(Cross)border Cartographic (Cross)border Cartographic Imaginery of Early Modern Imaginery of Early Modern TimesTimes

Dubravka MlinarićDubravka MlinarićInstitute for Migration and Ethnic StudiesInstitute for Migration and Ethnic Studies

April, 2009April, 2009

Cartography (Historical cartography)Cartography (Historical cartography) ““A A mapmap is a is a symbolised image of geographical symbolised image of geographical

realityreality, representing , representing selectedselected features or features or characteristics, resulting from the creative effort characteristics, resulting from the creative effort of its author's of its author's execution of choicesexecution of choices, and is , and is designed for use when spatial relationships are of designed for use when spatial relationships are of primary relevance.” (The International primary relevance.” (The International Cartographic Association - ICA def. Cartographic Association - ICA def. http://www.kartografija.hr/index_en.htm, , 1.4.2009.)1.4.2009.)

Transcription, Transcription, appropriationappropriation, communication, communication - the - the relations of space and time generated within the relations of space and time generated within the distinctive visual designdistinctive visual design

subjective construction-subjective construction- speculative reflection, speculative reflection, message - mental mapping – strategic message - mental mapping – strategic manipulation manipulation (importance of (battle) plans)(importance of (battle) plans)

Highly Highly convincing documentsconvincing documents

Theoretical frameworkTheoretical framework Long term processesLong term processespreindustrial societies (preindustrial societies (ancien regimé): ancien regimé): in political, in political, economic, social, demographic, cultural, ethnic, (preconomic, social, demographic, cultural, ethnic, (pree--national) perspectivenational) perspective Frontiers / boundaries vs. Borderlines (Pyrenees, Triplex Frontiers / boundaries vs. Borderlines (Pyrenees, Triplex Confinium /physical geographic delimitations (rivers, sees)Confinium /physical geographic delimitations (rivers, sees)Imperial cartographies (traditions)- imperial space Imperial cartographies (traditions)- imperial space representing policiesrepresenting policies - - CARTOGRAPHIC IMAGINARY-CARTOGRAPHIC IMAGINARY- historical constructhistorical constructionion, set of symbols common to a , set of symbols common to a particular social group particular social group defines the ambivalent relationship ego – image; the defines the ambivalent relationship ego – image; the interplay between emotion (desire) and interplay between emotion (desire) and realityreality, the , the symbolic order and the real onesymbolic order and the real one Certain iCertain idea (politics) can assess the map in conflicting dea (politics) can assess the map in conflicting ways, interpreting one imaginary dimension into differentways, interpreting one imaginary dimension into different= = can can misdirect a sense of objectivitymisdirect a sense of objectivity space memorizingspace memorizing + + visual/statistical modes of visual/statistical modes of space space imagingimaging

RESEARCH OBJECTIVERESEARCH OBJECTIVE: : reconsidering space reconsidering space and theand the place of the 16th-18th century maps in place of the 16th-18th century maps in the historiography of borderingthe historiography of bordering

METHODOLOGY: comparative analysis METHODOLOGY: comparative analysis FIELDS of (FIELDS of (interdisciplinaryinterdisciplinary) ) approach to mapsapproach to maps: :

historiography, (human)historiography, (human)geography, palgeography, palaaeography eography ((dialetto Venezianodialetto Veneziano, , OrOrientaliental’s’s pal palaaeography)eography)

everyday life on everyday life on frontieresfrontieres+ the history of ideas + the history of ideas as a sister-discipline to, or a particular approach as a sister-discipline to, or a particular approach within, intellectual history + (historical) human within, intellectual history + (historical) human geographygeography = = patterns and processes of human patterns and processes of human interaction with the cultural environmentinteraction with the cultural environment, , historie historie éévvéénementiellenementielle (storia-racconto) (storia-racconto)

Within the discourse of Within the discourse of THIRD SPACETHIRD SPACE ( (concept of concept of the spatial triad the spatial triad or evenor even spatial trialectics which spatial trialectics which includes thirdspace, or spaces that are includes thirdspace, or spaces that are both real and both real and imaginedimagined: : LefebvreLefebvre & & SojaSoja))

different levels of space, from very crude, natural different levels of space, from very crude, natural space ('absolute space') to more complex spatialities space ('absolute space') to more complex spatialities with with socially produced significance ('social space') socially produced significance ('social space') ((LefebvreLefebvre’s ’s The Production of SpaceThe Production of Space))

specific medieval and early modern specific medieval and early modern spacespace = = complex social construction (based on values, and complex social construction (based on values, and the social production of meanings) which affects the social production of meanings) which affects spatial practices and perceptionsspatial practices and perceptions, a tool of thought , a tool of thought and of action and of action

ImaginaireImaginaire of maps of maps (early modern cartographic early modern cartographic sources) - an exercise in knowledge and sources) - an exercise in knowledge and imagination, producing understanding within a imagination, producing understanding within a strategy of projected policiesstrategy of projected policies

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

- on the basis of which criteria each author constitutes his - on the basis of which criteria each author constitutes his cartographic space (education, confessional, political, cartographic space (education, confessional, political, ethnic, cultural surroundings) or their combination? ethnic, cultural surroundings) or their combination?

- in which way is the historical memory kept in the 16th -- in which way is the historical memory kept in the 16th -18th century maps of Croatian lands, specially regarding 18th century maps of Croatian lands, specially regarding borderlines?borderlines?

- are there any proto – national myths or proto – national - are there any proto – national myths or proto – national discourses in these maps and in which way are they discourses in these maps and in which way are they constructed by the authors?constructed by the authors?

- are there any other contextual frameworks, except - are there any other contextual frameworks, except national, relevant for the political projects and programs national, relevant for the political projects and programs of the 16-18th century Croatia (for example,the imperial, of the 16-18th century Croatia (for example,the imperial, such as Habsburg Monarchy)?such as Habsburg Monarchy)?

-in what way maps reflect and represent the relations -in what way maps reflect and represent the relations between different political subjects (the relations between different political subjects (the relations between imperial and local interests, provenance of between imperial and local interests, provenance of mapping requests)?mapping requests)?

- in what way had the members of various cultural circles - in what way had the members of various cultural circles in the Early Modern Times Croatia mapped the country in the Early Modern Times Croatia mapped the country they lived in / in what way they perceived the territory they lived in / in what way they perceived the territory they thought is 'belonging' to their communities?they thought is 'belonging' to their communities?

Collision of various (proto national) Collision of various (proto national) cartographic traditions in representing cartographic traditions in representing

Croatian landsCroatian lands COMPLEXITY: numerous differences & same mixtures COMPLEXITY: numerous differences & same mixtures

on all sideson all sides Appropriation ambiguityAppropriation ambiguity regarding this area still exists regarding this area still exists

todaytoday Depended on social, historical context of map Depended on social, historical context of map

production, obtained knowledge and production production, obtained knowledge and production techniquestechniques

Importance of Importance of multiple borderlandsmultiple borderlands (the Ottoman (the Ottoman Empire, the Venetian Republic and the Habsburg Empire, the Venetian Republic and the Habsburg Monarchy)- political & ideological strategiesMonarchy)- political & ideological strategies

difference in map production and usage between the difference in map production and usage between the three imperial cartographic traditions that ruled Croatia three imperial cartographic traditions that ruled Croatia

Dutch, French, British cartographiesDutch, French, British cartographies

early modern early modern principle principle

uti posidetis ita uti posidetis ita possideatispossideatis (COLOUR)(COLOUR)

vs.vs.

traditional traditional (medieval) (medieval) territory territory perception perception (NAMES)(NAMES)

Pierre Du Val Les confins des Chrestiens et des Turcs Zn-Z-XVIII-DUV-1663, detail, Collectio NovakCollectio Novak

THREE IMPERIAL CARTOGRAPHIES: the THREE IMPERIAL CARTOGRAPHIES: the HABSBURG cartographyHABSBURG cartography

Changes in the territory possession and names; war Changes in the territory possession and names; war operations followed by map productionoperations followed by map production

Purpose of maps: administration, intelligence, strategicPurpose of maps: administration, intelligence, strategic Mapping of the hinterland territories of Croatia; NW Mapping of the hinterland territories of Croatia; NW

Croatia, Slavonia and the Military BorderCroatia, Slavonia and the Military Border HighHigh technical qualitytechnical quality and standards (mathematics, and standards (mathematics,

geodesy), geodesy), field workfield work INSTITUTION-Systematic state (military and civil) INSTITUTION-Systematic state (military and civil)

topographic and cadastral surveys, thematic mapstopographic and cadastral surveys, thematic maps Local informers and map-makers: Joannes Fluminensis Local informers and map-makers: Joannes Fluminensis

(Ivan Klobučarić- (Ivan Klobučarić- combining elements of Venetian combining elements of Venetian cartographic schoolcartographic school), Jesuit Stjepan Glavač (obtaining ), Jesuit Stjepan Glavač (obtaining information), Ioannes Lucius (Ivan Lučić), Paulus Ritter information), Ioannes Lucius (Ivan Lučić), Paulus Ritter (Pavao R. Vitezović)(Pavao R. Vitezović)

The VENETIAN The VENETIAN cartographycartography

roots of antiquity, sea chartroots of antiquity, sea charts- naval s- naval experience, experience, Renaissance cultural patterns; war changesRenaissance cultural patterns; war changes

Serrenissima -Serrenissima -interestedinterested in Dalmatian coast in Dalmatian coast Interest in new possessions, high aesthetic Interest in new possessions, high aesthetic

standards, scarce knowledge of the inland standards, scarce knowledge of the inland region, region, deficientdeficient field work field work

Maps needed for war (imperial) and Maps needed for war (imperial) and administration (taxation)administration (taxation)

Institution of Official Venetian Cartographer: Institution of Official Venetian Cartographer: Vincenzo Maria CoronelliVincenzo Maria Coronelli ( (Cum privilegioCum privilegio..)..)

Wars immediately followed by the selective Wars immediately followed by the selective Cadastral Cadastral ssurveying while Ottoman conquests in urveying while Ottoman conquests in Dalmatia were systematically ignored Dalmatia were systematically ignored (cartographic policy)(cartographic policy)

•Venetian Venetian map of Dalmatia including bordering lines of map of Dalmatia including bordering lines of 1700 and 1718 by Giusto Emilio Alberghetti, 1700 and 1718 by Giusto Emilio Alberghetti, Kriegsarchiv, WienKriegsarchiv, Wien, , Slukan-Altić, 2003; 215,416.Slukan-Altić, 2003; 215,416.

Venetian possesions : Venetian possesions : Acquisto VecchioAcquisto Vecchio – Linea – Linea Nani - 1420Nani - 1420and and Acquisto NuovoAcquisto Nuovo - -Linea GrimaniLinea Grimani -1699 -1699/1700/1700

Acquisto Nuovissimo- Acquisto Nuovissimo- Linea MocenigoLinea Mocenigo - 1718 - 1718

The OTTOMAN The OTTOMAN cartographycartography

Ottoman (ideological) exclusion of the space Ottoman (ideological) exclusion of the space visualisation and terrain mapping (protection of visualisation and terrain mapping (protection of strategic interests: fortresses, corridors..)strategic interests: fortresses, corridors..)

preferring written reports, local guides (corsairs, preferring written reports, local guides (corsairs, pirates, merchants, travellers)pirates, merchants, travellers)

neglecting of cartography (in spite of advanced neglecting of cartography (in spite of advanced medieval Arabic cartographic heritage)medieval Arabic cartographic heritage)

Alleged cartographic backwardness andAlleged cartographic backwardness and inferiority= inferiority= aversion to (risky) cartographic appropriations of aversion to (risky) cartographic appropriations of BosniaBosnia

Sea manuals, charts – Piri Re’is: 23 isolarios of Adriatic Sea manuals, charts – Piri Re’is: 23 isolarios of Adriatic ports of Croatia in the Naval Book ports of Croatia in the Naval Book Kitab-i BahriyeKitab-i Bahriye, 1526; , 1526; superior techniques and geographical knowledge, superior techniques and geographical knowledge, significantly advanced comparing to Coronelli’s worksignificantly advanced comparing to Coronelli’s work

Piri Re’is’s chart + written sailing instructions from Piri Re’is’s chart + written sailing instructions from Kitab-i BahriyeKitab-i Bahriye, 1526, Suleymaniye Library, Istanbul, , 1526, Suleymaniye Library, Istanbul,

Faximile: Collectio NovakFaximile: Collectio Novak

Map ofMap of “ Avsturia v “ Avsturia v MaMaġġaristan…”aristan…”- - reproduction and reproduction and fascination by old fascination by old “western” mapping“western” mapping--transliteration transliteration problemsproblems:: 11310 = approx. 310 = approx. 19191919, , toponimastic toponimastic nomenclaturenomenclature:: IslIslāwāwononīīja, Dja, Dāālmlmāçāçjjāā, , IIșșkerker((ii)) Zara, Zara, VVaannedik kedik kūūrsezrsezīī- Bay - Bay

Collectio NovakCollectio Novak

Stjepan GlavačStjepan Glavač Nova hactenus editarum mendis expugatis Nova hactenus editarum mendis expugatis .... .... 1673, 1673,

-author’s author’s reality: reality: mental mental borderingbordering

-ignoring of ignoring of Ottoman Ottoman borderlines, borderlines, presence presence recorded by recorded by flagsflags

P.R.Vitezović P.R.Vitezović MAPPA GENERALIS REGNI CROATIAE TOTIUS..MAPPA GENERALIS REGNI CROATIAE TOTIUS.. The Croatian State Archives, Zagreb,The Croatian State Archives, Zagreb, D.I.60D.I.60

SELECTIVITY SELECTIVITY within the within the SAME CARTOGRAPHIC SAME CARTOGRAPHIC IMAGINARY:IMAGINARY: argument of historical continuity of argument of historical continuity of

Croatian lands : Dalmatia was called Venetian Croatia Croatian lands : Dalmatia was called Venetian Croatia (while Slavonia, as a regular part of the Austrian (while Slavonia, as a regular part of the Austrian

Monarchy was not)Monarchy was not)

the individual program or the

unit-idea (recombined in new patterns) as the building-

blocks of thehistory of ideas

(A.O. Lovejoy)

Imaginary of cartographic translation Imaginary of cartographic translation and transliteration of bordering and transliteration of bordering

spacespace Living on the multiple edges = Living on the multiple edges = imaginary spaces + imaginary spaces +

multiple clashes multiple clashes Urban landscape vs. rural (non recorded, easily changed)Urban landscape vs. rural (non recorded, easily changed) Superior & elite (culture, religion, language) vs. publicSuperior & elite (culture, religion, language) vs. public Reflection of “iReflection of “inferioritynferiority”” of Slavic language of Slavic languagess

(TOPONIMASTICS: differentiation of importance of (TOPONIMASTICS: differentiation of importance of settlements by language: settlements by language: LocalLocal names for villages names for villages-while-while towns, cities, fortresses in German or Italian (Latin)towns, cities, fortresses in German or Italian (Latin)))

Inferior Catholic Denomination within the Ottoman Inferior Catholic Denomination within the Ottoman Empire, Protestant in the Habsburg Monarchy (Empire, Protestant in the Habsburg Monarchy (the the Zrinski-Frankopan Zrinski-Frankopan UprisingUprising))

differentdifferent education and medical practices: “ education and medical practices: “cordonne cordonne sanitaire”sanitaire”

Medical (ideological) neighboMedical (ideological) neighbouuringring- - absence of medical prevention, later implementation of absence of medical prevention, later implementation of

sanitary regulations sanitary regulations andand quarantine quarantine practice practice in the in the Ottoman Ottoman EmpireEmpire = stereotypes of Bosnian = stereotypes of Bosnian non-hygienic non-hygienic

environment of sicknessenvironment of sickness

““Croatian” cartographers?Croatian” cartographers?

Insisted on Ancient Roman, Mediterranean and Insisted on Ancient Roman, Mediterranean and MittelEuropean (Christian) framework when MittelEuropean (Christian) framework when perceiving Croatiaperceiving Croatia

the Early Modern perception and self-the Early Modern perception and self-perception (defined by perception (defined by specific specific historical, historical, cultural, religious, ethnic....realities)cultural, religious, ethnic....realities) influenced influenced by cby complex social interaction and exchangeomplex social interaction and exchange

Border Border “violence” (pressure, fear..) -“violence” (pressure, fear..) - i imported mported and “forced” intolerance vs. practical tolerance and “forced” intolerance vs. practical tolerance (religious, medical, trade, transhumance)(religious, medical, trade, transhumance)

IDENTITY vs.IDENTITY vs. MULTIETNIC MULTIETNIC ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

of the Early Modern Times of the Early Modern Times Habsburg /Venetian /Ottoman contextHabsburg /Venetian /Ottoman context no national/ethnic stateno national/ethnic state Various identitiesVarious identities-- “Others” “Others”Significant identities/affiliation:Significant identities/affiliation:-Communal/urban identities of the medieval and the -Communal/urban identities of the medieval and the

early modern times:early modern times:Vincentius Demetrei Volcius Rachuseus Vincentius Demetrei Volcius Rachuseus (1563 Dubr.-1607 (1563 Dubr.-1607

Roma)Roma)

Martinus Rota Sibenciensis, Sebencan Martinus Rota Sibenciensis, Sebencan (1532 Šibenik-1583 (1532 Šibenik-1583 Vienna)Vienna)

Joannes Clobucciarich Fluminensis Joannes Clobucciarich Fluminensis (1545 Krk-1606 (1545 Krk-1606 FFürstenfeldürstenfeld))

Natal Bonifacio Dalmata Natal Bonifacio Dalmata (1537 Šibenik-1592 Šibenik) (regionim)(1537 Šibenik-1592 Šibenik) (regionim)

Database on Croatian cartographers, controversial Database on Croatian cartographers, controversial definition:definition:

““Cartographers are persons who are engaged in Cartographers are persons who are engaged in cartography. The category of cartography. The category of Croatian cartographersCroatian cartographers is is so conceived as to comprise so conceived as to comprise Croats (!DM)Croats (!DM) or persons of or persons of Croatian descent Croatian descent who lived all over the world and were who lived all over the world and were engaged in the field of cartography, persons of other engaged in the field of cartography, persons of other ethnicities who were, irrespective of their country of ethnicities who were, irrespective of their country of residence, born in residence, born in CroatiaCroatia, as well as foreigners who lived , as well as foreigners who lived and worked in and worked in Croatia Croatia and contributed to cartographyand contributed to cartography.”.” ( (http://www.kartografija.hr/index_en.htm, 6.4.2009.), 6.4.2009.)

““Croatian lands”Croatian lands” Ioannes Blaeu (AmsterdamIoannes Blaeu (Amsterdam)) ≠ ≠ IVAN PLAVIĆIVAN PLAVIĆ Pietro Coppo (Venetian Pietro Coppo (Venetian solicitorsolicitor)= PETAR KOPIĆ)= PETAR KOPIĆ

(Venice 1469-Izola SLO(Venice 1469-Izola SLOVENIA VENIA 15551555))

““historical anachronism” vs. historical anachronism” vs. historical criticismhistorical criticism

the 16th to 18h century maps = not only cartographic, but the 16th to 18h century maps = not only cartographic, but historiographic sources / political programs / constructshistoriographic sources / political programs / constructs

space imaginaryspace imaginary= space imaging + space imagining = space imaging + space imagining Each imperial cartographicEach imperial cartographic tradition tradition (policy) defined by needs (policy) defined by needs

and purposes, primarily interested in its territorial possessionsand purposes, primarily interested in its territorial possessions Delineations - collided spheres of the real and fictional spaceDelineations - collided spheres of the real and fictional space The Venetians- superiority in mapping of coast; trade, The Venetians- superiority in mapping of coast; trade,

administrative or strategic purposes, aestheticsadministrative or strategic purposes, aesthetics The Austrians- geodetic standard; inner Croatia, The Austrians- geodetic standard; inner Croatia, the the Military Military

border; military purposes, field workborder; military purposes, field work The Ottomans- antagonism towards cartographyThe Ottomans- antagonism towards cartography, no maps, no maps the "bordering neighbothe "bordering neighbouurs“ - shared borderlines experiences, rs“ - shared borderlines experiences,

worked independently, following different worked independently, following different programs, programs, ideas ideas CRUCIALCRUCIAL RELEVANCERELEVANCE: long lasting Ottoman penetration and : long lasting Ottoman penetration and

retreatretreat && aggressive aggressive “Western”“Western” Reconquist Reconquist

CARTOGRAPHIC SCENECARTOGRAPHIC SCENE

traditional rather than political traditional rather than political borders borders were strongly were strongly kept in the collective memories askept in the collective memories as:: ancientancient borders of borders of the Catholic jurisdiction of united the Catholic jurisdiction of united provinces of provinces of the the Roman Roman IliricumIliricum oror the medieval Croatian and Slavonian the medieval Croatian and Slavonian Kingdom Kingdom

misappropriation and modern termmisappropriation and modern term ‘label‘labellling’, such as ing’, such as ‘‘CroatianCroatian’’

maps were notmaps were not produced to propagate national ideology produced to propagate national ideology of any kindof any kind - - national identity and consciousness was still national identity and consciousness was still not developed or articulated in the modern sense- there not developed or articulated in the modern sense- there was no national ideology behind mapswas no national ideology behind maps

confessional, ethnic and cultural identity in their maps confessional, ethnic and cultural identity in their maps used to keep the historical memory for posterity used to keep the historical memory for posterity

imported priorities and policies of imperial centimported priorities and policies of imperial centrres es (Venice, Vienna, Istanbul)(Venice, Vienna, Istanbul)

auto or hetero stereotypes auto or hetero stereotypes :: the issue of the self – image the issue of the self – image and the image of the “and the image of the “OOthers”; based on religiousthers”; based on religious,, ethnicethnic, cultural..., cultural... prejudices prejudices ((some preserved in some preserved in contemporarycontemporary public opinion public opinion))