competitive european cities: what are they, where are they, so what for policy and denmark?...
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COMPETITIVE EUROPEAN CITIES: WHAT ARE THEY, WHERE ARE THEY,
SO WHAT FOR POLICY AND DENMARK?
Professor Michael ParkinsonEuropean Institute for Urban Affairs
Copenhagen, January 2006
2
This talk will ask 4 questions:
1. What’s happening to European cities?
2. What is a competitive city?
3. Where are the competitive European cities?
4. So what for policy and Denmark?
3
1. WHAT’S HAPPENING TO EUROPEAN CITIES?
Cities up the political agenda• International not national hierarchies• Growing networks• Growing competition• Growing economic opportunities and
potential• Growing social exclusion
4
• Globalisation – power away from nation state
• Economic and technological restructuring – Porsche-hamburger economy
• Increasing competition between places – winners and losers
• Institutional and welfare state restructuring – increased vulnerability
5
• Cities matter more not less
• European governments – targeting and empowering cities
• Europe – new spaces, opportunities, internationalism, entrepreneurialism
• New hierarchies
• Increased concern urban competitiveness
6
2. WHAT IS A COMPETITIVE CITY?
Measured competitiveness Cities in Europe
Concerns UK cities:
• Not punching their weight national economy
• Falling behind London
• Lack powers, responsibilities and resources
• Lagging behind European cities
7
• Literature on urban development in Europe• Literature on urban competitiveness
• Quantitative data on 50+ European cities
• Interviews with senior policy makers
• Questionnaire to 50+ cities
• Detailed work in 15 – fieldwork in 9 continental cities
8
• Ability to attract and maintain firms with stable or rising market shares in an activity, while maintaining stable or increasing standards of living for those who participate in it
• Competitiveness and competition
• Competitiveness and urban renaissance
9
Characteristics of competitive city-regions
• Innovation
• Diversity
• Skills
• Connectivity
• Strategic capacity
• Quality of life
10
Measures
• GDP per capita• EU Innovation score card• Percentage population higher skill levels• Demographic change• Unemployment• Dependency levels• Airport passengers• Internet connections• Private sector assessment
12
Health warning:• Europe big and complex
• Policy transfer tricky
• Exceptions to all rules
• Measuring competitiveness is hard
• Data and boundaries tricky
• Snapshot sample – not movie universe
17
Total Population 2001
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
Barce
lona
Mun
ich
Stock
holm
Mila
n
Birming
ham
Turin
Amste
rdam
Leed
s
Frank
furt
Rotte
rdam
Dortm
und
Stuttg
art
Sheffie
ld
Copen
hagen
Live
rpoo
l
Lyon
Man
ches
ter
Bristo
l
Toulo
use
Helsin
ki
Nottin
gham
Newca
stle
Lille
18
% Change in Total Population 1996 - 2001/2
5.5 5.2 5.04.5 4.0
2.3 2.1 1.81.0
-2.4
-4.7-5.3
-6.0
-8.1 -8.1
-4.8
-3.3-2.4
-2.0
-1.7-0.3 -0.4
-10
-5
0
5
10S
tock
holm
Hel
sink
i
Cop
enha
gen
Toul
ouse
Stu
ttgar
t
Am
ster
dam
Mila
n
Lille
Rot
terd
am
Bar
celo
na
Fra
nkfu
rt
Leed
s
Turin
Lyon
Mun
ich
She
ffiel
d
Bris
tol
Birm
ingh
am
Live
rpoo
l
Not
tingh
am
New
cast
le
Man
ches
ter
19
% Population aged under 16 or over retirement age 1996
27.4 28.7 29.7 29.7 29.8 30.3 31.0 31.2 31.7 32.2 32.5 33.7 34.2 34.9 35.9 36.0 36.5 36.5 37.0 37.1 37.1 38.0
0
20
40
60M
unic
h*
Cop
enha
gen
Am
ster
dam
Fra
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rt
Toul
ouse
Hel
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Stu
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t
Turin
Mila
n
Lille
Lyon
Bar
celo
na
Rot
terd
am
Sto
ckho
lm
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cast
le
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tol
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tingh
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ches
ter
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ffiel
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ingh
am
20
ILO Unemployment Rate (2001)
3.3 3.3 3.5
5.0 5.2 5.76.3 6.3 6.5
7.2 7.58.3 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.5 9.0 9.0
10.210.9
14.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16S
tock
holm
Bris
tol
Leed
s
Mun
ich
She
ffiel
d
Hel
sink
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ster
dam
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Bar
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gen
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tingh
am C
ity
New
cast
le-u
pon-
Tyn
e
Lille
*
Lyon
*
Birm
ingh
am
Rot
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am
Man
ches
ter
Tou
lous
e*
Live
rpoo
l
Dor
tmun
d
Mila
n
Tur
in
* Unemployment rates for Dèpartment
21
Total Air Passengers 2001
05,000,000
10,000,00015,000,000
20,000,00025,000,00030,000,000
35,000,00040,000,000
45,000,00050,000,000
22
Top Internet Hub Cities for Europe
2002 (TeleGeography
Inc)
City Internet Bandwidth
(Mbps)
Rank
2002
Rank 2001
London 319,475 1 1
Paris 277,803 2 2
Frankfurt 194,902 3 5
New York 174,180 4 3
Amsterdam 163,942 5 4
Copenhagen 109,204 6 8
Stockholm 94,741 7 7
Brussels 81,536 8 6
Milan 65,424 9 9
Zurich 51,488 10 -
23
Best Cities to Locate a Business
Healey & Baker 2002
City Rank 2002
Rank 1990
London 1 1
Paris 2 2
Frankfurt 3 3
Brussels 4 4
Amsterdam 5 5
Barcelona 6 11
Madrid 7 17
Milan 8 9
Berlin 9 15
Zurich 10 7
Munich 11 12
Stockholm 14 19
Manchester 19 13
Lyon 20 18
Copenhagen 24 -
Helsinki 27 -
24
Best Cities in Terms
of . . . .
City . . . Qualified
staff
. . . Easy access to markets
. . . External transport links
London 1 1 1
Paris 2 2 2
Fankfurt 3 3 3
Munich 4 9 6
Brussels 5 4 5
Milan 6 6 8
Berlin 7 10 9
Amsterdam 8 5 4
Dusselforf 9 7 11
Madrid 10 8 9
Manchester 11 11 13
Stockholm 11 23 20
Barcelona 14 13 11
Lyon 17 16 18
Helsinki 19 28 29
Copenhagen 22 20 14
26
CITIES CAN DRAG COUNTRIES UP OR DOWN
GDP Per Capita (Euros) 2001
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Fran
kfur
t
Mun
ich
Stuttg
art
Dortm
und
Copen
hage
n
Amst
erda
m
Rotte
rdam
Stock
holm
Helsink
i
Mila
nTu
rinLy
on
Toulo
use
Lille
Barce
lona
Bristo
l
Leed
s
Birming
ham
Man
ches
ter
Newca
stle
Liver
pool
27
• Hierarchy is stable but cities can improve
• Cities matter to national performance
• Competitiveness and cohesion not mutually exclusive
• National and regional government matters
28
• Priorities for urban policy
• Mechanisms for successful urban policy
• Engaging stakeholders
• Achieving the right spatial balance
• Encouraging policy learning