“ ofqL

˚lxofg -ofqfsfn 399—414_ sf] ofqfljj/)fcg';f/ To; a]nf kf^lnk'q

-xfn k^gf_ / rLgdf ;jf{:tLjfbs} cg'ofoLx¿ lyP.

;ftf}” ztfAbLdf ef/t cfPsf OÒT;ª -ofqfsfn 671—695_ ;jf{:tLjfbsf

cg'ofoL lyP. pgsf cg';f/ of] ;Dk|bfo duw, nf^, l;Gw', blÔ)ffTo, k"j{ef/t,

;'dfqf, rDkf, rLgsf] blÔ)fk"j{ k|fGt tyf dWoPl;of;Dd k}mn]sf] lyof]. ;ftf}”

ztfAbLcl# / kl% klg of] hlt k|rf/ ePsf] ;Dk|bfo c¿ s'g} lyPg. o;

lgsfosf] lqlk^ssf] Znf]ssf] ;ª\Vof g} tLg nfv lyof]. o; lgsfosf] cf"gf]

cnUu} ljgolk^s / clewDdlk^s lyof] h;sf] d"n ;+:s[t ¿k gfl eO;s]sf]

% eg] s]xL lrlgof“ cg'jfb cBflk kfOG%g\. OÒT;ª cfk}m“n] ;Dk")f{ ljgolk^ssf]

lrlgof“ efiffdf cg'jfb u/]sf lyP. ;+:s[tsf] ljgo u|Gy klxnf] k^s t]…f] of

rf}yf] ztfAbLdf ;ª\u[xLt ePsf] x'g'k%{ egL l;Nef“ n]eLn] atfPsf %g\.

Psf]Q/ud -cª\u'Q/ lgsfo_, bL#f{ud -bL#{ lgsfo_, dWodfud

-dÒHemd lgsfo_ sf s]xL c+z k"jL{ t'ls{:tfgsf] vf]hdf kfOPsf] lyof]. To;

a]nf pbfgju{sf] s]xL c+z -pbfg_ klg kfOof]. k|ltdf]Ô;"qsf] Pp^f ltAatL /

rf/ lrlgof“ cg'jfb e]l^of]. o;/L kfnL ljgo / ;+:s[t ljgo u|Gysf gfd klg

sl/asl/a ldN%g\. :ylj/jfbsf] e}m“ ;jf{:tLjfbsf klg clewd{ u|Gy ;ft g}

%g\, t/ gfd ˚/s %g\. oL u|Gysf] p˜]v o;f]ldqsf] clewd{sf]z JofVofdf

kfOG%.

;jf{:tLjfbnfO{ ljqmd;+jt\sf] k|yd ztfAbLkl% j}eflifs e© yflnPsf]

kfOG%. ;jf{:tLjfb j}eflifss} k|frLg gfd xf]. ;jf{:tLjfb ;j{ ¢ cÒ:tTj ¢

jfbaf^ ag]sf] % h;sf] cy{ ;a}sf] cÒ:tTj :jLsf/ ug'{ e©] x'G%.

o; dtsf cg';f/ o; hut\sf ;a} lrhsf] cÒ:tTj ljBdfg %. hut\sf

;Dk")f{ j:t' rfx] aflx/L x'g\ jf leqL, e"t jf ef}lts, lrQ tyf r}lts j:t'tM


;a} lrh ljBdfg %g\. logLx¿sf] ;Qfdf s'g} z°f %}g. o;} sf/)f o; dtsf]

gfd ;jf{:tLjfb /xg uPsf] xf]. rf}yf] ;·fogcl#;Dd ;jf{:tLjfb klg ljeflht

lyof], t/ ;f] ;·fogdf PsLs/)f u/L Pp^} j}eflifs ;Dk|bfo agfOof]. o;kl%

dxf/fh slgisn] o; dtsf] v'a k|rf/ u/]. o;} ;·fogsf] k|:tfjcg';f/ k"/}

lqlk^ssf] j}eflifs JofVof ul/of] h;cg';f/ ;"qlk^sdfly pkb]z n]lvof]

eg] ljgo ljefiffzfÚ / clewd{ ljefiffzfÚsf] klg /rgf ul/of]. o;/L

ljqmdk"j{ t]…f] ztfAbLdf ;jf{:tLjfbL lqlk^ssf] /rgf ePsf] kfOG%. oL

u|Gyx¿sf] efiff af}$;°/;+:s[t lyof].

;jf{:tLjfb lqlk^ssf] ;fdfGo kl/ro;jf{:tLjfb lqlk^ssf] ;fdfGo kl/ro

;jf{:tLjfb lqlk^ssf] ;fdfGo kl/ro;jf{:tLjfb lqlk^ssf] ;fdfGo kl/ro

;jf{:tLjfb lqlk^ssf] ;fdfGo kl/ro

(General Introduction to Sarvastivada Tripitaka)-s_ ;"q—-s_ ;"q—

-s_ ;"q—-s_ ;"q—

-s_ ;"q— ;a}eGbf klxn] :ylj/jfbaf^ ;jf{:tLjfb %'l§“bfsf] ;do

cyf{t\ bf]…f] ;·fogsf] a]nf oL b'O{aLrsf] ljjfb eg]s} clewd{sf] ;DaGwdf

lyof]. To; sf/)f ;jf{:tLjfbsf] lqlk^sdf klg clewd{afx]s ;"q / ljgodf

:ylj/jfb;“u ;dfgtf kfOG%.

;jf{:tLjfbLx¿ ;"qnfO{ ‘cfud’ eGb%g\ eg] y]/jfbLx¿ lgsfo eGb%g\%

h:t}— bL#{ lgsfo — bL#f{ud, dÒHemd lgsfo — dWodfud, ;+o'St lgsfo —

;+o'Stfud, cª\u'Q/ lgsfo — c·f]Q/fud / v'@s lgsfo — Ô'ısfud.

kfnL bL# lgsfodf 34 ;"q %g\, t/ bL#f{uddf 30 ;"q dfq %g\.

o;dWo] 27 ;"q b'j} u|Gydf ;dfg %g\ eg] lgj]zqmd le© %. kfnLsf af“sL

;ft ;"qdWo] tLg ;"q dWodfuddf kfOG%g\, t/ af“sL rf/ ;"qx¿sf] …f]t k]mnf

k/]sf] %}g.

oL s'g} klg u|Gysf d"n ;+:s[t ¿k kfO“b}gg\. lrlgof“ / ltAatL cg'jfbsf]

;xfotfn] logsf] hfgsf/L k|f† x'G%. ;j{k|yd uf}td ;‹b]jn] 377—398 O=

df ;Dk")f{ dWodfudsf] lrlgof“ efiffdf cg'jfb u/]sf lyP eg] a'$ozn]

412—413 O= df bL#f{udsf] cg'jfb u/]sf lyP. log} b'O{ ztfAbLdf ;jf{:tLjfbL

;"qlk^ssf] lrlgof“ efiffdf cg'jfb ePsf] kfOG%.

-v_ ljgo—-v_ ljgo—

-v_ ljgo—-v_ ljgo—

-v_ ljgo— ;jf{:tLjfbsf] ljgo klg y]/jfbLsf] kfnL ljgo;“u

ldNbf]h'Nbf] %. o;sf] klg d"n ;+:s[t gfl eO;Sof], t/ ltAatL cg'jfb

cBfjlw k|fKo %. oL cg'jfb u|Gysf] d'vk[‡df ;fl/k'q tyf /fx'n;lxt eujfg\

a'$sf] k|ltdf agfOPsf] %. /fx'n ;fl/k'qsf lzio x'g\. rLgdf ;jf{:tLjfb

k}mnfpg'sf] >]o pg}nfO{ lbOG%.


oL u|Gysf gfd eg] s]xL ˚/s kfOG%g\% h:t}— kfnL dxfaUunfO{

ljgoj:t', kfltdf]VvnfO{ k|ltdf]Ô;"q, ;'Qlje·nfO{ ljgo ljefu, r'̃ aUunfO{

ljgoÔ'ısj:t' / kl/jf/ kfnLnfO{ ljgo pQ/ u|Gy.

sfnqmddf ;jf{:tLjfbleq} klg ljle© ;Dk|bfo b]vf k/] / oL le©le©

;Dk|bfosf le©le© ljgodf eg] s]xL le©tf kfOG%. h:t} dy'/fsf ;jf{:tLjfbLsf]

u|Gydf ljgoj:t'sf] cltl/St 80 cWofodf ljeflht hfts tyf cjbfgsf]

ljzfn ;ª\u|x g} kfOG%, t/ sZdL/sf ;jf{:tLjfbLn] hftsnfO{ s'g} :yfg

lbPsf lyPgg\. sZdL/jfnfsf] ljgo 10 cWofodf ljeflht lyof] eg] 80

cWofosf] ljefiff klg ToxL” ljBdfg lyof].

-u_ clewd{—-u_ clewd{—

-u_ clewd{—-u_ clewd{—

-u_ clewd{— :ylj/jfbsf] e}m“ ;jf{:tLjfbLsf] klg clewd{sf] ;ª\Vof

;ft g} %. ;jf{:tLjfbL clewd{sf] d"n u|Gy !fgk|:yfg xf], af“sL % u|Gy

o;}sf ;xfos x'g\. o;sf] klg d"n ¿k gfl eO;Sof], lrlgof“ cg'jfb cBflk

kfOG%.

1= !fgk|:yfg—1= !fgk|:yfg—

1= !fgk|:yfg—1= !fgk|:yfg—

1= !fgk|:yfg— o; u|Gysf] /rgf cfo{ sfTofogLk'qn] u/]sf x'g\. o;sf]

lrlgof“ efiffdf b'O{ k^s cg'jfb ePsf] kfOG%. sZdL/ lgjf;L uf}td ;‹b]jn]

O= 383 df klxnf] k^s cg'jfb u/] eg] bf]…f] k^s o'jfg Rjfªn] 657—660

O= df u/].

/fhf slgissf] kfnfdf ePsf] ;jf{:tLjfbLx¿sf] ;·fogn] o;} u|Gydfly

ljefiffsf] /rgf u/]sf] lyof]. o;df nf]sf]Q/ wd{, ;+of]hg, !fg, sd{, dxfe"t,

OÒGıo, ;dflw tyf :d[To'k|:yfgsf] qmdzM ljzb j)f{g ul/Psfn] o;nfO{

cflu|Gy klg elgG%. j}eflifs dtsf] bfz{lgs l;$fGtsf] k|ltkfbgsf nflu

oxL g} Psdfq dxŒjk")f{ / cflwsfl/s u|Gy dflgG%.

2= ;·Lt kof{o—2= ;·Lt kof{o—

2= ;·Lt kof{o—2= ;·Lt kof{o—

2= ;·Lt kof{o— y]/jfbLsf] k'Uunk~`ltsf] ljifo;“u o; u|Gysf]

ljifoj:t' ldNg hfG%. o;df 12 ju{ %g\. o;f]ldqsf cg';f/ o;sf /rgfsf/

dxfsf}l^No x'g\ eg] lrlgof“ u|Gysf cg';f/ ;fl/k'q.

3= k|s/)fjfb—3= k|s/)fjfb—

3= k|s/)fjfb—3= k|s/)fjfb—

3= k|s/)fjfb— o;sf] /rgf lj= k"= bf]…f] ztfAbLdf j;'ldqn] u/]sf

lyP eg] cg'jfb o'jfg Rjfªn] 651 O= df u/]. k];fj/ glhs} k'isnjtL

ljxf/df o;sf] /rgf ePsf] dflgG%. o;df wd{, !fg, cfoftg cflb ljifodf

rrf{ ul/Psf] %. o;df cf& ju{ %g\.


4= lj!fgsfo—4= lj!fgsfo—

4= lj!fgsfo—4= lj!fgsfo—

4= lj!fgsfo— of] !fgk|:yfgsf] t]…f] ;xfos u|Gy xf]. o;sf /rgfsf/

b]jzdf{ :ylj/ x'g\. o; u|Gysf % j^f :sGwdf k'¨n, x]t'k|Too, cfnDagk|Too

tyf cGo k|sL)f{ ljifosf] j)f{g ul/Psf] %.

5= wft'sfo—5= wft'sfo—

5= wft'sfo—5= wft'sfo—

5= wft'sfo— o;sf /rgfsf/ ozf]ldq x'g\. lrlgof“ dtcg';f/ eg]

j;'ldq dflgG%. o; u|Gysf tLg j^f ;+:s/)f lyP. ;a}eGbf &"nf] % xhf/

Znf]ssf]. c¿ ;lº† b'O{ j^f gf} ;o / kf“r ;o Znf]ssf lyP. o'jfg Rjfªn]

gf} ;o Znf]ssf] u|Gy cg'jfb u/]sf lyP. o;df ljle© wd{sf] lj:t[t ljj]rgf

ul/Psf] %. o;df b'O{ v)* / 16 ju{ %g\.

6= wd{:sGw—6= wd{:sGw—

6= wd{:sGw—6= wd{:sGw—

6= wd{:sGw— o;sf /rgfsf/ ;fl/k'q x'g\. t/ lrlgof“ dtcg';f/

dxfdf}¨nfog x'g\. o;df cfo{;To, ;dflw, af]Wo·, OÒGıo, cfoftg, :sGw,

k|ltTo;d'Tkfb cflb bfz{lgs ljifosf] lj:t[t ljj]rgf k|:t't ul/Psf] %.

o;sf] o'jfg Rjfª cg'jfbdf 21 kl/R%]b %g\.

7= k|!l†zfÚ—7= k|!l†zfÚ—

7= k|!l†zfÚ—7= k|!l†zfÚ—

7= k|!l†zfÚ— o;sf /rgfsf/ df}¨nfog x'g\. o;sf] cg'jfb wd{/Ôn]

P#f/f}” ztfAbL -1004—1058 O=_ df u/]sf x'g\. o;df 14 ju{ %g\. w]/} kl%

cg'jfb ePsfn] o;sf] k|fdfl)fstfdf ;Gb]x %.

dxfofg ;flxTodxfofg ;flxTo

dxfofg ;flxTodxfofg ;flxTo

dxfofg ;flxTo

(Mahayana Literature)dxfofg wd{ tyf bz{g af}$ wd{bz{gsf] Pp^f dxŒjk")f{ zfvf xf]. of]

cGo af}$ ;Dk|bfox¿eGbf le© / df}lns %. of] s'g} vf; ;Dk|bfo dfq xf]Og,

a? ljle© ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ;d"x xf].

af]lw;Œjsf] sNkgf, af]lwlrQ u|x)f, if^\kf/ldtfsf] ;fwgf, bze"ld,

lqsfojfb / wd{z"Gotf dxfofgsf ljz]iftfx¿ x'g\. dxfofg ;flxTon] lxgofgnfO{

>fjsofg / dxfofgnfO{ af]lw;Œjofg eg]sf] %. >fjsofgn] cf"gf] dfq}

df]Ôsf] pkfosf] lrGtg ub{% eg] af]lw;Œjofgn] ;a} k|f)fLsf] p$f/sf] cfzo

/fVb% egL c;·sf] dxfofg;"qfn°f/df p ]̃v ul/Psf] %. cGo ;Dk|bfoh:tf]

dxfofgsf] cf"g} lqlk^s t %}g t/ dxfofgL dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;flxÒTos

u|Gyx¿ k|z:t %g\. ljz]iftM dxfofg ;flxTocGtu{t gf} j^f dxfofg;"qx¿sf]

cfb/k"j{s cWoog ul/G%. xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf t oL ;"qx¿sf] k"hf g} ul/G%.

oL kljq dxfofg;"qx¿ o; k|sf/ %g\— 1= cfl;fxl…sf k|!fkf/ldtf;"q, 2=

;$d{k')*/Ls;"q, 3= nlntlj:t/;"q, 4= n°fjtf/;"q, 5= ;'j)f{k|ef;;"q,


6= u)*Jo"x;"q, 7= tyfutu'˛fs cyf{t\ tyfut u')f!fg;"q, 8= ;dflw/fh;"q,

9= bze"lds cyjf bze"d]!/;"q.

dxfofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;dxfofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

dxfofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;dxfofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

dxfofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

(Origin and Development of Mahayana Literature)dxfofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;sf] af^f] klg log} ;"qx¿sf] cWoogaf^

v'Nb%. dxfofgsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk")f{ u|Gy cfl;fxl…sf k|!fkf/ldtf;"q xf].

dxfofgsf] s]GıLo l;$fGt z"Gotfsf] k|ltkfbg ;a}eGbf klxn] oxL ;"qdf ePsf]

xf]. d"ntM lxgofgaf^ dxfofg le© x'g] qmdsf] ;'?jft klg o;} ;"qaf^ ePsf]

lyof]. o;y{ k|!fkf/ldtf;"q af}$ bz{gsf] Oltxf;df sf];]('·f ;flat eof].

dxfofgL lzÔf ;a}eGbf klxn] k|!fkf/ldtfaf }̂ k|f† ePsf] tYonfO{ cGo ;Dk|bfon]

klg :jLsf/ u/]sf %g\. k|!fkf/ldtfx¿ w]/} eP klg dxfofg;"qcGtu{tsf]

cfl;fxl…sf k|!fkf/ldtfnfO{ g} ;a}eGbf k|frLg dflgG%. o;sf] /rgf O;fk"j{

k|yd ztfAbLdf ePsf] kfOG%.

x'g t lxgofg ;flxToaf^} dxfofg l;$fGtsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG%.

;jf{:tLjfbsf] cjbfg ;flxTodf af]lw;Œjofgsf cfwf/x¿ kfOG%g\. dxf;fl‹s

;flxTo dxfj:t'df klg af]lwsf nflu af]lwlrQ u|x)f ug]{ pkf;sx¿sf af/]df

p˜]v %. dxfj:t'd} >fjsaf]lw, k|To]saf]lw / ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw u/L tLg ofgsf]

rrf{ %. af]lw;Œjrof{, bze"ld;d]tsf] rrf{ ePsf] dxfj:t' dxf;fl‹ssf]

k|frLg u|Gy xf]. jf:tjdf dxfofg dxf;fl‹s ;Dk|bfos} ljsl;t ¿k xf].

dxfofgL dfGotfsf lqsfo lgdf{)fsfo, wd{sfo / ;Def]usfodWo]

lgdf{)fsfo / wd{sfosf] rrf{ lbJofjbfg / dxfj:t'df kfOG%.

ctM dxfofg wd{sf] cf/De To; ;dodf eof] ha wd{z"Gotf, wd{sfo

-tytf_ / ;Def]usfosf] wf/)ff klxnf] k^s af}$ ;flxTodf k|j]z eof].

wd{z"Gotfsf] l;$fGt klxnf] k^s k|!fkf/ldtf u|Gydf k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG%.

cfl;fxl…sfdf b 'O { sfosf ] dfq } j)f {g %. gfufh ' {gsf ]

dxfk|!fkf/ldtfzfÚdf klg log} b'O{ sfosf] p˜]v %. n°fjtf/;"qdf

;Def]usfonfO{ lgioGb a'$ jf wd{tf lgioGb a'$ elgPsf] %. ;"qfn°f/df

lgioGb a'$nfO{ ;Def]usfo / wd{sfonfO{ :jfefljs sfo elgPsf] %. ;aeGbf

klxn] ;Def]usfosf] p˜]v k‰ljz+lt;fxl…sfdf ePsf] kfOG%. gfufh'{gsf]

;do;Dd ;Def]usfo %'l§Psf] lyPg. Tof] lgdf{)fsfo cyjf ¿ksfocGtu{t


Bibhor Baral


Bibhor Baral

lyof]. o; k|sf/ e© ;lsG% ls gfufh'{gkl% dfq dxfofgsf] ljsf; ePsf]

lyof]. dxfofgsf k|yd cfrfo{ klg gfufh'{gnfO{ g} dflgG%.

tf/fgfysf cg';f/ cÒGtd dxfofg;"q zt;fxl…sf k|!fkf/ldtfsf

/rgfsf/ gfufh'{g x'g\. o;/L gfufh'{g, cfo{b]j, c;·, j;'aGw'h:tf cfrfo{x¿n]

dxfofg bz{g / ;flxTosf] ljsf;df dxŒjk")f{ of]ubfg lbPsf %g\.

;$d{k')*/Ls;"q / nlntlj:t/;"qsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro;$d{k')*/Ls;"q / nlntlj:t/;"qsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro

;$d{k')*/Ls;"q / nlntlj:t/;"qsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro;$d{k')*/Ls;"q / nlntlj:t/;"qsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro

;$d{k')*/Ls;"q / nlntlj:t/;"qsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro

(A General Introduction to Saddharma PundarikaSutra and Lalitavistara Sutra)

;$d{k')*/Ls;"q—;$d{k')*/Ls;"q—

;$d{k')*/Ls;"q—;$d{k')*/Ls;"q—

;$d{k')*/Ls;"q— gf} j^f dxfofg ;"qdWo] Ps dxŒjk")f{ u|Gy xf]

;$d{k')*/Ls;"q. ;$d{sf] zfÒAbs cy{ x'G% c;n wd{ / k')*/Lssf] cy{ xf]

;]tf] sdnsf] k"mn. sdnsf] k"mnnfO{ z'$tf / k")f{tfsf] k|tLs dflgG%.

h;/L lxnf]df pTk© eP/ klg sdnsf] k"mn lxnf]sf] ˚f]xf]/ / b'u{Gwaf^

d'St x'G% To;} u/L o; hut\df pTk© eP/ klg a'$ oxf“sf k|k‰ / Sn]zaf^

d'St x'g'x'G% e©] efjfy{ af]s]sf] % o; u|Gysf] gfdn].

dxfofgax'n b]zx¿ h:t} rLg, hfkfg cflbdf o;nfO{ kljq u|Gysf

¿kdf >$f ul/G%. lrlgof“ efiffdf t ;$d{k')*/Lssf] d"n u|Gyaf^ % j^f

cg'jfb ;g\ 223 d} ePsf] lyof]. wd{/Ô, s'df/hLj, !fgu'† / wd{u'†h:tf

k|ltl‡t cfrfo{n] klg o; u|Gysf] lrlgof“ cg'jfb u/]sf lyP. lrlgof“

k/Dk/fcg';f/ af]lw;Œj j;'aGw'n] o; ;"qdfly ;$d{k')*/Ls;"qzfÚ gfds

^Lsf n]v]sf lyP. o; ̂ Lsf u|Gysf] af]lw?lr / /TgdtLn] ;g\ 508 lt/ lrlgof“

efiffdf cg'jfb u/]sf lyP. oL ljle© cg'jfbdWo] s'df/hLjn] u/]sf]

;$d{k')*/Lssf] cg'jfb rLg / hfkfgdf ;jf{lws nf]slk|o %. o;} cg'jfb

u|Gydfly w]/} ^Lsfx¿ klg n]lvPsf] %. ;g\ 615 df ;L tf]s' tfo ;L gfds

Ps hfkfgL /fhs'df/n] o; u|Gydfly Ps ̂ Lsf n]v]sf lyP h;nfO{ cfh klg

hfkfgLx¿ >$fk"j{s u|x)f ub{%g\. hfkfgdf :yflkt k|l;$ cGt/f{lfl«o ;+:yf

/]o'sfO{sf] dGq ‘gfdf] Dof] xf] /]·] Sof]’ sf] efjfy{ klg gdf] ;$d{k')*/Lsfo e©]

x'G%.

;"q e©f;fy Ps ;dodf, Psfb]zdf, ˚nfgf]n] o;f] e©'ePsf] lyof]

e©]h:tf kbfjnL k|of]u ePsf] u|Gy e©] a'lemG%. dxfofg;"qsf k|foM ;a}

;"qsf] efiffz}nL p:t} %. h:t} ;$d{k')*/Ls;"qsf] ;'?jft klg o;/L ePsf]

%— Pj+ dof PsÒ:dg\ ;do] eujfg\ /fhu[x] lj/xlt¬. o; u|Gydf 26 cWofo


%g\. oxf“ cWofonfO{ kl/jt{ elgPsf] %, cyf{t\ of] u|Gy 26 kl/jt{df ljeflht

%. o; u|Gysf] efiffz}nL uB / kB ldl>t %. af}$;°/;+:s[tdf n]lvPsf]

o; u|Gysf] ;'?b]lv kl/jt{ 20 ;Dd / kl/jt{ 27 k'/fgf h:tf nfU%g\ eg] 21

b]lv 26 ;Dd aLrsf % kl/jt{ kl% ylkP h:tf b]lvG%g\.

o; u|Gydf :t"kk"hf tyf a'$eÒSt h:tf ljifosf] ljz]if j)f{g ul/Psf]

%. o;sf] ljifoj:t' / ld>;+:s[t efiffz}nLnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;sf] /rgf

dxfj:t' / nlntlj:t/kl% O;fsf] k|yd ztfAbLdf ePsf] xf] egL cfrfo{

g/]Gıb]jn] p˜]v u/]sf %g\. lj:tfl/t z}nLdf /lrt o; u|Gydf sltko s'/fnfO{

a(fOr(fO ul/Psf] % eg] Pp^} s'/fnfO{ k^sk^s bf]xf]¥ofOPsf] klg %.

o; u|Gysf] r'/f] s'/f] eg]sf] lxgofgaf^ dxfofgnfO{ cnu / p‚ b]vfpg'

xf]. o; u|Gyn] lxgofgdf a'$af^ pklbfl wd{nfO{ a'$jrg g} dfg]sf] %, t/

To;nfO{ pkfo;To dfq} dfg]sf] %. k/dfy{ ;Tosf ¿kdf a'$ofgnfO{ dfg]sf]

%, a'$sf] nf]sf]Q/ ¿knfO{ dxŒj lbPsf] %. o;df clwst/ a'$ofg /

tyfutsf] dlxdf j)f{g %—

Ps+ lx ofg+ låtLo+ g ljBt]

t[tLo+ lx g}jÒ:t sbflr nf]s].

Ps+ lx sfo{( låtLo+ g ljBt]

g lxgofg]g goÒGt a'$f.. 2–55

kl% ylkPsf h:tf kl%˜f % cWofodf cjnf]lst]!/ / af]lw;ŒjnfO{

a'$;dfgsf] :yfg lbP/ e/k'/ j)f{g ul/Psf] %. ;dGtd'v gfdsf] rf}aL;f}”

kl/jt{df cjnf]lst]!/ af]lw;Œjsf] dxfs?)ffsf] c*'t j)f{g %. cGo af]lw;Œj

/ cjnf]lst]!/ af]lw;Œjdf s] ̊ /s % eg] cjnf]lst]!/ af]lw;Œjn] af]lw!fg

t k|f† u/]sf x'G%g\ t/ ;+;f/sf] Pp^f dfq klg k|f)fL b'Mvdf /x'Gh]n lgjf{)f k|f†

ulb{g“ e©] ;°Nk u/]sf x'G%g\. pgL a'$ g} x'g\ t/ lgjf{)fdf k|j]z gu/]sf a'$.

o;/L rf}aL;f}” cWofodf eÒStdfu{sf] r/d ¿k kfOG%. k‚L;f}” kl/jt{df z'eJo"x

gfdsf /fhfsf] syf % eg] %AaL;f}”df ;dGteı gfds af]lw;Œj ;$d{k')*/Lssf]

syf ;'© u[$s"^ kj{tdf cfp“b%g\. cÒGtd kl/jt{df ;$d{k')*/Lssf] pkb]z

ug{sf nflu eujfg\ wdf{;gaf^ p&]/ ;a} af]lw;ŒjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{%g\— x]

s'nk'qx¿, c;ª\Vo sNkx¿af^ ;Dkflbt of] ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw d ltdLx¿nfO{

;'DkG%'. ;a} af]lw;Œjn] eujfg\nfO{ k|)ffd ub{%g\ / ;$d{k')*/Ls ;df†

x'G%.


nlntlj:t/;"q—nlntlj:t/;"q—

nlntlj:t/;"q—nlntlj:t/;"q—

nlntlj:t/;"q— nlntlj:t/df nlntsf] cy{ x'G% nLnf jf v]n. o;

e"d)*ndf hGd lnP/ eujfg\ a'$n] hf] nLnf ug'{eof] To;sf] lj:tf/k"j{s

j)f{g ul/Psfn] g} o; u|Gysf] gfd nlntlj:t/ /xg uPsf] xf]. d"ntM o;df

a'$rl/qs} j)f{g ul/Psf] %. dxfJo"x klg elgg] of] u|Gy ;'?df ;jf{:tLjfbLsf]

u|Gy dflgGYof]. dxfofgsf] k|fb'ef{j ePkl% o;nfO{ dxfofgL dfGotfcg';f/

ljsl;t ul/Psf] dflgG%.

o; u|Gydf af]lw;Œj eujfg\n] t'lift nf]sdf lgjf; u/]sf], dfofb]jLsf]

ue{df k|j]z u/]sf], hGd, afnrof{;lxt a'$rl/qsf] ;'Gb/ j)f{g kfOG%.

of] u|Gy klg 27 kl/jt{df ljeSt %. klxnf] kl/jt{df b]jtfx¿n]

eujfg\nfO{ nlntlj:t/ gfds wd{kof{osf] Jofs/)f ug{ cg'/f]w ub{%g\. tyfutn]

hgsfox¿sf] sNof)f / ;'vsf nflu tyf ;$d{sf] j[l$sf nflu b]jtfx¿sf]

k|fy{gf :jLsf/ u/L t'liftsfoaf^ d'St ePb]lv ;Dos\ !fgk|fl†;Ddsf] a'$rl/qsf]

j)f{g ug{ yfNg'ePsf] p˜]v %. dfofb]jLsf] ue{df k|j]zb]lv n'ÒDagLdf ePsf]

hGd h:tf ljifosf] cnf}lss / cltzof]ÒStk")f{ j)f{g ul/Psf] %. t/ ;flxÒTos

nflnTon] o'St of] syf k(\gdf eg] /;o'St %.

a'$n] hGdgf;fy ;ft kfOnf lx“*]sf], kfOn}lkR%] sdnsf] k"mn pTk©

ePsf], d of] nf]sdf h]&f] x'“ / ;a}eGbf >]‡ x'“, of] d]/f] cÒGtd hGd xf], d

hGdd/)f–/f]uJoflwsf] b'Mvaf^ d'St u%'{ egL #f]if)ff u/]sf] h:tf j)f{g o;

u|Gydf kfOG% eg] af]lw;Œjn] hGd lnPkl% cnf}lss #^gfx¿ ePsf] p˜]v

ul/Psf] %.

af]lw;Œjsf] hGdsf] a]nf jgh·ndf xl/ofnL %fof], j[Ôx¿df k"mn /

˚n nfUg yfn], lbJo b'Gb'le aHof], uugtndf d]# uh{g yfNof], k[YjL sDkfodfg\

eof] / d]#/lxt cfsfzaf^ l;dl;d kfgL k¥of]. ;'uÒGwt jfo' axg yfNof]. ;a}

k|f)fLx¿n] ;'v k|f† u/]. cGwfn] cf“vf kfP, bl/ın] wg kfP, aGwgdf ePsfx¿

aGwgd'St eP. nlntlj:t/df o:tf] j)f{g ul/Psf] %.

u|Gysf] ;ftf}” kl/jt{df a'$ / cfgGbaLrsf] ;+jfb %. oxf“ a'$ wd{df

>$f gug]{x¿ g/sdf hfg] / wd{df cf:yf /fVg]x¿nfO{ eujfg\n] sNof)f ug]{

atfOPsf] %. cf&f}” kl/jt{df af]lw;Œjn] d cfk}m“ b]jflwb]j x'“ eg]sf], b]js'ndf

k|j]z ubf{ b]jk|ltdfx¿ p&]/ r/)f k/]sf] syf jl)f{t % eg] gjf}” kl/jt{df

a'$n] cfrfo{ lj!fldqsf ;fy lnlkzfÚsf] cWoog u/]sf], 64 lnlksf] hfgsf/

/x]sf] p˜]v %.


12 / 13 kl/jt{df cGoq gePsf df}lns h:tf syf %g\ eg] 14 b]lv

26 kl/jt{df a'$sf] hLjgsf k|d'v #^gfx¿sf af/]df j)f{g ul/Psf] %.

u[xTofu, b'is/rof{, !fgk|fl†, wd{bz{g cflbsf] j)f{g ul/Psf] % h;nfO{ dxfofg

u|Gyx¿sf] kl/kf^L g} dflgG%. hf] o; wd{nfO{ ;'Gb% p;n] jLo{nfe ub{%,

h;n] o;sf] jfrg u%{, k"hf u%{ p;n] wd{sf] nfe p&fp“% h:tf dfxfTDo

j)f{g ul/Psf] %.

o;/L nlntlj:t/n] cfVofgsf] nflnTok")f{ z}nLdf a'$rl/tsf] j)f{g

u/]sf] %. of] u|Gy klxn] lxgofgs} u|Gy ePsf] / kl% dxfofgL dfGotfcg'¿k

¿kfGt/ ul/Psf] k|tLt x'G%. ;jf{:tLjfbL dtcg';f/ of] klxn] a'$rl/tsf] u|Gy

lyof]. aLraLrdf ;'Gb/ ufyfx¿ hf]l*Psf] o; u|Gysf] d"n efiff ld>;+:s[t %

eg] z}nL uBdo %. o; k|frLg u|Gysf] klg d"n ¿k kfO“b}g, cg'jfb kfOG%g\.

o;sf] klxnf] lrlgof“ cg'jfb O;fsf] k|yd ztfAbLdf ePsf] kfOG% eg] wd{/lÔtn]

;g\ 308 df bf]…f] k^s lrlgof“ efiffdf cg'jfb u/]sf] a'$rl/tnfO{ klg

nlntlj:t/ g} dflgG%. o:t} kf“rf}” ztfAbLdf ul/Psf] ltAatL cg'jfb klg

kfOG%. cfhsfn t lj!sf w]/} efiffdf o;sf] cg'jfb eO;s]sf] %. ;g\

1875 df *f= P;= n]˚dfgn] o; u|Gysf] ;'?sf s]xL cWofosf] cg'jfb

hd{gLsf] aln{gaf^ k|sflzt u/]sf lyP. *f= /fh]Gınfn ldqn] klg laÒAnof]lysf

OÒG*sf gfds u|Gydfnfsf nflu o; u|Gysf] cª\u|]hL cg'jfb u/]sf lyP. ;g\

1881—85 leqdf To;dWo] 15 cWofosf] k|sfzg ul/of]. o;sf] k|]mGr cg'jfb

eg] ;g\ 1884—92 leqdf k|'msf]n] u/]sf lyP. cGo y'k|} efiffdf o;sf] cg'jfb

eO;s]sf] %. k+= lg‡fgGb jh|frfo{n] o;sf] g]jf/L efiffdf cg'jfb u/]sf %g\.

;dfhdf dxfofg ;flxTosf] k|efj;dfhdf dxfofg ;flxTosf] k|efj

;dfhdf dxfofg ;flxTosf] k|efj;dfhdf dxfofg ;flxTosf] k|efj

;dfhdf dxfofg ;flxTosf] k|efj

(Impact of Mahayana Literature on Society)

jf:tjdf dxfofg ;flxTosf] ;dfhdf ;'?b]lv g} ulx/f] k|efj kb}{ cfPsf]

%. ;'?df af}$ wd{, bz{g, ;flxTo ;a} Pp^f dfq lyof]. kl% dxfofgsf]

pbokl% dxfofg / lxgofg egL %'l§Psf x'g\. lxgofgn] a'$nfO{ dfgjs} ¿kdf

JofVof u¥of]% b]jtf, eujfg\ jf s'g} To:tf] cnf}lss / nf]sf]Q/ zÒSt dfg]g.

o; sf/)f Pp^f dfG%]n] csf]{ dfG%]sf]k"hf ug{ lxrlsrfof]. dfG%]x¿n] a'$sf]

k"hf u/]gg\. lxgofg bz{g / ;flxTon] eÒStdfu{sf] jsfnt ug{ ;s]gg\, la:tf/}

dfG%]x¿n] af}$ wd{df lj!f; ug{ %f]*\b} uP. af}$ wd{df ;°^ cfof].


a'$lgjf{)fsf] sl/a 100 jif{leqdf ;dfhdf af}$ wd{sf] ;Gbe{df o:tf

k|ltlqmofx¿ b]lvg yfn].

o; kl/j]zdf Ps y/L af}$ cfrfo{x¿n] a'$sf] nf]sf]Q/tfsf] kl/sNkgf

u/], af]lw;Œjsf] sNkgf u/], cx{t˚n k|f† u/L cf"gf] dfq} JoÒStut lgjf{)f

k|f† ug]{ lxgofgsf] ;ª\s'lrt bz{gsf] ljk/Lt ;Dk")f{ k|f)fLx¿sf] b'Mvd'ÒSt

ug]{ lj/f^\ bz{gsf] kl/sNkgf ul/of]. lxgofg bz{gn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] cx{tsf]

:j¿kdf k'glj{rf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjfh p&Øf]. of] ̊ /s dtsf cg'ofoLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof

xhf/f}” eof], of] Pp^f dxf;‹ aGof]. o;/L pgLx¿n] cfk}m“nfO{ dxf;fl‹s eg]

/ cfk"mOt/nfO{ lxg;fl‹s.

oxL dxf;fl‹s dtsf] ljsl;t ¿k g} dxfofg bz{g xf]. af]lw;Œjsf]

sNkgf, af]lwlrQ u|x)f, if^\kf/ldtfsf] ;fwgf, bze"ld, lqsfojfb / wd{z"Gotf

tyf tytf dxfofg bz{gsf ljz]iftf x'g\. oL ljz]iftf af]s]sf ;a} ;"q / u|Gyx¿

dxfofg ;flxTo x'g\. o;/L dxfofg ;flxTon] af}$ wd{sf] gof“ dfGotf / :j¿knfO{

;dfhdf :yflkt ub}{ nUof], ;dfhdf cf"gf] k|efj k}mnfp“b} uof]. cfh klg

ax';ª\Vos af}$dfuL{ dxfofg bz{gs} cg'ofoL %g\. o;/L dxfofg af}$ wd{n]

;dfhdf ulx/f] k|efj %f]*]sf] %.

jh|ofg ;flxTojh|ofg ;flxTo

jh|ofg ;flxTojh|ofg ;flxTo

jh|ofg ;flxTo

(Vajrayana/Tantra Literature)

jh|ofgnfO{ tGqofg klg elgG%. o;nfO{ dxfofgs} kl%˜f] ljsf; dflgG%.

jf:tjdf dxfofgdf ljsl;t ePsf] dGqofgsf] ljsl;t ¿k tGqofg jf jh|ofg

xf]. jh|ofgdf ;fg} k|oTgaf^ klg dxfg\ ;'v ldNg] lj!f; ul/G%. jh|ofgn]

z"Gotf;“u;“u} dxf;'vsf] sNkgf u/]sf] %. x'g t jh|sf] cy{ g} z"Gotf xf].

h;/L jh| ™(, ckl/jt{gzLn, ce]B, cfuf]n] hnfpg g;Sg], kfgLn] lehfpg

g;Sg] x'G%% z"Gotf klg To:t} xf] elgPsf] %.

™(+ ;f/d;f}zf]o{d cR%]Bfe]wnÔ)fd\.

cbflx cljgflz r z"Gotf jh|d'Rot]..

— jh|z]v/ -c$ojh|;ª\u|x, k[= 23_

oxL z"Gotf, lj!fg / dxf;'vsf] kl/sNkgf / rrf{ ul/Psf u|Gyx¿

jh|ofg ;flxTocGtu{t kb{%g\.


jh|ofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;jh|ofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

jh|ofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;jh|ofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

jh|ofg ;flxTosf] ;'?jft / ljsf;

(Origin and Development of Vajrayana Literature)ljqmd;+jt\sf] k|yd tyf bf]…f] ztfAbLdf /lrt d˙'>Ld"nsNk gfds

u|Gydf dGq, wf/)fL cflbsf] j)f{g kfOG%. dxfofgsf] huhuL ePsf] o;}

;dob]lv g} tGqdGqsf] ;'?jft ePsf] kfOG%.

oBlk ltAatL u|Gydf eg] a'$n] cf"gf] hLjgsfndf tLg k^s wd{rqm

k|jt{g ug'{eof] h;dWo] af]lw!fgk|fl†sf] k|yd jif{df ClifkQgdf, 13 cf}” jif{df

/fhu[xsf] u[$s"^ kj{tdf dxfofg wd{sf] wd{rqm k|jt{g u/]sf] / 16 cf}” jif{df

>LwfGos^s kj{tdf dGqofgsf] t[tLo wd{rqm k|jt{g u/]sf] e©] p˜]v ul/Psf]

%. o;/L a'$sfnb]lv g} dGqtGqsf] ljsf; ePsf] lj!f; ul/G%. dGqtGqsf]

;'?jft;“u} >Lkj{taf^ jh|ofgsf] klg ;'?jft ePsf] kfOG%.

kf“rf}” ztfAbLdf /lrt >Lu'˛;dfhtGq jh|ofgsf] k|d'v u|Gy xf]. of]

u'˛;dfhtGqnfO{ tytf–u'˛s jf >L;dfh klg elgG%. 14 cf}” ztfAbLsf]

lgsfo;ª\u|x gfds u|Gydf jh|ofgnfO{ jh|kj{tjf;L lgsfo atfOPsf] %.

cf&f}” ztfAbLdf kßjh|n] /rgf u/]sf] u'˛l;l$ gfds u|Gydf jh|ofgsf ;Dk")f{

u'˛ lgsfox¿sf] lg¿k)f ul/Psf] %. ltAatL u|Gy tGh'/df jh|ofg l;$fGtsf]

;f·f]kf· j)f{g kfOG%.

u'˛;dfhtGqsf] ;fdfGo kl/rou'˛;dfhtGqsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro

u'˛;dfhtGqsf] ;fdfGo kl/rou'˛;dfhtGqsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro

u'˛;dfhtGqsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro

(General Introduction to Guhyasamajatantra)u'̨ ;dfhtGq jh|ofgsf] ;a}eGbf e/kbf]{ / cflwsfl/s u|Gy xf]. >L;dfh

jf tyfut–u'˛s;d]t elgg] o; u|Gysf] /rgf kf“rf}” ztfAbLdf ePsf] kfOG%.

o; u|Gydf d'Vo u/L of]ul;l$sf kf“r e"ldx¿sf] j)f{g ul/Psf] %. d)*n,

oGq, dGq / b]jk"hgsf] dfWodaf^ oL e"ldx¿sf] k|fl† x'G% e©] o; u|Gydf

atfOPsf] %. o; u|Gydf s'n kf“r efu %g\ h;dWo] rf/ efusf] /rgf gfufh'{gn]

u/]sf] atfOG% eg] t]…f] efusf] /rgf zfSoldq -850 O=_ n] u/]sf] kfOG%.

k'Òiksfdf o; u|GynfO{ tGq/fh elgPsf] %. ;doqmddf o; u|Gydfly

k|z:t} ^Lsf / efiox¿ n]lvP. logLx¿sf] d"n ;+:s[t ¿k t kfO“b}g t/

ltAatL u|Gy tGh'/df eg] oL ̂ Lsfx¿ ce}m ;'/lÔt %g\ h;dWo] ;ftf}” ztfAbLsf

gfufh'{g, s[i)ffrfo{, zfÒGtb]jsf ^Lsfx¿ clws k|l;$ %g\. tGqzfÚsf]

l;$fGtsf] Jofks ljj]rgf ug'{ o; u|Gysf] p@]Zo b]lvG%. o;sf] efiff

af}$;°/;+:s[t %.


af}$ Oltxf;

dxfdfgj uf}td a'$ ;Dos\ ;Da'$ x'g'x'GYof]. cf"gf] kl/lgjf{)fsf af/]df

pxf“nfO{ k"j{hfgsf/L lyof]. pxf“n] tLg dlxgfcl# g} j}zfv k"l)f{dfsf lbg

tyfutsf] kl/lgjf{)f x'g] % egL #f]if)ff ug'{ePsf] lyof]. ha a'$ s'lzgu/

cfOk'Ug'ePsf] lyof]. kl/lgjf{)fsf] ;do klg glhls“b} lyof] ta leÔ'x¿n]

cToGt ljnfk ug{ nfu]. To;dWo] klg a'$sf lgs^td ;xof]uL -pk:yfks_

cfgGbn] w]/} g} ljnfk ug{ yfn]. of] ;'gL a'$n] cfgGbnfO{ e©'eof]— æof] jf]

cfgGb, dof wDd] r ljgof] r b]l;tf] k~`tf] ;f] jf] dd‚o]g ;Tyf.Æ -bL#lgsfo,

efu 2, k[= 118_ cyf{t\ cfgGb, d}n] hf] wd{ / ljgosf] ;DaGwdf pkb]z u/]sf]

%' / k|sfz kf/]sf] %' ToxL g} d]/f] kl/lgjf{)fkl% ltdLx¿sf] zf:tf x'g] %.Æ

To;sf] s]xL ;dokl% g} uf}td a'$sf] kl/lgjf{)f eof]. eujfg\ a'$sf]

dxfkl/lgjf{)fkl% pxf“n] hLjge/ b]zgf ug'{ePsf wd{ / ljgox¿sf] ;°ng

ug'{ g} leÔ';‹sf] klxnf] sfo{ef/ aGof]. dxfkl/lgjf{)f;"qdf p˜]v ePcg';f/

k|yd ;·fog;“u hf]l*Psf] csf]{ Ps k|;· klg lgs} dxŒjk")f{ % h;cg';f/

eujfg\ a'$n] cfk"m;dfg x}l;ot lbg'ePsf leÔ' dxfsZok dxf:yjL/ a'$

kl/lgjf{)fsf] ;dodf kfjf e©] :yfgdf x'g'x'GYof]. cf"gf 500 leÔ';‹sf]

;fydf pxf“ kfjfaf^ s'lzgu/lt/ cfp“b} x'g'x'GYof]. pxf“nfO{ a'$sf] kl/lgjf{)f

ePsf] yfxf lyPg. af^fdf ;'eı gfds leÔ';“u e]̂ eof]. dxfsZokn] eujfg\sf]

xfnva/ ;f]Wg'eof]. ;'eın] ;ft lbgcl# kl/lgjf{)f eO;s]sf] atfP. of] ;'g]/

dxfsZokn] klg b'Mv dfg], ;‹sf cGo leÔ'x¿ klg ljnfk ug{ yfn]. t/

;'eın] eg] cGo leÔ'x¿sf] ?jfaf;Ltk{m Ol·t ub}{ e© yfn]— lsg ?g]< ca

xfdLn] ?g] xf]Og, v';L x'g'k%{. pxf“ xf]pGh]n xfdLnfO{ ljle© lgod / ljgon]

af“w]/ /fVg'x'GYof]. ca xfdL aGwgaf^ d'St eof}”. ca xfdL cfk"mn] rfx]sf] ug{

;S%f}”. o;f] eGb} v';Ln] k'nlst eP t/ dxfsZok dxf:ylj/n] eg] of]

s'/fnfO{ uDeL/ ¿kdf lnP. pgn] leÔ'x¿nfO{ wd{af^ ljrlnt x'g glbg wd{

/ ljgosf] ;°ng ug{sf lgÒDt ;·fog ug]{ c&f]^ u/]. o;/L af}$ wd{ /


bz{gsf] k|yd sf];]('·f ;flat ePsf] klxnf] ;·fogsf] cfwf/e"ld tof/ ePsf]

k|;· lqlk^sdf p˜]v ePsf] %.

k|yd af}$ ;·fog -;Dd]ng_k|yd af}$ ;·fog -;Dd]ng_

k|yd af}$ ;·fog -;Dd]ng_k|yd af}$ ;·fog -;Dd]ng_

k|yd af}$ ;·fog -;Dd]ng_

(First Buddhist Council)eujfg\ a'$sf] kl/lgjf{)fsf] nuQ} dxfsZok dxf:ylj/nufot k|d'v

leÔ'x¿n] t'?Gt} wd{ / ljgosf] ;·fog ug'{kg]{ k|:tfj u/]. ;·fogdf ;xefuL

x'g] leÔ'x¿ r'©sf nflu leÔ';‹n] dxfsZoknfO{ g} cÒVtof/L k|bfg u¥of].

pkÒ:yt ;a} leÔ'x¿sf] ;xdltdf To;kl% dxf:ylj/n] xhf/f}” :ylj/dWo]af^

wd{ / ljgodf ljz]if bvn ePsf lqljBfwf/L 499 hgfsf] %gf]^ ug'{eof].

eujfg\ a'$sf pk:yfks cfgGbn] To; a]nf c/xTj k|f† ul/g;s]sf] t/

;·fogdf pgsf] pkÒ:ylt dxŒjk")f{ x'g] ePsfn] pgnfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL u/fO{

500 ;ª\Vof k'¥ofpg dxfsZokn] 499 hgfsf] %gf]^ u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg

af}$ Oltxf;sf/x¿n] u/]sf %g\. kl% c/xt˚n k|f† u/L cGo leÔ'x¿sf]

cg'/f]wdf ;·fogdf cfgGb klg ;fd]n eP egL ;'d·n ljnfl;gLdf p˜]v

ul/Psf] %. To;kl% ltg} leÔ'x¿sf] ;/;˜fxaf^ eujfg\sf] kl/lgjf{)fsf] t]…f]

x†fkl% /fhu[x e©] :yfgdf ;·fog ug]{ lg)f{o ul/of]. jiff{jf; a:b} ;·fog

ug]{ lg)f{o;lxt 500 leÔ'x¿sf ;fy dxfsZok /fhu[xlt/ k|:yfg u/]. To;

a]nf /fhu[xdf 18 j^f dxfljxf/x¿ lyP, t/ ;a} hL)f{ x'“b} uPsf lyP. t;y{

leÔ'x¿n] k|yd dlxgfdf ljxf/sf] dd{t;Def/ ug]{ tyf aLrsf] dlxgfdf wd{ /

ljgosf] ;·fog ug]{ lgwf] u/] egL r'˜aUukfnL -k[= 407_ df p˜]v ul/Psf]

%.

To;kl% leÔ'x¿ ljxf/ dd{tsf nflu ;xof]u dfUg /fhf chftzq'sxf“

k'u]. /fhfn] ljxf/ dd{t;Def/sf nflu dflg;x¿ k&fO{ ;xof]u dfq} u/]gg\,

a]ef/ kj{tsf] ;†k)fL{ u'̊ fcufl* ;·fogdf ;xefuLx¿ aµ] &fp“sf] k|aGw;d]t

ul/lbP. ültAatL u|Gy b'Njf (Dulva) df eg] Gou|f]w u'˚fdf k|yd ;·fog

ePsf] p˜]v %.ú /fhfn] kf“r ;o leÔ'x¿ aµsf nflu blÔ)faf^ pQ/lt/

˚s]{sf] dxfd)*k agfOlbP, d)*kdf cd"No la%Øf}gfx¿ la%ØfOlbP. k"j{lt/

˚ls{g] u/L eujfg\ a'$sf] wdf{;g klg /flvlbP. o;/L ;·fogsf lgldQ

ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ eO;s]kl% s[i)fkÔsf] k‰dLsf] lbg ef]hgk®ft\

leÔ'x¿ wd{;efdf ;ÒDdlnt eP. ;·fog jiff{ Ct'sf] bf]…f] dlxgfdf ;'?

ePsf] dflgPsf] %, of] >fj)f dlxgf x'g ;S%.


cfgGb To;cl# g} c/xGt eO;s]sf lyP. ;f] wd{;ef a'$n] cf"gf]

hLjgsfnd} cfk"m;dfg cu|:yfgdf /fVg'ePsf dxfsZok dxf:ylj/sf]

cWoÔtfdf cfof]lht lyof]. To:t} ljle© Ô]qdf a'$n] cu|:yfg k|bfg ug'{ePsf

leÔ'x¿ ;f] ;·fogsf xtf{stf{ lyP h;dWo] k|d'v ¿kdf w'tf·wf/Lx¿dWo]

cu|:yfg k|f† dxfsZok dxf:ylj/ lyP eg] ax'>'t cyjf a'$sf] pkb]z w]/}

;'©]df cfgGb, ljgodf cu|:yfg k|f† pkfnL, lbJorÔ'df cu|:yfg k|f† cg'?$,

eg]sf s'/f a'$g ;Sg] -k|ltdf)f_ df cu|:yfg k|f† a·L;, wd{slytdf cu|:yfg

k|f† k")f{dGqfl)fk'q, ljlrq wd{slysdf cu|:yfg k|f† s'df/sZok / ;º]kdf

eg]sf] s'/fnfO{ lj:tf/k"j{s a'$g ;Sg]df cu|:yfg k|f† dxfsf]l¶tsf] rog

ul/Psf] lyof] eg] c¿ klg s'g} g s'g} ljifodf ljlzfltf xfl;n dxf:ylj/x¿

g} lyP.

a'$sf] cf"g} hLjgsfnel/ / pxf“sf] kl/lgjf{)fkl% klg leÔ';‹df

;fgf]ltgf] h'g;'s} lg)f{o ubf{ klg nf]stfÒGqs k$lt ckgfOPsf] kfOG%. of]

k|yd ;·fog klg nf]stfÒGqs ljlwcg';f/ g} ;‰fng ub}{ ;f] wd{;efsf

gfos dxfsZokn] wd{ clwj]zgsf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;f]w]— cfj';f], klxn] s'g

;·fog ug]{< wd{ ls ljgo< leÔ'x¿n] klg ljgo eg]sf] a'$zf;gsf] cfo'

ePsfn] ljgo /x] dfq a'$zf;g /xG% eGb} klxn] ljgosf] ;·fog ug]{ k|:tfj

u/]. dxfsZokn] k]ml/ ;f]w]— To;f] eP s;sf] k|d'vtfdf ug]{ t< ;xefuL

leÔ'x¿n] klg l(nf] u/]gg\. Ps :j/n] eg]— cfo'idfg\ pkfnL dxf:ylj/sf]

k|d'vtfdf. lsgeg] klxn] g} eujfg\ a'$n] Ps k|;·df e©'ePsf] lyof]—

leÔ'xf], d]/f ljgow/ leÔ'x¿dWo] pkfnL cu| x'g\.1 -1= cª\u'Q/ lgsfo 1,

k[= 25._ a'$#f]ifs[t ;dGtk;flbsfsf] efu 3 df klg ljgo;DaGwL ;a}

k|Zgx¿ pkfnLn] a'$;“u ;f]Wg'ePsf] lyof] egL p˜]v ul/Psf] %. o;/L ;a}n]

cf"gf] gfd lnPkl% pkfnL klg ljgo;DaGwL k|Zgsf pQ/ lbg tof/ eO{

wdf{;gdf a;] eg] dxfsZok k|Zg ;f]Wg tof/ eP.

klxn] dxfsZokn] kf/flhsfsf] ljgo;DaGwL k|Zg ;f]w]. a'$n] sxf“,

slxn], s] s'/fdf, s;sf] sf/)f kf/flhsfsf] lgod atfpg'eof] egL pkfnLn]

x'ax' v'^v'^ s]nfP/ hjf˚ lbP. of] qmd ;lsPkl% klxnf] kf/flhsfaf^ s]xL

lemSg'kg]{ / yKg'kg]{ s]xL s'/f %g\ ls %}gg\ egL ;f]lwof]. cGTodf pkfnLn]

clg, klg, To; a]nf, o;f] e©'eof] h:tf s]xL zAbafx]s c¿ yKg' cfjZos

%}g eg]kl% ;a} leÔ'x¿n] To;nfO{ Psdtn] kf; u/]. o;/L ljgocGtu{t


k|yd kf/flhsfsf] ^'·f] nufOof]. o;;DaGwL ljj/)f r'˜aUukfnL -k[= 408_

df pknAw %.

Pj+/Ltn] bf]…f], t]…f] / rf}yf] kf/flhsfsf af/]df klg dxfsZokn] pkfnL;“u

ToxL ljlwaf^ k|Zg u/]. pkfnL klg pQ/ lb“b} uP. To;} u/L 227 lzÔfkbx¿

;°ng u/L of] dxflje· xf] egL ls^fg ul/of]. To:t} dxfaUu, r'˜aUu,

kl/jf/nufot ljgosf ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] pkfnLn] hjf˚ lbP. tL ;a}sf]

;°ngk®ft\ ;a} 500 leÔ'x¿n] To;nfO{ kf& u/]sf lyP.

;"qlk^s—;"qlk^s—

;"qlk^s—;"qlk^s—

;"qlk^s— ljgokl% wd{sf] kfnf] cfof]. dxfsZokn] p;} u/L leÔ'x¿nfO{

;f]w] ls s;sf] k|d'vtfdf wd{;·fog ug'{knf{< ;a}n] cfgGbsf] gfd lnP.

cfgGbn] klg leÔ';‹nfO{ :jLsfo{ x'G% eg] cfk"m wd{;DaGwL k|Zgsf] hjf˚

lbg tof/ /x]sf] atfP. To;kl% cfgGb wdf{;gdf a;] / dxfsZokn] k|Zg

;f]Wg ;'? u/]. klxn] s'g lk^ssf] ;ª\u|x u/f}”< cfgGbn] eg]— ;"qlk^s.

To;kl% ;"qlk^scGtu{t bL#lgsfosf] zLn:sGwju{cGtu{t a|#hfn;"qaf^

k|Zgf]Q/ ub}{ wd{ cyf{t\ ;"qlk^ssf] ;°ng ul/;s]kl% of] bL#lgsfo xf] egL

dxfsZokn] eg]— cfj';f], of] ltdL;“u aµ]x¿nfO{ k(f&. To;} u/L dÒHemd

lgsfo ;°ng u/L wd{;]gfklt ;fl/k'q :ylj/nfO{ eg]— of] ltdLx¿n] /Ôf u/.

To;kl% ;+o'St lgsfo dxfsZoks} lhDdf nufOof] eg] cª\u'Q/ lgsfo cg'?$

:ylj/sf] lhDdfdf k¥of]. o;/L ;"qlk^ssf] ;°ng ul/of]. a'$#f]ifsf]

;dGtk;flbsfdf o;;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/)f p˜]v ul/Psf] %. oxf“ pl˜lvt

k|yd ;·fogsf] ljifoj:t' kfnL ;flxTodf cfwfl/t %. t/ nf]sf]Q/jfbLx¿sf]

ljgo u|Gy dflgg] dxfj:t'df eg] of]eGbf ̊ /s s'/f p ]̃v ul/Psf] %. dxfj:t'n]

k|yd ;·fogdf bze"ldsf af/]df %n˚n ePsf] p˜]v u/]sf] %.

a'$sf] kl/lgjf{)fsf] nuQ} kl% dxfsZok dxf:ylj/sf] cWoÔtfdf

ePsf] o; k|yd ;·fogsf] dxŒjk")f{ sfo{ eg]s} ;"q cyf{t\ wd{ / ljgosf]

;°ng xf]. o; cltl/St cfgGbnfO{ s]xL :kflLs/)fx¿ ;f]wL c/xGt x'g

dfu{k|z:t ug]{ lg)f{o ;f] ;‹n] u/]sfn] g} ;"qlk^ssf] ;xh ;°ng x'g ;s]sf]

xf] e© ;lsG%.

bf]…f] af}$ ;·fogbf]…f] af}$ ;·fog

bf]…f] af}$ ;·fogbf]…f] af}$ ;·fog

bf]…f] af}$ ;·fog

(Second Buddhist Council)k|yd af}$ ;·fog ;Dk© ePsf] sl/a 100 jif{kl% /fhf sfnfzf]ssf]

kfnfdf j}zfnLdf bf]…f] ;·fogsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof]. bf]…f] ;·fogsf]


;Gbe{df ;dGtkf;flbsfsf] efu 1 df dxfsZok :ylj/n] ;·fog u/]e}m“ /]jt

:ylj/n] ;a} zf;gsf] dn z'$ u/L lk^ssf] lx;fan], c·sf] lx;fan], wd{

:sGwsf] lx;fan] ;a} wd{ / ljgosf] ;·fog ;Dk© u/] egL p˜]v ul/Psf] %.

t/ ljle© ljåfg\x¿n] s]xL a]Un} k[‡e"lddf bf]…f] ;·fog ePsf] p˜]v

u/]sf %g\. wd{ / ljgosf] ;°ng;lxt k|yd ;·fog ;Dk© ePsf] 100

jif{leqdf af}$ wd{df ljle© lj/f]wL dtx¿ v*f x'g yfn]. ljz]if u/L ljgosf

s&f]/ lgodx¿nfO{ lnP/ leÔ'x¿aLr w]/} dtdtfGt/x¿ b]lvg yfn] / Ps y/L

leÔ'x¿ af}$ ljgosf s&f]/ lgodx¿nfO{ ;docg's"n kl/dfh{g ug]{ kÔdf

b]lvP eg] csf{ y/L leÔ'x¿ k|frLg lgodnfO{ g} x'ax' kfng ug'{k%{ e©] kÔdf

pleP. oL b'O{ lj/f]wL dtsf] e]b rs]{/ uof]. o;/L kl/jt{gsf] kÔdf pleg]

leÔ'x¿df aÓLk'Qs, aÓLk'lQs, jfT;Lk'qLo gfds tTsfnLg aÓL b]zsf

leÔ'x¿ lyP. ltgLx¿n] vfg], lkpg] / aµ] ljifonfO{ lnP/ cnu cEof;x¿

ug{ yfn]sf lyP. ljle© 10 j^f a'“bfdf ;d]^]/ r'˜aUudf ltgLx¿sf] j)f{g

ul/Psf] %. otf k|frLg ljgosf kÔkftL leÔ'x¿sf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf leÔ'

ozn] aÓL b]zsf leÔ'x¿sf] dt zfÚ ljk/Lt ePsf] eGb} pgLx¿nfO{ sf/afO{

ug'{kg]{ cfjfh p&fP. kl®dL / blÔ)fL b]zx¿ / sf}zfDaLnufot &fp“ uO{

cwd{sf] j[l$ u/fPsf] / ljgonfO{ ;°^df kf/]sf] eGb} tL kl/jt{gsf/L leÔ'x¿sf]

sbdnfO{ cdfGo #f]lift ug{ nfu]. tTsfnLg ;dosf k|ltl‡t / ljåfg\ leÔ'

/]jtsxf“ uO{ ltgsf lqmofsnfksf] a]lnla:tf/ nufP / /]jtn] klg ltgnfO{

cdfGo #f]lift ul/lbP.

aÓL b]zsf leÔ'x¿ klg cf"gf] dtdf ;dy{g h'^fpg /]jtnfO{ e]^\g

uP, t/ leÔ'n] pgLx¿sf] k|:tfjnfO{ c:jLsf/ ul/lbP egL r'˜aUun] p˜]v

u/]sf] %. pg} leÔ' /]jtn] g} ;f] ljjfbnfO{ ;fDo kfg{ j}zfnLdf uP/ ;·fog

ug]{ ;'emfj lbP. To;kl% 700 leÔ'x¿ j}zfnLdf e]nf eP/ leÔ' ;AasfdLsf]

cWoÔtfdf ;·fog u/L aÓL b]zsf leÔ'x¿sf] cfr/)f / lgod ljgo ljk/Lt

ePsf] #f]if)ff u/].

bLkj+zdf p˜]v ePcg';f/ aÓL b]zsf leÔ'x¿ klg r'k nfu]/ a;]gg\.

kl/jt{gsf kÔkftL 10 xhf/ hgf leÔ'x¿ sf}zfDaLdf e]nf eP/ ljzfn

;·fog u/] h;nfO{ dxf;·fog elgof]. o;} dxf;·fogdf ;xefuL leÔ'x¿n]

cfk"mnfO{ dxf;fl‹s eg] eg] s§/kGyL leÔ'x¿sf] ;‹nfO{ lxg;fl‹s gfds/)f

u/]. o; lbgb]lv ;'?jftb]lv g} cIÔ')f ¿kdf /x]sf] af}$;‹df k'm^ dfq}


cfPg, ljlwjt\ ¿kdf b'O{ j^f ;Dk|bfo v*f eP. Pp^fnfO{ lxg;fl‹s jf

:ylj/jfbL elgof] eg] csf]{ dxf;fl‹s. o;/L bf]…f] ;·fog af}$ Oltxf;df

ljle© ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ljsf;sf lgÒDt Ps alnof] / cflwsfl/s cfwf/e"ld

aGof].

t]…f] af}$ ;·fogt]…f] af}$ ;·fog

t]…f] af}$ ;·fogt]…f] af}$ ;·fog

t]…f] af}$ ;·fog

(Third Buddhist Council)

bf]…f] af}$ ;·fogn] af}$ wd{df hf] lju|x / ljv)*gsf] cfwf/ v*f

ul/lbPsf] lyof]. To;kl%sf lbgx¿df Tof] ce}m k}mlnP/ uof]. af}$ wd{ hlthlt

nf]slk|o x'“b} uof] ToltTolt gof“gof“ dfGotfx¿ :yflkt x'“b} uP / cnu–cnu

;Dk|bfosf] ljsf; x'“b} uof]. ef/tjif{sf k|efjzfnL /fhf czf]ssf] ;do

-304—232 O= k"=_ O;fk"j{ t]…f] ztfAbL;Dd cfOk'Ubf t af}$ wd{df emG*} 18

j^f cnu ;Dk|bfo v*f eO;s]sf lyP.

s'g} klg ;·&g hlthlt lj:tfl/t x'“b} hfG% ToltTolt o;df ljle©

k|s[lt / :jefjsf dflg;x¿ ;fd]n x'“b} hfG%g\. af}$ wd{df klg o:t} eof].

ljle© lsl;dsf nf]eLkfkLx¿ leÔ'sf ¿kdf o; wd{df k|j]z ub}{ uP / wd{

k|b"lift x'“b} uof]. o;/L af}$ wd{ ljle© ;Dk|bfox¿df ljeSt ePsf], cnu–

cnu wfld{s cEof;x¿ eO/x]sf] / af}$ lzÔfsf] ;xL JofVof gePsf] kl/j]zdf

To; a]nfsf s]xL cu'jf leÔ'x¿n] / ljz]if u/L ;d|f^\ czf]sn] af}$ ;·fog

u/L wfld{s :jR%tf sfod ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf af]w u/]. ctM ;d|f^\ czf]snfO{

af}$dfuL{ agfpg dxŒjk")f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf egL Voflt sdfPsf leÔ'

df]ufnLk'qltio dxf:ylj/sf] cWoÔtfdf / ;d|f^\ czf]ssf] ;+/ÔsTjdf xfn

ef/tsf] k^gf cyf{t\ tTsfnLg kf^lnk'qdf nueu O;fk"j{ 249 df t[tLo af}$

;·fogsf] cfof]hgf ul/of].

;f] ;·fogcl# wd{sf] unt JofVof ug]{, wd{nfO{ k|b"lift agfpg] / af}$

wd{sf] cfwf/e"t lzÔf s] xf] egL ;f]Wbf e© g;Sg] 60,000 leÔ'x¿nfO{

;‹af^ lgisf;g ul/Psf] lyof]. of] sfd ;d|f^\ czf]sn] cf"g} pkÒ:yltdf

u/fPsf lyP. wd{df ;xL dfGotf :yflkt ug{ To;kl% df]ufnLk'qltion] wd{ /

ljgodf /fd|f] bvn ePsf tLg} lk^ssf !ftf Ps xhf/ leÔ'x¿sf] %gf]^ u/].

tL Ps xhf/ leÔ'x¿ kf^lnk'qdf e]nf eP/ gf} dlxgfsf] cjlw nufP/ af}$

wd{sf tLg} j^f lk^sx¿sf] ;°ng u/]. To; a]nf clewd{lk^scGtu{t


syfjTy'Kks/)fsf] ;°ng ul/Psf] lyof]. of] ;·fog :ylj/jfbLx¿sf] ;·fog

lyof]. xfn k|fKo cflwsfl/s kfnL lqlk^ssf] cfwf/ oxL ;·fogn] to u/]sf]

lyof].

o;} ;·fogdfk{mt wfld{s z'$tf sfod u/L ;xL ¿kdf lqlk^ssf]

;°ng ul/;s]kl% ;d|f^\ czf]sn] wd{sf] k|rf/df hf]* lbP. leÔ'x¿sf] ;d"x

agfO{ ljle© d'n'sdf k&fP. o;} qmddf pgn] cf"gf %f]/f dx]Gı -s;}s;}n]

efO egL p˜]v u/]sf %g\_ / %f]/L ;‹ldqfnfO{ l;+xn åLk ->Ln°f_ k&fP.

o;af^ >Ln°fdf af}$ wd{sf] k|rf/ dfq} ePg, clkt' O= k"= k|yd ztfAbLdf

/fhf a§ufldgLsf] kfnfdf lj! af}$ Oltxf;df klxnf] k^s lqlk^snfO{

lnlka$;d]t ul/of]. o;/L t]…f] ;·fogkl% >Ln°f k'u]sf] lqlk^s g} xfnsf]

kfnL lqlk^ssf] cfwf/ a© k'Uof].

To;} u/L ;d|f^\ czf]sn] cf"gL csL{ %f]/L rf?dtLnfO{ wd{k|rf/sf

nflu g]kfn k&fPsf] klg Oltxf; e]l^G%. pg} rf?dtLn] lgdf{)f u/]sf] rf?dtL

ljxf/ -rf–alxM_ sf&df*f}”sf] rfalxndf cBfjlw %“b} %.

rf}yf] af}$ ;·fogrf}yf] af}$ ;·fog

rf}yf] af}$ ;·fogrf}yf] af}$ ;·fog

rf}yf] af}$ ;·fog

(Fourth Buddhist Council)

t]…f] af}$ ;·fogn] af}$ wd{df b]lvPsf k'm^, ljefhg / cwfld{s

sfo{x¿nfO{ lsgf/f nufp“b} wfld{s z'$tf sfod ug]{ x]t'n] :ylj/jfbL leÔ'x¿sf]

;·fog u/L :ylj/ ;Dk|bfonfO{ g} cl# a(fpg vf]h]sf] lyof]. t/ sfnqmddf

:ylj/jfbleq} klg k'm^ / ljefhgx¿ b]lvg yfn]. Ps} wd{leq ˚/s˚/s

dfGotfx¿ b]lvg yfn]. wd{sf] lgod / ljgonfO{ Psflt/ kG%fP/ cfk"mv';L

JofVof ug]{ qmd /f]lsPg.

o;} ;Gbe{df k|l;$ lrlgof“ ofqL o'jfg Rjfªn] j)f{g u/]cg';f/ O;fsf]

k|yd ztfAbLsf ef/tjif{sf k|efjzfnL /fhf s'iff)fj+zLo dxf/fh slgis -78—

151 O=_ af}$ wd{k|lt cfslif{t eP%g\. /fhfn] x/]s lbg PsPs hgf leÔ'nfO{

b/af/df af]nfP/ af}$ lzÔfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng] OR%f u/]%g\. ;f]xLcg'¿k

x/]s lbg PsPs hgf leÔ' uP/ /fhfnfO{ af}$ lzÔfsf af/]df atfpg yfn]%g\.

t/ pgLx¿n] atfPsf s'/f ˚/s / lj/f]wfef;k")f{ ePsf] yfxf kfpg /fhf

slgisnfO{ w]/} ;do nfu]g. ctM pgn] af}$ wd{sf] vf; dfGotfsf af/]df yfxf

kfpg To; a]nfsf hfg]dfg] leÔ' kf!{;“u k/fdz{ u/] / wd{z'l$sf nflu pg}


leÔ'sf] ;˜fxdf dxf/fh slgisn] Ps ;·fogsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ lg)f{o u/].

500 leÔ' cf“̂ \g] Ps ljxf/sf] lgdf{)f ul/of]. ;f] ljxf/ sZdL/ /fHosf] s')*njg

ljxf/ lyof]. ;·fogdf ;xefuL ;a} leÔ'x¿nfO{ lqlk^ssf] ljifodf a*]a*]

JofVof n]Vg nufOof]. leÔ'x¿n] tLg} lk^sx¿nfO{ PsPs nfv Znf]sdf

JofVof u/] h;dWo] ljgolk^ssf] JofVofnfO{ ljgo ljefiff elgG%.

rf}yf] ;·fog;Dd cfOk'Ubf :ylj/jfbaf^ cnu ;jf{:tLjfb ;Dk|bfosf]

ljsf; eO;s]sf] lyof]. :ylj/jfb cNkdtdf k'u]sf] lyof] / dxf/fh slgissf]

;+/ÔsTjdf ;Dk© rf}yf] ;·fogdf ;jf{:tLjfbLx¿s} afx'No lyof]. o; sf/)f

klg x'g ;S%, o; ;·fogsf af/]df :ylj/jfbL u|Gyx¿ -ljz]if u/L >Ln°fnL

u|Gyx¿_ df}g kfOG%g\. lrlgof“ / ltAatL u|Gydf o;af/] k|z:t p˜]v ePsfn]

rf}yf] ;·fogsf] P]ltxfl;stfsf af/]df s'g} ;Gb]x ug'{kg]{ cj:yf eg] %}g.

rf}yf] ;·fog O;fsf] k|yd ztfAbLdf ePsf] lyof] / o;n] ;jf{:tLjfbL lqlk^ssf]

lgwf{/)f u/]sf] lyof]. ;jf{:tLjfbsf] ;f] lqlk^s ;+:s[t efiff / v/f]flL lnlkdf

n]lvPsf] lyof] h;sf] d"n gfl eO;s]sf] eP klg lrlgof“ cg'jfb k|fKo %.

leÔ' j;'ldqsf] cWoÔtfdf ;Dk© ;f] ;·fogsf pkfWoÔ lyP dxfslj

c!#f]if. xfn k|l;$ dxfljefiff gfds u|Gy g} rf}yf] ;·fogdf ul/Psf] lqlk^ssf]

JofVof xf]. jf:tjdf j;'aGw' /lrt clewd{sf]z klg log} ljefiffx¿df cfwfl/t

%. o'jfg Rjfªs} j)f{gdf s] klg kfOG% eg] ;·fog ;dfl†kl% dxf/fh

slgisn] tL ;a} ljefiffx¿nfO{ tfd|kqdf lnlka$ u/fPsf lyP / kl% ;f]xL

;·fogsf lgÒDt lgld{t :t"kleq ufl*lbPsf lyP. sZdL/lt/ pTvgg ubf{ s'g}

lbg oL tfd|kqx¿ e]l^g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ ;ls“b}g.


Bibhor Baral


Pl;ofdf af}$ wd{sf] lj:tf/

>Ln°f>Ln°f

>Ln°f>Ln°f

>Ln°f

(Srilanka/Ceylon)lj!el/ af}$ wd{ k}mnfpg] klxnf] >]o ;d|f^\ czf]s -304—232 O= k"=_

nfO{ hfG%. o;cg'¿k blÔ)f Pl;ofnL b]z >Ln°fdf af}$ wd{ lj:tf/ ug]{ >]o

klg pg} ;d|f^\ czf]snfO{ lbOG%. t]…f] af}$ ;·fog ;Dk© u/L lqlk^s;d]t

;°ng ul/;s]kl% ;d|f \̂ czf]sn] kljq wd{sf] k}mnfj^sf nflu w]/}lt/ wd{b"tx¿

k&fPsf lyP. l;+xn åLk cyf{t\ >Ln°fdf eg] pgn] cf"g} %f]/f dx]Gı

dxf:ylj/sf ;fy cGo rf/ hgf leÔ'nfO{ k&fP. /fhf b]jfgÒDko / /fgL cg'nf

-247—207 O= k"=_ sf] kfnfdf leÔ' dx]Gı af}$ wd{sf] k|rf/fy{ >Ln°f k'u]sf

lyP. s'zn wd{sf c;n ;Gb]zx¿n] /fhf/fgLnfO{ klg k|efljt gu/L /xg

;s]gg\. /fhfn] tTsfn af}$ wd{ wf/)f u/].

/fhfnfO{ b]jtf df©] To; a]nfsf] ;dfhdf /fhfn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] /fhwd{df

cfa$ x'g' hgtf cf"gf] st{Jo ;DemGy]. >Ln°fnL hgtfn] klg cf"gf] st{Jo

e'n]gg\. xhf/f}”xhf/ >Ln°fnLn] af}$ wd{ c“ufn]/ leÔ' hLjgnfO{ :jLsf/ u/].

o;/L >Ln°fdf leÔ' ;‹sf] :yfkgf eof]. To;kl% ljle© ljxf/ / r}Tox¿

a© yfn]. af}$ wd{ cjnDag ug]{ nx/ g} rNof]. of] ;a b]v]/ /fgL cg'nfnfO{

klg k|j|lht x'g] /x/ nfUof] / pgn] klg af}$ ;‹df cfa$ x'g] OR%f JoSt

ul/g\. t/ Tolt a]nf af}$ ;‹df leÔ'n] leÔ')fLnfO{ k|j|lht ug]{ cg'dlt lyPg.

ctM of] va/ ;d|f^\ czf]s;Dd k'¥ofOof]. pgn] /fgLnfO{ leÔ')fL agfpgsf

nflu cf"gL %f]/L leÔ')fL ;‹ldqfnfO{ >Ln°f k&fP. ;‹ldqfn] /fgL cg'nfnfO{

pk;Dk© u/]kl% >Ln°fdf ljlwjt\ ¿kdf leÔ')fL ;‹sf] klg :yfkgf eof].

o;/L >Ln°fdf leÔ' ;‹ :yfkgfsf] >]o dx]GınfO{ hfG% eg] leÔ')fL

;‹ :yfkgfsf] >]o ;‹ldqfnfO{ hfG%. dx]Gı uPsf] b'O{ jif{kl% ;‹ldqf

>Ln°f uPsL lyOg\. ;‹ldqfnfO{ >Ln°f k&fp“bf ;d|f \̂ czf]sn] a'$n] af]lw!fg


k|f† ubf{tfssf] af]lwj[Ôsf] Pp^f la?jf klg k&fPsf lyP e©] lj!f; ul/G%.

;f] af]lwj[Ô xfn;Dd klg >Ln°fsf] cg'/fwfk'/df ePsf] lj!f; %. To;} u/L

a'$ kl/lgjf{)fsf] sl/a 500 jif{kl% a'$sf bf“t klg >Ln°f k'¥ofOPsf] k|;·

dxfj+zdf p˜]v ePsf] %. dxfj+zsf cg';f/ g]kfnÒ:yt /fdu|fdsf] :t"k

/f]lx)fL gbLn] aufp“bf gbLdf aUb} ;f] :t"kleq /x]sf] bf“t klg >Ln°f k'u]sf] xf].

b]jfgÒDkoltiokl%sf >Ln°fnL /fhfx¿n] klg af}$ wd{nfO{ xflb{stfk"j{s

:jLsf/ u/] / af}$ wd{sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df hf]* lbP. /fhf bQufldgL -zf;gsfn

101—77 O= k"=_ sf] kfnfdf >Ln°fdf ;a}eGbf &"nf] :t"k *fuf]jfsf] lgdf{)f

eof] eg] /fhf a§ufldgL ceo -zf;gsfn 29—17 O= k"=_ sf] kfndf ;Dk")f{

lqlk^snfO{ tf*kq (Palm Leaf) df lnlka$ ul/of]. leÔ' dxfy]/ /ÒVvtsf]

cWoÔtfdf >Ln°fsf] dfGtg] e©] &fp“sf] cfnf]s ljxf/df a;L 500 leÔ'n]

tf*kqdf lqlk^snfO{ lnlka$ ug]{ sfd u/]sf lyP. cfhsfn pknAw kfnL

lqlk^s oxL g} xf]. o;eGbf cl# >'ltk/Dk/fsf cfwf/df dfq} lqlk^s af“r]sf]

lyof]. lqlk^snfO{ lnlka$ ul/Psf] of] klxnf] k^s lyof]. af}$ ;flxTosf]

Oltxf;df o; #^gfnfO{ P]ltxfl;s ˚*\sf] df©'kb{%. af}$ ;flxTosf] sf];]('·f

ag]sf] lqlk^s lnlka$ ug]{ o; sfo{sf lgÒDt 500 jfrs / 500 hgf n]vgbf;

cxf]/fq v^]sf lyP. To; a]nf >Ln°fdf clgsfn k/]sf] lyof] / clgsfnsf]

a]nf wd{sf] /Ôf x'g ;Sb}g egL /fhfn] lqlk^s lnlka$ u/fPsf lyP. o;/L

af}$ wd{n] >Ln°fsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / hLjgz}nLdf dfq} k|fej kf/]g, clkt'

:ylj/jfbL af}$ wd{sf] s]Gı klg aGof]. :ylj/jfbL cyf{t\ lxgofg af}$ wd{sf]

ax'ntf eP klg ;g\ 819 df >Ln°fdf jh|ofgsf] k|j]z eof], s]xL :t"kx¿

agfOof]. tyflk o; ;Dk|bfosf] cÒ:tTj lg/Gt/ ePg. k]ml/ klg :ylj/jfb g}

k|d'v ;Dk|bfosf ¿kdf /˛f]. t/ >Ln°fsf] Oltxf; klg l;wf af^f] lx“*]g. ;f]¸f}”

ztfAbLdf kf]r'{luhx¿n] >Ln°fdf xdnf u/] / kf]r'{unn] >Ln°fnfO{ cf"gf]

pklgj]zsf ¿kdf zf;g u¥of]. olt dfq} ePg, >Ln°fsf ;Dk")f{ leÔ'x¿sf]

xTof ul/of], lqlk^snufot af}$ u|Gyx¿ hnfOof] / af}$ wd{sf] ;d"n gfl ul/of].

sl/a 100 jif{;Dd kf]r'{unn] zf;g u?Gh]n >Ln°fdf af}$ wd{ nf]k g} eof].

kf]r'{luhkl% *rx¿ cfP. >Ln°fnfO{ pklgj]zs} ¿kdf zf;g u/] klg

wd{sf] dfldnfdf pgLx¿ s]xL pbf/ lyP. *rx¿n] >Ln°fsf] af}$ k/Dk/fnfO{

;+/Ô)f ug]{ gLlt lnP. gLlt dfq} lnPgg\, ;xof]u klg u/]. af}$ ;‹ k'g:yf{kgfsf

lgÒDt Ps hgf z}jdfuL{ sLlt{/fh l;+x / Ps hgf >fd)f]/ z/)fs/nfO{ ;g\


1756 df yfONofG* k&fOof]. yfONofG*af^ pgLx¿n] af}$ leÔ'x¿sf] Ps ;d"x

lnP/ cfP. o;sf] ;Dk")f{ vr{ *r ;/sf/n] g} a]xf]¥of]. ltg} leÔ'x¿dfk{mt

>Ln°fdf af}$ wd{sf] k'g:yf{kgf eof]. of] k'g:yf{lkt af}$ wd{ l;ofd lgsfocGtu{t

/˛f]. xfn >Ln°fsf] af}$ wd{df tLg lsl;dsf lgsfox¿ %g\— 1= ceolu/L

cyjf dxfljxf/ lgsfo -of] lgsfo dx]Gın] :yfkgf u/]sf] lgsfosf] lg/Gt/tf

xf]_, 2= l;ofd lgsfo -of] yfO{ leÔ'n] k'g:yf{lkt u/]sf] af}$ lgsfo xf]_ / 3=

ald{h lgsfo -of] ad]{nL af}$ wd{sf] k|efjdf ljsl;t af}$ lgsfo xf]_.

xfn >Ln°fdf s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] 70 k|ltzt af}$dfuL{x¿ %g\.

Dofgdf/Dofgdf/

Dofgdf/Dofgdf/

Dofgdf/

(Myanmar)Dofgdf/ cyf{t\ adf{ (Burma) ;“u af}$ wd{sf] ;DaGw lgs} k'/fgf] %.

Ps lsl;dn] a'$s} ;dob]lv adf{df af}$ wd{ k}mn]sf] xf] e© ;lsG%.

eujfg\ a'$ cfk"mn] af]lw!fg k|f† ul/;s]kl%sf] ;† ;†fxdf ;f] !fgsf

ljljw cfofdx¿sf] cg'e"lt ug]{ qmddf x'g'x'GYof]. ToxLaLrsf] Ps ;†fxdf

pxf“ /fhfog j[Ôd'lg WofgdUg x'g'x'GYof]. pSt ;dodf tk':; / el˜s gfds

b'O{ hgf ad]{nL Jofkf/Lx¿ klg ;f]xL af^f] eP/ st} hf“b} lyP. !fgsf] t]hn]

wkÍ an]sf tfk;LnfO{ b]v]/ pgLx¿n] a'$nfO{ >$fk"j{s ;ft" / dx bfg u/].

a'$n] ;f] vfg] s'/f u|x)f ug'{eof]. pgLx¿n] pkxf/:j¿k a'$sf cf& j^f s]z

lnP/ uP / adf{df :j]*uf]” r}To lgdf{)f u/]. tL Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{ å}jflrs pkf;s

elgG%. a'$, wd{ / ;‹nfO{ Psd':^ ¿kdf lqjflrs elgG%. To; a]nf ;‹sf]

:yfkgf eOg;s]sf], a'$ / wd{sf] dfq} :yfkgf ePsfn] tL Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{

å}jflrs pkf;s elgPsf] xf]. Ps ad]{nL lj!f;cg';f/ a'$Tjk|fl†kl%sf]

;ftf}” jiff{jf;sf nflu a'$ adf{ hfg'ePsf] lyof] klg elgG%. t/ o;sf] s'g}

P]ltxfl;s / k|fdfl)fs cfwf/ kfO“b}g.

adf{df af}$ wd{ ;'?jftsf] P]ltxfl;s cfwf/ vf]Hb} hf“bf >Ln°fnL

j+zfjnL;Dd k'Ug'kg]{ x'G%. j+zfjnLdf ;d|f^\ czf]sn] ;'j)f{ e"lddf af}$

wd{sf] k|rf/k|;f/sf nflu b'O{ hgf leÔ' ;f])f / pQ/nfO{ k&fPsf lyP e©]

p˜]v ePsf] kfOG%. s]xL ljåfg\x¿n] ;'j)f{e"ld eg]sf] adf{ g} xf] eg]sf %g\.

oBlk of] egfO ljjfb/lxt eg] %}g.

o;/L Dofgdf/df af}$ wd{sf] &f]; / P]ltxfl;s cfwf/ e]^\g kf“rf}”

ztfAbL;Dd k'Ug'kg]{ x'G%. adf{sf] #fjhfdf pTvgg ubf{ kfOPsf cjz]ifx¿ /

lrlgof“ ofqLx¿sf ofqfljj/)faf^ s] kQf nfUb% eg] kf“rf}” ztfAbLkl% g}


Dofgdf/ :ylj/jfbL af}$ wd{sf] s]Gı ag]sf] lyof]. blÔ)f ef/tlt/af^ uPsf

wd{k|rf/sx¿n] ;f] wd{ k}mnfPsf lyP. To;f] t s] klg kfOG% eg] d"n ;jf{:tLjfb

/ dxfofg af}$ wd{ kf“rf}” ztfAbLd} k"jL{ ef/taf^ adf{ k|j]z u/]sf] lyof], t/

c¿ ;Dk|bfosf] cÒ:tTj eP klg adf{df :ylj/jfbs} af]njfnf /lx/˛f]. k|frLg

ad]{nL &fp“x¿ k]u" -x+;jtL_, yftf]” -;'wDdjtL_ tyf /fdg b]zsf cGo

Ô]qsf lxGb"x¿ klg :ylj/jfbnfO{ c“ufNg k'u]. P#f/f}” ztfAbLlt/ cfOk'Ubf t

yftf]” :ylj/jfbsf] s]Gı g} alg;s]sf] lyof]. P#f/f}” ztfAbLd} ltAatL ıljl*og

hftsf d|fDd; (Mrammas) x¿ #'Db} adf{sf] kfuf“ (Pagan) e©] &fp“df cfP

/ kfuf“nfO{ g} /fhwfgL agfP/ Pp^f ;fgf] t/ zÒStzfnL /fHo v*f u/]. d|fDd;x¿

clzlÔt / c;Eo lyP. t/ klg pgLx¿n] cf"gf] /fHodf tfÒGqs af}$ wd{nfO{

;+/Ô)f lbP. oBlk pgLx¿sf] zf;g w]/} ;do l^Sg ;s]g, ;g\ 1044 df clg?$

gfdsf /fhfn] kfuf“dfly cfqmd)f u/L ;f] /fHo xTofP. pgn] yftf]”af^ leÔ'x¿

af]nfP/ tfÒGqs af}$ ;Dk|bfonfO{ lj:yflkt ub}{ :ylj/jfbnfO{ g} k'g:yf{lkt

u/]. clg?$n] wd{ t k'g:yf{lkt u/] t/ Toxf“ s'g} af}$ u|Gyx¿ lyPgg\. To;}n]

pgn] yftf]”sf /fhf dg'xfsxf“ lqlk^s dfUg] ;Gb]z;lxt s]xL dfG%]x¿ k&fP.

t/ clg?$sf] dfunfO{ dg'xfn] OGsf/ ul/lbP. clg?$nfO{ of] va/ ;lx;Sg'

ePg. t'?Gt cf"gf] ;}lgs ˚f}hnfO{ t}gfy ug{ eg] / yftf]” cfqmd)f ug{ uP.

pgn] /fHo dfq} lht]gg\, dg'xfnfO{ s}b u/] / yftf]”df /x]sf ;Dk")f{ af}$ u|Gyx¿,

leÔ'x¿, eujfg\sf cÒ:y wft'x¿nufot ;Dk")f{ ;fdu|L lnP/ cfP. elgG%,

tL ;fdu|Lx¿ 32 j^f xfQLnfO{ af]sfP/ NofOPsf] lyof]. To;kl% /fhf clg?$n]

w]/} af}$ dÒGb/ / ljxf/x¿ agfP, kfuf“nfO{ :ylj/jfbsf] s]Gı g} agfP. pgn]

>Ln°faf^ ;d]t ;Dk")f{ lqlk^s Nofpg nufP. o;/L clg?$n] >Ln°f /

yftf]”af^ u|Gyx¿ e]nf u/L lqlk^ssf] ;+/Ô)f u/]. pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] klg

of] wfld{s lg/Gt/tfnfO{ sfod /fv], clg?$sf %f]/f SofglhTyn] kfuf“df

cfgGb dÒGb/ :yfkgf u/]. la:tf/} :ylj/jfb adf{el/ k}mlnof].

xfn Dofgdf/df s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] 88 k|ltzt af}$dfuL{x¿ %g\.

yfONofG*yfONofG*

yfONofG*yfONofG*

yfONofG*

(Thailand)yfONofG*sf] k'/fgf] gfd l;ofd (Siam) xf]. oxf“ klg nueu ;'?jftb]lv

g} af}$ wd{sf] cÒ:tTj /x]sf] kfOG%. yfONofG*sf] kf]ª^'s / k|mf ˚fyf]ddf

kfOPsf k'/ftfÒŒjs k|df)fx¿sf cfwf/df s] e© ;lsG% eg] O;fsf] k|yd jf

bf]…f] ztfAbLb]lv g} yfONofG*df af}$ wd{ k|j]z ul/;s]sf] lyof].


tL &fp“x¿ pTvgg ubf{ ljle© af}$ k|ltdfx¿, wfld{s ;+/rgfsf cjz]if,

s'“lbPsf df^fsf d"lt{x¿ tyf wd{rqm k|jt{g h:tf af}$ #^gf;“u ;DaÒGwt

k|z:t ;°]tx¿ kfOPsf lyP. o;sf] k'/ftfÒŒjs cWoogaf^ tL ;fdu|Lx¿

k|yd jf bf]…f] ztfAbLsf ePsf] kQf nfUof]. o;y{ e© ;lsG% ls yfONofG*sf]

af}$ wd{sf] Oltxf; k|yd jf bf]…f] ztfAbLb]lv ;'? ePsf] xf].

o;} u/L s]xL ;dokl% u'†fsfnsf] ulx/f] k|efj /x]sf d"lt{x¿ / Wj:t

wfld{s ;+/rgfx¿ klg kfOP. o; sfn;Dd klg yfONofG*df :ylj/jfbL af}$

wd{ lgs} ˚:^fPsf] kfOG%. cf&f}”–gjf}” ztfAbLlt/ yfONofG*df s]xL /fhgLlts

kl/jt{g eof]. yfONofG* / nfcf]; sDaf]l*ofsf] cwLg:y eP, ˚n:j¿k

sDaf]l*ofsf] wfld{s k|efjaf^ cnu /xg ;s]gg\. o;aLrdf yfONofG*df af}$

wd{ s]xL cf]e]mndf k¥of]. To; a]nf sDaf]l*ofdf a|f#)f wd{ k|rlnt lyof].

t]¸f}” ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ yfONofG*n] k'gM cf"gf] /fhgLlts ;jf]{‚tf

sfod u¥of], ̊ n:j¿k k'gM :ylj/jfbL af}$ wd{ yfONofG* / nfcf];df ;d]t

˚:^fP/ uof]. ;“u;“u} kfnL ;flxTosf] klg >Lj[l$ eof]. x'“bfx'“b} tTsfnLg yfO{

/fhf >L;"o{j+z /fd dxfwfld{s /fhflw/fh;d]tn] leÔ'sf ¿kdf af}$ wd{

c“ufNg k'u]. o;kl% t s] rflxof] / ;f/f yfONofG*el/ af}$ wd{ %Øfk%Øf†L

g} eof]. ;g\ 1361 lt/ /fhfn] s]xL leÔ' / af}$ ljåfg\x¿nfO{ >Ln°f k&fP.

pgLx¿n] dxf;dL ;‹/fhf gfdsf k|sf)* leÔ'nfO{ yfONofG* lnP/ cfP. ltg}

leÔ'sf] k|]/)ff / yfO{ /fhfsf] k|of;af^ yfONofG* / nfcf];df af}$ wd{ / kfnL

;flxTosf] e/k'/ k|rf/k|;f/ ul/of] h;sf] sf/)faf^ xfnsf] nfcf];lt/ ar]v'r]sf

;'j)f{u|fd, xl/k'˙o, vd]//ffl«, cnlj/ffl« h:tf s]xL tTsfnLg lxGb" /fHox¿

klg af}$ wd{sf] k|efjaf^ cnÒUug ;s]gg\. To; a]nfb]lv p“wf] nfu]sf] a|f#)fwd{

yfONofG* / nfcf];df nf]kk|foM g} eof] eg] :ylj/jfbL af}$ wd{n] /fd|};“u h/f

uf*Øf] hf] cBflk sfod %“b} %. clxn] klg yfONofG*n] :ylj/jfbL af}$

wd{sf] s]Gısf ¿kdf lj!d} cf"gf] klxrfg k|blz{t ul//x]sf] %.

xfn yfONofG*df s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] 95 k|ltzt af}$dfuL{x¿ %g\.

OG*f]g]l;ofOG*f]g]l;of

OG*f]g]l;ofOG*f]g]l;of

OG*f]g]l;of

(Indonesia)OG*f]g]l;ofsf] k'/fgf] gfd ;'j)f{åLk xf]. ;'j)f{åLksf] wfld{s Oltxf; x]bf{

kf“rf}” ztfAbLsf] ;'?jft;Dd of] ^fk'df pqf]lawL af}$ wd{ ˚:^fPsf] kfO“b}g.

kf“rf}” ztfAbLsf] ;'?jftlt/} hfef ̂ fk' k'u]sf lrlgof“ ofqL ̊ f lxofgsf] j)f{gcg';f/


;f] ^fk'df a|f#)fwd{nufot cGo s]xL wd{x¿ ˚:^fPsf] eP klg af}$ wd{sf]

pkÒ:ylt p˜]Vo lyPg.

t/ oxf“ af}$ wd{ k}mlng nfdf] ;do s'g'{k/]g. u')fjd{g gfdsf Ps hgf

ef/tLo leÔ'n] hfefdf af}$ wd{ k}mnfpg] cleef/f k"/f ul/lbP. u')fjd{g

ef/tsf] s'g} /fhkl/jf/sf ;b:o lyP / wfld{s hLjgk|lt ?lr /fVb} leÔ'sf

¿kdf af}$ wd{df k|j]z u/]sf lyP. pg} af}$ leÔ' u')fjd{g g} hfef ^fk' #'Dg

uP. cfk"m klg /fhkl/jf/sf] ;b:o ePsfn] Toxf“sf] /fhkl/jf/;“u ;Dks{ /

;DaGw :yflkt ug{ pgnfO{ cK&Øf/f] k/]g. ;j{k|yd af}$ wd{sf cfbz{af^

Toxf“sL /fhdftf k|efljt eOg\, qmdzM /fhfn] klg af}$ wd{ cjnDag u/].

/fhfn] g} af}$ dfu{ :jLsf/ u/]kl% hgtf klg la:tf/} af}$dfuL{ x'“b} uP. qmdzM

/fHoel/ af}$ wd{ k}mn]/ uof].

OG*f]g]l;ofs} csf]{ ^fk' ;'dfqfdf klg lgs} klxn] af}$ wd{ k|j]z u/]sf]

kfOG%. s]xL clen]vx¿af^ s] k'lfl ePsf] % eg] ;g\ 683—84 lt/ tTsfnLg

>Lljho /fHo -xfn ;'dfqf_ sf /fhf af}$dfuL{ lyP. k|l;$ lrlgof“ ofqL OÒT;ªn]

klg >Lljhosf] ofqf u/]sf lyP. pgsf] ofqfljj/)faf^ s] yfxf kfOG% eg]

;ftf}” ztfAbLd} blÔ)f Pl;ofnL ̂ fk'x¿s} dxŒjk")f{ af}$ lzÔfsf] s]Gısf ¿kdf

>Lljhon] cf"gf] klxrfg :yflkt ul/;s]sf] lyof]. >Lljhodf dxfofg ;Dk|bfo

;fgf] ¿kdf lyof] eg] jl/kl/ cGo /fHox¿df lxgofg ;Dk|bfosf] k|e'Tj /x]sf]

kfOG%. To; a]nf >Lljhodf dfq} Ps xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf af}$ leÔ'x¿ ePsf]

/ ;a}n] ef/tdf af}$ lzÔfsf] cWoog u/]sf] OÒT;ªn] atfPsf %g\. OÒT;ªn]

klg ;ftf}” ztfAbLsf] pQ/f${df ef/tsf] e|d)f u/]sf lyP. o;/L ;ftf}” ztfAbLb]lv

P#f/f}” ztfAbL;Dd OG*f]g]l;of Ps lsl;dn] af}$ wd{sf] s]Gıs} ¿kdf /˛f].

gfnGbf lj!ljBfnosf k|Voft af}$ u'? wd{kfnn] klg OG*f]g]l;ofsf]

e|d)f u/]sf lyP. ;ftf}” ztfAbLsf ljqmdlznf lj!ljBfnosf k|d'v / P#f/f}”

ztfAbLsf k|l;$ af}$ ljåfg\x¿ bLk°/ >L!fg klg cf"gf] hLjgsf] k"jf{${df

jl/‡ ljåfg\ rGısLlt{sf ;fydf cWoog ug{ ;'j)f{bLk uPsf lyP. kl% z}n]Gı

j+zsf /fhfx¿sf] ;+/Ô)f / k|efjaf^ dxfofg af}$ wd{ hfef / ;'dfqfdf lgs}

g} df}nfof]. Ps hgf z}n]Gı /fhfsf u'? a·fnL lyP. pgsf] k|efjaf^ tfÒGqs

af}$ wd{ klg cÒ:tTjdf cfof]. wfld{s hfu/)fsf sf/)f OG*f]g]l;ofdf dxfofg

u|Gyx¿ klg cg'jfb / /rgf eP. t/ klg s]xL ;dokl% la:tf/} af}$ wd{ nf]k

x'“b} uof] / a|f#)fwd{ k|wfg aGb} uof].

xfn OG*f]g]l;ofdf s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] 0=72 k|ltzt af}$dfuL{x¿ %g\.


leotgfdleotgfd

leotgfdleotgfd

leotgfd

(Vietnam)

leotgfdsf] k'/fgf] gfd rDkf xf]. oxf“ klg ;ftf}” ztfAbLeGbf cl# g}

af}$ wd{ k|j]z ul/;s]sf] kfOG%. To;f] t af}$ wd{sf] cd/fjtL ;Dk|bfo;“u

;DaÒGwt sf“;sf s]xL af}$ d"lt{x¿ klg k]mnf k/]sf %g\, t/ tL a'$d"lt{x¿

t]…f] ztfAbLlt/sf x'g ;S%g\ klg elgPsf] %. leotgfdL af}$ Oltxf;sf

;Gbe{df csf]{ tYo s] klg % eg] ;g\ 605 df lrlgof“x¿n] rDkfsf] /fhwfgL

sAhf u/L Toxf“af^ 1,350 af}$ s[ltx¿ lnP/ uP. lrlgof“ j+zfjnLsf] of]

sygaf^ yfxf kfOG% ls leotgfddf ;ftf}” ztfAbLb]lv g} af}$ wd{n] h/f

ufl*;s]sf] lyof].

k|l;$ lrlgof“ ofqL OÒT;ªn] p˜]v u/]cg';f/ rDkfdf ;fdfGotof

cfo{;ÒDdlto ;Dk|bfosf af}$dfuL{x¿ lyP / s]xL dfqfdf >fj:tLjfb ;Dk|bfosf

klg lyP. t/ cf&f}” ztfAbLlt/sf s]xL clen]vx¿af^ eg] To; a]nf dxfofg

;Dk|bfosf] zÒStzfnL pkÒ:ylt /x]sf] tYo kQf nfUb%. rDkfsf tTsfnLg

/fhfx¿n] klg af}$ wd{nfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] kfOG%. ;g\ 875 lt/ /fhf OGıjd{gn]

lgdf{)f u/]sf] u'Daf / af}$ dÒGb/sf s]xL cjz]ifn] klg o;sf] k'lfl ub{%. o;/L

rDkfdf 15 cf}” ztfAbL;Dd dxfofg ;Dk|bfosf] af]njfnf /x]sf] kfOG%. la:tf/}

pQ/lt/af^ cfPsf c©fdfO^\;x¿ (Annamites) sf] lrlgof“ af}$ wd{n]

k/Dk/fut wd{nfO{ lj:yflkt ub}{ uof].

xfn leotgfddf s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] 55 k|ltzt af}$dfuL{x¿ %g\.

ltAatltAat

ltAatltAat

ltAat

(Tibet)

ltAatdf af}$ wd{sf] k|j]z ;ftf}” ztfAbLdf ePsf] kfOG%. x'g t kf“rf}”

ztfAbLb]lv g} ef/t, g]kfn, rLg, d·f]lnof, adf{ h:tf b]zx¿;“u ltAatsf]

j}b]lzs ;DaGw sfod ePsf] lyof]. pl˜lvt b]zx¿sf] To; a]nfsf] k|wfg wd{

af}$ g} lyof]. olt x'“bfx'“b} klg ltAatn] cf"gf] b]zdf af}$ wd{ k|j]z u/fpg

ce}m b'O{ ztfAbL s'g'{k¥of].

o;df klg Pp^f rfvnfUbf] syf %. %}^f}” ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ …ªrª

uDkf]sf afa' yf] yf] /L ltAatsf /fhf lyP. To;} a]nf ef/taf^ af}$ wd{sf s]xL

k|rf/sx¿ wd{k|rf/sf] l;nl;nfdf ltAat uP, /fhfnfO{ e]^] / s]xL wfld{s


k':tsx¿ pkxf/:j¿k lbP. t/ /fhfn] u|Gyx¿sf] pkxf/ lng dfg]gg\, ̊ sf{OlbP,

lsgeg] ltAatdf Tolt a]nf;Dd lnlksf] ljsf; gePsfn] k':tsx¿sf] s'g}

pkfb]otf g} lyPg. t/ of] #^gfaf^ lszf]/ /fhs'df/sf] dgdf efiff;DaGwL

k%f}^]kg x^fP/ c¿ b]z;dfg x'g] Ov knfof]. pgn] cGo b]z;“u ;DaGw

a(fpg] tyf cf"gf hgtfsf] k%f}^]kg x^fpg] k|lt!f u/]. cfk"m /fhf x'gf;fy

…ªrª uDkf] -617 O=_ n] blÔ)f / pQ/sf b'O{ b]z g]kfn / rLg;“u ;DaGw

:yflkt ug]{ k|of; u/]. ˚n:j¿k pgn] g]kfnsf /fhf c+z'jdf{ / rLgsf ;d|f^\

tfOTr'ª;“u ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod u/]. ;f] ;DaGw s"^gLlts ;Ldfdf dfq}

;Lldt /x]g, …ªrªn] g]kfnsL /fhs'df/L e[s'^L / lrlgof“ /fhs'df/L a]g

r]ªnfO{ ljjfx g} u/L ltAat leœofP. c+z'jdf{sf] ;dodf g]kfndf af}$ snfsf]

p‚td ljsf; ePsf] lyof]. ctM c+z'jdf{sL %f]/L e[s'^Ln] dfOtLaf^ #/ hf“bf

pkxf/:j¿k af}$ snfsf ;fdu|L n}hfg lal;{gg\. e[s'^Ln] g]kfnaf^ cÔf]Eo,

d}q]o / zfSod'lg a'$sf d"lt{x¿ nu]sL lyOg\. o;af^ ltAatdf af}$ wd{

k|rf/df s]xL dbt ldNof]. jf:tjdf …ªrª uDkf]sf] rfxgf klg oxL g} lyof].

g]kfn / rLg;“u ;DaGw uf“µ'cl# g} ltAatdf lnlksf] ljsf; ug{

…ªrªn] dxŒjk")f{ sbd rfln;s]sf lyP. lnlkdfk{mt lzÔfsf] ljsf; geO{

b]zsf] ljsf; x'“b}g / hgtfsf] k%f}^]kg klg x^\b}g e©] e]p kfO;s]sf /fhfn]

cf"gf Ps k|ltefzfnL dGqL yf]g dL ;fd–ef]–tfsf] g]t[Tjdf ef/tLo lnlk,

Wjlglj!fg, efiff / Jofs/)fsf] cWoog u/L ltAatL lnlksf] cfljisf/ u/]/

cfpg egL 16 hgfsf] ^f]nL g]kfn x'“b} ef/t k&fP. t/ ltAatsf] p‚ ^fs'/fdf

hGd]x's]{sf ltAatLx¿ ef/tsf] udL{df l^Sg ;s]gg\ / yf]g dLafx]s ;a}sf] d[To'

eof]. oBlk yf]g dL eg] ef/tLo jftfj/)fdf cg's"lnt x'“b} uP / /fhfn] lbPsf]

st{Jo k"/f ug{af^ lxDdt klg xf/]gg\. ef/tdf a;]/ pgn] af}$ zfÚx¿sf] lgs}

cWoog u/]. ltgsf] efiff, lnlk, Wjlglj!fg / Jofs/)fsf ofjt\ ljifodf

bÔtf xfl;n u/L ltAatL lnlk / Jofs/)fsf] cfljisf/sf lgÒDt cf& j^f %'§}

u|Gysf] /rgf u/]. olt dfq u/]gg\, s]xL ;+:s[t af}$ u|Gyx¿sf] klxnf] k^s

ltAatL cg'jfb u/]/ Oltxf; g} lgdf{)f u/]. olt sfd ̊ Q] u/]/ ha yf]g dL ;fd

ef] tf ltAat ˚s]{ ta g} ;'? eof] ltAatsf] jf:tljs af}$ Oltxf;. To;kl%

…ªrªn] Nxf;fdf /fdf]r] / hf]vfª dÒGb/ / 11 tn] kf]tfnf b/af/sf] dfq}

lgdf{)f u/]gg\, dlgsfa'd (Manikabum) gfds Ps lstfa klg n]v]. ;f]

lstfa …ªrªn] eg]sf / ;fd ef] tfn] n]v]sf lyP. /fhfsf] cf"gf] hLjgsf


#^gfx¿ ;d]l^Psf] o; k':tsdf g]kfnL r]nL e[s'^Lsf af/]df klg p˜]v

ul/Psf] %.

o;/L …ªrª uDkf]n] l%d]sL b]zx¿;“u ;DaGw uf“µ], lnlksf] cfljisf/

ug]{ cflb sfo{af^ ltAatdf af}$ wd{ k}mnfpg] k|of; u/] klg pgsf] k|of;cg'¿k

ltAatdf af}$ wd{n] tTsfn h/f ufl*xfNg eg] ;s]g. Psf·L hftLo

cGwlj!f;x¿df h]lnPsf] tTsfnLg ltAatL ;dfhdf a'$!fgsf] /ÒZd k}mlng

ce}m lgs} nfdf] ;do s'g'{k¥of].

…ªrª uDkf]sf pQ/flwsf/L ltAatL zf;sx¿n] af}$ wd{nfO{ ltAatsf]

/flfl«o wd{ agfpg] k|of; t hf/L g} /fv] t/ e"tk|]th:tf cflbsfnb]lvsf

k/Dk/fut cGwlj!f;sf kvf{nx¿ ;lhn} eÒTsPgg\. cf&f}” ztfAbLdf …ªrªsf

Ps pQ/flwsf/L ^«L–…ª b] rª -755—797 O=_ n] cf"gf k"j{hsf kbrfk

k%Øfp“b} af}$ wd{sf] lj:tf/df ?lr b]vfP. k/Dk/fut ;f]r ePsf cf"gf

pQ/flwsf/Lx¿sf] lj/f]wsf] afah'b pgn] gfnGbf lj!ljBfnosf leÔ'

zfGt/lÔtnfO{ a'$lzÔfsf] k|rf/sf nflu ltAat lgDTofP. af}$ wd{ / bz{gsf

xf]gxf/ leÔ' zfGt/lÔt ltAat uP, cf"gf] jfSk^'tfn] EofP;Dd af}$ wd{ /

lzÔfsf af/]df k|jrg lbP, t/ pgsf] k|jrgdf ltAatL hgtfsf] s'g} rfv

/x]g. To;} ;dodf ltAatdf k|fs[lts ljklQ / dxfdf/L k}mlnof]. c!fgL /

cGwlj!f;L hgtfn] ltg} af}$ u'?sf] e|fl lzÔfsf] sf/)f o:tf] ePsf] &fg].

t;y{ tL af}$ u'?k|lt hgcfqmf]z a(]/ uof]. ;f] cfqmf]z ;fDo kfg{ klg s]xL

;do pgn] ltAataf^ aflxl/g'k¥of]. ltAatdf af}$ wd{ k}mnfpg] Pp^f Odfgbf/

k|of; k]ml/ Ps k^s o;/L v]/ uof].

t/ tGqjfbsf] ;xf/fn] dfq ltAatL hgtfsf] lbdfudf a'$lzÔf #';fpg

;lsG% e©] a'e]msf leÔ' zfGt/lÔtn] hfg] a]nfdf tGqjfbsf To; a]nfsf

k|l;$ u'? kß;DejnfO{ af]nfpg] ;˜fx lbP. /fhfnfO{ klg of] s'/f h“Rof].

t;y{ tfÒGqs u'? kß;DejnfO{ ltAat af]nfOof].

ltAat hfg'cl#;Dd kß;Dej g]kfndf lyP. g]kfnsf ljle© :yfgdf

/xL kß;Dejn] tfÒGqs cEof; u/]sf lyP. pgn] ef/tLo /fhs'df/L dGbf/fdfsf

;fy vf]^fªÒ:yt df/fltsf -xn];L_ u'˚fdf a'$ cldtfk';sf] ;fwgf u/]sf

lyP eg] df·] :j·] r§fg -jt{dfg ̊ lk{ªsf] u'˚f_ df Wofg u/L d)*n ;fwg

ljBf l;$ u/]sf lyP. oxL ˚lk{ª u'˚faflx/ / dsjfgk'/–l^:^'ªsf] l/v]!/

u'˚faflx/ xfn;Dd klg b]Vg ;lsg] kGhfsf] %fknfO{ u'? kß;Dejsf] ePsf]


lj!f; ul/G%. ljle© tGq, of]u / ;fwgfdf l;$ kß;Dejn] ltAat hfg'cl#

sf&df*f}”sf] vf:tL r}To -af}$_ df klg s]xL ;do latfPsf lyP. pgsf]

cf"gf] u'˛ u'˚f eg] d':tfª lh˜fsf] sf]afª uflj;df kb{%.

log} kß;Dej ltAat uP/ ;fd o] u'Dafsf] lgdf{)f ug{df / ltAatdf

af}$ wd{ k}mnfpgdf &"nf] of]ubfg u/]. ctM cfh klg ltAatLx¿ u'? l/Dkf]r]sf

¿kdf kß;DejnfO{ >$fk"j{s k"hf ub{%g\. kß;Dej ltAat k'u]kl% zfGt/lÔt

klg ˚s]{. /fhfsf] OR%fcg';f/ ef/tsf] cf]bfGtk'/L dxfljxf/s} z}nLdf ;fd o]

u'Daf lgdf{)fsf nflu &fp“ r'lgof]. w]/} wg / >d vr{ u/]/ 12 jif{df ;f] u'Dafsf]

lgdf{)f ;Dk© eof]. af¸f}” ztfAbLdf cfunfuLaf^ Ôlt k'u]sf] ;f] u'Dafsf] k'glg{df{)f

To;} ztfAbLdf ul/of].

;fd o] u'Dafsf] lgdf{)f;“u;“u} /fhfn] ltAatdf leÔ' ;‹sf] klg lgdf{)f

ug]{ OR%f /fv] / OR%fadf]lhd cfrfo{ zfGt/lÔtn] gfnGbfaf^ s]xL ;jf{:tLjfbL

leÔ'x¿ af]nfP. o;/L kß;Dej / zfGt/lÔtn] leÔ' ;‹ / ljxf/ lgdf{)f dfq}

u/]gg\, ltAatL efiffdf cg"lbt af}$ u|Gyx¿sf] ;"rLkq tof/ u/] / ltAatdf

af}$ wd{ lj:tf/df &"nf] of]ubfg lbP. 75 jif{sf] j[$ pd]/df ef/taf^ ltAat

uPsf cfrfo{n] 25 jif{ ltAatdf latfP. cf&f}” ztfAbLsf] cGTodf ;o jif{sf]

pd]/df pgsf] lgwg eof]. pgsf] z/L/nfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s pg}n] lgdf{)f u/]sf]

ljxf/sf] glhs Ps :t"kdf /flvof]. w]/} hL)f{ / k'/fgf] eO;s]sf] cfrfo{sf] ;f]

cÒ:ydo :t"k aL;f}” ztfAbLsf] ;'?jftdf eÒTsg k'Uof]. Toxf“af^ ;°ng ul/Psf

cfrfo{ zfGt/lÔtsf x•L / skfn cfh klg l;;fleq /fvL Toxf“sf] d"n

dÒGb/df k|lt‡flkt ul/Psf] %.

cfrfo{ zfGt/lÔtsf] lgwgkl% ltAatdf lrlgof“ / ltAatL leÔ'x¿aLr

s]xL wfld{s dte]b x'g k'Uof]. dte]b x^fpg gfnGbf lj!ljBfnoaf }̂ zfGt/lÔtsf

r]nf cfrfo{ sdnzLnnfO{ ltAat af]nfOof]. zfÚfy{af^ sdnzLnn] dte]bsf]

cGTo t u/] t/ To;sf] d"Nodf pgsf] g[z+; xTof ul/of]. pgsf] z/L/ pQ/L

Nxf;fsf] Ps u'Dafdf ;'/lÔt /flvof].

o;sf] s]xL ;dokl% /fhf ÙL ;ª b] rªsf] klg lgwg eof]. lktfsf]

lgwgkl% k'q d' gL rª kf] ltAatsf /fhf eP. a'$lzÔfaf^ kl/kf]lift

/fhkl/jf/sf ;b:o pgL a'$ / pgsf] lzÔfaf^ clt g} k|efljt lyP. hgtfsf]

b'Mv x^fpg]af/] ;f]lr/xGy] pgL. ha cfk"m /fhf eP ta d' gL rª kf]n] cg'ej

u/] ls ltAatL hgtf ul/aL / cefjsf] sf/)f w]/} g} b'MvL %g\. hgtfsf] b'Mv


x^fpg pgnfO{ cgf}&f] ljrf/ cfof]. pgn] /fHosf] ;DklQ ;a}nfO{ a/fa/L

af“l*lbP hgtfsf] b'Mv cGTo x'g] / ;a} v';L x'g] &fg]. To;}cg'¿k ;a}

hgtfnfO{ a/fa/L ;DklQ af“l*lbP. t/ pN˚fsf] wg k'mk"sf] >f$ e©] g]kfnL

pvfg h:t} l;Q}”df kfPsf] wg ltAatL hgtfn] b'O{rf/ lbg vfPlkP, d:tL u/],

l;WofP. Ò:ylt k]ml/ h:tfsf] t:t} eof]. pgn] tLg k^s;Dd of] qmd bf]xf]¥ofP,

t/ ltAatL hgtfsf] Ò:yltdf s'g} abnfj cfPg. pgn] wgsf] t ;dfg ljt/)f

u/], t/ >dsf] ;dfg ljt/)f ug{ ;s]gg\. ;fDojfbL ljrf/wf/fsf k|)f]tf sfn{

dfS;{ hGdg'eGbf sl/a xhf/ jif{cl#sf ;fDojfbsf c;˚n k|of]Stf d' gLnfO{

pgs} ef/bf/x¿n] kfun ;flat u/]. pgsL cf"g} cfdfnfO{ klg /fhfsf] of]

/a}ofn] c;˛ agfof] / cGTodf pgnfO{ ljifkfg u/fO{ xTof ul/of].

To;kl% pgsf efO ÙL b] …ªrª /fhf eP. logn] ef/tLo af}$

u|Gyx¿nfO{ ltAatL efiffdf cg'jfb u/fO{ &"nf] u'g nufP. olt dfq xf]Og, ;+:s[t–

ltAatL efiffsf] zAbsf]z klg k|sflzt u/]. ltAatL /fhk/Dk/fdf h]&f] %f]/fnfO{

pQ/flwsf/L tf]Sg] k/Dk/fsf] ljk/Lt oL /fhfn] af}$ wd{k|ltsf] cfsif{)f / nufjsf

cfwf/df cf"gf sfG%f %f]/f /fn kf r]g -zf;gsfn 816—838 O=_ nfO{

cf"gf] pQ/flwsf/L tf]s]. oL /fn kf r]gsf] zf;gsfnnfO{ ltAatL af}$ Oltxf;df

:j)f{o'usf ¿kdf lnOG%. pgn] cf"g} %f]/fnfO{ af}$ leÔ' dfq agfPgg\, af}$

leÔ'x¿nfO{ k|zf;lgs clwsf/ / ;'ljwfx¿ lbP/ zÒStzfnL agfP. /fHo

lj:tf/ u/] / klxnf] k^s pgs} zf;gsfndf ltAatsf] Oltxf;;d]t n]lvof].

t/ wd{k|]dL oL /fhfåf/f kfnf] ldlrP/ /fhf x'g gkfPsf pgs} bfh' Anfg

bf/ dfn] pgsf] xTof u/] / cfk"m ltAatsf /fhf eP. Anfg ha /fhf eP ta

ltAatL af}$ wd{sf klg c“Wof/f lbgx¿ ;'? eP. To;kl% u'Daf / ljxf/x¿

aGb ul/of], af}$ k|ltdfx¿ df^fdf ufl*of], wfld{s kj{x¿ aGb ul/of] /

leÔ'x¿nfO{ u[x:y hLjg cjnDag ug{ afWo kfl/of]. o;/L oL ltAatL /fhf

af}$ wd{sf zq' g} ;flat eP. /fhfsf] of] s[Ton] leÔ'x¿df Psbd} &"nf]

lg/fzf %fof]. o;}aLr /fhsd{af^ Psbd} lg/fz Ps hgf leÔ'n] g} ;g\ 841

df tL /fhfsf] xTof u/]. o;/L /fhfsf] af}$ lj/f]wL sbdn] hgtfdf /fhtGqk|lt

#[)ff dfq} k|s^ u/]g, /fhzfxLnfO{ ;dfl†s} ;“#f/df k'¥ofof].

Anfgsf] xTofkl% leÔ' ;‹df nfu]sf] k|ltaGw :jtM k'ms'jf eof]. ;“u;“u}

leÔ'x¿ /fhgLlts ¿kd} zÒStzfnL eP eg] dfl/Psf /fhfsf pQ/flwsf/L

sdhf]/ eP. Nxf;fdf zÒStk"j{s a;]sf leÔ'x¿n] cÒGtd ltAatL /fhf b\kfn


Bibhor Baral


Vxf]/ rª -zf;gsfn 906—923 O=_ nfO{ /fhwfgLaf^ wkfOlbP. pgL kl®d

ltAatdf a;fO“ ;/L ToxL”sf tLg j^f lh˜f n@fv, :k|ª / u'hnfO{ cf"gf]

lgoGq)fdf lnO{ ToxL”sf /fhf eP/ a;]. cGTodf tL tLg lh˜f klg cf"gf tLg

%f]/fnfO{ PsPs j^f u/L af“l*lbP. t/ af}$ lj/f]wL eg]/ wkfOPsf logsf

;Gtfgx¿ kl% sfnqmddf af}$k|]dL eP/ b]vf k/]. leÔ'x¿nfO{ sZdL/nufot

ef/tsf ljle© :yfg k&fO{ cWoog dfq ug{ nufPgg\, af}$ u|Gyx¿sf] ltAatL

cg'jfb klg ug{ nufP.

o:t} kl®dL ltAatsf Ps /fhf lyP Vxf]/ Nb] h;nfO{ !fgk|ef eg]/ klg

lrlgG%. logn] efOnfO{ /fhu@L ;'Dk]/ cf"gf b'O{ %f]/fsf ;fy leÔ' hLjg u|x)f

u/]. af}$ wd{k|lt oL /fhfsf] cfsif{)f of]eGbf klg a(L g} b]lvof]. pgn]

ltAatdf /x]/ af}$ lzÔfsf] k|rf/k|;f/sf lgÒDt ef/tÒ:yt ljqmdlznf ljxf/sf

bLk°/ >L!fg egL lrlgg] cfrfo{ cl;tnfO{ ltAat lgDTofP. P#f/f}” ztfAbLdf

ltAat cfPsf oL cfrfo{n] Toxf“ af}$ wd{sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf lgÒDt dxŒjk")f{

e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] kfOG%. log} cfrfo{sf] cfudgkl% ltAatL af}$ wd{df

ljle© ;Dk|bfosf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG%.

ltAatdf cl#b]lv rlncfPsf] af}$ wd{sf] k'/fgf] ;Dk|bfonfO{ lgª\dfkf

(Rnin-ma-pa) e© yflnof] h;sf rf/ le© ;Dk|bfo lyP. o; ;Dk|bfosf

;+:yfks u'?sf ¿kdf kß;Dejsf] k"hf ul/G%. of] wd{sf cg'ofoLx¿ b}jL

zÒSt / e"tk|]tdf lj!f; u%{g\.

cfrfo{ cl;tsf] lzÔf eg] d}q]o / c;·n] :yfkgf u/]sf] of]ufrf/

;Dk|bfodf cfwfl/t lyof]. lxgofg / dxfofg b'j} ;Dk|bfosf] lzÔfnfO{ ;d]l^Psf]

tyf e"tk|]tsf] hfb'u/L lj!f; / cEof;nfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/Psf] cfrfo{ cl;tsf]

lzÔfn] pgsf Ps hgf ltAatL r]nf a|f]d ;ªnfO{ sf–bfD;–kf gfdsf] af}$

;Dk|bfo :yfkgfsf lgÒDt k|]/)ff ldNof].

rf}wf}” ztfAbLsf dxfg\ ltAatL ;'wf/s ;ª–vf–kfnfO{ u]–n'u–kf

;Dk|bfosf] ljsf; ug{ sf–bfd–kf ;Dk|bfon] g} cflwsfl/s cfwf/ tof/

u/]sf] lyof]. sf–bfd–kfaf^} ljsl;t / lj:tfl/t of] ;Dk|bfo ltAatsf] d'Vo

af}$ ;Dk|bfo dfq ePg, o;} ;Dk|bfosf] k|d'v dflgg] bnfO{ nfdfn] ;f/f

ltAatLnfO{ cfWofÒTds g]t[Tj lbg] rngsf] ;'?jft eof]. xfn klg rf}wf}” bnfO{

nfdf ltAatL af}$ wd{sf lglj{jfb g]tf x'g\.


P#f/f}” ztfAbLs} pQ/f${lt/ cfrfo{ cl;tsf] lzÔfdf cfwfl/t ;Dk|bfo

sf–bfd–kf;“u} ;DaÒGwt cGo b'O{ ;Dk|bfosf] klg ljsf; eof] hf] ;f–Sof–kf

/ sf–Uo"–kfsf] gfdn] lrlgG%g\. sf–Uo"–kf ;Dk|bfo gfnGbf lj!ljBfnosf

tfÒGqs u'? gf/f]kfsf r]nf tyf cfrfo{ cl;tsf ;fyL ltAatL nfdf df˚f{n]

:yfkgf u/]sf x'g\. of] sf–Uo"–kf ;Dk|bfo kl% ljle© pkzfvfdf ljeflht

eof] h;dWo] sdf{kf / a|u–kf d'Vo x'g\. sdf{kf / u]–n'u–kf h:tf ;Dk|bfodf

k'gh{Gdsf cfwf/df cfWofÒTds pQ/flwsf/L klxrfg ug]{ k/Dk/f /x]sf] %. h:t}

sdf{kfsf t]…f k|d'v /fg–Ao'g–bf]h]{ bf]…f k|d'v sdf{–afs–;Lsf pQ/flwsf/Lsf

¿kdf lrlgP. u]–n'u–kf ;Dk|bfosf k|d'v bnfO{ nfdfsf] pQ/flwsf/L klg o;}

u/L cl#˜fsf] k'gh{Gdsf cfwf/df klxrfg ug]{ k/Dk/f %.

;f–Sof–kfsf] cy{ x'G% v}/f] w/tL (Grey Earth). of] ;Dk|bfosf] gfd

ltAatdf ;g\ 1071 df klxnf] kN^ :yfkgf ul/Psf] u'Daf ePsf] &fp“sf] df^fsf]

/ªdf cfwfl/t %. gfufh'{gsf] dfWolds bz{gdf cfwfl/t of] ;Dk|bfonfO{ gof“

/ k'/fgf] tGqjfbsf] ;+of]hg dflgG%. k'/fgf]df of] lgª\dfkf;“u ;DaÒGwt %.

;f–Sof–kfx¿ lzÔfk|lt ;dlk{t lyP. la:tf/} logLx¿ d·f]nx¿sf]

;Dks{df hfg yfn]. o;} qmddf t]¸f}” ztfAbLdf ;f–Sof–kfsf Ps hgf ̊ fu–kf

gfdsf jl/‡ leÔ' d·f]lnofsf o'j/fh s'AnfO{ vf“ -1215—1294 O=_ sf

wfld{s u'?sf ¿kdf lgo'St eP. ltg} o'j/fh kl% rLgsf] /fhu@Ldf aµ]

klxnf] d·f]n zf;s ag] h;n] ;g\ 1270 df dWoltAatsf] zf;gflwsf/ ltg}

;f–Sof–kf ;Dk|bfosf k|d'v nfdfnfO{ lbP.

To;kl% ltAatsf] af}$ wd{df gof“ o'usf] ;'?jft eof]. ;f–Sof–kf

;Dk|bfosf ljle© af}$ ljåfg\x¿n] ltAatdf af}$ wd{bz{g / ;flxTosf] ljsf;df

dxŒjk")f{ of]ubfg u/] h;dWo] a' :^f]g -1290—1364_ k|l;$ %g\. pgn]

;Dk")f{ af}$ u|Gyx¿nfO{ b'O{ efudf ljeSt u/L cWoogdf ;lhnf] agfP h;dWo]

a'$jrgx¿ ;d]l^Psf] 100 Volume sf] sf–Uo'/ (Bkah-hygur) xf] eg]

bf]…f] 225 Volume sf] t]g–Uo'/ (Bstan–hygur) xf]. oL b'O{ u|Gy cfh klg

lj! af}$ ;flxTosf dxŒjk")f{ s[ltsf ¿kdf /x]sf %g\.

;g\ 1579 df hGd]sf k|l;$ Oltxf;sf/ tyf n]vs tf/fgfysf] klg

ltAatL af}$ wd{sf] Oltxf;df dxŒjk")f{ :yfg %. To:t} ;g\ 1358 df ltAatsf]

cfDbf] Onfsfdf hGd]sf dxfg\ ;'wf/s ;ª–vf–kfn] ltAatsf] wfld{s ljsf;nfO{

cfw'lgsLs/)f ug{ dxŒjk")f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG%. pgn] k'/fgf ¿l(jfbL


lj!f;x¿nfO{ x^fp“b} lzÔf, cg'zf;g / a|#ro{sf] lgodnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf

cjnDag u/fP. of] ;Dk|bfo kl% uP/ u]–n'u–kfsf] gfdn] lrlgof] h;sf] cy{

x'G% ;TojfbL ;Dk|bfo (School of Virtuous). ;g\ 1408 df pgn] Nxf;f

glhs} ufG*]g u'Dafsf] :yfkgf u/]. af}$ wd{df ;'wf/sf ljle© sfd ubf{ub}{ ;g\

1419 df ;f]xL u'Dafdf pgsf] d[To' eof]. kl% pgsf r]nfx¿n] klg b]kª, ;]/f,

^f;L n'Dkf] h:tf u'Dafx¿ lgdf{)f u/L ltAatL af}$ wd{nfO{ cl# a(fP. u]–

n'u–kfsf nfdfx¿n] cf"gf] wd{sf] k|rf/k|;f/nfO{ d·f]lnof / ;fOa]l/of;Dd

k'¥ofP. la:tf/} sf–Uo"–kfdf cfGtl/s åGå / lvrftfgL a(\g yfn]sfn] d·f]n

zf;sx¿n] u]–n'u–kfs} nfdfx¿nfO{ wfld{s g]tfsf ¿kdf ?rfP, u]–n'u–

kfx¿ g} kl% ltAatsf zf;s eP.

d·f]lnofsf /fhf cN^g vfgn] ha u]–n'u–kf ;Dk|bfosf t]…f k|d'v

nfdf ;f]–gfd–Uof–^\;f]nfO{ e]^] ta pgL Pp^f cgf}&f] ;+of]udf lj!f; ug{ k'u].

pgnfO{ nfUof] ls pgLx¿ b'j} hgf k"j{hGddf u'?r]nf lyP— u'? ̊ fu–kf / r]nf

s'AnfO{ vf“. o;/L cf"g} cu|hsf] k"j{hGd ePsf] e©] oyfy{sf cfwf/df pgnfO{

bnfO{ cyf{t\ ltAatLdf Uof^\;f] -h;sf] cy{ ;d'ı x'G%_ elgof]. To;kl%sf

pgsf ;a} pQ/flwsf/Lx¿nfO{ bnfO{ nfdf g} eg]/ lrlgof]. o;kl%sf bnfO{

nfdfdWo] kf“rf}” bnfO{ nfdf -1615—1680_ sf] ltAatL Oltxf;df dxŒjk")f{

:yfg % h;nfO{ d·f]lnog ;d|f^\ u'…L vf“ (Gusri Khan) n] ltAatsf]

;fj{ef}d;Qf k")f{ ¿kdf ;'Dk]sf lyP.

To;kl% pgn] ltAatsf cf"gf ljkÔLx¿nfO{ k")f{ ¿kdf k/f:t u/] eg]

;+:s[t efiffsf ljle© k':tsx¿nfO{ ltAatLdf cg'jfb ug]{ qmdnfO{ klg cl#

a(fP. logsf d'VodGqL ;g–Uof–Uof–D;f]n] csf{ bnfO{ nfdfsf] klxrfg gx'Gh]n

w]/} jif{;Dd logsf] d[To'sf] va/nfO{ n'sfP/ /fv] / s'zntfk"j{s cfk}m“n]

zf;g rnfP. ;ftf}” bnfO{ nfdf -1708—1758 O=_ klg ljåfg\ / ;xgzLn

ltAatL zf;ssf ¿kdf lrlgG%g\. o;kl% clxn]sf rf}wf}” bnfO{ nfdf;Ddsf

;a} bnfO{ nfdfx¿n] ltAatdf af}$ wd{sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf lgÒDt dxŒjk")f{

e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG%. ;g\ 1959 df rLgn] ltAatdfly wfjf af]nL cf"gf]

sAhf hdfPkl% xfnsf bnfO{ nfdf ef/tdf lgjf{l;t hLjg latfO/x]sf %g\.

lgjf{;gaf^} ltAatsf] /fhgLlts / wfld{s clwsf/sf lgÒDt nl*/x]sf gf]a]n

zfÒGt k'/:sf/ ljh]tf oL bnfO{ nfdf lj!k|l;$ %g\.

xfn ltAatdf s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] 65 k|ltzt af}$dfuL{x¿ %g\.


rLgrLg

rLgrLg

rLg

(China)O:jL ;+jt\ ;'?jftsf] ;]/f]k]m/f]df rLgsf] pQ/L Ô]qdf rf/ j^f dxŒjk")f{

/fHox¿ lyP h;dWo] s'rf gfdsf] /fHo a(L zÒStzfnL lyof]. O;fsf] k|yd

ztfAbLlt/ o;} /fHoaf^ rLgnufot pQ/lt/sf cGo b]zx¿df af}$ wd{ k|j]z

u/]sf] P]ltxfl;s tYox¿ kfOG%g\. s'rfdf eg] ;d|f^\ czf]ss} sfndf ef/taf^

af}$ wd{ k|j]z u/]sf] kfOG%. t]…f] ztfAbLsf rLgsf Oltxf; / j+zfjnLn] s'rf

k|b]zdf To; ;dodf 1,000 sf] ;ª\Vofdf af}$ :t"k / dÒGb/x¿ ePsf] p˜]v

u/]sf %g\. To;} ;dob]lv s'rfsf af}$ leÔ'x¿ rLg uP/ ljle© af}$ u|Gyx¿sf]

cg'jfb ug{ yfn]sf lyP. O;fsf] cf&f}” ztfAbL;Dd pQ/L rLgsf] k|d'v wd{sf

¿kdf af}$ wd{ /x]sf] k'lfl ljle© k'/ftfÒŒjs pTvggx¿n] klg u/]sf %g\.

s'rf, ef?vf, cÒUgb]z h:tf /fHosf] ktgkl% P#f/f}” ztfAbL;Dd pOu'/ t's{x¿n]

af}$ wd{sf] ;+/Ô)f u/].

rLgsf pQ/L l%d]sL /fHox¿df k}mn]sf] a'$ wd{nfO{ ;f“rf] cy{df rLg

leœofpg] sfo{ eg] k|yd ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ t'ls{:tfgsf #'dGt]x¿n] u/]sf

lyP. To;kl%af^} af}$ ljåfg\x¿ rLg cfpg yfn] / cf"gf wfld{s ultljlwx¿

;‰fng ug{ yfn]. xfg j+zsf] zf;g cjlw -65—220 O=_ el/ ljle© af}$

ljåfg\x¿ rLg lelqP, af}$ u|Gyx¿ cg'jfb u/] / Toxf“sf] k/Dk/fut hftLo

wfld{s k|)ffnL;“u ;‹if{ ub}{ cf"gf wfld{s ultljlwx¿ ;‰fng ul//x]. To;

;dodf sGk'ml;ogjfb (Confucianism) nfO{ lrlgof“ ;dfhdf p‚ k/Dk/fut

k|lt‡f k|f† lyof]. To;}cg'¿k xfg j+zs} zf;gsfndf sGk'ml;ogjfbnfO{ wd{df

¿kfGt/)f ug]{ k|of; klg ul/of]. t/ o;sf] wfld{s rl/q af}$ wd{sf] h:tf]

;zSt gePsfn] ;˚n x'g ;s]g. To;f] t Tolt a]nf tfcf]jfb (Taoism)

wd{s} ¿kdf :yflkt x'g yfn]sf] lyof], t/ o;sf] bfz{lgs k[‡e"ld sdhf]/

ePsfn] tfcf] wd{ klg lrlgof“ ;dfhdf ˚:^fpg ;s]g. oxL k[‡e"lddf rLgdf

af}$ wd{n] k|ult u¥of]. wd{, bz{g / ;+:s[ltsf] lqj])fL af}$ wd{df To;kl%

lrlgof“x¿ v'n]/} nfu]. xfg j+zsf] cGTolt/ df]p T;]p -170—225 O=_ gfds

Ps JoÒStn] sGk'ml;o; / nfcf] T;]psf] lzÔf / af}$ wd{sf] dfGotfsf] aLrdf

t'ngfTds ljZn]if)f u/L af}$ wd{nfO{ dxŒjzfnL ;flat ub}{ Ps n]v g} n]v].

df]p T;]psf] of] k|of;n] lgw{Í;“u af}$ wd{df nfUg lrlgof“x¿nfO{ k|]/)ff ldNof].

To;kl% ef/taf^ ;d]t af}$ ljåfg\x¿ rLg cfP / gof“ r]tgfsf ;fy lrlgof“


r]nfx¿nfO{ lzÔf k|bfg u/]. To;kl% lrlgof“ zf;g ;DefNg cfOk'u]sf ljb]zL

zf;sx¿n] klg of] gof“ wd{nfO{ dfof u/]. o;} qmddf rf}yf] ztfAbLsf ljb]zL

k[‡e"ldsf j]O{ (Wei) j+zsf zf;sn] klg af}$ wd{sf] ;+/Ô)f u/]. To; j+zsf

klxnf zf;sn] g} af}$ wd{nfO{ /fhwd{ agfP. rf}yf] ztfAbLb]lv g} lrlgof“

af}$dfuL{x¿ ef/t uP/ af}$ wd{sf] ulx/f] cWoog ug{ yfn]. To;} a]nfb]lv

ljle© af}$ u|Gysf] lrlgof“ cg'jfb ug{ yflnof]. of] k/Dk/f o'jfg Rjfª, OÒT;ª,

˚flxofg h:tf Oltxf;k|l;$ lrlgof“ ofqLx¿n] ultn};“u lgjf{x u/]sf lyP.

log} ofqLx¿n] s}of}” af}$ u|Gysf] cg'jfb u/]sf lyP. d"n gfl eO;s]sf sltko

af}$ u|Gysf lrlgof“ cg'jfb cBflk kfOg] u/]sf %g\. o;/L rf}yf] ztfAbLb]lv

ef/tLo af}$ ljåfg\x¿sf] ;xof]u / ;*fjn] klg rLgdf af}$ wd{ Ps%q

¿kdf k}mlnof]. lrlgof“sf] hLjgz}nLdf g} of] wd{sf] k|efj kb}{ uof]. pgLx¿sf]

wfld{s ljrf/ / lj!f;df klg of] wd{n] ulx/f] k|efj kf¥of] e©] tYo o'g sfª,

x'ªd]g, t'gx'cfu h:tf :yfgsf dxfg\ af}$ snfx¿n] ;d]t atfPsf %g\.

xfn rLgdf s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] 18 k|ltzt af}$dfuL{x¿ %g\.

sf]l/ofsf]l/of

sf]l/ofsf]l/of

sf]l/of

(Korea)sf]l/of k"jL{ Pl;ofsf] Ps dxŒjk")f{ af}$ ax'n b]z xf]. oxf“ O;fsf]

rf}yf] ztfAbLdf af}$ wd{ k|j]z u/]sf] kfOG%. To; a]nf pQ/sf] sf]u'o"{,

blÔ)fkl®dsf] kfSr] / blÔ)fk"j{sf] l;˜f u/L sf]l/of tLg le© k|b]zdf ljeflht

lyof]. oL tLg} k|b]zdf af}$ wd{sf] k|j]z Ps} ;dodf geP/ s]xL bzssf]

cGt/fndf ePsf] kfOG%. ;j{k|yd ;g\ 372 df Ps hgf lrlgof“ leÔ'n]

sf]u'o"{df af}$ wd{ k|j]z u/fP. o;sf] 12 jif{kl% dWoPl;ofsf] df/gGb gfdsf]

leÔ' ;d"xn] kfSr]df af}$ wd{ k|j]z u/fof] eg] o;sf] 18 jif{kl% l;˜fdf

af}$ wd{sf] k|j]z eof]. sf]l/ofsf tLg} k|b]zsf /fhfx¿af^ ;+/Ô)f k|f† u/] klg

Toxf“ af}$ wd{n] s'g} gof“ dfGotfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]g. oBlk ef}uf]lns lx;fan]

rLg / hfkfgsf] aLrdf /x]sfn] sf]l/of oL b'O{ b]zaLr wfld{s ;]t'sf] e"ldsf

lgjf{x ug{ eg] kl% k/]g. ljz]if u/L To; sfndf l;˜f j+zsf] ;+/Ô)fd} af}$

wd{n] cf"gf] k|efj s]xL lj:tf/ u¥of]. To; ;dodf y'k|} sf]l/ofnL ljåfg\x¿

af}$ cWoogsf nflu rLg uP h;dWo] ljz]if u/L o'jfg T;f] -613—683

O=_, o'jfg lxofcf] -617—670 O=_ / oL l;ofª -625—702 O=_ n] rLg uO{

af}$ !fg xfl;n u/].


jfª j+zsf] zf;g;dodf P#f/f}” ztfAbLdf sf]l/ofnL af}$ wd{n] p ]̃vgLo

prfO xfl;n u/]sf] lyof]. o; a]nf;Dd x'g]vfg] / ;Dk© ju{sf] wd{ dflgPsf]

af}$ wd{nfO{ ;j{;fwf/)fn] klg lj!f;k"j{s cjnDag ug{ yfn] h;sf lgÒDt

oL lto]g, lkn rfcf]nufotsf leÔ'x¿n] ljz]if kxn u/]sf lyP. rLgdf

cWoog u/L cfPsf k|l;$ af}$ ljåfg\ oL lto]gn] lrlgof“ lqlk^ssf] ;"rLkq

;Dkfbg dfq} u/]gg\, xf]pjf o]g / ltn]g tfO{ h:tf ;Dk|bfonfO{ sf]l/ofdf

k}mnfpg;d]t dbt u/]. logn] sf]l/ofnL efiffd} ljle© af}$ n]vx¿ n]vL

sf]l/ofdf af}$ wd{sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df &"nf] of]ubfg u/].

cfhsfn k|rngdf /x]sf] h]g af}$ wd{sf] sf]l/ofdf k|j]z eg] Kn"

sfcf]n] u/fPsf lyP. sf]l/ofnL Oltxf;sf] sfnv)*df ha o'jfg j+zsf

d·f]n zf;sn] af]cfª j+zsf sf]l/ofnL zf;sdfly xdnf u/L cf"gf] sAhf

hdfP tab]lv g} sf]l/ofnL af}$ wd{df nfdfjfb xfaL eof]. d·f]nx¿sf]

ktgkl% sf]l/ofnL zf;gdf /L j+zn] sAhf hdfof]. o; /fhvnsn] af}$ wd{

:jLsf/ u/]g. To;sf] ;§fdf sGk'ml;ogjfbnfO{ d'Vo l;$fGt / ;+:s[ltsf

¿kdf cjnDag u¥of]. sf]l/ofnL /fhzfxLn] af}$ wd{ :jLsf/ gu/] klg sf]l/ofnL

hgtfn] of] wd{ %f]*]gg\. xfn sf]l/ofdf h]g af}$ wd{ d'Vo wd{sf ¿kdf /x]sf]

% e©] d}q]o af]lw;Œj / cldtfe a'$nfO{ cfbz{sf ¿kdf dflgG%.

xfn blÔ)f sf]l/ofdf s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] 22=8 k|ltzt / pQ/ sf]l/ofdf

s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] 4=5 k|ltzt af}$dfuL{x¿ %g\.

hfkfghfkfg

hfkfghfkfg

hfkfg

(Japan)k"jL{ Pl;ofsf] clt ljsl;t b]z hfkfgsf] d'Vo wd{ af}$ g} xf]. o;df

klg oxf“ d'Votof dxfofg ;Dk|bfon] h/f uf*]sf] %. hfkfgdf af}$ wd{

rLgaf^ sf]l/of x'“b} k|j]z u/]sf] kfOG%. af}$ wd{ ;j{k|yd sf]l/ofsf] kfSr]

/fHoaf^ ;g\ 552 df k|j]z u/]sf] lyof]. Toxf“b]lv xfn;Dd hfkgdf h'g

(·af^ af}$ wd{ lj:tf/ / ljsf; eof] To;sf] dxŒjk")f{ P]ltxfl;s d"No /

dxŒj /x]sf] kfOG%.

%}^f}” / ;ftf}” ztfAbLsf] aLrdf ljsl;t hfkfgL af}$ wd{sf] cjlwnfO{

cf;'sf / gf/f cjlwsf ¿kdf lrlgG%.

hfkfgLx¿n] cf"gf] df}lns wd{sf ¿kdf l;G^f] wd{nfO{ c“ufn]sf lyP.

s'g} wd{sf] hNbf]aNbf] Ò:yltaLr csf]{ wd{nfO{ :yflkt ug'{ ;lhnf] lyPg.


ctM o; k|fylds sfndf cg's"ntfsf nflu af}$ leÔ'x¿n] k'vf{k"hfnfO{

:jLsf/ u/] / la:tf/} af}$ k|ltdfx¿ :jLsf/ ub}{ uP / k|frLg l;G^f] wd{nfO{

c:jLsf/ gu/Lsg} af}$ wd{nfO{ :yflkt ub}{ uP.

hfkfgL af}$ wd{ rLgsf] ljsl;t ;+:s[ltaf^ hfkfg k|j]z u/]sfn]

;j{k|yd o;nfO{ ;Dk© / lzlÔt ju{n] g} :jLsf/ u¥of]. wgLdfgLsf] gÍn ug'{

k|frLg hfkfgL ;dfhsf] ;d]t ljz]iftf lyof], o;}cg'¿k la:tf/} b]z}el/ af}$

wd{ k}mln“b} uof]. tTsfnLg hfkfgL zf;sx¿n] klg of] wd{nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{

yfn]. hfkfgL Oltxf;df o:t} Ps /fhs'df/ e]l^G%g\ ;f]tf]s" -574—621 O=_

h;n] xf]o'{hL gfds ljxf/ lgdf{)f u/] eg] ljle© clen]vx¿ n]vfO{ af}$

wd{sf] ;Sbf] ;]jf u/]. hfkfgL af}$ wd{sf] o; k|fylds sfndf ljle© %

;Dk|bfox¿ cÒ:tTjdf lyP. s';f, Ò:Sj/f]g, hf]lhT;", s]uf]g, xf]:;f] / l/T;"

h:tf ;Dk|bfo rLgaf^ sf]l/of x'“b} hfkfg lelqPsf lyP.

gjf}” ztfAbLb]lv rf}wf}” ztfAbLaLrsf] hfkfgL af}$ wd{sf] cjlwnfO{

x]loofg / sfdfs'/f cjlwsf ¿kdf lnOG%. o;nfO{ hfkfgsf] /flfl«o hfu/)fsf]

sfn (The Period of Nationalization) klg elgG%. o; cjlwdf hfkfgL

af}$ wd{df b'O{ ;Dk|bfo t]GbfO{ / l;Guf]gsf] ljsf; eof] h;sf ;+:yfks

qmdzM ;fOgf] -767—822 O=_ / s'sfO{ -774—835 O=_ lyP. pgLx¿sf]

p@]Zo g} af}$ wd{nfO{ ;fdfGo hgtfsf] wd{ agfpg' lyof]. pgLx¿n] af}$

ljxf/df leÔ'x¿sf] cg'zf;gnfO{ klg hf]* lbP.

la:tf/} of] wd{ nf]slk|o x'“b} uof] / hfkfgsf] nf]swd{sf ¿kdf kl/)ft

x'“b} uof], t/ ce}m klg o;sf bfz{lgs dfGotfx¿ hgtfn] ;lhn} a'$g ;Sg]

Ò:ylt eg] lyPg. cldtfe a'$nfO{ df©]x¿n] O;fsf] b;f}” ztfAbLdf hfkfgdf

Ps cfGbf]ng g} %]*]. To;kl% w]/} hfkfgLx¿ of] gof“ lj!f;df cfa$ eP.

af¸f}” / t]¸f}” ztfAbLdf klg hfkfgdf s]xL gof“ ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ljsf; x'g

k'Uof]. ¥of]lgg -1072—1132_ n] o'h'g]Gj'T;L, xf]g]g -1133—1212_ n] hf]bf],

l;g/fg -1173—1262_ n] hf]bf]–l;g / OKk]g -1239—1289_ n] hL ;Dk|bfosf]

:yfkgf u/]. oL ;Dk|bfox¿ wd{sf] bfz{lgs kÔnfO{ ;lhn} JofVof u/L hgtfdf

:yflkt x'g k'u].

hfkfgL af}$ wd{sf] h]g ;Dk|bfo eg] PO;fO{ -1141—1215_, *f]h]g

-1200—1253_ n] ljsf; u/]sf x'g\. h]g;“u} lglr/]g gfds csf]{ Ps ;Dk|bfo

klg pbfof] h;sf ;+:yfks lyP lglr/]g -1222—1282_. oL b'O{sf] l;$fGtdf


eg] s]xL c;dfgtf lyof]. ljz]if u/L h]g ;Dk|bfosf] ljsf;kl% ;Dk")f{

hfkfgLx¿n] af}$ wd{ c“ufNg k'u]. of] kl%˜f] ljsf;kl% ;Dk|bfout lx;fan]

hfkfgsf] af}$ wd{df vf;} p˜]vgLo ljsf; ePg, t/ lg/Gt/tf eg] sfod}

/˛f]. O*f]sfn -1603—1867_ df of] wd{ hfkfgsf] /flfl«o wd{sf ¿kdf

ljsl;t eof] eg] cfw'lgs af}$ cWoogsf] klg l;nl;nf ;'? eof]. ;g\

1868 df d]OhLsf] k'g:yf{kgf ePkl% hfkfgL af}$ wd{n] s]xL ;°^sf] ;fdgf

ug'{k¥of]. o;nfO{ hgtfsf] ;dy{gaf^ jl‰t ul/of] / l;G^f] wd{nfO{ k|>o

lbOof]. ;+ljwfgdf wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] #f]if)ff ul/of]. oBlk hgtf / leÔ'x¿

ldn]/ Tof] ;°^sf] ;fdgf u/] / af}$ wd{nfO{ hf]ufO/fv]. s]xL leÔ'x¿n]

gof“gof“ dfGotfsf] ljsf; u/L b]zljb]zdf k|rf/ ug{ yfn].

xfn hfkfgdf s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] 50 k|ltzt af}$dfuL{x¿ %g\.


Bibhor Baral


af}$ Oltxf;sf s]xL z}lÔs k|lt‡fgx¿

af}$ wd{, bz{g / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;;“u;“u} ;doqmddf af}$ lzÔfsf]

;d]t p©lt x'“b} uof]. cWoog ug]{ / u/fOg] ljifosf ¿kdf af}$ lzÔfn] dfGotf

k|f† ub}{ uof]. o;/L af}$ lzÔfsf] ljsf; x'g] qmddf ljle© z}lÔs k|lt‡fgx¿sf]

klg ljsf; eof]. oxf“ ltg}dWo] s]xL dxŒjk")f{ z}lÔs k|lt‡fgx¿sf af/]df

;º]kdf rrf{ ul/g] %.

gfnGbfgfnGbf

gfnGbfgfnGbf

gfnGbf

(Nalanda);'?df gfnGbf Ps af}$ ljxf/ lyof]. la:tf/} of] Ps z}lÔs s]Gıdf

ljsl;t eof]. ;ftf}” ztfAbLdf rLgaf^ ef/t uO{ k"jL{o bz{gsf] cWoog ug]{

k|l;$ lrlgof“ ofqL o'jfg Rjfª (Yuan Zwang) n] cf"gf ljj/)fx¿df af}$

lzÔfsf] s]Gı gfnGbf lj!ljBfnosf] ljz]if p˜]v u/]sf %g\. o'jfg Rjfª klg

dfWolds ;Dk|bfosf leÔ' ePsf] / gfnGbf klg dfWolds bz{gsf] s]Gı ePsfn]

pgn] / pgsf r]nf tyf hLjgLsf/ x'O{ nL (Hwui-li) n] o; z}lÔs k|lt‡fgsf]

uha;“u j)f{g u/]sf %g\. o'jfg Rjfª cfk}m“n] kf“r jif{eGbf a(L gfnGbfd} /x]/

Toxf“sf k|d'v leÔ' zLneıaf^ ljz]if u/L of]ubz{gsf] cWoog u/]sf lyP.

ef/tjmf] k^gfaf^ 88 ljm= ld= blÔ)fk"j{df cjÒ:yt o; z}lÔs s]Gıdf

ljle© ;Dk|bfout ljefux¿, cWoog–cWofkgsf nflu &"n&"nf xnx¿,

k':tsfno, ljBfyL{sf] lgoldt egf{ / pkÒ:yltsf] Joj:yf, lzÔsx¿sf] lgoldt

xflh/L tyf lzÔs–ljBfyL{sf] cg'zf;g / cfr/)fsf] lgoldt lgu/fgLsf]

Joj:yf;lxt k")f{ z}lÔs k|)ffnLsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof]. o'jfg Rjfªn] cf"gf]

ljj/)fdf k|:^;“u p˜]v u/]sf %g\ ls ;f] lj!ljBfnodf 1,500 lzÔs /

10,000 ljBfyL{ lyP. k|fWofksx¿sf] efif)fsf lgÒDt dfq} b}lgs 100 j^f

s';L{ jf cf;gsf] Joj:yf ul/GYof]. gfnGbfnfO{ af}$ lzÔfsf] s]Gı dflgP klg

of] z}lÔs ;+:yf wfld{s ¿kdf lg/k]Ô / kljq lyof]. ljBfyL{sf] ?lrcg';f/

Toxf“ af}$ / a|f#)fwd{sf] klg cWoog–cWofkg ul/GYof].


Bibhor Baral


o'jfg Rjfªsf hLjgLsf/ x'O{ nLn] gfnGbfdf cWoog x'g] ljifox¿sf]

lj:t[t ljj/)f k|:t't u/]sf %g\. gfnGbfdf ljle© ljifox¿ cWoog ug]{ cfjf;Lo

leÔ'x¿ 10,000 lyP / pgLx¿ 18 ;Dk|bfo;“u ;DaÒGwt ljifox¿ cWoog

uy] {. olt dfq geP/ j]b, x ]t ' ljBf, zAbljBf, lrlsT;flj!fg,

;fª\Vobz{gnufotsf ljifox¿ klg cWoog–cWofkg ul/GYof]. o; cltl/St

cGo y'k|} ljifox¿ lyP. ljle© ;"q / zfÚx¿sf 20 j^f ;ª\u|xsf] ˚//{

JofVof ug{ ;Sg] k|sf)* ljåfg\x¿sf] ;ª\Vof g} 1,000 lyof] eg] o:tf 30

j^f ;ª\u|xsf] lkt[ a'emfpg]x¿ 500 sf] ;ª\Vofdf lyP. 50 ;ª\u|xsf !ftf

20 hgf lyP eg] tTsfnLg gfnGbf k|d'v zLneı ;a} ljifodf kf/·t lyP.

csf{ k|l;$ lrlgof“ ofqL OÒT;ªn] klg cf"gf] k':ts Record of the

Buddhist Religion df ;'?;'?df ef/tdf z}lÔs k|lqmof s:tf] lyof] e©]

hfgsf/L lbPsf %g\. pgsf cg';f/ ;+:s[t Jofs/)f cWoog ug}{kg]{ Ps

cfwf/e"t ljifosf ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] eg] To; a]nf gfnGbfdf lgl®t kf&Øqmdsf]

klg ljsf; ePsf] lyof]. lzÔfyL{sf] :t/ / of]Uotfcg';f/ z}lÔs pkflw k|bfg

ul/GYof]. lj!ljBfno ;do cf& #)^fsf] lyof]. To; a]nf #*Lsf] cfljisf/

t ePsf] lyPg t/ klg kfgLdf Ps lsl;dsf] ef“*f] t}/fP/ ;dosf] dfkg ug]{

k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] h;nfO{ kfgL#*L (Water Clock) elgG%. o:tf]

z}lÔs k|)ffnLsf] ljsf; ePsf] gfnGbf af}$ lzÔfno olt k|l;$ eof] ls

;ftf}”–cf&f}” ztfAbLlt/ ;Dk")f{ ef/taf^ dfq geP/ k"jL{ Pl;ofnL b]zx¿ rLg

/ ltAataf^ ;d]t ljåfg\x¿ cfO{ Toxf“ cWoog ug{ yfn]. o'jfg Rjfªn] n]v]sf

%g\— gfnGbfdf e]nf eP/ %n˚n / ax; ug{ yfn]kl% lbgx¿ w]/} %f]^f] eP

h:tf] nfUYof].

gfnGbfsf] ef}lts ;+/rgfsf af/]df klg ;qf}” / c&f/f}” ztfAbLsf nfdf

tf/fgfynufot ltAatL ljåfg\x¿n] s]xL p˜]v u/]sf %g\. gfnGbfsf] ljzfn

Ô]qsf] clwsf+z efu k':tsfno ejgx¿n] cf]u^]sf lyP. /Tgblw, /Tg;fu/,

/Tg/˙s h:tf gfd u/]sf k':tsfno ejgx¿ lyP h;dWo] /Tgblw gf}tn]

lyof]. ltAatL u|Gyx¿n] atfPcg';f/ t's{x¿sf] cfqmd)faf^ oL ;a} ef}lts

;+/rgfx¿ Wj:t eP/ uP. ztfÒAbof}”cl# Pp^f ;fdfGo af}$ ljxf/sf ¿kdf

:yflkt ePsf] eP klg %}^f}” ztfAbLb]lv eg] gfnGbfn] lj!ljBfnos} ¿kdf

dxŒjk")f{ prfO xfl;n u/]sf] lyof].


jf:t'snfsf] ™lflaf^ ;d]t gfnGbf ;ftf}” ztfAbLsf] dxŒjk")f{ / &"nf]

ljxf/ lj!ljBfno lyof] e©] tYo To;kl%sf /fhf ozf]jd{gsf] Pp^f j)f{gfTds

clen]vaf^ ;d]t k|Ò:^G%. oBlk o;af/] ;d]t x'O{ nL / o'jfg Rjfªn] g}

lj:t[t j)f{g u/]sf %g\. pgLx¿sf cg';f/ jf:t'zfÚLo ™lfln] klg gfnGbf clt

;'Gb/ lyof]. dgf]/d k|fs[lts jftfj/)fdf ;'Gb/ ^fonsf %fgf ePsf ejgx¿,

ejgdf ljle© P]ltxfl;s /Tghl*t ljle© sf]&fx¿, kf]v/L, tfn / /·Lr·L

k"mn tyf k"mnsf au}”rf, gfnGbfsf] jftfj/)f ;f“l‚s} /d)fLo lyof] egL lrlgof“

ofqLx¿n] j)f{g u/]sf %g\. xfn ef/tsf] laxf/ /fHodf kg]{ tTsfnLg /fhu[x

glhs}sf] of] kljq e"lddf tTsfnLg ;+/rgfsf cjz]ifsf ¿kdf k'm^]sf O“^ /

('·fx¿ dfq e]l^G%g\.

j˜eLj˜eL

j˜eLj˜eL

j˜eL

(Vallabhi)

k|l;$ lrlgof“ ofqL o'jfg Rjfªn] cf"gf] ofqfljj/)fdf p˜]v u/]sf

tTsfnLg ef/tsf b'O{ d'Vo lj!ljBfnodWo] csf]{ xf] j˜eL. af}$ lzÔfsf]

p‚td ljsf; eO/x]sf] %}^f}” / ;ftf}” ztfAbLsf] To; ;dodf j˜eL lzÔfnon]

klg cf"gf] cnu ljz]iftf;lxt ljlzfl klxrfg xfl;n u/]sf] lyof].

of] lzÔfno :ylj/jfb cyf{t\ lxgofg af}$ wd{sf] s]Gı lyof]. h;/L

gfnGbf dxfljxf/ dxfofg wd{sf] z}lÔs s]Gısf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] lyof]

To;} u/L j˜eL klg Pp^f ljxf/af^} kl% lxgofg af}$ wd{sf] z}lÔs s]Gısf

¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] lyof]. lrlgof“ ofqLx¿ OÒT;ª / o'jfg Rjfª b'j}n]

j˜eL dxfljxf/nfO{ lxgofgLx¿sf] z}lÔs s]Gısf ¿kdf p˜]v u/]sf %g\.

OÒT;ªn] p˜]v u/]cg';f/ To; a]nf af}$ lzÔfdf kf/·t x'g rfxg] s'g} klg

ljåfg\n] b'O{b]lv tLg jif{;Dd oL b'j} dxfljxf/df cfjf;Lo ¿kd} /xg' cfjZos

x'GYof], ta dfq hf]sf]xL k")f{ ¿kdf af}$ lzÔfsf] !ftf a© ;SYof]. o;/L

k|frLg ;dosf] :ylj/jfbL af}$ lzÔfsf] s]Gısf ¿kdf j˜eL dxfljxf/sf]

rrf{ ul/Psf] %.

xfn ef/tjmf] u'h/ftdf kg]{ j˜eLjmf] :yfkgf t]…f] ztfAbLdf ljho

;]gn] u/]jmf lyP. ;ftf}” ztfAbLjmf] dWolt/jmf lrlgof“ ofqL h'cfg hfªjmf

cg';f/ j˜eL /fHojmf /fhf klg af}$ g} lyP. OÒT;ªjmf cg';f/ u')fdtL /

Ò:y/dlt gfdjmf b'O{ k|l;$ af}$ ljåfg\n] o; lzÔfnonfO{ g]t[Tj lbPjmf lyP.


:ylj/jfbjmf] j]mGı dflgP klg of] ljBfno wfld{jm ¿kdf lg/k]Ô lyof].

a|f#)fx¿;d]t oxf“ k(\g cfpg] uy]{.

ljqmdlznfljqmdlznf

ljqmdlznfljqmdlznf

ljqmdlznf

(Vikramashila)

gfnGbf / j˜eLkl% ef/tdf k|Voft af}$ lzÔfsf] csf]{ s]Gı xf]

ljqmdlznf. o'jfg Rjfªnufot s'g} klg lrlgof“ ofqLsf] ljj/)fdf gk/]sf]

o; z}lÔs k|lt‡fgsf] ljsf; gfnGbf / j˜eLsf] pTsif{kl% ePsf] kfOG%.

ltAatL …f]tx¿n] o; ;DaGwdf s]xL k|sfz kf/]sf %g\.

History of Indian Buddhism Early 18th Century df nfdf

tf/fgfyn] o;;DaGwL s]xL j)f{g u/]sf] kfOG% eg] ltAatd} k|f† cGo P]ltxfl;s

;fdu|Ldf klg o;af/] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] %.

ljzfn Ô]q˚ndf k}mlnPsf] ;f] lj!ljBfnodf % j^f t k|j]zåf/ dfq}

lyP egL ltAatL …f]tx¿n] p˜]v u/]sf %g\. /f]rs s'/f t s] % eg] tL

åf/x¿df kfn]sf ¿kdf ljqmdzLnfs} ljåfg\ clws[tx¿ /x]sf lyP. o;/L

k|j]zåf/df aµ] ljåfg\x¿nfO{ ‘åf/ kÒ)*t’ elgGYof]. To; a]nfsf] kÒ)*t eg]sf]

xfnsf] µftsf]Q;/xsf] pkflw xf].

ltAat uO{ af}$ lzÔfsf] k|rf/ ug]{ k|l;$ ljåfg\ bLk°/ >L!fg -980—

1053 O=_ klg cf]bfGtk'/Laf^ lzÔf k"/f u/]kl% 1034 b]lv 1038 O= ;Dd

o; lj!ljBfnosf k|d'v ePsf lyP. o;/L ltAat;“u bLk°/sf] / ljqmdlznfsf]

gfd hf]l*Psf] %.

/fhf wd{kfn -zf;gsfn 783—820 O=_–n] :yfkgf u/]jmf] of]

lj!ljBfno cf"gf] :yfkgfjmf] rf/ ztfAbL;Dd af}$ lzÔfjmf] j]mGı lyof]. oxf“

Jofjm/)f, ;flxTo, bz{g, tj{mzfÚ tyf tGqjfb;d]t k(fOGYof]. xfn ef/tjmf]

laxf/cGtu{t efunk'/ ;x/af^ 50 ljm= ld= k"j{ kg]{ o; :yfgdf ;f] lzÔfnojmf]

eUgfjz]if ce}m klg b]Vg ;ljmG%. jh|ofgjmf] j]mGı dflgPjmf] of] lj!ljBfnodf

;of}” lzÔjm / xhf/f}” ljBfyL{ lyP eg] Pjm xhf/jmf] ;ª\Vofdf cfjf;Lo

leÔ'x¿ lyP. k^gf lj!ljBfnon] u/]jmf] pTvgg jmfo{ Toxf“ ce}m hf/L %.

xfn;Dd kfOPjmf] tYocg';f/ ljqmdlznfn] 100 Pjm*eGbf a(L Ô]q˚n

cf]u^]jmf] lyof]. Toxf“ j}mof}” dÒGb/ / :t"kjmf eUgfjz]if;d]t kfOPjmf %g\.


hubnfhubnf

hubnfhubnf

hubnf

(Jagaddala)P#f/f}” ztfAbLsf a·fnsf kfnj+zL /fhfx¿ lzÔfg'/fuL lyP. pgLx¿n]

af}$ wd{ ckgfPsf lyP. ;g\ 1077 b]lv 1120 ;Dd a·fndf zf;g ug]{ /fhf

/fdfkfnn] b'O{ j^f gbL ldn]/ ag]sf] bf]efg glhs}sf] *]N^f cfsf/sf] ;'Gb/

e"lddf cf"gf] /fHosf] /fhwfgL lgdf{)f u/] / ;f] &fp“sf] gfds/)f u/] /fdjtL.

gbLlsgf/sf] Tof] dgf]/d :yndf /fhwfgL agfP/ ;'vk"j{s aµ' dfq pgsf]

p@]Zo lyPg. pgL t Toxf“ Ps ljzfn af}$ lj!ljBfnosf] :yfkgf ug{ rfxGy].

log} lzÔfg'/fuL /fhfn] :yfkgf u/]sf] af}$ lj!ljBfno g} hubnf lj!ljBfno

xf].

cf"gf] :yfkgfb]lv sl/a *]( ;o jif{;Dd o; z}lÔs k|lt‡fgn] cgj/t

¿kdf lzÔfsf] Hof]lt %g]{ sfd u¥of]. ;f] k|lt‡fgn] y'k|} af}$ ljåfg\x¿sf]

pTkfbg u¥of] h;sf af/]df ;+:s[t / ltAatL efiffsf ljle© u|Gyx¿df p˜]v

ePsf] kfOG%.

xfn of] :yfg pQ/kl®d a·nfb]zjmf] wdf]O/xft pklh˜fdf k%{. ef/tLo

;Ldf glhj}m /x]jmf] of] ufp“nfO{ hubnf g} elgG%. hubnfnfO{ klg gfnGbf,

ljqmdlznfh:tf To; jmfv)*jmf k|Voft dxfljxf/j}m ;dt'No dflgG%. To;

a]nf gfnGbf, ljqmdlznf, cf]bfGtk'/L, ;f]dk'/L / hubnf u/L kf“r j^f ljxf/

lj!ljBfnojmf] Ps ;+oGq lgdf{)f ul/Pjmf] lyof] h;jmf] ;'kl/j]Ô)f /fHoaf^}

x'g] uYof]{.

hubnf jh|ofgjmf] j]mGı lyof]. ltAatL u|Gy jmGh'/ / t]Gh'/df ;ª\u[xLt

w]/} u|Gyx¿ hubnfd} /lrt dflgG%g\. k'/ftfÒŒjjm dxŒjjmf] of] :yfg ;g\

1999 b]lv o'g]:jmf]jmf] lj! ;Dkbf;"rLdf ;d]t ;"rLj[mt %.

cf]bfGtk'/Lcf]bfGtk'/L

cf]bfGtk'/Lcf]bfGtk'/L

cf]bfGtk'/L

(Odantapuri)cf&f}” ztfAbLdf kfnj+zjmf /fhf wd{kfnn] :yfkgf u/]jmf] cjmf]{

lj!ljBfno xf] cf]bfGtk'/L. tTjmfnLg duw cyf{t\ ef/tjmf] laxf/ /fHodf kg]{

of] lzÔfnonfO{ k|frLg ef/tLo lj!ljBfnodWo] bf]…f] &"nf] dflgG%. xfn of]

:yfg gfnGbf lh˜fjmf] ;b/d'jmfd laxf/;l/˚df k%{. ltAatL u|Gycg';f/ o;

lj!ljBfnodf 12 xhf/ ljBfyL{x¿ cWoog uy]{.


ltAatdf klxnf] k^s lgdf{)f ul/Psf] ljxf/ o;}sf] gÍn lyof]. la:tf/}

ljsl;t x'“b} hf“bf o;n] z}lÔs k|lt‡fgsf] ¿k ln“b} uof], xhf/f}” leÔ'x¿n]

ljxf/d} a;]/ cWoog ug{ ;Sg] u/L of] ljxf/ ljsl;t x'g k'Uof]. kfn /fhfx¿n]

pbf/k"j{s cf]bfGtk'/Lsf] k|ultdf an k'¥ofP. ef/tdf d'Ò:ndx¿sf] cfqmd)f

gx'Gh]n gfnGbf lj!ljBfnosf] z}lÔs k/Dk/fnfO{ log} z}lÔs k|lt‡fgx¿n]

cl# a(fPsf lyP. ;g\ 1193 lt/ cnL aÒVtof/ df]xDdb lvnhLjmf]

cfqmd)fkl% oL ;a} lj!ljBfnosf ljåfg\x¿ w]/} xTof eof] s]xL efu]/ g]kfn

/ ltAatlt/ cfP. o;/L ef/tdf ljsl;t af}$ lzÔfsf] Pp^f o'usf] (f]sf aGb

eof].


Bibhor Baral


;Gbe{…f]t

afnj[mi)f kf]v/]n / cGo -;Dkf=_,

g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]zg]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z

g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]zg]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z

g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z, sf&df*f}” M g]kfn

/fhsLo k|!fk|lt‡fg, 2040.

/fx'n ;fª\s[Tofog,

bz{g lbUbz{gbz{g lbUbz{g

bz{g lbUbz{gbz{g lbUbz{g

bz{g lbUbz{g, Onfxfafb, ;g\ 2007.

/fx'n ;fª\s[Tofog,

af}$ bz{gaf}$ bz{g

af}$ bz{gaf}$ bz{g

af}$ bz{g.

/fx'n ;fª\s[Tofog,

ltAat d]( af}$ wd{ltAat d]( af}$ wd{

ltAat d]( af}$ wd{ltAat d]( af}$ wd{

ltAat d]( af}$ wd{.

P.V. Bapat, 2500 Years of Buddhism, Sixth Reprint, May 1997.

rGıw/ zdf{,

ef/tLo bz{g, cfnf]rg cf}/ cg'zLngef/tLo bz{g, cfnf]rg cf}/ cg'zLng

ef/tLo bz{g, cfnf]rg cf}/ cg'zLngef/tLo bz{g, cfnf]rg cf}/ cg'zLng

ef/tLo bz{g, cfnf]rg cf}/ cg'zLng, df]tLnfn agf/;Lbf;,

lb˜L, ;g\ 1998.

cfrfo{ anb]j pkfWofo,

af}$ bz{g dLdf+;faf}$ bz{g dLdf+;f

af}$ bz{g dLdf+;faf}$ bz{g dLdf+;f

af}$ bz{g dLdf+;f, rf}vDaf ljBf ejg, jf/f)f;L,

k‰d ;+:s/)f, ;g\ 1999.

k+= lg‡fgGb jh|frfo{,

nlntlj:t/;"qnlntlj:t/;"q

nlntlj:t/;"qnlntlj:t/;"q

nlntlj:t/;"q -g]kfn efiff ;+:s/)f_.

P= s'df/:jfdL, Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism.

cfrfo{ g/]Gıb]j,

af}$ wd{ cf}/ bz{gaf}$ wd{ cf}/ bz{g

af}$ wd{ cf}/ bz{gaf}$ wd{ cf}/ bz{g

af}$ wd{ cf}/ bz{g, laxf/ /ffl«efiff kl/ifb\, 1956 O=.

P.V. Bapat, 2500 Years of Buddhism, Ministry of Informationand Broadcasting Government of India, 1956.

Sir Edwin Arnold, Light of Asia, Interpret Mehta House 16-17Neraina 11 New Delhi, 1985.

Lama, Taranath, History of Indian Buddhism Early 18thCentury.

Itsing, Record of the Buddhist Religion.

kfnL lqlk^skfnL lqlk^s

kfnL lqlk^skfnL lqlk^s

kfnL lqlk^s -;"qlk^s, ljgolk^s / clewd{lk^ssf ljle© lgsfox¿_.

leÔ' cd[tfgGb,

a'$sfnLg kl/j|fhsx¿a'$sfnLg kl/j|fhsx¿

a'$sfnLg kl/j|fhsx¿a'$sfnLg kl/j|fhsx¿

a'$sfnLg kl/j|fhsx¿, efu 1 / 2, cfgGbs'^L ljxf/,

sf&df*f}”.

leÔ' cd[tfgGb,

a'$sfnLg /fhkl/jf/x¿a'$sfnLg /fhkl/jf/x¿

a'$sfnLg /fhkl/jf/x¿a'$sfnLg /fhkl/jf/x¿

a'$sfnLg /fhkl/jf/x¿, cfgGbs'^L ljxf/, sf&df*f}”.

leÔ' cd[tfgGb,

a'$sfnLg dlxnfx¿a'$sfnLg dlxnfx¿

a'$sfnLg dlxnfx¿a'$sfnLg dlxnfx¿

a'$sfnLg dlxnfx¿, cfgGbs'^L ljxf/, sf&df*f}”.


Bibhor Baral

Bibhor Baral

Digital edition of Buddhavaadka Teen AayamBrought to you bywww.OnlineSahitya.com

Bibhor Baral

digital edition of buddhavaadka teen aayambrought to you ... baadka tin aayaam.pdf · digital...

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