culture and perception
DESCRIPTION
Culture and Perception. With adaptations from Ronald Fischer PSYC 338. Overview. Perceptual sets and culture Types of perceptions Visual illusions and pictorial perceptions Perception of music. Two fundamental perspectives. Nativism (Gibson, 1950) Empiricism (Brunswik, 1956). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Culture and Perception
With adaptations from Ronald Fischer
PSYC 338
Overview
Perceptual sets and culture Types of perceptions Visual illusions and pictorial perceptions Perception of music
Two fundamental perspectives
Nativism(Gibson, 1950)
Empiricism(Brunswik, 1956)
Perceptual sets
Environment shapes our perception We create perceptual expectations Increase particular interpretations (speed &
efficiency) Culturally functional and adaptive (mostly)
Culture and Sensory Functions
Conditions in the physical environment Environmental conditions Genetic factors Cultural Differences in the interaction with
the environment
Important Senses
Vision– Colour, depths
Hearing– Pitch, tone, mode, rhythm, etc.
Taste Smell Touch Time
Visual Illusions
Ecological cue validity Illusions occur when previously learned
interpretations of cues are misapplied because of unusual or misleading characteristics of stimuli
The horizontal-vertical illusion
The Sander parallelogram illusion
What about if it was like this?
The perspective drawing illusion
Some early experiments
Optical illusions (Segall, Campbell & Herskovits, 1966)– Three samples from industrialised countries (US, South
Africa)– Five samples from tribes living in dense tropical forests
(Fang, Bete, Ijaw, Dahomea, Hanunoo)– Two samples from tribes living in open land, but in
circular houses (Zulu, Bushmen)– Some of these tribes (Ankole, Toro, Songe, Bete) were not
used to two-dimensional representations of three dimensional objects (e.g., photographs, drawings, murals, paintings)
Some explanations
Hypotheses about cultural differences1. Carpentered World Hypothesis
2. Foreshortening Hypothesis: Front-horizontal foreshortening theory
3. Sophistication Hypothesis: Symbolising three dimensions in two
Carpentered World Theory
New Synergies
New Synergies
The Sander parallelogram illusion
Front-horizontal foreshortening theory
The perspective drawing illusion
Symbolising three dimensions in two
Perception of Depth
The organization of sensations in three dimensions even though the image on the eye’s retina is two dimensional
Challenges to this eco-cultural explanation
Effect of retinal pigmentation (Pollack, 1970)– Some support (e.g., Bornstein, 1973)
Other factors at play:– Sensitivity to different colours (colour naming)
– Exposure to ultraviolet rays
– Dietary differences
– Age
– Education
Implications
Design of instructions, manuals, safety signs, etc.
Education campaigns Use in educational settings
Perception of Colour
Perception of Music
Relatively neglected topic Western societies (incl. Psychologists) –
literate societies; technology (paintings, photography) = emphasis on visual stimuli
Many traditional /non-Western societies = oral traditions, music and rhythm
=> Task!
Musical functions (Merriam, 1964)
Emotional expression Physical response Aesthetic enjoyment and entertainment Communication & Symbolic representation Enforcing conformity to social norms Validating social institutions and religious rituals Enables continuity and stability of culture Integration of society
Summary
Culture influences our perceptions of the environment we are living in through perceptual sets
Cultural, ecological, biological and physiological influences interact
Perception research = example of the influence of culture and Zeitgeist on research agendas