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hoei shinbrendan The bold (irish monk)leaf ericsson (viking)Cristopher ColombusHernan Cortez conquered the aztecsDe Soto landed in Florida from Cuba, discovering the mississippi riverSir Walter Raligh, expedition with 14 families, settlement in North Carolina - Virginia (first settlement)

Foundation of Jamestown (Cap. John Smith - Virginia company)

500 english men alive in Jamestown (october)

60 english men alive in Jamestown (march) starving time // The Virginia Company sent "indentured" to VirginiaPocahontas marries John Rolfe Pocahontas dies ( smallpox)Blacks and First women start pouring Virginia

Thanksgiving Indian Uprising60 new settlers landed in plymouth

England and France dispute land claims in Canada and Ohio Valley

Seven years war (French and indian war)English Prime Minister (Willian Pitt) sent $ and soldiers to N. America

English settle in Atlantic coast.French build fur trade outpost in CanadaSamuel Chaplain explored coast of Saint Lawrence river // french settle QuebecFirst arrival to Virginia (april 26)

53 out of 197 alive in Virginia (swellings, fluxes, burning fevers wars) // In January, 110 additional colonists arrive at Jamestown. In December, the first items of export trade are sent from Jamestown back to England and include lumber and iron ore.

POWHATAN, "Why should you destroy us, who have provided you with food?"

Puritans came in the Mayflower escaping from religiuos persecution. They settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts

CHIKATAUBUT (Massachuset) "Thy mother doth complain, implores thy aid against this thievish people new come hither"

Rene la Salle (fur-trade) explore Mississippi Valley.Then became New OrleansGeorgia is founded (last english colony)

G. Washinton march on Fort DuquesneEdward Braddock march on Fort Duquesne. French Victory

French capture Fort Willian Henry (August 9)

French capture Fort Ticonderoga ( July 8)English capture Louisburg (july 26)

English capture Fort Frontenac (august 27)English capture Quebec (Sep 13)English take Montreal. "Navigations Acts" (september 8)

"Boston tea party" "The Intolerable Acts"British Warships at the Boston Harbor (June 1)The First Continental Congress (Sep)

cabin hungry, and he gave him no meat"

Full sacale war. Thomas Paine published "The Crisis" (june)

Continental Congress cut all political ties with Britain (July 2)

Declaration of Independence (July 4)

Britains capture Philadelphia, home of Continental Congress

The Battle of Cowpens (January)

Treaty of Paris. War endsRED HAWK (Shawnee) "We saw you coming with an uplifted tomahawk in your hand"

"Stamp Acts" and "Stamp Act Congress"Withdrawal of the Stamps Act"Declaratory Acts": Britain has full power over colonies

Taxes: tea, paper, paint and others // townshed acts, have the colonies pay their fair share of the cost of maintaining the British EmpireRemove all taxes, except for the one on teaBoston massacre (March 5)

JAMES LOGAN, TAHGAHJUTE (Cayuga) "I appeal to any white man, if ever entered Logan's

American Revolutionary War (april 18)a Second Continental Congress (May) American defeat Britains in the Battles of Lexinton and Concord (april)Americans capture Fort Triconderoga (May)

British defeat americans at The Battle of Bunker Hill (june) The Continental Congress put G. Washington to lead the continental armyLake Champlain (British victory)

British win at the battle of Long Island (August) (New York)Washingtin wins the Battles of Trenton and Princeton (dec)

The Battle of Brandywine (Sept)Americans defeat british in Saratoga (October)Continental Congress make Alliance with FranceThe Battle of Monmouth (Washington against Clinton)British capture Savannah Georgia (Dec)Americans capture Fort Vincennes (Feb) West controlBritish warship Serapis surrenders to american vessel Bonhomme Richard (sep)Britains capture Charleston, South Carolina (may)

Americans defeat british at Gilford Courthouse, NC (March)Emily Geiger ate the message from Gen.Greene to Gen Sumter.Britains surrender at Yorktown, Virginia (October)

The Treaty of Paris is signed. United States Independencemost Americans felt loyalty to their state than to the new USA

Northwest Ordinance

The assembly of the state of New Hampshire voted to ratify the Constitution

The Constitution becomes effective.

Bills of Rights

Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Engine (Gin)John Adams became the President of the United States

Western Boundary of the United States was the Mississippi River

Louisiana belonged to France

Constitutional review

John Adams appointed a new head of the Supreme Court (John Marshall)

Thomas Jefferson became President

Russia, Spain, Britain and USA claimed to own Oregon

Lewis and Clark expedition finishes

North persuaded congress for make it illegal for ships to bring slaves from Africa into the USAJames Madison became President

7.2 million people in USA. 1.2 were slaves

James Monroe became President

President Monroe said that Amerindians had to move western

the Articles of Confederation began to operate

The Constitution of the United States is signed by the delegates of the constitutional Convention (Sep)

Napoleon sold Louisiana to USA for 15 million dollars Louisiana Purchase

Marbury vs. Madison (Supreme court decided if a law was constitutional or not)

Lewis and Clark expedition starts

Zebulon Pike expedition

BIG ELK, ONGPATONGA (Omaha) "Death will come, and always comes out of season".

TECUMSEH (Shawnee) "Let the white race perish"

PUSHMATAHA (Choctaw) "From its riven trunk leaped a mighty man"

WILLIAM WEATHERFORD, RED EAGLE (Creek) "I am in your power, do with me as you please"

South and North argued about whether slavery should be permitted in the Missouri territory

Slavery would be permitted in the Missouri and Arkansas territories, but banned to the

west and north of Missouri (MISSOURI COMPROMISE)

Santa Fe trail

Mexican Independence

John Quincy Adams becomes President

Andrew Jackson became President

Argument over import duties (north agreed, south refused)

strongly denid by Senator Daniel Webster (Massachusetts). Supreme Court decided itBritish had more settlements in Oregon than USA

Indian Removal Act

Cherokees had to move from Georgia to Oklahoma

Settlers began traveling to Oregon

Oregon Trail

Surrender Speech of Black Hawk

Battle of San Jacinto Texas Independence

Martin Van Buren became President

Trail of Tears

William Harrison became President

Amistad Case

John Tyler became President

Oregon Fever

Manifest DestinyTexas became part of USAJames Polk became President of the USAUSA divided the Oregon territory with Britain

USA occupied Ciudad de Mexico (Sept)

RED JACKET, SAGOYEWATHA (Seneca) "I am an aged tree and can stand no longer"

John C. Calhoun and the "states right" if a law harmed a state's interests, they should disovey it

Nat Turner's Rebelion: in Southampton County, Virginia (the bloodiest; killed 60 whites)

Founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society in Philadelphia led by William Lloyd Garrison.

"Declaration of Sentiments" (Declaration of black people)

OSCEOLA (Seminole) "I love my home, and will not go from it"

War between USA and Mexico in the borders of Texas

Should these new lands allow slavery? South said yes, and North said no

Population was 15,000 people.

Zachary Taylor becomes President

People from all over the world were rushing to California to look for gold.

Hillard Fillmore becomes President

Population in California was 250,000

Franklin Pierce becomes President

James Buchannan becomes President

Sioux gave part of South Dakota

John Brown tried to start a slave rebelion in Virginia. Attacked an army weapons store (Harpers Ferry)

he was captured and hanged (many northerners saw him as a martyr)

Southerners threatened that if Lincoln became President, they would seceede

Gold diggers moved into Montana and Wyoming

Abraham Lincoln became President

Peace treaty forced Mexico to gave USA California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah,New Mexico and Colorado. This anexation completed the Manifest Destiny

A group of workmen was working in a sawmill beside a stream in California for John Sutter and foundgold. Middle of summer GOLD RUSH began.

Congress voted in favor of another compromise. California was admitted as a free state

Utah and New Mexico were given the right to decide.

Congress passed the "Fugitive Slave Act" (Bounty hunters, Underground Railroad)

Senator Stephen Douglas persuaded Congress to end with the Missouri Compromise

Kansas, on the west of the Missouri territory. People now could decide or not to permit slavery

Race began to win control of Kansas (Bleeding Kansas) abolitionist John Brown killed pro-slavery men

Grattan Massacre (Sioux) fought for a cow, at Ft. Laramie

They were mining in the mountains of Nevada and Colorado

Dred Scott (He wanted to be legally free, but Supreme Court refused)

Senator Stephen Douglas won the reelection in Congress against the republican Abraham Lincoln

GERONIMO, GOYAHKLA (Chiricahua Apache) "We will attack them in their homes"

Republicans elected Lincoln as their Presidential candidate

S.Carolina voted to seceede from the United States, the other southern states joined

First shell is fired at Fort Sumter beginning the Civil War (12 april) 4:30 am

States of America (Confederacy)

Battle of Sumter in South Carolina. Start of the Civil War

and had to live there for 5 years for make it theirs or buy it after 6 months for 1 dollar, 25 cents an acre)

Civil War ended

Andrew Johnson became President

White settlement in the East stopped a little to the west of Mississippi and Missouri rivers.

People passed through the Great Plains "sea of grass" or "the prairies" Farms in Oregon, gold in California

"Great American Desert"

Texas cattle owners hired "cowboys" (Many former Confederate, or black ex-slaves, etc)

he and his tribe opposed to this. (Sioux)"Cattle towns", first in Abilene, Kansas. Cowboys drove 36,000 cattle along the Chisholm Trail from Texas (Most famous Dodge City)Comanches, Kiowas, southern Cheyenne and Arapahos sign a treaty to withdraw opposition to the railroad and be settled on a reservation of the Arkansas RiverThey bought Alaska

without the consent of the Lakota Sioux)

Ullyses S. Grant became President

The eleven southern states announced that they were now an independent nation, the Confederates

USA granted land and money to the Union Pacific Railroad Company (build railroad west from the Mississippi

towards the Pacific, mainly Irishmen) and to the Central Pacific Company (eastward from California, chinesse)

Homestead Act (160 acres of land in the West to families of settlers.they had to be at least 21 years old,

Emancipation Proclamation (gives 100 days to Confederates to surrender)

Massacre Rocks, in Idaho (five immigrants were dead) Goodale Cutoff Trail along the Snake river

Battle of Gettysburg (Union won, Confederates back to Virginia)

Bear River Massacre 400 shoshoni were killed

Confederates were forced to surrender at Appomatox Courthouse, Virginia (April 9)

Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth (April 14)

13th Amendment (Abolishes slavery)

Civil Rights Acts (Same rights to all Americans, but not to Amerindians)

"Red Cloud's War": Gov wanted to build a road from South Wyoming to Montana

Reconstruction Act starts (southern states are under millitary rule)Treaty of Ft. Laramie by the US and Red Cloud (No white enters the Black Hills

Gen. George A. Cluster attacks sleeping Cheyenne village of Black Kettle on theWashita river. 103 Cheyenne are killed, 52 women and children captured.

Improved seeds and methods of cultivation in the lands between

Mississippi and the Rockies into richest grain-growing areas

Amerindian Nations). Gen. Sheridan forbides western Indians to leave reservationswithout the consent of civilian agents.

and Cheyenne forces against the US ArmyThe War Department allows Gen. Sheridan to start operations against the "hostile Sioux"

Gen Custer and Seventh Cavalry attack Lakota, Arapaho and Cheyenne led by Crazy Horsein the Little Bighorn River. In other battle, Custer and 270 cavalrymen, scouts and indians

Rutheford Hayes became PresidentGrasshoppers plague finishes

Reconstruction was over

James Garfield became President

James Garfield is assassinated (Sept)

Chester Arthur is elected President

The Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines met at Promontory Point in Utah

"Patrons of Husbandry" (force railroad companies to reduce the $ of transporting farmers' crops) Grangers

Many western states passed the "Granger laws" set up bodies to control railroad charges and other interests.

Gold diggers were digging in the Black Hills of DakotaCongress approves the Indian Appropriations Act (stop making treaties with

The Apache War in Mexico is caused by the massacre of more than 100 Apachesat Camp Grant in ArizonaGen. George A. Cluster leads a force into Black Hills of Dakota (gold)Starving Comanches, Kiowas, Cheyennes, and Arapahos leave their reservationsto find buffalo in Palo Duro Canyon. Gen. McKenzie's troops find it on Sept 26Grasshoppers plague started (some farmers moved back east, most stayed)

15.000 gold seekers enter the Black Hills, ignoring Indian rights in the area.

Pres. Grant sends a commission to treat with the Sioux Indians for the relinquishment of the Black HillsIn the Red River War on the southern plains Quanah Parker leads Comanche, Kiowa,

He sent Gral. Crook and Terry to the Powder, Tongue and Bighorn Rivers. Crook is defeated at The Battle of the Rosebud under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

allies are killed. Battle of Little Big HornA part of Gen Crook's army attacks the Cheyenne village of Dull Knife in central Wyoming.

Crazy Horse is killed at Ft. Robinson

Sitting Bull takes his people to Canada

The Nez Percé, Under Chief Joseph were on their way to meet Sitting Bull in Canadathey defeated US Army, but finally defeated at the Battle of Bear Paw

Sitting Bull and his people return to USA and surrender at Fort Buford, North DakotaHellen Hunt Jackson publishes "A Century of Dishonor"

as much money as the gold mines of the west

Chinese were forbidden to immigrate to USA

Grover Cleveland became President

The last major Indian War is ended

The Statue of Liberty is given to the US by French to mark the 100 aniversary

Hostilities between the Nez Percé and the US ArmyBenjamin Harrison became PresidentThe Great Plains divided into states and territories (grow wheat)

900,000 aces of Indian land in Oklahoma are opened for general settlement by the presidential proclamation Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel Mill in Pennsylvania went on strike; hired 300 detectives to stop it. 20 killedEllis Island was opened

Cuba rebeals from Spain

Plessy vs. Ferguson

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR (April to August)

Maine ship sank sailing near Cuba. They blamed Spanish People thought that USA had to do something to defend Cubans

Americans took away their soldiers from Cuba. They made Cuban government give them land at Guantanamo bay

Panama was now an Independant State.They began digging the Panama Canal

More than 110 million pounds of American beef was being shipped. The grass of the Great Plains was earning

Elk vs. Wilkins (Indian tried to vote, but the 14th ammendment didn't apply to indians)

The Apache Chief Geronimo is captured in Arizona by Federal troops (Gen. Miles)

American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed by Samuel Gompers (Cigarmakers' Union)

The Dawes Severalty Act (160 acres per household; Indians lost millions of acres of land)

"Populist Party" (forced railroad companies to reduce the $ of transporting farmers' crops)

Sitting Bull is killed in South Dakota in an attempt to curb the "Ghost Dance"

Massacre at Wounded Knee. 200 indian died. This ends the history of the Indian Wars

Theodore Roosevelt became President (businnessmen enough freedom to action,not taking advantage of the rest)

Roosevelt established the "Square Deal" (coal mines)

Theodore Roosevelt sent warships to Panama (helped to rebel against the Colombian government)

AFL had 1.75 million members. Biggest labor organization in USA

Upton Sinclair attacked the meat-packing industry in his novel "The Jungle"

Dollar Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson is elected PresidentBig businesses went bigger than in 1900

to 1917 "The New Freedom" a series of laws passed to reduce custums duties in order to encourage trade

between USA and other countries.

They finished the Panama Canal. First ship passed through the canalFirst Presidential Election in which women could vote

Farmers couldn't sell their products because they were on bankrupcy

Reed Johnson Immigration act (150,000 men could immigrate to USA)

October 29, Terrifying Tuesday, 16,5 millions shares were sold

46 men were killed by burns, explosions, electric shocks, suffocation in one plant belonging to the United States Steel Corporation

Indian citizenship Act: Amerindians became citizens of the USA

Sacco and Vanzetti were executed (anarchists accused of robbing and murdering near Boston)

October 24, Black Thursday 13 million shares were sold

By the end of the year, 8 million Americans were out of work

Japanese forces invaded ManchuriaThousands of banks and over 100,000 bussinesses had closed down. Industrial productions had fallen by half; Wage payments fell 60 percent1 out of 4 workers were unemployed.

Roosevelt was the governor of the New York State. Democratic Party chose him to go to the elections against Hoover

Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President

Hitler becomes Chancellor of GermanyCCC placed 250,000 young men in camps for work (August)

The Germans move into the RhinelandSet up the WPA (Work Progress Administration) useful community.

Thousands of miles of new roads, hospitals and schools. WPAJapanese forces invaded ChinaAnschluss of Germany and AustriaHitler demands the Sudentenland Munich Agreement

Nazi-Soviet PactFrance and Britain declare war on Germany

Hitler's armies had overrun all of western Europe

Japanese occupied the French colony of IndochinaUSA stopped all shipments of oil to Japan

"Dust Bowl" (Affected Gulf of Mexico to Canada) Till 1939

"Hundred Days" sends a flow of laws to the Congress from March 8 to June 16New Laws set up government "Agencies" (CCC, FERA, AAA, TVA, NRA)

Indian Recognition Act: The government encouraged them to set up their own councils to run their affairs in the reservations

Persuaded congress to pass a law to protect the right to join labor unions. NEW DEAL:

Big employers (Henry Ford) hated labor unions. They fired any worker who joined one. Wagner Act gave every worker the right to join a labor union and it set up a body "National Labor Board"

"Social Security Act" gave pensions to widows, old, blind, and unemployed.1st unemployement insurance

ISOLATIONIST IDEAS. LAWS CALLED NEUTRALITY ACTS:Americans won't be allowed to sell military equipment or lend money to any nations at war

Franklin D. Roosevelt is re-elected with the largest majority ever

Second World War began (Hitler invaded Polland) America main supplier of weapons to the countries against Hitler. Roosevelt described it as the "Arsenal of Democracy"

100,000 Japanese descent lived in the USA (Issei -> born in Japan) (Nissei->American-born Japanese) in California

British ran out of money. LEND LEASE PLAN: to supply military equipment and other goods to Britain without paymentHitler attacked Soviet Union (June) Roosevelt used the Lend Lease Plan for helping Soviet Union too.

December 7, Japanese warplanes roared in over Pearl Harbor, HawaiiDecember 8, United States joined the War (unemployement dissappeared)Pearl Harbor attack of JapaneseIssei were producing half of California's fruit and vegetables. From 1935 WPA provided 8 million jobs

American and British forces landed in North Africa (Nov). The allied forces defeated Gral. RommelBattle of Coral Sea Japan and USA. They allies invaded Sicily and mainland of Italy They freed Rome from German control

Roosevelt got sick; died April 12Harry Truman (vice-President) took over as President

USA was the Strongest country

Hitler shot himself

Germany and Japan surrendered. 2 World War ended

Cold War beggins

Russians stopped all traffic between west Germany and west Berlin.

Soldiers took issei and nissei from their homes to prison camps called "Relocation Centers"

June 6, Allied troops invaded Normandy in German-occupied France (Comander Eisenhower) Operation Overlord D-day-d for deliveranceDecember 1944, Germans attacked Ardennes region of Belgium. Battle of the Bulge

Hiroshima: American attomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. (Manhattan Project)

USA, Soviet Union, Britain and the United States occupied 1 of 4 zones into which Germany was divided

Korea was occupied by Japan; Japan surrendered and North Korea was occupied by Soviet Union, South Korea by Americans

2 Germanies were beginning to take shape: a communist one in the Russian-controlled east and non-communist in the west

Winston Churchill (British leader) spoke of an "Iron Courtain" across Europe, separating communist-ruled nations of the east from the countries of the west

Truman sent money and supplies to help the government of Greece to beat communist forces in a civil war. Containing communism became the main aim of USA TRUMAN DOCTRINE

Millions of people were without work, decent homes or enough food. Communist party promised solutions in France. This worried Truman and hoped to help Europeans and make communism less appealing to them MARSHALL PLAN (Gen. George marshall, the Secretary of State who announced it)

Stalin refused to have anything to do with the Marshall Plan and made sure that none of the countries on the Soviet Union's side of the Iron Curtain accepted help either

Occupation of Korea ended. Soviet Union left a communist government in the North, and Americans a capitalist government in the South. But both sides wanted to have the entire control of the country

Communist rulers won control of China Mao Zedong

The Soviet Union exploded an attomic bomb

Fewer than 4 million resident (Hispanics)Communists of North Korea invaded South KoreaAmerican scientifics tested the first H-bomb or hydrogen bombMarshall Plan ended

Russians too had made an H-Bomb

Eisenhower became President (November)

Elected a Secretary of State to deal with foreign countries JOHN FOSTER DULLES

British had made an H-Bomb but couldn't afford it

Eisenhower agreed in gaving weapons and ships to refugees from Cuba who wanted to overthrow CastroSouth Vietnam was losing the War. Ho Chi Minh had a guerrilla (Vietcong) of 100,000 men in South Vietnam Kennedy proposes that USA should send a man to the moon Kennedy also supported refugees from Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis

Operation Rolling Thunder (to end with the economy of North Vietnam)

Vietcongs controlled large areas of South Vietnam.

Johnson sent aircrafts to bomb railways and bridges in North Vietnam; he sent American soldiers.

500,000 were fighting in South Vietnam. The Russians and the Chinese sent more weapons and supplies to Ho Chi Minh

Johnson stopped the bombing of North Vietnam and started to look for ways of making peace.

The man walked into the moon (July 16)

The Western Powers joined their zones to form the Federal German Republic or West Germany; Russian part German Democratic Republic or East Germany

North Korea invaded South Korea. Truman sent soldiers and warplanes from Japan to fight for South Koreans, and 16 nations of the United Nations Organization. Commander General Douglas MacArthur.

Joseph McCarthy unscrupulous politician who accused innocent people of working for the Soviet Union "Witch Hunt"

Korean War ended (Death of Stalin; Eisenhower now President, threatened Chinese with an attomic bomb)

French were driven out by Ho Chi Minh (communist) Vietnam was divided in two parts Communist North and Non-Communist South (Eisenhower idea of "Domino Effect" if one asiatic country became communist, others would do so)

U-2 Incident (American U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet Union airspace)

1,400 anti-Castro Cubans landed at the Bay of Pigs on Cuba's south coast; Castro had 20,000 men and tanks waiting. Invaders were captured or killed. He asked Soviet Union (Khrushchev) help. Kennedy ordered a close watch on Cuba.

American U-2 flew over the island and saw Russian missile launching sites being built (Balance of Terror)

The Civil Rights Act (school segregation finishes)

Watergate affair

The Trail of Broken Treaties

Senate set up a committee to investigate Watergate affair

Henry Kissinger became Secretary of State

Agreement of USA and North Vietnamese and Russian. Last American soldier left VietnamThey discovered that Nixon was involved and he resigned as President of USA

Kissinger finished being Secretary of State when Carter assumed the Presidency

USA legally acepting 270,000 newcomers a year

17.6 million of residents (Hispanics)

between 2 and 10 million of illegal immigrants (wetbacks)

Cold War ends (Berlin's wall falls)

Sovereign over Panama Canal (is returned to Panama)

Nixon worked out a plan called "Vietnamization" of the war. He sent out to strengthen the South Vietnamese army to make it seem strong enough to defend without help. Withrawal of the American fighting men for Vietnam

End of the Vietnam War. Communists took Saigon (South Vietnam) and named it Ho Chi Minh City RUSSELL MEANS (Oglala Sioux) "We are the people who live in the belly of the monster"

Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev signed the Intermediate Range Nuclear Force (INF) treaty which agreed that whithin 3 years they would destroy all their land-based medium and shorter range nuclear missiles.

Oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAROR SEVEN YEARS WAR

(1756 - 1763)

AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY

WAR

(1775 - 1783)

GEORGE WASHINGTON

(1789-1797)

JOHN ADAMS

(1797-1801)

THOMASJEFFERSON

(1801-1809)

JAMES MADISON(1809-1817)

JAMES MONROE

(1817-1825)

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS(1825-1829)

ANDREW

JACKSON

(1829-1837)

MARTIN VAN BUREN(1837 - 1841)

WILLIAM HARRISON1841

JOHN TYLER(1841 - 1845)

JAMES POLK

(1845 - 1849)

ZACHARY TAYLOR1849 - 1850

HILLARD FILLMORE(1850 - 1853)

FRANKLIN PIERCE(1853 - 1857)

JAMES BUCHANNAN

(1857 - 1861)

ABRAHAM LINCOLN(1861 - 1865)

ANDREWJOHNSON

(1865 - 1869)

ULLYSES S. GRANT(1869 - 1877)

RUTHERFORD HAYES(1877 - 1881)

JAMES GARFIELD 1881

CHESTER ARTHUR

(1881 - 1885)

GROVER CLEVELAND (1885 - 1889)

BENJAMIN HARRISON(1889 - 1893)

GROVER CLEVELAND

(1893 - 1897)WILLIAM MCKINLEY

(1897 - 1901)

THEODORE ROOSEVELT

(1901 - 1909)

WILLIAM TAFT

(1909 - 1913)

WOODROW WILSON

(1913-1921)

WARREN HARDING

(1921 - 1923)

CALVIN COOLIDGE(1923 - 1929)

HEBERT HOOVER

(1929 - 1933)

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

(1933 - 1945)

HARRY TRUMAN

(1945 - 1953)

DWIGHT EISENHOWER

(1953 - 1961)

JOHN F. KENNEDY (1961 - 1963)

LYNDON B. JOHNSON(1963 - 1969)

RICHARD NIXON

1969 - 1974

GERALD FORD(1974 - 1977)

JAMES CARTER(1977 - 1981)

RONALD REAGAN

(1981 - 1989)

GEORGE H. BUSH(1989 - 1993)

WILLIAM CLINTON(1993 - 2001)

GEORGE W. BUSH(2001 - 2009)

BARACK OBAMA(2009 - )

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1950s

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19771987

1989

James Monroe became President

Mexican Independence

John Quincy Adams becomes President

Andrew Jackson became President

Argument over import duties (north agreed, south refused)

strongly denid by Senator Daniel Webster (Massachusetts). Supreme Court decided it

Battle of San Jacinto Texas Independence

Martin Van Buren became President

William Harrison became President

Amistad Case

John Tyler became President

Oregon Fever

Texas became part of USAJames Polk became President of the USA

USA occupied Ciudad de Mexico (Sept)

Should these new lands allow slavery? South said yes, and North said no

Population was 15,000 people.

Zachary Taylor becomes President

People from all over the world were rushing to California to look for gold.

South and North argued about whether slavery should be permitted in the Missouri territory

Slavery would be permitted in the Missouri and Arkansas territories, but banned to the

west and north of Missouri (MISSOURI COMPROMISE)

John C. Calhoun and the "states right" if a law harmed a state's interests, they should disovey it

Nat Turner's Rebelion: in Southampton County, Virginia (the bloodiest; killed 60 whites)

Founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society in Philadelphia led by William Lloyd Garrison.

"Declaration of Sentiments" (Declaration of black people)

Manifest Destiny This was a claim that it was the clear (manifest ") intention of fate (destiny") that the territory oftheUnited States should stretch across North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

War between USA and Mexico in the borders of Texas

Peace treaty forced Mexico to gave USA California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah,New Mexico and Colorado. This anexation completed the Manifest Destiny

A group of workmen was working in a sawmill beside a stream in California for John Sutter and foundgold. Middle of summer GOLD RUSH began.

Hillard Fillmore becomes President

Population in California was 250,000

Franklin Pierce becomes President

James Buchannan becomes President

John Brown tried to start a slave rebelion in Virginia. Attacked an army weapons store (Harpers Ferry)

he was captured and hanged (many northerners saw him as a martyr)

Southerners threatened that if Lincoln became President, they would seceede

Gold diggers moved into Montana and Wyoming

Abraham Lincoln became President

States of America (Confederacy)

Battle of Sumter in South Carolina. Start of the Civil War

and had to live there for 5 years for make it theirs or buy it after 6 months for 1 dollar, 25 cents an acre)

Civil War ended

Andrew Johnson became President

Congress passed the "Fugitive Slave Act" (Bounty hunters, Underground Railroad)

Kansas, on the west of the Missouri territory. People now could decide or not to permit slavery

Race began to win control of Kansas (Bleeding Kansas) abolitionist John Brown killed pro-slavery men

They were mining in the mountains of Nevada and Colorado

Dred Scott (He wanted to be legally free, but Supreme Court refused)

Senator Stephen Douglas won the reelection in Congress against the republican Abraham Lincoln

Republicans elected Lincoln as their Presidential candidate

S.Carolina voted to seceede from the United States, the other southern states joined

First shell is fired at Fort Sumter beginning the Civil War (12 april) 4:30 am

The eleven southern states announced that they were now an independent nation, the Confederates

USA granted land and money to the Union Pacific Railroad Company (build railroad west from the Mississippi

towards the Pacific, mainly Irishmen) and to the Central Pacific Company (eastward from California, chinesse)

Homestead Act (160 acres of land in the West to families of settlers.they had to be at least 21 years old,

Emancipation Proclamation (gives 100 days to Confederates to surrender)

Massacre Rocks, in Idaho (five immigrants were dead) Goodale Cutoff Trail along the Snake river

Battle of Gettysburg (Union won, Confederates back to Virginia)

Confederates were forced to surrender at Appomatox Courthouse, Virginia (April 9)

Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth (April 14)

13th Amendment (Abolishes slavery)

White settlement in the East stopped a little to the west of Mississippi and Missouri rivers.

People passed through the Great Plains "sea of grass" or "the prairies" Farms in Oregon, gold in California

"Great American Desert"

Texas cattle owners hired "cowboys" (Many former Confederate, or black ex-slaves, etc)"Cattle towns", first in Abilene, Kansas. Cowboys drove 36,000 cattle along the Chisholm Trail from Texas (Most famous Dodge City)opposition to the railroad and be settled on a reservation of the Arkansas RiverThey bought Alaska

Ullyses S. Grant became President

Improved seeds and methods of cultivation in the lands between

Mississippi and the Rockies into richest grain-growing areas

Rutheford Hayes became President

Reconstruction was over

James Garfield became PresidentJames Garfield is assassinated (Sept)

Chester Arthur is elected President

as much money as the gold mines of the west

Chinese were forbidden to immigrate to USA Grover Cleveland became President

The Statue of Liberty is given to the US by French to mark the 100 aniversary

Benjamin Harrison became President

Ellis Island was opened

Cuba rebeals from Spain

Plessy vs. Ferguson

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR (April to August)

Maine ship sank sailing near Cuba. They blamed Spanish People thought that USA had to do something to defend Cubans

Civil Rights Acts (Same rights to all Americans, but not to Amerindians)

Reconstruction Act starts (southern states are under millitary rule)

The Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines met at Promontory Point in Utah

"Patrons of Husbandry" (force railroad companies to reduce the $ of transporting farmers' crops) Grangers

Many western states passed the "Granger laws" set up bodies to control railroad charges and other interests.

Gold diggers were digging in the Black Hills of Dakota

15.000 gold seekers enter the Black Hills, ignoring Indian rights in the area.

More than 110 million pounds of American beef was being shipped. The grass of the Great Plains was earning

American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed by Samuel Gompers (Cigarmakers' Union)

Americans took away their soldiers from Cuba. They made Cuban government give them land at Guantanamo bay

Panama was now an Independant State.They began digging the Panama CanalAFL had 1.75 million members. Biggest labor organization in USA

Dollar Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson is elected President

to 1917 "The New Freedom" a series of laws passed to reduce custums duties in order to encourage trade

between USA and other countries.

They finished the Panama Canal. First ship passed through the canalFirst Presidential Election in which women could vote

Farmers couldn't sell their products because they were on bankrupcy

Reed Johnson Immigration act (150,000 men could immigrate to USA)

October 29, Terrifying Tuesday, 16,5 millions shares were sold

By the end of the year, 8 million Americans were out of work

Japanese forces invaded ManchuriaThousands of banks and over 100,000 bussinesses had closed down. Industrial productions had fallen by half; Wage payments fell 60 percent1 out of 4 workers were unemployed.

Roosevelt was the governor of the New York State. Democratic Party chose him to go to the elections against HooverFranklin D. Roosevelt is elected President

Hitler becomes Chancellor of GermanyCCC placed 250,000 young men in camps for work (August)

Theodore Roosevelt became President (businnessmen enough freedom to action,not taking advantage of the rest)

Roosevelt established the "Square Deal" (coal mines)

Theodore Roosevelt sent warships to Panama (helped to rebel against the Colombian government)

October 24, Black Thursday 13 million shares were sold

"Hundred Days" sends a flow of laws to the Congress from March 8 to June 16New Laws set up government "Agencies" (CCC, FERA, AAA, TVA, NRA)

Set up the WPA (Work Progress Administration) useful community.

Hitler's armies had overrun all of western Europe

Japanese occupied the French colony of IndochinaUSA stopped all shipments of oil to JapanDecember 7, Japanese warplanes roared in over Pearl Harbor, HawaiiDecember 8, United States joined the War (unemployement dissappeared)Pearl Harbor attack of Japanese

American and British forces landed in North Africa (Nov). The allied forces defeated Gral. RommelBattle of Coral Sea Japan and USA. They allies invaded Sicily and mainland of Italy They freed Rome from German control

Roosevelt got sick; died April 12Harry Truman (vice-President) took over as President

Germany and Japan surrendered. 2 World War ended

Persuaded congress to pass a law to protect the right to join labor unions. NEW DEAL:

Big employers (Henry Ford) hated labor unions. They fired any worker who joined one. Wagner Act gave every worker the right to join a labor union and it set up a body "National Labor Board"

"Social Security Act" gave pensions to widows, old, blind, and unemployed.1st unemployement insurance

ISOLATIONIST IDEAS. LAWS CALLED NEUTRALITY ACTS:Americans won't be allowed to sell military equipment or lend money to any nations at war

Franklin D. Roosevelt is re-elected with the largest majority ever

Second World War began (Hitler invaded Polland) America main supplier of weapons to the countries against Hitler. Roosevelt described it as the "Arsenal of Democracy"100,000 Japanese descent lived in the USA (Issei -> born in Japan) (Nissei->American-born Japanese) in California

British ran out of money. LEND LEASE PLAN: to supply military equipment and other goods to Britain without paymentHitler attacked Soviet Union (June) Roosevelt used the Lend Lease Plan for helping Soviet Union too.

Soldiers took issei and nissei from their homes to prison camps called "Relocation Centers"

June 6, Allied troops invaded Normandy in German-occupied France (Comander Eisenhower) Operation Overlord D-day-d for deliveranceDecember 1944, Germans attacked Ardennes region of Belgium. Battle of the Bulge

Hiroshima: American attomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. (Manhattan Project)

USA, Soviet Union, Britain and the United States occupied 1 of 4 zones into which Germany was divided

Korea was occupied by Japan; Japan surrendered and North Korea was occupied by Soviet Union, South Korea by Americans

2 Germanies were beginning to take shape: a communist one in the Russian-controlled east and non-communist in the west

Winston Churchill (British leader) spoke of an "Iron Courtain" across Europe, separating communist-ruled nations of the east from the countries of the west

Truman sent money and supplies to help the government of Greece to beat communist forces in a civil war. Containing communism became the main aim of USA TRUMAN DOCTRINE

Cold War beggins

Russians stopped all traffic between west Germany and west Berlin.

The Soviet Union exploded an attomic bomb

Communists of North Korea invaded South KoreaAmerican scientifics tested the first H-bomb or hydrogen bombMarshall Plan ended

Russians too had made an H-Bomb

Eisenhower became President (November)

Eisenhower agreed in gaving weapons and ships to refugees from Cuba who wanted to overthrow CastroSouth Vietnam was losing the War. Ho Chi Minh had a guerrilla (Vietcong) of 100,000 men in South Vietnam

Kennedy also supported refugees from Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis

Operation Rolling Thunder (to end with the economy of North Vietnam)

Vietcongs controlled large areas of South Vietnam.

Millions of people were without work, decent homes or enough food. Communist party promised solutions in France. This worried Truman and hoped to help Europeans and make communism less appealing to them MARSHALL PLAN (Gen. George marshall, the Secretary of State who announced it)

Stalin refused to have anything to do with the Marshall Plan and made sure that none of the countries on the Soviet Union's side of the Iron Curtain accepted help either

Occupation of Korea ended. Soviet Union left a communist government in the North, and Americans a capitalist government in the South. But both sides wanted to have the entire control of the country

Communist rulers won control of China Mao Zedong

The Western Powers joined their zones to form the Federal German Republic or West Germany; Russian part German Democratic Republic or East Germany

North Korea invaded South Korea. Truman sent soldiers and warplanes from Japan to fight for South Koreans, and 16 nations of the United Nations Organization. Commander General Douglas MacArthur.

Joseph McCarthy unscrupulous politician who accused innocent people of working for the Soviet Union "Witch Hunt"

Korean War ended (Death of Stalin; Eisenhower now President, threatened Chinese with an attomic bomb)

French were driven out by Ho Chi Minh (communist) Vietnam was divided in two parts Communist North and Non-Communist South (Eisenhower idea of "Domino Effect" if one asiatic country became communist, others would do so)

U-2 Incident (American U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet Union airspace)

1,400 anti-Castro Cubans landed at the Bay of Pigs on Cuba's south coast; Castro had 20,000 men and tanks waiting. Invaders were captured or killed. He asked Soviet Union (Khrushchev) help. Kennedy ordered a close watch on Cuba.

American U-2 flew over the island and saw Russian missile launching sites being built (Balance of Terror)

The Civil Rights Act (school segregation finishes)

Johnson sent aircrafts to bomb railways and bridges in North Vietnam; he sent American soldiers.

500,000 were fighting in South Vietnam. The Russians and the Chinese sent more weapons and supplies to Ho Chi Minh

Johnson stopped the bombing of North Vietnam and started to look for ways of making peace.

The man walked into the moon (July 16)

Watergate affair

Senate set up a committee to investigate Watergate affair

Henry Kissinger became Secretary of State

Agreement of USA and North Vietnamese and Russian. Last American soldier left VietnamThey discovered that Nixon was involved and he resigned as President of USA

Kissinger finished being Secretary of State when Carter assumed the Presidency

Cold War ends (Berlin's wall falls)

Nixon worked out a plan called "Vietnamization" of the war. He sent out to strengthen the South Vietnamese army to make it seem strong enough to defend without help. Withrawal of the American fighting men for Vietnam

End of the Vietnam War. Communists took Saigon (South Vietnam) and named it Ho Chi Minh City

Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev signed the Intermediate Range Nuclear Force (INF) treaty which agreed that whithin 3 years they would destroy all their land-based medium and shorter range nuclear missiles.

JAMES MONROE

(1817-1825)

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS(1825-1829)

ANDREW JACKSON

(1829-1837)

MARTIN VAN BUREN(1837 - 1841)

WILLIAM HARRISON1841

JOHN TYLER

(1841 - 1845)

JAMES POLK(1845 - 1849)

ZACHARY TAYLOR1849 - 1850

HILLARD FILLMORE(1850 - 1853)

FRANKLIN PIERCE(1853 - 1857)

JAMES BUCHANNAN

(1857 - 1861)

ABRAHAM LINCOLN(1861 - 1865)

ANDREWJOHNSON

(1865 - 1869)

ULLYSES S. GRANT(1869 - 1877)

RUTHERFORD HAYES(1877 - 1881)

JAMES GARFIELD 1881

CHESTER ARTHUR(1881 - 1885)

GROVER CLEVELAND (1885 - 1889)

BENJAMIN HARRISON(1889 - 1893)

GROVER CLEVELAND(1893 - 1897)

WILLIAM MCKINLEY(1897 - 1901)

THEODORE ROOSEVELT

(1901 - 1909)

WILLIAM TAFT(1909 - 1913)

WOODROW WILSON

(1913-1921)

WARREN HARDING

(1921 - 1923)

CALVIN COOLIDGE(1923 - 1929)

HEBERT HOOVER(1929 - 1933)

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

(1933 - 1945)

HARRY TRUMAN

(1945 - 1953)

DWIGHT EISENHOWER

(1953 - 1961)

JOHN F. KENNEDY (1961 - 1963)

LYNDON B. JOHNSON

(1963 - 1969)

RICHARD NIXON1969 - 1974

GERALD FORD(1974 - 1977)

RONALD REAGAN (1981 - 1989)