Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport Cairo, Egypt

College of Engineering and Technology Electronics and Communications Engineering Department

Multi Radio Resource Management (MRRM) in Wireless Heterogeneous

Networks

A Thesis by

Eng. Hesham Mahmoud Medhat Mahmoud EISawy

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Master of Science

In Communications Engineering

Supervised by:

Prof. Khaled Sbebata

Vice Dean for Graduate Studies, Electronics and

Communication Department Arab Academy for

Science & Technology and Maritime Transport

Assoc. Prof Hesbam EI Bada~

Head of Network Planning Department, National

Telecommunication Institute

Cairo 2009

II ~-?~ ~,JAt~ ARAB ACADEMY FOR ScIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MARITIME TRANSPORT

College of Engineering and Technology

Multi Radio Resource Management (MRRM) in Wireless Heterogeneous Networks

by

Eng. Hesham Mahmoud Medhat Mahmoud EISawy

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment to the Requirements

for the Master's Degree in

Electronics and Communications Engineering

Prof. Khaled A.Shehata Supervisor

Assoc.Prof. Hesham M.EIBadawy Supervisor

Examiner I Darwish Prof. Magdy Fekri Ragaay

Examiner

NOVEMBER 2009

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, wireless technologies have become more and more stable, and it has so many

types, forms, and standards. So, the vision of future wireless networks is the coexistence

of multiple access network technologies. Different access networks will coexist and the

Internet Protocol will be the joint layer. Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HWN) aims to

interoperate all of these networks together and optimize their usage, offering a wide

variety of Radio Access Technologies (RATs). The optimization process will suit all

applications constrains, support all mobility profiles, and match all the customer needs.

Wireless RATs have different designs, tradeoffs, data rates, QoS and capacities. To fulfill

the HWN vision, one of the greatest challenges is to develop a sophisticated protocol that

utilizes the usage of all these networks together. When and in what way the serving

network is chosen, affects the performance of the mobile services. So, managing different

radio resources of these different RATs, and utilizing the usage of these radio resources

according to different parameters has become a must.

This thesis deals with two data oriented networks, the W orId Wide Interoperability for

Microwave Access (WiMAX) and the High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA).

Both networks implement the Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) scheme, which

provide throughput directly proportional to the channel conditions.

The presented work suggests a new joint radio resource management protocol (JRRM)

aiming to maximize the utilization from the AMC for both networks; In addition the

proposed JRRM protocol fits the file transfer protocol (FTP) application, maximizes the

throughput/user, and minimizes the blocking probability. The developed model is analyzed

using a two dimensional queuing model, this model is solved analytically by deploying the

matrix geometric method (MGM) and the obtained results validate the suggested criteria.

The developed JRRM protocol is used by the joint admission controller that permits and

directs the access for both networks. The user remains in the chosen for him by the JRRM

and remains there until he finishes his download. The developed model can also be used

to obtain many important performance measurements such as blocking probability, mean

sojourn time, the mean loads for both networks, and the effective throughput of each

network.

II

Acknowledgement This thesis with all its fmal results would have never been achieved without ALLAH's

will, and I am so grateful Allah for giving me the ability and strength to complete its final

phases. I would also like to express my thanks for my parents, professors and tutors who

were always supporting me and never hesitated a second to give me as much as they can

from their knowledge, care, time and efforts.

Firstly I would never forget to thank and pray to the name ofProf.Bahnasy M.Nossier my

ex supervisor who was a real helper to put my first steps for this research and thesis.

I express my many thanks and grateful feeling to my supervisors Prof.Khaled A.Shehata

& Associate Prof. Hesham EI Badawy for their guidance and support throughout the

research to achieve all of the gained results, and for all times we spent working together in

the thesis: material, mathematical modeling, numerical analysis and results, and for

benefiting from them in many fields of life.

I would also like to express my thanks to the Arab Academy for Science and Technology

and Maritime Transport and the National Telecommunication Institute for all the facilities

that were available, and for the provided environment during my studies and research.

Finally I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues and to everyone who helped

me to complete this research.

m

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

List Of Figures............................................... ................... vn List Of Tables.............................................. ..................... X List Of Symbols.............................................. ................... XI List Of Abbreviations.............. .............................. .............. XIII

CHAPTER 1: HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS

1.1 Introduction ................................................................ 2 1.2 Design Challenges ......................................................... 3 1.3 Network Selection Algorithm. . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 1.4 Coupling Techniques ..................................................... 8 1.5 Thesis Objective ........................................................... 10 1.6 Problem Statement...................................................... ... 11 1.7 Thesis Organization ....................................................... 14

CHAPTER 2: HSDPA & WiMAX NETWORKS

2.1 Introduction to HSDPA ............... ................................... 16 2.1.1 Operation Theory of HSDP A .................................... 16 2.1.2 Upgrading to HSDP A ............................................. 17 2.1.3 HSDP A Network Architecture........ . ... . . . . . .. . . . .. .... . .. . ... 19 2.1.4 High-speed downlink shared channel ........................... 21 2.1.5 HS-DSCH Modulation & Coding. . ........ . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 22 2.1.6 High-speed shared control channel....... .. ..... . .... . ... .. . . . .. 28 2.1.7 High-speed dedicated physical control channel ................ 30 2.1.8 Mobility in HSDPA ............................................. ... 31 2.1.9 Terminal capability. . .. . .... ........ .. ....... ... .... . ... . . .. .... . . . 32

2.2 WiMAX Network......................................................... 34 2.2.1 WiMAX Operation Theory....................................... 34 2.2.2 Physical Layer.... .... ... ............ ... ... . . . .. . ... . ... . . .. . .... . . . 35

2.2.2.1 OFDM System...... .... .. . . ............ ..... .... ... .... ... 35

IV

Table of Contents

2.2.2.2 OFDMA in WiMAX ..................................... 38 2.2.2.3 Sub-channelization and multiple access techniques.. 40 2.2.2.4 Adaptive Modulation and Coding in WiMAX ....... 41 2.2.2.5 Hybrid-ARQ ............................................ ... 43

2.2.3 MAC-Layer Overview.... .. . .. .... . .. . .... . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. . . .. . ... 44 2.2.4 Slot and Frame Structure.......................................... 45 2.2.5 Channel-Access Mechanisms... . .. . . . . . ....... . . ... . . . . .... ... .. 48 2.2.6 Quality of Service. . . . .. . . . . .. ... . . .. . .. . . . ....... . . . . .. . .. . . . ..... 49 2.2.7 Frequency Reuse ................................................... 50

2.3 Conclusion .................................................................. 52

CHAPTER 3: JRRM Modeling

3.1 Introduction to Queueing Ttheory ...................................... 54 3.2 MIMII Queueing system ................................................. 55 3.3 Performance Measurements ......... .................................... 59

3.3.1 Average Queue Occupancy ..................................... 60 3.3.2 The Average Waiting Time .............. ........... ......... .... 61 3.3.3 The Blocking Probability.. ... .... .... ....... .... ......... ....... 63 3.3.4 Throughput Calculations ......................................... 64

3.4 Birth-Death Process....................................................... 65 3.4.1 Steady State Solution......... .......... ........ ........... ... .... 66

3.5 Quasi-Birth-Death (QBD) Process...................................... 68 3.1.4.1 MGM Technique ................................................ 69

3.6 Conclusion .................................................... .............. 73

CHAPTER 4: Results & Analysis

4.1 Throughput Calculation ................................................... 75 4.1.1 Throughput calculations for HSDPA network ................ 75 4.1.2 Throughput calculations for WiMAX network ................ 76

4.2 Proposed JRRM Modeling......... ....... . ...... ..... .. . .. .. . . ...... . ... 78 4.3 Comparison with previously published work........... . . ... ... . ... ... 86 4.4 JRRM Vs Individual Networks Performance ......................... 87

4.4.1 Analysis for Network Capacities ............................... 89 4.4.2 Analysis for File Size Effect .................................... 93

4.5 JRRM Performance Evaluation... .. ........ . . ......... .. . .... . ...... ... 96

v

Table of Contents

4.6 Conclusion ................................................................. 101 Chapter 5:

Conclusion & Future Work

5.1 Conclusion ........ ............. .... ........ ..... .......... ... ............ 103 5.2 Future Work..... ........ .. ........ ........ .. .. . . . ... . ..... .. . .. . ..... .... 104 Publication Extracted from the Thesis........................... 105 References..... . . ...... .. .. .. . .. .. .. ........ . ..... . . .... . . . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... 106

VI

List of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1: HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4 Figure 1.5 Figure 1.6 Figure 1.7 Figure 1.8 Figure 1.9 Figure 1.10

Heterogeneous wireless networks ................................... . The hierarchical scheme of using the CSA in the heterogeneous wireless networks ...................................................... . The hierarchical scheme of using the MRRM in the heterogeneous wireless networks .................................... . Vertical and horizontal handover .................................... . Heterogeneous wireless networks end to end connectivity ...... . No Coupling ... " ...................................... , ., .... '" ....... . Loose Coupling .. '" ....... , ........................ " ................. . Tight Coupling ......................................................... . Channel condition V s data rate ...................................... . Appling MRRM in HWN ............................................ .

CHAPTER 2: HSDPA & WIMAX NETWORKS

Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8 Figure 2.9 Figure 2.10 Figure 2.11 Figure 2.12 Figure 2.13 Figure 2.14 Figure 2.15

Channel quality based scheduling ................................... . NewMAC-hs ........................................................... . Layer 1 fast retransmission ........................................... . HSDPA added channels ......... " ................................... . Data rates on different network interfaces .......................... . Flow control ............................................................ . Network elements fu,nctions ......................................... . Link adaptation ........................................................ . Instantaneous required HS-DSCH SINR [dB] QPSK & 16-QAM constellations ................................... . Chase combining HARQ ............................................. . Incremental redundancy HARQ ..................................... . HS-SCCH format ............................. " ... '" ............ , ., .. . HS-SCCH codes and the related HS-DSCH codes ............... . Uplink frame format .......... '" ., ..................... , .... , ........ .

vn

Page

2

4

5

6 8 9 9

10 12 13

17 18 18 19 20 20 21 23 24 25 27 27 28 30 31

Figure 2.16 Figure 2.17 Figure 2.18 Figure 2.19 Figure 2.20 Figure 2.21 Figure 2.22 Figure 2.23 Figure 2.24

List of Figures

Handover in HS-DSCH & DCH ..................................... . OFDM Signal .......................................................... . Constructing an OFDM symbol using mixers and oscillators ... . Constructing an OFDM symbol using IFFT ....................... . Adding the cyclic prefIx .............................................. . AMC in SINR Vs BLER .............................................. . WiMax Mac Layer .................................................... . Frame and slot structure .............................................. . Frequency reuse ........................................................ .

32 36 36 37 37 43 45 47 51

CHAPTER 3: JRRM MODELING

Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6

General components of a queueing system ......................... 54 MIMI1 queueing system... .. . .. .. ... . .. ...... . . . . ..... . . .. .. .. . .... ... 56 Arrival and departures in a FIFO queueing system ................ 62 System throughput. . . .... ... . .. .. . .. .. .... . . . ... . .. .. . .. . ... . . .. . ... . ... 64 Single dimension birth-death Markov chain ........................ 66 Quasi-birth-death Markov chain ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... 69

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS & ANALYSIS

Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.9 Figure 4.10 Figure 4.11 Figure 4.12 Figure 4.13 Figure 4.14

WiMAX & HSDPA state diagram .................................. . Blocking probability Vs. arrival rate for the proposed JRRM protocol and the results published in [10] .......................... . Blocking probability Vs. arrival rate at C=lO ....................... . Blocking probability Vs. arrival rate at C=15 ...................... . Blocking probability V s. arrival rate at C=20 ....................... . Blocking probability V s. arrival rate at C=25 ....................... . Mean Download time V s. arrival rate at C=15 ..................... . Mean Download time Vs. arrival rate at C=20 ..................... . Mean Download time V s. arrival rate at C=25 ..................... . Blocking probability Vs. arrival rate; = 2Mb ...................... . Blocking probability Vs. arrival rate at; = 6Mb ................... . Mean Download time Vs. arrival rate at; = 2Mb .................. . Mean Download time Vs. arrival rate at ; = 6Mb .................. . Blocking probability Vs maximum number of simultaneous served users per network for different arrival rates and at ;

vm

82

87

89 90 90 92 92 93 93 94 94 95 96

97

List of Figures

=4Mb .................................................................... . Figure 4.15 Blocking probability V s maximum number of simultaneous

served users per network for different arrival rates and at ~ =2Mb .................................................................... .

Figure 4.16 Blocking probability Vs maximum number of simultaneous served users per network for different arrival rates and at ~ =6Mb .................................................................... .

Figure 4.17 Mean download time Vs arrival rate for different network capacities and at ~ =4Mb .............................................. .

Figure 4.20 Blocking probability Vs. arrival rate for different file sizes and C=10 .................................................................... .

IX

98

99

100

101

Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 2.3 Table 2.4 Table 4.1

List of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Page MCS used in the HSDP A .............................................. 22 Device categories capabilities ........................ , . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. 33 OFDM Parameters Used in WiMAX.. ................................ 39 Modulation and Coding Supported in WiMAX .................. '" 42 Operating Parameters ................ ................................... 88

x

Ab A~ A~ Bo BJ C V A. ~ ~i t/J 11:

1tt

1tt.i l1 l1i 1l 1'n BW e G Fs FER qi.i Q P M Nbpo

Nopf

Nfps

Ndota Ncodes

NDL

NHARQ

Nfft nW

List of Symbols

LIST OF SYMBOLS

LDQBD transitions probability from level i to level i + 1 LDQBD transitions probability from within the same level LDQBD transitions probability from level i + 1 to level i LDQBD Upper-most Probability Matrix LDQBD Lower-most Probability Matrix Maximum network capacity For all values of Arrival rate Arrival rate from level i Arrival rate from level i and phase j Downloaded file mean size State probability matrix Probability of being at any phase of level i Probability of being level i and phase j Departure rate Departure rate from state i Rate matrix Probability of being in state n Bandwidth Vector of ones Cyclic prefix percentage Sampling frequency Frame error rate Transition rate from state i to state j Infinitesimal generator matrix Link utilization Modulation order Number of bits per OFDM symbol Number of OFDM symbols per frame Number of frames per second Number data subcarriers Number of simultaneous codes used be HSDPA Number of downlink frames Mean number ofHARQ retransmissions FFT size No. of served users in WiMAX network

XI

List of Symbols

nH No. of served users in HSDPA network n Oversampling rate nH No. of served users in HSDPA network n Mean number of customers in a queue Rc Code rate ~bo) Symbol rate RW WiMAX network throughput ~ HSDPA network throughput SF Spreading factor t Mean waiting time in a queue Tr Frame duration TOFDM OFDM symbol duration Tg Guard time Toh Overhead time percent W Chip rate AI Subcarrier spacing in the OFDM symbol At Small time duration ( t +0) Y throughput

rHc HSDPA network throughput H

rllSt!r HSDPA network throughput per user

Yw WiMAX network throughput w

rllSt!r WiMAX network throughput per user

XlI

l6-QAM 20 2G 3D 3G 3GPP 3GPP2 4G 64-QAM AAA AAS AIPN ABC ACK AMC AMR ARQ ATM BOP BE BER BPSK BRAN BS CC COMA cm CN CP CPICH CQI CQICH CTE CT CRRM CS CSA DCH OFT DSL DTX DVB-H EDGE

List Of Abbreviations

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Two-Dimensional Second Generation Three-Dimensional Third Generation Third Generation Partnership Project Third Generation Partnership Project 2 Fourth Generation 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Authentication Authorization and Accounting Advanced Antenna Systems All IP Network Always Best Connected Acknowledgement Adaptive Modulation and Coding Adaptive Multi-Rate Automatic Repeat Request Asynchronous Transfer Mode Birth-Death Process Best Effort Bit Error Rate Binary Phase Shift Keying Broadband Radio Access Networks Base Station Convolutional Coding Code Division Multiple Access Connection Identifier Core Network Cyclic Prefix Common Pilot Channel Channel Quality Indicator Channel Quality Indicator Channel Customer Terminal Equipment Communication Technology Common Radio Resource Management Convergence Sublayer Connectivity Selection Algorithm Dedicated Channel Discrete Fourier Transform Digital Subscriber Lines Discontinuous Transmission Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld Enhanced Data Rates for GloballGSM Evolution

XIII

EGPRS eNB eRAN eUTRAN EVDO FCH FDD FDM FDMA FEC FFT FTP FUSC GERAN GGSN GMH GPRS GPS GSM GW HARQ HS-DSCH HS-DPCH HS-PDSCH HSDPA HSPA HSUPA HWN IDFT IEEE IETF IFFT lP IR ISI JRRM LAN LDQBDP LDPC LTE MAC MAC-d MAC-hs MAM MAN MCS

Enhanced GPRS evolved Node B evolved Radio Access Network

List Of Abbreviations

evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Evolution Data Optimized Frame Control Header Frequency Division Dulpexing Frequency Division Multiplexing Frequency Division Multiple-Access Forward Error Correction Fast Fourier Transform File Transfer Protocol Full Usage of Subcarriers GSMIEDGE Radio Access Network Gateway GPRS Support Node Generic MAC Header General Packet Radio Service Global Positioning System Global System for Mobile Communication Gateway HybridARQ High Speed Down Link Shared Channel High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel High Speed Physical Down Link Shared Channel High-Speed Downlink Packet Access High-Speed Packet Access High-Speed Uplink Packet Access Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Inverse OFT Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet Engineering Task Force Inverse FFT Internet Protocol Incremental Redundancy Inter-Symbol Interference Joint Radio Resource Management Local Area Network Level Dependent Quasi-Birth-Death Process Low-Density Parity Check Long-Term Evolution Medium Access Control dedicated MAC high-speed MAC Matrix Analytic Method Metropolitan Area Network Modulation and Coding Scheme

XIV

MGM Mlli MIMO MIPv4 MIPv6 MPDU MRRM MS MSDU NACK NGN nrtPS OFDM OFDMA PAN PSK PSTN PUSC QAM QoS QBDP RAN RAT RF RLC RNC RRC RRM RSSI rtPS SF SFID SGSN SINR SLA SS STBC TDD TOM TDMA TOS TTl UDP UE UGS UMTS

Matrix Geometric Method Media Independent Handover Multiple Input Multiple Output Mobile IP version 4 Mobile IP version 6 MAC Protocol Data Unit Multi-Radio Resource Management Mobile Station MAC Service Data Unit Negative Acknowledgement Next Generation Networks Non Real-Time Polling Services

List Of Abbreviations

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Personal Area Network Phase Shift Keying Public Switched Telephone Network Partial Usage of Subcarriers Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quality of Service Quasi-Birth Death Process Radio Access Network Radio Access Technology Radio Frequency Radio Link Control Radio Network Controller Radio Resource Control Radio Resource Management Radio Signal Strength Indicator Real-Time Polling Services Spreading Factor Service Flow Identifier Serving GPRS Support Node Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio Service Level Agreement Subscriber Station Space-Time Block Code Time Division Duplexing Time Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiple-Access Type Of Service Transmission Time Interval User Datagram Protocol User Equipment Unsolicited Grant Services Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

xv

UTRA UTRAN VoIP WCDMA Wi-Fi WiMAX WLAN WMAN WPAN WWAN WAN

Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Voice over IP Wideband CDMA Wireless Fidelity

List Of Abbreviations

Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access Wireless LAN Wireless MAN Wireless PAN Wireless WAN Wide Area Network

XVI

Publication Extracted From The Thesis

PUBLICATION EXTRACTED FROM THE THESIS

Hesham El Sawy, Hesham El Badawy, Khaled A.Shehata, "Joint Radio

Resource Management for HSDPA and WiMAX Networks" 2009 First

International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication

Systems and Networks. Indore, India. pp. 190-195.

105

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