copyright © 2005 pearson prentice hall, inc. animal diversity i: invertebrates
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Animal Diversity I: Invertebrates
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Animal Key Features
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Anatomical Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree
• An evolutionary tree of some major animal phyla (F22.1 p. 424)
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protostomesbilateral
deuterostomeslophotrochozoansecdysozoans
Porifera(sponges)
Cnidaria(jellyfish,corals,anemones)
Ctenophora(comb jellies)
Arthropoda(insects,arachnids,crustaceans)
Platyhelminthes(flatworms)
Annelida(segmentedworms)
Mollusca(clams,snails,octopods)
Echinodermata(sea stars,sea urchins)
Chordata(lancelets,vertebrates)
cuticle molted
protostome development deuterostome development
bilateral symmetryradial symmetry
no tissues tissues
Nematoda(roundworms)
Sponges: Lack Tissues
Radial or Bilateral Symmetry
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Radial symmetry
central axisplane ofsymmetry
Bilateral symmetry
anteriorplane of symmetry
posterior
•Animals with Tissues Exhibit Either Radial or Bilateral Symmetry
Body symmetry and cephalization (F22.2 p. 425)
Anatomical Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree
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Anatomical Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree
–Embryonic Tissue Layers • Radially Symmetrical Animals Have Two• Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals Have Three
–Bilateral Animals Have Heads
– Most Bilateral Animals Have Body Cavities– Body Cavity Structure Varies Among Phyla
• Body cavities (F22.3 p. 426)
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“True” coelom(annelids, chordates)
body wall
coelom
digestivetract
digestivecavity
}
}
“False” or pseudocoelom(roundworms)
body wall
pseudocoelom
digestivetract
digestivecavity
}
No coelom(cnidarians, flatworms)
body wall
digestivetractdigestive
cavity
}
Body cavities (F22.3 p. 426)
Anatomical Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree
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Anatomical Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree
• Simpler Body Cavities Evolved from Coelomate Body Plans
• Bilateral Organisms Develop in One of Two Ways– Protostomes Deuterostomes
• Protostomes: Two Distinct Evolutionary Lines– Ecdysozoans Lophotrochozoans
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Comparison of the Major Animal Phyla (T22.1 p. 428)
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epithelialcell
spicules
amoeboidcell
pore cell
collar cell
(water flow)
(water flow)
pore
osculum
Major Animal Phyla
Sponges: Simple Body Plan
(F22.4 p. 428)
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Sponge diversity (F22.5 p. 429)
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• Cnidarians: Well-Armed Predators– Cnidarian diversity (F22.6 p. 430) – Polyp and medusa (F22.7 p. 431) – Cnidarian weaponry: the cnidocyte (F22.8
p. 431)
Major Animal Phyla
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Major Animal Phyla
Cnidarians: Well-Armed Predators
Cnidarian diversity (F22.6
p. 430)
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Polypmouth
lining ofgastrovascularcavity
tentaclegastrovascularcavity
column
foot
body wall
mesoglea
Medusa lining ofgastrovascularcavity
gastrovascularcavity
tentacle
mouth
mesoglea
body wall
Major Animal Phyla
Polyp and medusa (F22.7 p. 431)
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nuclei
trigger
trigger
filament
Cnidarian weaponry:
the cnidocyte (F22.8 p. 431)
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Major Animal Phyla
• Flatworms – Organs – Lack Respiratory & Circulatory Systems– Flatworm organ systems (F22.9 p. 432) – The life cycle of the human pork tapeworm
(F22.10 p. 433)
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nerve cord
excretorypore
brain
Excretorysystem
Nervoussystem
excretorycanal
Digestivesystem
eyespots
gastrovascularcavity
pharynx(with mouthat tip)
Major Animal Phyla
Flatworm organ systems
(F22.9 p. 432)
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Major Animal Phyla
– Life cycle of human pork tapeworm (F22.10 p. 433)
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22.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla?
• 22.3.4 Annelids Are Composed of Identical Segments– Figure 22.11 An annelid, the earthworm
(p. 434) – Figure 22.12 Diverse annelids (p. 435)
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coelom
intestine
nephridia
excretory pore
ventralnerve cord
anus
coelom
brain
mouth
pharynxventralvessel
ventral nerve cord
hearts esophagus
crop gizzard intestine
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22.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla?
• 22.3.5 Most Mollusks Have Shells– Figure 22.13 A generalized mollusk (p.
435) – 22.3.5.1 Gastropods Are One-Footed
Crawlers• Figure 22.14 The diversity of gastropod
mollusks (p. 436)
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digestive tract
gonadheart
coelom
shell
mantle
anus
gill
nerve cords
foot
mouth
radula
eye
tentacle
ganglia(brain)
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22.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla?
– 22.3.5.2 Bivalves Are Filter Feeders• Figure 22.15 The diversity of bivalve mollusks
(p. 436)
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22.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla?
– 22.3.5.3 Cephalopods Are Marine Predators
• Figure 22.16 The diversity of cephalopod mollusks (p. 437)
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22.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla?
• 22.3.6 Arthropods Are the Dominant Animals on Earth– Figure 22.17 The exoskeleton allows precise
movements (p. 438) – Figure 22.18 The exoskeleton must be molted
periodically (p. 438) – Figure 22.19 Segments are fused and specialized in
insects (p. 438) – Figure 22.20 Arthropods possess compound eyes
(p. 439)
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abdomen
wing
thorax
head
antennae
compound eye
mouth parts
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22.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla?
– 22.3.6.1 Insects Are the Only Flying Invertebrates
• Figure 22.21 The diversity of insects (p. 439)
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22.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla?
– 22.3.6.2 Most Arachnids Are Predatory Meat Eaters
• Figure 22.22 The diversity of arachnids (p. 440)
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22.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla?
– 22.3.6.3 Myriapods Have Many Legs• Figure 22.23 The diversity of myriapods
(p. 441)
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(a) (b)
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22.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla?
– 22.3.6.4 Most Crustaceans Are Aquatic• Figure 22.24 The diversity of crustaceans
(p. 441)
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22.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla?
• 22.3.7 Roundworms Are Abundant and Mostly Tiny– Figure 22.25 A freshwater nematode (p.
442) – Figure 22.26 Some parasitic nematodes
(p. 443)
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ovary
vagina
eggs
mouth
cuticle
posteriorend
anteriorend
intestine
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22.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla?
• 22.3.8 Echinoderms Have a Calcium Carbonate Skeleton– Figure 22.27 The diversity of echinoderms
(p. 443) – Figure 22.28 The water-vascular system of
echinoderms (p. 444)
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ampulla
tube feet
sieve plate
canalsplates ofendoskeleton
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22.3 What Are the Major Animal Phyla?
• 22.3.9 The Chordates Include the Vertebrates