Aslihan Arslan, FAO-EPICClimate Change Governance

Course, CDI-WUR 17.09.2014

Outline

I. Assessing CSA• Food Security• Adaptation• Mitigation

II. CSA Success Stories – FAO

III. CSA Success Stories – Others

IV. Breakout Group Exercise

Assessing CSA

Food Security

• Identify indicators to measure FS contributions of interventions– Productivity of crops, livestock, fisheries, forestry products– The stability of production under climate stress– Improvements in crop/total income– Availability of a diverse & nutritious diet– Access to markets to improve availability

• Compare with business as usual scenario– Including costs & benefits

Assessing CSA

Adaptation

Mitigation

Altering exposure Reducing Sensitivity Improving adaptive capacity • Assess impacts and map hazard zones • Conduct proper land and wateruse planning • Protect watersheds and establish flood retention zones • Change cropping patterns

• Develop or adopt suitable crop, plant and animal varieties • Improve irrigation and drainage systems • Diversify cropping and agricultural activities • Adopt disaster-prevention

• Develop adaptive strategies and action plans • Diversify sources of household income • Improve water and other infrastructure systems • Establish disaster and crop insurance schemes

CO2

rate of deforestation and forest degradation,

adoption of improved cropland management

practices (soil conservation)

CH4, N2O

improved animal production and management of livestock waste,

more efficient management of irrigation water on rice paddies,

improved nutrient management on cropland

Sequestering carbon restoration of degraded soil,

increased organic matter inputs to cropland, improved forest

management practices, afforestation and reforestation,

agro-forestry, improved grasslands management

Quantifying and targeting mitigation in ag:The FAO EX-Ante Carbon balance Tool (EX-ACT)

• An Excel based tool to quantify the amount of GHGs released or sequestered from activities in the AFOLU sector

• Requires activity data on agricultural practices, resource use and land use change

• Calculates estimated GHG impacts in tonnes of CO2-equivalents largely using the IPCC 2006 guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

• Allows project designers to adjust investment projects to simultaneously provide economic and mitigation benefits

• http://www.fao.org/tc/exact/ex-act-home/en/

The EX-Ante Carbon balance Tool (EX-ACT): Logic and Application

The EX-Ante Carbon balance ToolEX-ACT Training Workshopwww.fao.org/tc/exact

Adapted crop and farming

practicesIrrigation and

water management

Crop and income loss

risk management

Disaster risk management

(flood, drought...)

Livestock and grassland

management

Management of irrigated rice

Watershed management

Conservation

agriculture

Synergies: Main agriculture options

Adaptation

Mitigation

CSA ON THE GROUND - FAO

Preserving the Agro-forestry systemon Mount Kilimanjaro

What makes it Climate Smart?Food and income: to be improved via conversion to certified organic coffee farming; introduction of vanilla as a high value additional cash crop; and introduction of trout aquaculture along the canals of the irrigation system.

Adaptation: Rehabilitation of the irrigation system to reduce water loss and to cope with longer dry seasons due to climate change; training in sustainable land management.

Mitigation: Sustainably managed “Kihamba” system increases carbon storage.

Coffee shrubs and banana treesin the Kihamba layered vegetation, Tanzania

© FAO/D. Hayduk

Andean agriculture:the importance of genetic diversity

What makes it Climate Smart?Food and income: to be increased and stabilized through genetic diversity

Adaptation: Traditional terraced farming systems maintain soil fertility and improve the resilience of the agro-ecosystem while providing suitable breeding stocks needed to adapt production to climate change

Mitigation: This program does not aim to provide mitigation benefits.

Varieties of potato for sale at the local market, Peru© FAO/S. Cespoli

A landscape approach for policy making, planning and monitoring-Kagera river basin

What makes it Climate Smart?Food and income: to be improved through restoration of degraded lands, increased production and use of agricultural biodiversity

Adaptation: A participatory multi-sector process to asses and map land degradation and sustainable land management (SLM) to improve adaptation

Mitigation: Carbon sequestration though incorporation of trees and improved crop & livestock management

Carbon finance to bring back grasslands in Three Rivers region of China

What makes it Climate Smart?Food and income: Improved pastures feed more animals and people. Upgraded husbandry and marketing add value to products.

Adaptation: Restoring degraded grassland builds resilience to climate change by increasing soil moisture and nutrient retention.

Mitigation: Thriving grasslands are a huge carbon sink. In its first 10 years, the mitigation potential is estimated at 63,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per year.

271 Households

22,615

ha14,354 sheep

9,216 yaks

…are part of the project to improve livelihoods and resilience through sustainable grassland management and better livestock marketing

while receiving carbon credits

CSA ON THE GROUND – OTHERS

Drought-Tolerant Maize for AfricaDTMA

What makes it Climate Smart?Food and income: Drought-tolerant maize varieties are increasing yields even under moderate drought conditions, thus raising income for farmers.

Adaptation: The new varieties will enable farmers to cope with more frequent droughts projected as a result of climate change.

Mitigation: Farmers could potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions by combining the use of drought-tolerant maize with practices such as no-till agriculture/agroforestry.

>100 DT maize

varieties

Released in 13

countries

20-30% more yield

>2 million smallholders

More than 2 million smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa are now growing drought-tolerant maize varieties that build resilience and increase

yields and productivity

DTMA

Alternate wetting and drying for more efficient rice farms in Vietnam

What makes it Climate Smart?Food and income: AWD maintains productivity & lowers water use and emissions. Reduced input use (water, fertilizers, insecticides) decreases costs and thus raises incomes.

Adaptation: Reducing water use by up to 30% through AWD enables rice farmers in areas with growing water stress to continue to cultivate rice without adverse impacts on yield.

Mitigation: AWD decreases the methane emissions by around 50% from rice cultivation

Reduce water use up to 30%

Reduce methane emissions

by 48%

Potential for 3.2

million ha

Decrease input use

MARD’s 2011 policy aims for 3.2 million hectares of improved rice cultivation with AWD by 2020

Index-based livestock insurance for climate resilience in Kenya and Ethiopia

What makes it Climate Smart?Food and income: Droughts and other extreme weather events are marked by food insecurity, and the pay-outs received from IBLI enable pastoralists to fulfil their food needs.

Adaptation: Insurance increases pastoralists’ resilience to extreme weather.

Mitigation: This program does not aim to provide mitigation benefits.

Based on real-time satellite

data

Productive safety net

Involve commercial

insurers

Incentivize investments

IBLI was first piloted in northern Kenya in 2010, then following the success of the pilot it was expanded into southern Ethiopia in 2012

Breakout Session:Assessing the CSA potential of case studies

1. Asses the local situation: climate change, agriculture, food security

• What are priorities?

2. Identify contributions to all CSA pillars3. Identify indicators for measurement &

monitoring• Which existing data sources?• Additional data & analysis needs?• Barriers to adoption?

4. Identify synergies and/or tradeoffs5. Identify potential funding sources6. Report to the plenary

Guiding Questions

1. Which dimensions of food security are addressed by project?

2. Adaptation to slow onset CC or extreme events?

3. If there are mitigation co-benefits: does it aim to decrease emissions and/or increase sinks/sequester carbon?

4. What are institutional enabling factors/ barriers to adoption?

5. Policy bottlenecks if any?

Climate-Smart Agriculture in Kiroka, Tanzania© FAO/D. Hayduk

Thank you!FAO-EPIC TEAM: Aslihan Arslan, Solomon Asfaw, Giacomo Branca, Louis Bockel, Andrea Cattaneo, Romina

Cavatassi, Uwe Grewer, Misael Kokwe, Leslie Lipper, Wendy Mann, Nancy McCarthy, George Phiri, Alessandro Spairani and Linh Nguyen Van