development of a decision support system of...
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Development of a Decision Support System of Public Policies for Sustainable Cities
Junyi Zhang
Transportation Engineering Laboratory (HiTEL), IDEC, Hiroshima University
The 43th COE Seminar, IDEC, Hiroshima University, Dec., 21, 2007
A Transportation Perspective
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Background and motivationBackground and motivation
Common transportation Issues in both developed and developing countries
Traffic congestion
Air pollution
Traffic accident
Energy consumption
Transportation efficiency: energy consumption and economic activities
Accessibility
Health issues: due to overuse of car and air pollution
Traffic noise and vibration, …
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Background and motivationBackground and motivation
Transportation issues specific to developing countriesLack of transportation infrastructures, low quality infrastructures
Rapid economic growth and slow supply of infrastructures
Lack of land use-transportation integration
High ownership of ill-equipped vehicles
Operation of special transport vehicles (Jeepney, Tricycle, Tuktuk, Soibike, Pedicab, Rickshow, Diliman) and employment issues
Poverty and transportation inequity: accessibility and environmental inequity
Lack of governance, esp., funding/institutional problems: Shortage of funds, limited borrowing capacity, organizational deficiency, shortage of manpower, lack of expertise and technology, and lack of (well-established) supportive laws/rules
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Necessity of a Decision Support System Necessity of a Decision Support System (DSS)(DSS)
Database management systeminput process output outcome impact
Library of potential modelsto forecast the possible outcomes of decisions as well as external factors
Interface of systemto aid the interaction of policy makers with the system and to assist in analysis of outcomes
computer-based or non-computer-based
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ScaleScale
International
Community
Point & Line
City
Region
Nation
Short-termMid-termLong-termTime
Space
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ScopeScope
Transportation
Firm activities
Household activities
Stationery sources
Mobile sources
Freight transport Passenger transport
Public transport
Private transport
Truck transport
Massivetransport
Information & Communication
Technology
Daily travel Non-daily travel
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GoalGoal
Environmental
Sustainability
Social
SustainabilityEconomic
Sustainability
Environmental
Sustainability
Social
Sustainability
Economic
Sustainability
Unbalanced
Balanced
DSS should addresses these issues.
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FactsFacts
The column width is proportional to population
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Library of Potential Models: StructureLibrary of Potential Models: Structure
Current & Previous States
Evaluation of goal achievement
Sustainable States
To set the goals
Process of Change
Acceptance of policiesModification of behaviors
Top-down approach
Bottom-up approach
Evaluation of current and future states
Acceptance of the achieved goals
Exploring the changes of behaviors under policies
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Library of Potential Models: GoalsLibrary of Potential Models: Goals
Sustainable StatesTop-down approach
Constraints
Economy: Maximal accessibility & mobility
Environment: Minimal emissions
Society: Maximal equity in accessibility & mobility
Civil minimum in accessibility & mobility
Environmental standards and frontier
Technologies & institutions,…
(under uncertainty)
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Library of Potential Models: GoalsLibrary of Potential Models: Goals
Sustainable StatesTop-down approach
Challenges: to quantify the values in urban planning
Substantial values- Planning
• Traditional values: safety, economic growth, …
• Contemporary values: quality of life, quality of space, mobility, sustainability, culture/history, beauty, security, vitality, efficiency, …
Procedural values- Implementation
• Fairness
• Equity
• Self-supporting or independence, …
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Library of Potential Models: GoalsLibrary of Potential Models: Goals
Top-down approach
Bi-Level Optimization Model ofEnvironmentally Efficient Car Ownership (Feng Tao)
Env. Capacity
Data
Env. Load
Road NetworkRoad Network
OD Trip MatrixOD Trip Matrix
Car Ownership(update)
Car Ownership(update)
EnvironmentalControl MeasuresEnvironmental
Control Measures
Pollutant Concentration(zone level)
Pollutant Concentration(zone level)
Total Emission/ Fuel Consumption (zone level)
Total Emission/ Fuel Consumption (zone level)
Traffic Assignment/Distribution Model
Traffic Assignment/Distribution Model
Mobility MaximumTrip Maximum and Equity
Mobility MaximumTrip Maximum and Equity
Upper Level
Lower Level
EnvironmentalCapacity (zone level)
EnvironmentalCapacity (zone level)
Standard of Atmosphere Quality
Standard of Atmosphere Quality
Modal Split ModelModal Split Model
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Library of Potential Models: GoalsLibrary of Potential Models: Goals
Top-down approach
Space of Production
O
A
Private Transport
Efficiency Frontier Frontier of
COD Cities
Frontier ofTOD Cities
TOD developed cityCOD developed cityDeveloping cities
Public Transport
Efficiency Analysis of Transport Sector (Daisuke Yoshino)
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Library of Potential Models: GoalsLibrary of Potential Models: Goals
Top-down approach Backcasting
Mapping
• Behavior & attitude: Household, individual and firm
• Transportation system performance
• Governance level…
Policy measures
• Long-term: e.g., land use• Mid-term: e.g., vehicle
ownership• Short-term: e.g.,
modification of daily behavior
Target
• Economic sustainability
• Environmental sustainability
• Social sustainability
Future
Present
Sustainable level
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Library of Potential Models: GoalsLibrary of Potential Models: Goals
Top-down approach
Backcasting of Environmentally Sustainable Transport System (Feng Xuesong)
Spatial distribution of population,employment, motor-vehicle, etc;Trip generation & attraction ofeach TAZ;Trip distribution;Travel mode split;Trip assignment on the networks;Traffic emission (CO);Others.
COEmission
TrafficSituation
Application of theProposed Integrated Model
Urban forms changes;Urban development, e.g. theincrease of household, motor-vehicle, etc, control;Public transport systemsamelioration;Transport networksimprovements;Others.
Actuality Mapping Policy Measures Target
Envirnmental Efficiency (EE)
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
2020 2030 2040 2050
S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8TimeStarting
Point
CO(Sustainability)
(Unsustainable)
Alternatives
The FinalOne
EE &Traffic
Situation
(Sustainable)
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Library of Potential Models: GoalsLibrary of Potential Models: Goals
Sustainable States
Bottom-up approach
Acceptance of the achieved goals
How to solve various conflicts?
Group Decision
Ecocentrism: concern for the well-being of all people, animals, and plants
Homocentrism: concern for the well-being of all people
Egocentrism: concern for one’s own well-being
Government
Firms
Civil society
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Library of Potential Models: ProcessLibrary of Potential Models: Process
Random Utility Theory: Individuals & Households
Process of Change
(McFadden, 2001)
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Library of Potential Models: ProcessLibrary of Potential Models: Process
Travel behavior decision-making (Waddell, 2000)
Process of ChangeIndividuals & Households
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Library of Potential Models: ProcessLibrary of Potential Models: Process
Process of Change
(David Simmonds Consultancy and Marcial Echenique and Partners (1999))
Firm
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Library of Potential Models: ProcessLibrary of Potential Models: Process
Acceptance of sustainable policies
Values BeliefsPro-sustainable personal norms Behavior
Altruistic
Egoistic
Awareness of consequences
Ascription of responsibility
Sense of obligation to take pro-sustainable action
Activism
Non-activist behavior in public sphere (e.g., acceptability of policies)
Private-sphere behavior
Organizational behavior
Worldview
Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) Theory
Ecocentrism: concern for the well-being of all people, animals, and plants
Homocentrism: concern for the well-being of all people
Egocentrism: concern for one’s own well-being
Process of Change
Individuals & Households
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Library of Potential Models: ProcessLibrary of Potential Models: Process
Acceptance of sustainable policies
Process of Change
Firm
(Jasch, 2000)
R & D and Design
Procurement and Production
Sales and Distribution
Services
Product Usage
Operational Process
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Library of Potential Models: ProcessLibrary of Potential Models: Process
Process of Change Road pricing research (Wang Zhuo)
Road Pricing
Toll Road Congestion Pricing
Distance-Based Pricing
Cordon Pricing
Value Pricing
Income
Expectation of Others’ Car
Use Reduction
Intention of Car Use
Reduction
Fairness
Infringement on Freedom
Acceptance of Road Pricing
Car-Dependent Behavior
Long-term
Mid-term
Short-term
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Library of Potential Models: ProcessLibrary of Potential Models: Process
Sustainable urban form of Jakarta city based on SP approach (Metin Senbil)
TOD: Transit Oriented Development(9~18km from city center)
MS: Modern Suburbs(19 ~ 30 km from city center)
CC: Compact City(3 ~ 8 km from city center)
500 meter
tempat belanja dapur
Bus
fast min,high rupiahs, 0 transfers
Rumah
Pilihan Transport ke Tempat Kerja, Waktu Tempuh dan Biaya (Ongkos) Perjalanan
1 km
tempat belanja & restoran
stasiun kereta dalam kota
taman
110 menit, Rp. 15000
tempat tunggu bus
2 km
Kereta
125 menit, Rp. 5500, tidak ganti bus
100 menit, Rp. 3400
Bus
Mobil Pribadi
Alternatif A: Lingkungan Tinggal Berjarak antara 9 sampai 18 km ke Tempat Kerja di Jakarta Pusat
Tempat Bekerja
stasiun kereta dalam kota
1 km
2 km taman
tempat tunggu bus
tempat belanja & restoran
tempat belanja dapur
35 menit, Rp. 11000
45 menit, Rp. 2200, 1 kali ganti bus
Rumah
500
meter
Tempat Bekerja
40 menit, Rp. 2000
Alternatif B:Lingkungan Tinggal Berjarak antara 3 sampai 8 km ke Tempat Kerja di Jakarta Pusat
Pilihan Transport ke Tempat Kerja, Waktu Tempuh dan Biaya (Ongkos) Perjalanan
Mobil Pribadi
Bus
Kereta
5 meter
tempat belanja dapur
2 km
taman
stasiun kereta yang menuju kota
tempat belanja & restoran
3 km
135 menit, Rp. 5200, tidak ganti bus
85 menit, Rp. 5700
500 meter
tempat tunggu bus
Rumah
115 menit, Rp. 32000
Mobil Pribadi
Bus
Kereta
Alternatif C:Lingkungan Tinggal Berjarak antara 19 sampai 30 km ke Tempat Kerja di Jakarta Pusat
Pilihan Transport ke Tempat Kerja, Waktu Tempuh dan Biaya (Ongkos) Perjalanan
Tempat Bekerja
7
8
9
7
8
9
4
5
6
4
5
6
1
2
3
1
2
3
Process of Change
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Library of Potential Models: ProcessLibrary of Potential Models: Process
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
% C
hang
e of
Cho
ice
Prob
abili
t
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9
<S1>Distance to bus stopdecreased 25% in TOC
<S2>Distance to bus stopdecreased 25% in bothTOD and CC
<S3>Distance to rail stationdecerased 25% in TOD
<S4>Distance to rail stationdecerased 25% in bothTOD and CC
<S5>Distance to bus stop andto department storedecreased 25% in TOD
<S6>Distance to bus stop anddepartment store decreased25% in both TOD and CC
A9: MS_Rail
A8: MS_Bus
A7: MS_Car
A6: CC_Rail
A5: CC_Bus
A4: CC_Car
A3: TOD_Rail
A2: TOD_Bus
A1: TOD_Car
A9: MS_Rail
A8: MS_Bus
A7: MS_Car
A6: CC_Rail
A5: CC_Bus
A4: CC_Car
A3: TOD_Rail
A2: TOD_Bus
A1: TOD_Car
Process of Change
Evaluation based on Mixed Logit Model
Sustainable urban form of Jakarta city based on SP approach (Metin Senbil)
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Library of Potential Models: ProcessLibrary of Potential Models: Process
Sustainable travel mode choice in Yangon and Hanoi city based on SP approach
Insein Township
Downtown
Pop; 200,000Pop; 200,000
23 23 kmkm
Insein Township
Downtown
Insein Township
Downtown
Pop; 200,000Pop; 200,000
23 23 kmkm
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1
400
799
1198
1597
1996
2395
2794
3193
3592
3991
4390
4789
5188
5587
5986
6385
6784
7183
Income (×103
Kyats)
Cho
ice
prob
abili
t
Bus
Rail
Car
New transit system
(362,12)
New Transit System
Process of Change
Evaluation based on SP & RP Combined Model
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Library of Potential Models: ProcessLibrary of Potential Models: Process
Evaluation of Sustainable Urban Form in Jakarta City (Feng Xuesong)
CCDCompact City Development
TODTransit-Oriented Development
PCDPoly-Center Development
Construction of Major Roads BAU“Soft” Policies
Control of Motorcycle Ownership
Improvement of Transit Systems
Process of Change
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Library of Potential Models: ProcessLibrary of Potential Models: Process
Evaluation of Sustainable Urban Form in Beijing City (Feng Xuesong)
CCDCompact City Development
TODTransit-Oriented Development
PCDPoly-Center Development
Construction of Major Roads BAU“Soft” Policies
Control of CarOwnership
Improvement of Transit Systems
Process of Change
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Library of Potential Models: StatesLibrary of Potential Models: States
Current & Previous States
y3 = h (Trip distribution, inter-zonal level-of-service)
y2 = g (Trip generation and attraction, inter-zonal travel utility)
y4 = i (Car traffic volume, link capacity, link free speed)
Trip generation and attraction
Trip distribution
Distribution of residence and.employment, transportation network
y1 = f (Population, car ownership, employment,travel pattern)
Link traffic volume and speed
Car traffic volume
Land use model
EnvironmentalIntensity
Trip generation and attraction model
Trip distribution model
Modal split model
Traffic assignment model
Travel accessibility
Travel level-of-service
Travel utility
Car ownership model
Emission productionEnergy consumption
Urban formpreference model
Population and economic synthesizersPopulation and economic synthesizers
Integrated modeling
Integrated Transportation Model with Feedback and Spatial Interaction(Feng Xuesong)
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Library of Potential Models: StatesLibrary of Potential Models: States
EXOGENEOUS(POLICIES)
ENDOGENEOUSEXOGENEOUS
LOCATION MODELS
CALIBRATION
FORECASTING
FOUR STEPS MODEL
URBAN LAND ALLOCATION
MODEL
URBAN LOCATION MODEL
ACCESSIBILITY
Trip Generation
Trip Distribution
Network Assignmenmt
Travel Costs
Vehicular Fuel UseEmissions Production
and Dispersion
Transportation Control Measures
Fuel & Other Pricing/Tax Policies
Network Capacities
Modal Services
Vehicle Occupancies
Vehicle Ownership
population and economic activity
time=t
population and economic activity
time=t-1
population and economic activity
time=t+1
population and economic activity
time=t+2
population and economic activity
time=t-2
RESIDENTIAL LOCATION
EMPLOYMENT LOCATION
Land Use Policies
estimation
Current & Previous StatesIntegrated Land Use and Transportation Model(Metin Senbil)
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Library of Potential Models: StatesLibrary of Potential Models: States
Urban Urban ModelModel
Environmental Simulation Model
(Asian Environment
Simulator: AES)
EvaluationEvaluationModelModel
SCEM Indicators Policy Package
SCEM Indicators
QOL IndicatorsAir Quality Indicators
Land Use Model
Eco-System ModelAir Pollution Diffusion
Model
Transportation Model
EcosystemIndicators
Improvem
ent of SC
EM
based on feedback
Socio-Economic Model
Impact Assessment Model
Environmental Emission Model
Policy-m
aking base
d on feedback
Current & Previous States Integrated Urban Modeling
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Library of Potential Models: StatesLibrary of Potential Models: States
Current & Previous States
S.B Nugroho’senvironmental emission study
Other Policy Studies on
Transportation
Other Policy Studies on
Transportation
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Library of Potential Models: EvaluationLibrary of Potential Models: Evaluation
Policy Evaluation
Current & Previous States
Evaluation of goal achievement
Sustainable States
To set the goals
Process of Change
Acceptance of policiesModification of behaviors
Evaluation of current and future states
Acceptance of the achieved goals
Exploring the changes of behaviors under policies
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Library of Potential Models: EvaluationLibrary of Potential Models: Evaluation
Impacts on human, economy and ecosystem
Urban Air Quality
Increase of environmental loads from car traffic
>Population>Economy>Life style>Distance
traveled of car Impact
Pressures
State
DrivingForces
Responses
Law,
Institutio
nLaw
, In
stitutio
n
Econom
ic m
easuresE
conomic
measures
Technology
Technology
enlightenmentenlightenment
Policies to control generation
e.g., re-construct social system
Policies to reduce env. loadse.g., Law, institution (Government)
Compliance and PI (Citizen)Tech. Dev., PI (Firm)
Policies to absorb pollutionse.g., Green space (Government)
Voluntary plantation (Citizen)
Concerns about environmental issues
Cap. BuildingCap. BuildingCap. InfluenceCap. Influence
Capacity
Citizen Firm
Gov.
DPSIRDPSIRDPSIRDPSIR+CDPSIRDPSIR++CC
Impacts on human, economy and ecosystem
Urban Air Quality
Increase of environmental loads from car traffic
>Population>Economy>Life style>Distance
traveled of car Impact
Pressures
State
DrivingForces
Responses
Law,
Institutio
nLaw
, In
stitutio
n
Econom
ic m
easuresE
conomic
measures
Technology
Technology
Law,
Institutio
nLaw
, In
stitutio
n
Econom
ic m
easuresE
conomic
measures
Technology
Technology
enlightenmentenlightenment
Policies to control generation
e.g., re-construct social system
Policies to reduce env. loadse.g., Law, institution (Government)
Compliance and PI (Citizen)Tech. Dev., PI (Firm)
Policies to absorb pollutionse.g., Green space (Government)
Voluntary plantation (Citizen)
Concerns about environmental issues
Cap. BuildingCap. BuildingCap. InfluenceCap. Influence
Capacity
Citizen Firm
Gov.
DPSIRDPSIRDPSIRDPSIR+CDPSIRDPSIR++CC
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Library of Potential Models: EvaluationLibrary of Potential Models: Evaluation
Linear programming (PM)Multi-objective LP (PM)Interactive methods (PM)
Continuous
Discrete
Permutation method (OM)Expected value approach (VA)Fuzzy evaluation methods (OM)Regime method (OM)Evamix method (OM)
Qualitative/mixed
Quantitative
Cost-benefit analysisCost-effective analysis
Prices
Priorities
Value functionUtility function
Functions
LinearELECTRE family (OM)PROMETHEE (OM)Analytic hierarchic process (VA)Weighted summation (VA)Reference point method (VA)
Alternatives
Type ofInformation
Decision Rule
Standardization
PM: programming methodOM: Outranking methodVA: value approach
Multi-Criteria Evaluation
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Library of Potential Models: EvaluationLibrary of Potential Models: Evaluation
CVM (Contingent Valuation Method): Fuzzy CVM(for non-market goods such as amenity) Fujiwara, Zhang and Kuwano
Mean WTPMean WTPAn amount when the confidence level of WTP (WNTP) is An amount when the confidence level of WTP (WNTP) is
equal to zeroequal to zero
0
+5
-5
Con
fiden
ce levelC
onfid
ence level
WTPWTP
100 300 500 700 900 Bid amount (Bid amount (¥¥))
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Database Management System: DataDatabase Management System: Data
International
Community
Point & Line
City
Region
Nation
Short-termMid-termLong-termTime
Space
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Database Management SystemDatabase Management System
Existing data sources: Macro-data at city level
Millennium Cities Database: 100 world cities
51 countries and 100 cities
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Database Management SystemDatabase Management System
Millennium Cities Database: Contents
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Database Management SystemDatabase Management System
Existing data sources: City level
Panel Data of 46 World Cities: 1960, 70, 80 & 90
US cities Australia cities
Canadian cities
European cities
Wealthy Asian cities
Developing Asian cities
Boston Chicago Detroit Denver Houston Los Angeles New York Phoenix Portland Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Washington
Adelaide Brisbane Canberra Melbourne Perth Sydney
Calgary Edmonton Montreal Ottawa Toronto Vancouver Winnipeg
Amsterdam Brussels Copenhagen Frankfurt Hamburg Landon Munich Paris Stockholm Vienna Zurich
Hong Kong Singapore Tokyo
Bangkok Jakarta Kuala Lumpur Manila Seoul Surabaya
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Database Management SystemDatabase Management System
Existing data sources: Individual/Household levelPerson-trip data (18 cities): Integrated urban model, data mining studies, missing data analysis1. Tripoli, Lebanon;2. Damascus, Syria;3. Manila, Philippines;4. Beijing, Dalian, Chengdu, China;5. Managua, Nicaragua;6. Belem, Brazil;7. Bucharest, Romania;8. Cairo, Egypt;9. Jakarta, Indonesia;10. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;11. Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam;12. Naoribi, Kenya;13. Lima, Peru;14. Dhaka, Bangladesh15. Hiroshima, Japan
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Database Management SystemDatabase Management System
New data sources: Individual level
Jakarta SP (stated preference) data of sustainable urban form• Residential choice and commuting mode choice
Attitudinal survey for DPSIR+C analysis• Government sectors and citizens in Beijing city
• Government sectors, firms, and citizens in Jakarta city
• Government sectors, firms, and citizens in Hanoi city
…….
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Database Management System: PoliciesDatabase Management System: Policies
International
Community
Point & Line
City
Region
Nation
Short-termMid-termLong-termTime
Space
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Interface of Decision Support SystemInterface of Decision Support System
Computer-based Non-computer-based
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DiscussionDiscussion
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Research Issues about ChinaResearch Issues about China
Wen-Yuan Niu and William M. Harris (1996) China: The Forecast of its Environmental Situation in the 21st Century, Journal of Environmental Management, 47, 101–114.
Division of Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Department of Urban and Environmental Planning, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, U.S.A.
SourcesChina Statistical Yearbook (1992/3)
World Bank (1992a,b)
Asian Development Bank (1992)
Boxer (1989); Liu (1987); Niu (1990); Smil (1984)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (1992a,b)
Silk and Ross (1990)
World Resources Institute (1990–1994)
World Bank (1990–1994)
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Discussion: Research of China IssuesDiscussion: Research of China Issues
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
GNP per capitaAnnual av. rate of increase
Total energy demandNet growth rate
NumberWorking age (19–59)
Aged persons (60+)Biomass
GrainCultivated land area
ForestGrazing land
Meat and poultryEnergy consumption per unit GNP
Waste gasWaste water
Waste residueCO2SO2
CFCsSoil erosion
Forest coverDesertificationUrbanization
Water resourcesWater consumption, industrial
Eco
nom
icP
opul
atio
nR
esou
rces
per
capi
taT
ecE
mis
sion
sO
ther
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030China IssuesChina Issues
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Research Issues about ChinaResearch Issues about China
Environmental Issues in China investigated by World Bank http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/0,,contentMDK:20266322~menuPK:537827~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502886,00.html (Access on Dec. 15, 2007)
SummaryChina’s rapid growth is now a driving force in the global economy and is achieving unprecedented rates of poverty reduction. However, growth is also seriously damaging the natural resource base and generating major environmental liabilities.
The country’s environmental problems include land degradation, deteriorating water quality and water scarcity, severe air pollution and declining natural forest cover.
These problems threaten the health and prospects of current and future generations and are undermining the sustainability of long-term growth.
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Research Issues about ChinaResearch Issues about China
Urban EnvironmentDemographic trends in China indicate that; i) the urban population of about 430 million (2001) will reach 850 million by 2015, and ii) the number of cities with over 100,000 people will increase from 630 (2001) to over 1,000 (2015).Government measures to address pollution, including industrial water and air pollution (mainly from state-owned enterprises), have achieved significant results. However, problems remain with the implementation and enforcement of environmental regulations, and the balance between reducing emissions and increasing production has not yet been satisfactorily achieved.China’s urban population has grown in cities of all sizes. However, townships of between 5,000 and 10,000 people are witnessing the fastest growth. While some aspects of the urban environment haveimproved in China’s mega and large cities, environmental management in the expanding towns and townships remains a major challenge. Pollution in these smaller urban settings is not well monitored and their development plans contain only limited provisions to address it.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/0,,contentMDK:20266322~menuPK:537827~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502886,00.html (Access on Dec. 15, 2007)
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Research Issues about ChinaResearch Issues about China
Urban Environment
The World Bank has been and is providing substantial assistance to address these challenges.
Projects (e.g. in Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Chongqing) are supporting the construction of sewerage and drainage systems, wastewater treatment plants and solid waste management facilitates.
The World Bank is also providing analytical and advisory assistance help China value urban environmental health risks, understand environment/poverty linkages, and implement Water Pollution Control measures.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/0,,contentMDK:20266322~menuPK:537827~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502886,00.html (Access on Dec. 15, 2007)
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Research Issues about ChinaResearch Issues about China
Energy, Air Pollution and Green House Gases (GHG)
China is the World’s 3rd largest consumer of coal and oil, but much of its energy producing and using equipment is both inefficient and highly polluting. As a result, China experiences severe urban air pollution that has a significant impact throughout the region.
It is also the World’s second-largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Improving energy efficiency and accelerating the development andapplication of new and renewable energy and clean coal technologies are therefore very urgent sustainable development and environmental priorities.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/0,,contentMDK:20266322~menuPK:537827~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502886,00.html (Access on Dec. 15, 2007)
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Research Issues about ChinaResearch Issues about China
Energy, Air Pollution and Green House Gases (GHG)
The World Bank is China’s most important international partner in the effort to reduce energy-related air pollution and emissions. The World Bank has supported several key strategic analyses, including a clean-coal options review and deployment strategy, a renewable energy promotion plan and an analysis of China’s potential in the Clean Development Mechanism.
The World Bank is currently implementing a multi-billion US$ energy modernization program to support clean-coal power production and utilization technology transfer, a major energy efficiency improvement program and, more recently, a national renewable energy development program. Bank assistance is likely to continue and evolve in all these three areas.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/0,,contentMDK:20266322~menuPK:537827~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502886,00.html (Access on Dec. 15, 2007)
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J. Zhang, 2007
Research Issues about ChinaResearch Issues about China
Natural Resource ManagementLand degradation is widespread and increasing. China has huge tracts of rapidly degrading grasslands, some of the worst water erosion problems and the highest ratio of actual to potential desertified land in the world.Thanks to large investments in tree plantation and shelterbelt development and a natural forest logging ban, China has successfully turned the tide of formerly rapid deforestation. However, the country’s natural forests had been in a continuous decline for over 50 years and the return of many forest ecosystems to a sustainable condition is still a long way off. Despite the establishment of a national system of nature reserves, the stresses on them have put the country's unique and globally significant biodiversity under serious pressure. Water availability and quality continues to be a critical problem, particularly in northern China, and the situation is likely to deteriorate over the next decade, especially in the rivers north of the Yangtze. In order to equitably resolve the conflicting claims for water and other natural resources there is a need for both technical progress and improvements in institutional, administrative and regulatory arrangements.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/0,,contentMDK:20266322~menuPK:537827~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502886,00.html (Access on Dec. 15, 2007)
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J. Zhang, 2007
Research Issues about ChinaResearch Issues about China
Natural Resource Management
The World Bank is helping China respond to all four of these challenges with technical and project assistance. The bank has a large landdegradation-oriented project portfolio, which focuses on the fragile and severely degraded western region. It includes innovative land degradation projects such as Loess Plateau and Gansu/Xingiang Pastoral Development.
We are providing state-of-the-art forest management advice and investment assistance through vehicles such as the Sustainable Forest Development Project. Linked to it is a large-scale GEF-supported nature reserves management improvement program.
Water scarcity and water quality problems are being addressed through projects in the western region’s Tarim Basin and in the Hai Basin area of the agriculturally-vital North China Plain.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/0,,contentMDK:20266322~menuPK:537827~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502886,00.html (Access on Dec. 15, 2007)
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J. Zhang, 2007
Research Issues about ChinaResearch Issues about China
Ozone Depletion & Persistant Organic Pollutants (POPs)
China is the developing World’s largest producer of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS).
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are toxic chemicals that become more concentrated along the food chain and pose a global health problem. China ratified the Stockholm Convention on POPs in 2004 and has actively implemented activities to meet the Convention requirements.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/0,,contentMDK:20266322~menuPK:537827~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502886,00.html (Access on Dec. 15, 2007)
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J. Zhang, 2007
Research Issues about ChinaResearch Issues about China
Ozone Depletion & Persistant Organic Pollutants (POPs) World Bank has been collaborating since 1993 on the world's largest Montreal Protocol (MP)- funded ODS phase-out program. With this help, China has phased out about 112, 000 Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) tons in the production and consumption sectors through four World Bank facilitated projects. Of the 88 sub-projects funded under the ODS III Project, 70 subprojects have been completed, and the remaining 18 will be completed in 2005. Under the ODS IV Project, six sector plans are under implementation and an accelerated phase-out plan was approved in December 2004. Total MP commitments under ODS IV now equal $ 355 million. In 2005, emphasis will be on the development of two new sector plans -- a second stage phase-out plan of the CTC/process agents sector and a sector plan for the pharmaceutical aerosol sector. With completion of these two sector plans and through the accelerated phase-out plan, the Bank will help China to completely phase-out production and consumption of ODS by mid-2007.In response to a government request, and with GEF co-financing assistance, the Bank is helping China prepare POPs demonstration projects on the management and disposal of PCBs and the use of non-POPs alternatives for termite control. With Canadian and Italian government help, the Bank is also facilitating studies on POPs toxicity and termite control, PCB management training, and a PCB inventory methodology and PCB management strategy.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/0,,contentMDK:20266322~menuPK:537827~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502886,00.html (Access on Dec. 15, 2007)