1

2

SEMINAR ON

Speaker:

KADAM SHIVAJI KADAM SHIVAJI BALABHIMBALABHIM

M.Sc (Agri.) studentReg. No. 03M/07A

Research Guide Seminar InchargeResearch Guide Seminar Incharge

Dr.A.S. Karle Dr.A.S.JADHAVDepartment Of Agronomy

College of Agriculture PARBHANI.

For sustainable agriculture

33

4

TOTAL FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION

(219 m tonnes)

KHARIF( Area:74 m ha)116 million tonnes

RABI (Area: 50 m ha) 103 million tonnes

INDIAN AGRICULTURE INDIAN AGRICULTURE SCENARIOSCENARIONet Cultivated Area : 141 m ha Irrigated Area : 56 m ha (40%)Rainfed/Dryland Area : 85 m ha (60%)

4

5

Regions States % Rainfed area (range)

Cold arid Northern States

Jammu & Kashmir, Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh,

60-81

States Arid Western

Rajasthan, Gujarat 66-68

Semi arid to arid Central & Southern States

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu

76-82

Sub humid to humid Eastern States

Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal

33-73

RAINFED FARMING AREA IN INDIARAINFED FARMING AREA IN INDIA – (85 m ha)(68.5 m ha fully rainfed & 18.0 m ha partial rainfed)

5

6

A shift of a crop or cropping system to another crop or cropping system.

Use of resources in best possible way by changing and modifying the degree, trend and time options of crop/cropping activities.

A shift from less profitable and sustainable crop or cropping system to more profitable and sustainable crop/cropping system.

CONCEPT OF CROP CONCEPT OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONDIVERSIFICATION

6

7

NEED OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONNEED OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION

Crop diversification has become an important option to attain several objectives Viz.

Natural resources

sustainability Ecological balance, Output growth, Buffer stocks, Employment generation, Risk coverage : Mono

cropping high risk, etc.

7

8

Reducing risks associated with yield, market and prices,

Arresting the degradation of natural resources and environment and

Attaining the national goals like self-reliance in critical crop products, earning foreign exchange and employment generation.

Thus, the necessity for crop diversification Thus, the necessity for crop diversification arises on account of the need for-arises on account of the need for-

8

9

Number of factors governs nature and speed of crop diversification. Resource endowments: ● Agro climatic conditions ● Soil ● Labour ● Facility of irrigation Technological factors

House hold factors

Institutional and infrastructural factors

Price factors

DETERMINANTS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONDETERMINANTS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION

9

10

For raising farm income.

Sustainable production and income.

Food and nutrient security.

Promotion of export.

Employment generation.

Poverty alleviation.

Judicious use of land and water

resources.

Reduction in environmental pollution.

The important facts highlighting The important facts highlighting the need of crop diversification in the need of crop diversification in

India:India:

10

11

Priorities for crop diversification in Priorities for crop diversification in IndiaIndia1)Changing of resource use efficiency

parameters.

2)Crop rotation effect.

3)Incorporation of crops and technologies.

4)Research on actual farm environment through farmer participatory mode.

5)Assurance against the risk to farmers under changing weather and sharp fluctuation in prices.

6)National issues like nutritional and food security.

11

12

Crop diversification under assured irrigation situations.

Crop diversification under water scarce conditions.

Crop diversification for nutrient management.

The important crop diversification approaches in rainfed areas of India

12

13

Delineate area : Scientific data base priorities and target the area.

Choice of alternative crops and technology.

Priority Input / credit supply for alternative crops.

Share the risk of new system.

Market support - Rural uplinking.

Crop Diversification

REQUIRED STEPS FOR DIVERSIFICATIONREQUIRED STEPS FOR DIVERSIFICATION

13

14

Table 1: Issues and functions provided by diversificationTable 1: Issues and functions provided by diversification in dryland regions.in dryland regions.

Hegde et al., (2003)RAU, (Bikaner)

Issues Functions provided by diversification

Productivity and stability

Increased yield, reduce intra seasonal variation and improved stability through diverse components viz., crop, tree, plant and animal.

High risk and high cost

Risk and cost minimization through yield and income from annual and perennial mixtures.

Unabated land

degradation

Minimization of kinds, effect and extent of land degradation by appropriate land care through alternate land use system.

Inadequate employment

Staggered employment round the year.

Low profitability

High components income generation from various area.

Poor energy management

Energy efficient implements.

14

15

Key determining factors:Key determining factors: Farmers AngleFarmers Angle

Profit margin of new system Availability of market for produce

Ease of operation / cultivation / storage Risk factor / technology available

Other compelling reasons to shift for a new system

Incentive, if any. 15

16

Over all strategies for crop diversificationOver all strategies for crop diversificationDiversion of high water requiring crops to less water intensive crops.

Diversion of cotton to pulses, oilseeds and maize in light textured and shallow soils.

Replacement of low yielding low value coarse cereals to high yielding high value crops like pulses.

Inter cropping or mixed cropping be promoted in dry areas.

Shift high risk crops with short duration pulses and drought resistant oilseeds crops.

16

17

Area - mha Prod.- m t

Crop

Present area (2005-06)

Additional area through Expected diversification Additional Production

Pulses 23.12 2.5 1.57 Oilseeds 23.32 3.00 2.50

Maize 6.87 0.5 1.00 Horticulture 15.70 2.5* - Other (Fodder etc)

-

1.5 -

POSSIBLE ADDITION OF AREA TO DIFFERENT CROPSPOSSIBLE ADDITION OF AREA TO DIFFERENT CROPS

17

18

Animal Husbandry

Mix farming

Horticulture

Floriculture

Sericulture

ForestryLow YieldingLow YieldingFood grain Food grain

cropscrops

DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTUREDIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE

18

19

Crop and crops component

Area in ’00 ha

98-99 01-02 04-05 06-07

Jowar (k.) 2385 2768 2383 2773

Bajri (k.) 1206 1556 1999 1701

Small millets 193 113 129 123

Total pulses (k.) 7523 7152 6789 5834

Rabi jowar 3663 3622 3741 3545

Total rabi pulses 887 1468 515 1264

Groundnut (k.) 949 1031 907 945

Groundnut (s.) 887 1277 370 605

Sesamum 907 907 796 719

Castor 1881 1483 1047 1305

Cotton 14104 16585 17498 19063

Wheat 6060 7014 4701 7274

Tobacco 318 337 255 213

Table 2:Crop wise area in Maharashtra state (Agronomical crops)

Directorate of Agriculture, 19

20

State Weather constraints

Traditional crops grown

Proposed crops to be taken

Tamil Nadu Droughts, high temperature

Rice, pulses Banana, sugarcane, onion

Gujarat Droughts,High temperature

Upland paddy, coarse cereals,Cereals

Maize, sesame, castor, intercropping sugarcane, soybean, vegetables, horticultural crops.

Maharashtra Droughts, high temperature

Paddy, coarse cereals, cotton

Oilseeds, soybean, horticultural crops, medicinal plants and flowery culture.

Table 3: State wise crop diversification in context to weather

Gov. of India, Dept. of Agril. and Co. Office of Agril. Commissioner, July, 2003. 20

21

Oilseed crops

1981 2005 Change in production

Percent change

Groundnut 5.97 6.81 0.84 7.44

Rapeseed and mustard

2.04 5.20 3.17 28.02

Sunflower 0.098 0.79 0.69 6.16

Soybean 0.30 6.45 6.19 54.78

Other 1.57 1.97 0.40 3.54

Total 10.0 21.31 11.31 100.0

NCAR Annual Report 2005-06

Table 4: Change in production of different oilseeds in India (Million tonnes)

21

22

Table 5: Crop diversification programmeTable 5: Crop diversification programmeUnit : (000’ ha)

Singh (2006)New Delhi

YearIncrease in

Maize area

Increase in

Pulses area

Increase in Oilseed

area

2002-03 15.92 134.96 104.04

2003-04 20.97 205.44 125.59

2004-05 27.67 226.08 151.38

2005-06 53.59 261.20 192.02

Increase compared to 2002-03

236% 94% 86%

22

23

SHARE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE IN INDIA DURING 1980S AND 1990S.

1980s 1990s

23Crop Diversification in India: Nature, Pattern and Drivers, P. K. Joshi

24

Crop/crops component

1952-53 1964-65 1985-86 2004-05

Oilseeds 11.20 15.14 17.42 26.23

Cotton 6.27 8.00 8.02 9.11

Jute+Mesta 0.76 1.24 1.26 1.08

Sugarcane 1.79 2.36 2.79 4.05

Tobacco 0.34 0.42 0.43 0.471

Coconut 0.65 0.82 1.07 1.831

Potato 0.25 0.42 0.74 1.261

Others 14.24 11.39 13.67 22.67

Total 35.50 39.90 45.40 66.70

Table 6: Area changes from food grain to non food grain crops (million hectares)

Govt. of India (2005) 24

25

Crops/ Crop groups 1985-86 2004-05

Spices 1.47 2.90

Plantation crops 0.88 1.30

Other vegetables 3.38 4.61

Fruits 2.83 3.37

Guar seed 2.27 2.12

Other including fodder crops

2.84 8.01

Total 13.67 22.67

Table 7: Area under other non-food grain crops (million hectares)

Govt. of India (2005)25

26

Item2001-2002 2007-2008

Target Achieve-ment

% of achieve-ment

Target Achieve-ment

% of achievement

Rice 92 92 100 93 94 101

Wheat 78 71 91 78 74.81 95.9

Coarse cereal

33 35 106 33 36.07 109.3

Pulses 15 14 93.3 16 14.44 90.95

Total Food grains

218 211 96.7 220 219.3 99

Pooled 96.8 99

Source: Ministry of agriculture 26

Table 8: Food grain production: Targets and achievement (Million Tonnes)

27

Species Characters need modification

Strategies to improve traits

Zizyphus Anti digestion factors, dwarf, seedless, ploidy level, fruit borer

Metabolic pathway, wide hybridization, embryo rescue, mutation and micro propagation.

Pomegranate Soft seeded, dwarf, fruit cracking, virus free material

Mutation, micro propagation shoot tip culture.

Amblica officinalis

Dwarf, Vit. C, fruit drop, frost resistance.

Regeneration, mutation, gene transformation

Cucumis Alkaloid, more pulp and keeping quality

ACC gene

Citrullus Seedless Polyploid

Prickly pear Toxins, spines Mutation

Table 9: Certain applications of biotechnology for crop diversification

ICAR Winter School, (2004) 27

28

CASTOR, A SUBSTITUTE OF PEARL MILLET IN CASTOR, A SUBSTITUTE OF PEARL MILLET IN GUJARATGUJARAT

28

29

CASTOR IN CROP DIVERSIFICATION CASTOR IN CROP DIVERSIFICATION SCENARIOSCENARIO

It is an important non edible oil seed crop, earns valuable foreign exchange.

High yield potential under irrigated conditions (30- 35q/ha).

Also higher yield potentials under dry lands.

Economically remunerative crop as compare to existing crop sequences.

Suitable for crop rotation and maintenance of fertility as castor posses long tap root system.

29

30

Table 10: Yield, monetary returns and benefit:cost ratio of castor- based intercropping systems under dryland conditions.

Solapur (Maharashtra) Koli et al., (2004) 30

Treatment Mean yield (kg/ha)(1995 to 2002)

Mean Monetary Returns (Rs/ha)

Benefit: cost ratio

Main crop

Inter crop

Sole castor 653 - 8496 1.60

Castor+Mothbean(1:2) 580 48 7960 1.81

Castor+Ridgegourd 581 1918 13312 2.13

Castor+Bittergourd 536 229 7426 1.76

Castor+Smoothgourd 531 242 7877 1.73

Castor+Clusterbean 546 1171 15308 1.97

Castor+Dolichos lablab 524 - 6809 1.52

CD (P= 0.05) 3552

Prices (Rs/q): castor seed, 1300; moth bean, 1500; ridge gourd, 400; bitter gourd, 400;smooth gourd, 400; cluster bean, 700

31

Table Area (Million ha) Production (Mill. t) Productivity(kg/ha)

Pre-HYV

Post-HYV Pre-HYV Post-HYV Pre-HYV Post-HYV

Rajasthan 4.13 4.28 0.87 2.54 188 470

Maharashtra 1.73 1.58 0.47 1.02 270 646

Gujarat 1.57 0.99 0.58 1.09 370 1125

U. P. 1.07 0.82 0.57 1.03 534 1240

Haryana 0.78 0.56 0.25 0.59 315 1131

Karnataka 0.62 0.32 0.31 0.17 505 516

A. P. 0.51 0.10 0.29 0.10 593 1047

T. N. 0.51 0.16 0.12 0.23 234 1448

M. P. 0.19 0.15 0.11 0.16 597 1091

India 11.32 9.03 3.67 6.67 324 730

Pre-HYV=1955-66, Post-HYV=2000-03

ICAR Winter School, 2004

31

Table 11: Impact of HYVs of pearl millet on area, production and productivity in India

32

Table 12: Example of partial crop diversification in rice-wheat system (rice equivalent yield, q/ha)

Sharma and Sharma (2002)

Price (Rs/q): rice grain 800, rice straw 20, wheat grain 550, wheat straw 50, berseem 40,potato tuber 200, Indian mustard grain 1200, Indian mustard stover 20, green gram 1200.

32

Cropping system 1995-96 2000-01

Pooled

Rainy Winter Summer Total

Rice-wheat 78.3 81.2 46.3 33.5 -- 79.8

Rice-wheat-greengram

86.3 89.7 48.7 48.3 34.3 5.4

Rice-berseem 110.0 113.8 48.2 63.6 -- 112.3

Rice-potato-greengram

126.3 135.9 55.9 61.9 19.4 131.1

Rice-Indian mustard

94.4 100.9 47.9 30.9 18.8 97.6

CD (p=0.05) 6.63 9.89 1.56 6.58 2.67 7.50

33

RESEARCH ACTIVITIESRESEARCH ACTIVITIESIt is always desirable to change the crops and

cropping system in certain years.

The choice of crops or cropping system depending

upon price, soil fertility and pest build up will be

desirable.

Synthesize or decide the most suitable system on

considering productivity.

Choice of suitable variety is very important to fit in

the system with high productivity.

Under the diversified intensive system of cropping,

contingent planning is also important. Therefore,

suitable adjustments should to be made as per

emerging needs and prospects.

33

34

CONSTRAINTS IN CROP DIVERSIFICATIONCONSTRAINTS IN CROP DIVERSIFICATION 1) Over 117 m.ha (63 percent) of the cropped area in the

country is completely dependent on rainfall.

2) Sub-optimal and over-use of resources.

3) Inadequate supply of seeds and plants of improved

cultivars.

4) Fragmentation of land holding less favoring

modernization and mechanization of agriculture.

5) Poor basic infrastructure like rural roads, power,

transport, communication etc.

6) Inadequate post-harvest technologies .

7) Very weak agro-based industry.

8) Weak research - extension - farmer linkages.

9) Decreased investments in the agricultural sector over the

years.34

35

GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR CROP DIVERSIFICATIONCROP DIVERSIFICATION

35

Implementing National Agriculture Insurance Scheme. Operationalzing Technology Mission on Cotton. Provision of Capital Subsidy of 25 percent for

Construction / Modernization / Expansion of Cold

Storages and Storages for Horticultural Produce. Creation of Watershed Development Fund. Strengthening Agricultural Marketing. Seed Crop Insurance. Seed Bank Scheme. Cooperative Sector Reforms.

36

CONCLUSIONCrop diversification or crop shift is a new

paradigm of sustainable agriculture. Crop diversification is not only a shift from traditional and less remunerative crop (s) to more remunerative crop (s) but it is a demand driven, need based situation specific and national goal seeking continuous and dynamic concept and involves spatial, temporal, value addition and resource complementary approaches. However, crop substitution and addition of more crops in existing cropping system has been the major approach of diversification in India. The nature of crop diversification is has been mainly from low value coarse cereals to high value oilseeds and other food grains.

36

3737

FUTURE THRUST: Inclusion of high value crops through horizontal and

vertical diversification approach.

Need to synthesize high potential cropping systems and evaluate both on station and on farm in farmers participatory approach.

The crop varieties short in duration with high potential yield and most suited for the synthesized systems needs to be identified.

The location specific approaches and full packages need to be prepared.

For arid and semi arid areas the crops and cropping systems for long term sustainability should be preferred.

37

38