design and implementation of an automatic meter reading...
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ARAB ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
AND MARITIME TRANSPORT
College Of Engineering and Technology
Electronics & Communications Engineering Department
Design and Implementation of an Automatic Meter
Reading System for Electric Energy Consumption Using
LonWorks Technology and GSM
By
RASHA HASSAN SADEK MOHAMED
B.Sc., Electronics and Communications Engineering, 2006 Faculty of Engineering, AAST
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master's Degree
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
Dr. Farouk AbdAllah
Dept. of Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
AAST
Supervised by
Dr. Mohamed EI-Habrouk
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Alexandria University
Alexandria 2012
DECLARATION
I certify that all the material in this thesis that is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me.
The contents of this thesis reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the university.
(Signature) .. ~~ .\;-\~"t:IOX\ .• ~~ •..•••.••••.•....••.•••••••••••...
(Date) ..... Cl.~.-:!:;>~ ;-.+.9~?. ....••............•........•...•..•..........
We certify that we have read the present work and that in our opinion it is fully adequate in scope and quality as thesis towards the partial fulfillment of the Master Degree requirements in
Specialization: Electronics and Communications Engineering
From
College of ... Engineering and Technology ... (AASTMT)
Date .Qh ..... ~~: .. 1.c.i1. ........ .
Supervisors:
Name: Dr. Farouk Abd-Allah Salam
Position: Associate Professor at Dept. of Electronics and Communications
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology AAST.
Signature: r~l.§v,..~ A SC1 (e.v...-
Name: Dr. Mohamed EI-Habrouk
Position: Lecturer at Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Examiners:
Name: Professor Dr. Ahmed Khairy Abu EI-Soud
Position: Professor at Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Alexandria University
Signature:
Name: Dr. Amr Mohamed Othman EI-Zawawy
Position: Associate Professor at Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Alexandria University
Signature: ~ Z/ j;'W1. I~
Name: Dr. Farouk Abd-Allah Salem
Position: Associate Professor at Dept. of Electronics and Communications
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology AAST.
Signature: ~< A ~ \ '---
Acknowledgement
This work would not have been completed without help and support of my advisors Dr.
Farouk AbdAllah and Dr. Mohamed EI-Habrouk, without them achieving this work just
wouldn't have been possible. I would like to thank them for providing me an opportunity to
conduct my master's research under their guidance, support and valuable suggestions. Special
thanks to Dr. Mohamed EI-Habrouk for his patience and knowledge constant support during
this work and giving me a lot of his valuable time.
I would like to thank Eng. Kareem Youssri for his valuable help, personal support, and for
supporting me during this work.
I would also like to thank Notions family especially Eng. Mohamed EI-Kholy and Eng.
Mamdouh.
Lastly, I want to thanks my parents, who have made many sacrifices to allow me to be where I
am today, without whom my education would have been impossible, and without whose
support none of this would been possible.
Abstract
Electrical energy meter reading has been always performed manually through human meter
readers. This thesis deals with the electric energy Automated Meter Reading (AMR) in
which the meter reading and management processes are free from human involvement.
This thesis presents a comparative analysis of the surveyed techniques of data collection
and transfer from the consumer to the supply company in the literature showing their main
respective advantages and drawbacks. The desired specifications of the energy meter that
measures and records electrical energy consumed over periods of time by electrical
appliances as well as its accompanying AMR system are also presented. The proposed
energy measurement technique is thoroughly discussed and practically implemented in this
thesis using the ADE7758 from analog Devices. The main building blocks as well as the
functionality and data exchange techniques are also explained. The proposed system
makes use of the available LonWorks Power Line Communication technology from
Echelon as well as the GSM Messaging service in order to enable the data exchange
between the consumer side, the data collection and concentration and the host central
Station at the supply company premises. The design and analysis of the Host Central
Station is outside the scope of this work.
ii
Table of Contents Page
Acknowledgment .............................................................................. .. Abstract... ... ............ ......................................................... ...... ......... ii Table of Contents............................................. ................................... iii List of Tables............................................................................. .......... vi List of Figures.................................................................................... vii List of abbreviations............................................................................ x
Chapter ONE: Introduction
1.1 Introduction..................................................................... ........ 2 1.2 Why AMR ............... ................................. ......... ........ ................... 2 1.3 Problem and Solution.............................................................. ..... 3 1.4 Thesis Layout............................................................................. 3
Chapter TWO: A Survey of Automatic Electricity Meter Reading Techniques
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 5 2.2 Generalized Block Diagram of Electricity Meter Reading Techniques .... 5 2.3 Review of Different Meter Reading Techniques.......................... ....... 6 2.4 Manual Meter Reading Techniques........................... ......... ............. 7
2.4.1 Human Reading Techniques .............................................. 7 2.4.2 Handheld Meter Reading Techniques.................................. 8
2.5 Mobile Network Automatic Meter Reading Technique........ ................ 11 2.6 Fixed Network Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) Techniques ........ ...... 12
2.6.1 Direct Data Access .......................................................... 13 2.6.2 Intermediate Concentrator................................................ 26
2.7 Comparison of Fixed Network AMR Techniques .............................. 32 2.8 Summary ............................................................................ .... 34
Chapter THREE: Data Communication Techniques
3.1 Introduction............................................................................ 36 3.2 Signal Modulation Techniques .................. ................................ .... 36
3.2.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM) ................ ..... ................. ....... 36 3.2.2 Frequency Modulation (FM) and Phase Modulation (PM) .. ....... 37
3.3 Digital Transmission ofInformation .............................................. 38 3.3.1 Shift Modulation............................................................ 39 3.3.2 Bit Rate and Modulation Rate........................................... 40 3.3.3 Binary Modulation......................................................... 41 3.3.4 Modulation Combinations........................................... ...... 45
3.4 Spread Spectrum Systems............................................................ 46 3.4.1 Benefits of Spread Spectrum ...... .................. ..................... 47 3.4.2 Different Modulation Spreading Techniques for Spread 49
3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5
Spectrum .................................................................... . Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) ............................ 49 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FUSS) ................. ...... 50 Comparison of Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence Spread 51 Spectrum Modulation .................................................... ..
3.5 Ultra Wide Band (UWB) ............................................................. 57
iii
3.5.1 UWB Characteristics ....................................................... 59 3.5.2 Ultra Short Pulse Width.............................................. ..... 63
3.6 Summary................................................................................ 64
Chapter FOUR: Basic Building Blocks of the AMR System
4.1 Introduction......... .................... ....... ........................................ 66 4.2 Block Diagram of the Fixed Network Indirect Electric Energy AMR 66
System .................................................................................. . 4.3 Energy Meter........................................................................... 68
4.3.1 Energy Measurement Products.......................................... 69 4.3.2 Comparison between Market-Available Products............ ....... 83
4.4 Analog Devices ADE7758 ........................................................... 85 4.4.1 Basic Operation............................................................... 87 4.4.2 Setting up the Input Signals for the ADE7758 .................... ...... 89 4.4.3 Communicating with the ADE7758 ............................ ........... 89
4.5 The Microcontroller .................................................................. 90 4.5.1 Microcontrollers Families Products.................................... 91 4.5.2 The AVR ATmega16 Microcontroller................................... 98
4.6 Power Line Communication ........................................................ 101 4.6.1 General Differences between BPL and NPL .......... ................. 102 4.6.2 Power Line Communication Technologies ............... .............. 103 4.6.3 LonWorks Neuron IC Products .......................................... 110
4.7 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications ............................ 119 4.6.1 Telit GM862-GPS Module ............... ....... ................... ....... 120 4.6.2 AT Command Interface ................................................... 122
4.8 The OSI Network Model ............................................................ 123 4.7.1 Architecture of the PLC Systems........................................ 124 4.7.2 Architecture of the GSM ................................................... 126
4.9 Summary ................. ....................................... ................... ..... 128
Chapter FIVE: Proposed Automatic Electricity Meter Reading System Design and Implementation
5.1 Introduction ...... ...... ............... ...... ......... ...... ............ ......... ....... 130 5.2 Proposed AMR System............................................................... 130 5.3 Communication between MIU and DCU ............................. ............ 131
5.3.1 Using A VR microcontroller to Simulate the MIU Process 132 Control ....................................................................... .
5.3.2 Data Gathering using ADE7758 .......................................... 143 5.3.3 Serial Interface ofthe ADE7758 ............... ............ .............. 146 5.3.4 The Interface between ADE7758 and ATmega16 .................... 151 5.3.5 Performance under Harmonics Presence in the Power System... 152
5.4 Sending the Collected Data over Power Line.................................... 154 5.4.1 Serial SPI Input/output interface....... .......................... ....... 155 5.4.2 Communication Technique Simulation Using MATLAB .......... 156
5.5 Communication between DCU and HCS ......................................... 158 5.5.1 Serial Interface (US ART) of the AVR Microcontroller ............ 159 5.5.2 AT Command Interface ................................................... 164
iv
5.5.3 GSM Link Protocol......................................................... 168 5.6 Host Central Station.................................................................. 173 5.7 Total System Overview............................................................... 173 5.8 Summary................................................................................ 177
Chapter SIX: Conclusion and Future Work
6.l.Conclusion .............................................................................. 177 6.2.Future Work ........................................................................... 180
References ... II ••••••••••••• II ••••• II ••••• II •••••••••• II •••••••• II II •••••••• II ••• II II •••••••• II II 182 Appendix A ...................................................................................... A-I Appendix B ...................................................................................... B-1 Appendix C ...................................................................................... C-l Appendix D ...................................................................................... D-l
v
List of Tables
Table No. Title Page
2.1 Summary of the fixed network techniques 32 4.1 The 90E21, 90E22, 90E23, and 90E24 ICs 70 4.2 The 90E32 and 90E36 ICs 71 4.3 Cirrus Logic ICs 72 4.4 The ADE7755, AD71056, ADE7768, and ADE7769 75
ICs 4.5 The ADE7751, and ADE7761B ICs 76 4.6 The ADE7752A, ADE7752B, and ADE7762 ICs 77 4.7 The ADE7756, ADE7759, ADE7753, and ADE7763 78
ICs 4.8 The ADE7754, and ADE7758 ICs 79 4.9 ADEICs 81 4.10 Comparison between Market Available Energy 84
Metering Products 4.11 Comparison between Market Available 97
Microcontroller Products 4.12 Channel Characteristics 109 4.13 Motorola's Neuron Chip ICs Specification 111 4.14 Characteristic of PL Smart Transceivers 115 4.15 Summary of Direct 110 Objects 118 5.1 Task Index Description 169 5.2 Invalidity Action Overview 170
vi
List of Figures
Figure No. Caption Page
2.1 Generalized Block Diagram of Electricity Meter 6 Reading
2.2 Manual Meter Reading Technique 7 2.3 Human Reading Techniques 8 2.4 Pluggable Handheld Techniques 9 2.5 Short Range Wireless Handheld Technique 10 2.6 Mobile Network Automatic Meter Reading 11
Techniques 2.7 Fixed Network AMR Techniques 12 2.8 Direct Data Access Techniques 13 2.9 Typical Electrical Power Distribution Network 14 2.10 General Arrangement of Based Automatic Meter 16
Reading. 2.11 Intermediate Data Concentration Techniques 27 2.12 Intermediate Data Primary Network 27 2.13 Intermediate Data Secondary Network 31 2.14 Summary of Electricity Meter Reading 33
Classification Techniques 3.1 Amplitude and Frequency Modulation 38 3.2 Shift Modulations for Digitally Transmitted 39
Information 3.3 On/off modulation of light in an optical fiber 40 3.4 BPSK signal constellation. 41 3.5 BPSKwaveform 42 3.6 BPSK modulator, and coherent BPSK demodulator 43 3.7 Probability of Error Curve for BPSK and 45
FSKIASK 3.8 QAM with 16 modulation states 46 3.9 Spread-Spectrum Communication System 47
3.10 Spread-spectrum signal is buried under the noise 48 level
3.11 Illustration of how the signal can reach the receiver 48 over multiple paths.
3.12 Modulation Techniques for Spread Spectrum 49 3.13 Spectrum-analyzer photo of a direct-sequence (DS) 50
spread-spectrum signal 3.14 Spectrum-analyzer photo of a frequency-hop (FH) 51
spread-spectrum signal 3.15 DS and FH Modulation 52 3.16 Channel Response 53 3.17 Ranges of DS and FH 55 4.1 Block Diagram of the Fixed Network Indirect 67
Electric Energy AMR System 4.2 ADE7758 Pin Configuration 85
vii
4.3 Functional block diagram of ADE7758 86 4.4 ADE7758 Basic Operations 87 4.5 Active Power Calculations 88 4.6 Typical set up for the ADE7758 89 4.7 Microcontroller Features 91 4.8 Pinout ATmega16 99 4.9 CENELEC Frequency Band Designations 112 4.10 Dual-Carrier Frequency Operations 113 4.11 Functional block diagram of The PL-3120 and PL- 114
3150 Power Line Smart Transceivers 4.12 Typical Coupling Circuit for PL-3120 and PL-3150 117 4.13 PL3120- PL3150 1/0 Interface 118 4.14 GM862-GPS Connectors Position 122 4.15 The ISOIOSI reference model 123 4.16 PLC specific network layers 125 4.17 GSM specific network layers 127 5.1 The Proposed AMR Overall System Architecture 131 5.2 Meter Interface Unit 132 5.3 A VR Microcontroller Runner Circuit 134 5.4 Power Supply Source 135 5.5 Master And Slave Data Load To The Shift Registers 135 5.6 SPI Bus Description 136 5.7 SPI Master Slave Connection 137 5.8 SPI Control Register 139 5.9 Master and Slave Simulation 141 5.10 Master And Slave Operation Flowchart 142 5.11 Basic Operation of the ADE7758 144 5.12 The ADE7758 Circuit Digram 145 5.13 ADE7758 Active Energy Accumulation 146 5.14 ADE7758 Interrupt Timing 147 5.15 ADE7758 Registers via the Communications 148
Register 5.16 Communications Register 148 5.17 Writing Data to the ADE7758 via the Serial 149
Interface 5.18 Serial Interface Write Timing Diagram 149 5.19 Reading Data from the ADE7758 via tbe Serial 150
Interface 5.20 Serial Interface Read Timing Diagram 151 5.21 Tbe A VR is Interfaced with tbe ADE7756 Through 152
SPI 5.22 A Fundamental Sine Wave and Two Harmonic 152
Waves tbe 3rd and 5th Harmonics 5.23 PL 3150 and PL 3120 EVB Evaluation Boards 155 5.24 SPI Master And Slave Pins for tbe PLM modules 156 5.25 Model Diagram of DSSS System Using MA TLAB 157 5.26 Transmitted and Received signals 158 5.27 Data Concentration Unit 158
viii
5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38
MAX232 Serial Level Convertor Circuit USART Block Diagrams Control and Status Register A Control and Status Register B Control and Status Register C GSM Link Protocol GSM Link Protocol Example Host Central Station Overall Implemented System Block Diagram Total MIU Operation Flowchart Total DCU Operation Flowchart
ix
159 160 162 163 163 169 172 173 174 175 176
AID AC ADC ADE ADI AES AFE AJ AM AMR ANSI APCF ASK AT AVR BASK BFSK BPL BPL BPSK BW CATV CBI CDMA CEBus CEPT CISC CMOS CPHA CPOL CPU CR CR CS CSMAICA CT CTP D/A
List of Abbreviations
Analog to Digital Converter Alternating Current Analog to Digital Converter Analog Devices Energy Analog Devices Incorporated Advanced Encryption Standard Association for Facilities Engineering Anti-Jam Amplitude Modulation Automatic Meter Reading. American National Standards Institute Active Power Calibration Frequency Amplitude Shift Keying Attention Advanced Virtual RISC Binary Amplitude Shift Keying Binary Frequency Shift Keying Broadband Power Line Broadband Power Line. Binary Phase Shift Keying Band Width Community Antenna Television. Complement Bit Instruction Code Division Multiple Access Consumer Electronic Bus Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Complex Instruction Set Computing Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Clock Phase Clock Polarity Central Processing Unit Carriage Return Carrier Recovery Chip Select Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance Current Transformer Centralized Token Passing Digital to Analog Converter
x
D-AMPS DC DCU DDRBi DES DFT DMIPS DORD DSMA DSP DSSS EEPROM EIA EMC EMI EMIlEMC EPROM ESD ETSI FCC FEC FHSS FM FSK GFSK GMSK GPRS GPS GSM HCS HSPA IDT IDE IEEE IF IR IRQ IS ISDN ISM ISO ISO/OSI ISP
Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service. Direct Current
Data Concentration Unit. Data Direction Register of bit i in port B of the AVR Microcontroller Data Encryption Standard
Discrete Fourier Transform Dhrystone Millions Of Instructions Per Seconds Data Order
Datagram Sensing Multiple Access Digital Signal Processing
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory Electronic Industry Association
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Electro Magnetic Interference. Electromagnetic InterferencelElectromagnetic Compatibility
Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
Electrostatic Discharge
European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Federal Communications Commission
Forward Error Correction
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
Frequency Modulation
Frequency Shift Keying
Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
General Packet Radio Service.
Global Positioning System Global System for Mobile Communications.
Host Central Station.
High speed packet access Integrated Device Technology Integrated Development Environment Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Intermediate Frequency Infrared.
Interrupt Request Output
Interim Standard Integrated Subscriber Digital Network.
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical.
International Standards Organization
International Standardization Organization! Open Systems Interconnection. In System Programmable
xi
JTAG LANs
LCD LLC LNS LonWorks LOS LPF LPI
LQFP LSB MAC MCU MIMO MIPS
MISO MIU MOSI MPSK MSB
MSTR NBL
NLOS NMT NPL NRZ OBIS
OCD OFDM
OOK OSI
OTP PA PCC PDU
PIC PGA PLC PLM PLT PM PP
Joint Test Action Group Local Area Networks.
Liquid Crystal Display Logical Link Control.
LonWorks Network Services
Local Operation Networks Line Of Sight
Low Pass Filter
Low Probability of Intercept
Low Profile Quad Flat packages
Least Significant Bit Medium Access Control.
Microcontroller Multiple Input Multiple Output
Millions of Instructions Per Seconds Master Data In, Slave Data Output
Meter Interface Unit.
Master Data Out, Slave Data In M-ary Phase Shift Keying Most Significant Bit
Master/Slave Select
Narrowband Power Line
Non Line Of Sight
Nordic Mobile Telephony
Narrowband Power Line. Non Return to Zero
Object Identification System.
On Chip Debugging
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
On-Off Keying
Open Systems Interconnection.
One-Time Password
Power Amplifier
Point of Common Coupling
Protocol Description Unit
Programmable Interface Controller
Programmable Gain Amplifier Power Line Communication.
Power Line Modem. Power Line (smart) Transceiver Phase Modulation Point to Point
xii
PPM
PPP
PRN PSK PSTN
PT
PWM QAM QFT QoS
QPSK RAM
RCIF REVP RF RF RFID
RISC
RMS
ROM
RXD RXEN SAR SBI
SCK
SCLK SDCC SIM
SIM
SMS SNR
SOC SOIC SRAM SPDT SPE
SPI
SS
SS
SSB SSOP TCP TCPIIP
Pulse Position Modulation Point-to-Point Protocol.
Pseudo·Random Code Phase Shift Keying
Public Switched Telephone Network Potential Transformer
Pulse-Width Modulation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quad Flat Package Quality of Service.
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Random Access Memory
Received Interrupt Flag Reverse Polarity Radio Frequency
Radio Frequency
Radio Frequency Identification Reduced Instruction Set Computing
Root Mean Square
Read Only Memory
Received Complete
Receiver Enable
Successive Approximation Register
Set Bit Instruction
Master Clock Output
Serial Clock Small Device C Compiler Subscriber identity module
Subscriber Identity Module.
Short Message Service.
Signal to Noise Ratio
System On Chip Small-Outline Integrated Circuit Static Random Access Memory Single Pole, Double Throw
SP! Enable Serial Peripheral Interface
Slave select input Spread Spectrum
Signal Side Band Shrink Small Outline Package. Transmission Control Protocol. Transmission Control ProtocoVInternet Protocol).
xiii
TDMA THD THSS TMlUWB TQFP TTL TXC TXEN UBRR UCSRA UCSRB UCSRC UDR UDRE UMTS USART USB UWB UWB-PHY VLSI VPN VQFP
WAN WCDMA Wi-Fi WLAN WLAN WPA
Time-Division Multiple Access Total Hannonic Distortion
Time Hopping Spread Spectrum Time Modulated Ultra-Wideband Thin Quad Flat Package Transistor Transistor Logic
Transmit Complete
Transmitter Enable USART Baud Rate Registers
USART Control and Status Register A USART Control and Status Register B
USAR T Control and Status Register C USART I/O Data Register USART Data Register Empty Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) Universal Serial Bus
Ultra Wide Band Ultra Wide Band Physical Layer Very Large Scale Integration Virtual Private Network.
Very small Quad Flat Package
Wide Area Network Wide code division multiple access Wireless Fidelity. Wireless Local Area Network. Wireless Local Area Network.
Wi-Fi Protected Access.
xiv
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