copyright © 2005 pearson prentice hall, inc. chapter 5 cell structure and function

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 5

• Cell Structure and Function


Cell Theory

• All Living Things Are Composed of One or More Cells

• The Cell is the Simplest Form of Life

• All Cells Arise from Other Cells


All Cells Share Certain Common Features

– Common Features of All Cells (T5.1 p. 76)

• The Plasma Membrane Encloses the Cell and Mediates Interactions Between the Cell and Its Environment

• All Cells Use DNA as a Hereditary Blueprint and Contain Cytoplasm

• All Cells Obtain Energy and Nutrients from Their Environment

5 micrometers10 micrometers

50 micrometers

cilia

0.5 micrometers

mitochondrion

mitochondria

cilia nucleus contractilevacuole

Paramecium

Light microscope Transmission electron microscope

Scanning electron microscope Scanning electron microscope


Two Basic Kinds of Cells

• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic– Cell Structures, Their Functions, and Their

Distribution in Living Cells (T5.2 p. 81)

– A generalized prokaryotic cell (F5.2 p. 80) – A generalized plant cell (F 5.4 p. 82) – A generalized animal cell (F5.3 p. 83)


Diagnostice Features of Prokaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic Cells Are Small and Possess Specialized Surface Features

• Prokaryotic Cells Have Fewer Specialized Structures Within Their Cytoplasm

chromosome(nucleoid region)

pili

ribosomes

food granule

prokaryoticflagellum

capsule orslime layer

cell wall

plasma membranecytoplasm

plasmid (DNA)


Diagnostic Features of Eukaryotic Cells

• Eukaryotic Cells Contain Membrane Bound Organelles

• Plant Cells – Chloroplasts & Plastids

• Animal Cells– Centrioles, Cilia & Flagella

mitochondrion vesicle

cytoplasm

flagellum

lysosome

centriole

Golgi complex

vesicle

nuclear pore

nuclear envelope

chromatin (DNA)nucleolus

nucleus

ribosome

free ribosome

microtubules

rough endoplasmicreticulum

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

plasmamembrane

intermediatefilaments

central vacuole

plastid mitochondrion

vesicle plasmodesma

cell wall

plasmamembrane


free ribosomeribosomes

nucleusnucleolus

nuclear porechromatin

nuclear envelope

Golgi complex

chloroplast

Microtubules (part of cytoskeleton)

smoothendoplasmicreticulum

roughendoplasmicreticulum

Centralvacuole

plastid mitochondrion

plasmodesma

Golgicomplex

chloroplast

microtubules(part of cytoskeleton)


vesicle

cell wall

plasmamembrane


free ribosomeribosomes

nucleus

nucleolusnuclear porechromatin

nuclear envelope


nucleus

nuclearpores

nuclear envelope

nuclear poresnucleolus

chromatin

nuclearenvelope

nuclearpores

nucleolus

chromatin

nucleus

nuclearpores


5.3 What Are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?

– 5.3.2.1 The Nuclear Envelope Allows Selective Exchange of Materials

– 5.3.2.2 Chromatin Contains DNA, Which Codes for the Synthesis of Proteins

• Figure 5.6 Chromosomes (p. 84)

chromatin

chromosome



– 5.3.2.3 The Nucleolus Is the Site of Ribosome Assembly

• Figure 5.7 Ribosomes (p. 85)

• Figure 5.8 Endoplasmic reticulum (p. 85)

0.05 micrometers

mRNA

ribosomes


smooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes

vesicles

0.5 micrometer

0.5 micrometer

ribosomes

vesicles


ribosomes

0.5 micrometer

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

vesicles

0.5 micrometer



• 5.3.3 Eukaryotic Cells Contain a Complex System of Membranes– 5.3.3.1 The Plasma Membrane Both Isolates the

Cell and Allows Selective Interactions Between the Cell and Its Environment

– 5.3.3.2 The Endoplasmic Reticulum Forms Membrane-Enclosed Channels Within the Cytoplasm

– 5.3.3.3 The Golgi Complex Sorts, Chemically Alters, and Packages Important Molecules

• Figure 5.9 The Golgi complex (p. 86)

Golgicomplex

vesiclesfrom ER

vesiclesleavingGolgicomplex



– 5.3.3.4 The Travels of a Secreted Protein– 5.3.3.5 Lysosomes Serve as the Cell’s

Digestive System• Figure 5.10 The flow of membrane within the

cell (p. 87)


nuclear envelope

Golgi complex

exocytosisplasma membrane

phagocytosis

lysosomefused withfood vacuole

food vacuole




– 5.3.3.6 Membrane Synthesized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Flows Through the Membrane System of the Cell

• 5.3.4 Vacuoles Serve Many Functions, Including Water Regulation, Support, and Storage– 5.3.4.1 Freshwater Microorganisms Have

Contractile Vacuoles• Figure 5.11 Contractile vacuoles (p. 88)

contractilevacuole

centralreservoir

pore

collectingducts

contractilevacuole

centralreservoir

pore

collectingducts



– 5.3.4.2 Plant Cells Have Central Vacuoles• Figure 5.12 The central vacuole and turgor

pressure in plant cells (p. 89)

cytoplasm centralvacuole

cell wall plasma membrane

cytoplasm centralvacuole

cell wallplasma

membrane



• 5.3.5 Mitochondria Extract Energy from Food Molecules, and Chloroplasts Capture Solar Energy– 5.3.5.1 Mitochondria Use Energy Stored in

Food Molecules to Produce ATP• Figure 5.13 A mitochondrion (p. 90)

outermembrane

innermembrane

intermembranecompartment

matrix

cristae

0.2 micrometer



– 5.3.5.2 Chloroplasts Are the Sites of Photosynthesis

• Figure 5.14 A chloroplast (p. 91)

outer membrane

inner membrane

stroma

thylakoid

channelinterconnecting

thylakoids

granum(stack of thylakoids)

1 micrometer



• 5.3.6 Plants Use Plastids for Storage– Figure 5.15 A plastid (p. 92)

starchglobules

plastid

0.5 micrometer



• 5.3.7 The Cytoskeleton Provides Shape, Support, and Movement– Figure 5.16 The cytoskeleton (p. 92)

microfilaments

mitochondrion

ribosomes

microtubulevesicle

microtubules (red)

nucleus

microfilaments (blue)

plasmamembrane


endoplasmic reticulum

microfilaments

mitochondrion

ribosomes

microtubule

vesicle

plasmamembrane


endoplasmicreticulum

microtubules (red)

nucleus

microfilaments (blue)



• 5.3.8 Cilia and Flagella Move the Cell Through Fluid or Move Fluid Past the Cell– Figure 5.17 Cilia and flagella (p. 93) – Figure 5.18 How cilia and flagella move

(p. 94)

Paramecium

0.1 micrometer

cilium

plasma membrane

basal body

x-section of cilium(9+2 arrangement)

x-section of basal body(9+0 arrangement)

central unfusedpair ofmicrotubules

fused pair ofmicrotubules

Protein "arms"

0.1 micrometer

return stroke

cilia liningtrachea

flagellum ofhuman sperm

Cilium

continuous propulsion

plasma membrane

direction of locomotion

power stroke

Flagellumpropulsion of fluid

Propulsion of fluid

return stroke

cilia liningtrachea

Cilium

plasma membranepower stroke

propulsion of fluid

return stroke

Cilium

plasma membranepower stroke

propulsion of fluid

cilia liningtrachea


flagellumof humansperm


direction of locomotionFlagellum

propulsion of fluid


direction of locomotionFlagellum

propulsion of fluid

flagellum ofhuman sperm


copyright © 2005 pearson prentice hall, inc. chapter 5 cell structure and function

Documents

cellsall cells

cytoplasmall cells

environmentall cells

living cells t5

cellsthe cell

simplest form of lifeall

generalized animal cell

generalized plant cell