climate change mitigation and pakistan- saadullah ayaz
TRANSCRIPT
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 1/19
Climate Change Mitigation
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
Saadullah Ayaz
Climate Change Coordinator,IUCN- Pakistan
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 2/19
MITIGATION
Definition:
Mitigation of climate change refers to the actions taken byindividuals or corporations to reduce the greenhouse gasemissions in order to minimize their effects on global climatechange. This usually works in conjunction with national and
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
release into the atmosphere. Instead of trying to adapt to globalwarming, mitigation of global warming refers more to the prevention
and control of the products and actions that cause climate change.
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 3/19
MITIGATION OPTIONS
1. Energy Efficiency and Management
- urban planning and building design
- changing attitudes and choices- transportation- technological measures- fuel switching
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
2. Alternate energy sources- solar, hydel, wind and alternate options like biofuels etc.
3. Reforestation and avoided defoforestation
4. Geoengineersing- carbon capture and storage- solar radiation management (global dimming)- ocean storage (use of iron)
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 4/19
ECONOMICS CLIMATE CHANGESterns Review. Sir Nicholas Stern- 2006
proposes stabilising the concentration of greenhouse-gasemissions in the atmosphere at a maximum of 550ppm CO2eby 2050. The Review estimates that this would mean cuttingtotal greenhouse-gas emissions to three quarters of 2007
-
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
. .
+3.5% of GDP
The costs of stabilizing the climate are significant butmanageable; delay would be dangerous and much morecostly
The cost of in- action will be more that action
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 5/19
MITIGATION MECHANISMS-THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
Adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
The Kyoto Protocol: Aims to reduce GHG emissions by 2012 anddistinguish two types of countries:
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
- -
(41 industrialised countries):
- Non-Annex I countries: With voluntary participation(151 developing countries):
The Kyoto Protocol legally binds the Annex- I countries to reducedthere greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2 % (in average) below the1992 levels, by Year 2012
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 6/19
THE KYOTO PROTOCOLMITIGATION OPTIONS
- Source oriented measures
Energy conservation and efficiency improvementFossils fuel switchingRenewable energy
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
- Sink enhancement measures
Capture and disposal of CO2 (under discussion)Enhancement of forest sinks (limited options)
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 7/19
KYOTO PROTOCOL TARGETS
Decrease avg. emissions 2008-2012 compared to 1990
USA -7%EU -8%
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
-Russian Federation 0%
all developed countries -5.2%
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 8/19
MAJOR GREENHOUSE GASES ADDRESSED BY KYOTO PROTOCOL
Name Formula GWP (CO2 eq.)
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
. -2
2. Methane (CH4) 213. Nitrous oxide (N2O) 3105. Per- fluorocarbons (PFCs) 92,00
4. Hydro- fluorocarbons (HFCs) 11,7006. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 23,900
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 9/19
The Kyoto Protocol introduces three market based flexiblemechanisms for the emissions reduction:
MECHANISMS UNDER THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
-- ,
- Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ), and
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 10/19
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM)
CDM is a market based instrument under the Kyoto Protocol ofUNFCCC:
Assists developing countries in sustainable development while atthe same time contributing to the ultimate objective of theConvention.
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
Developed countries to support project activities that reduceGHG emissions in the developing countries in return forCertified Emission Reductions (CERs)/ Carbon Credits.
The CERs generated by such project activities can be used bydeveloped countries as credits to meet their emissions targetsunder the Protocol.
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 11/19
CONCEPT OF CER/ CARBON CREDITS
Developing Country (host)
GH GE mi
CERsSold toDevelopedcountry($)
GH G
r e d u c t i on
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
si onPr o j e c t i on s
Baseline Scenario CDM Project
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 12/19
AREAS ADDRESSED BY KYOTO PROTOCOL
The KPs emissions targets cover the six main GHGs:
Name Formula GWP (CO2 eq.)
1. Carbon- dioxide (CO2) 12. Methane (CH4) 21
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
. 2
5. Per- fluorocarbons (PFCs) 92,004. Hydro- fluorocarbons (HFCs) 11,7006. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 23,900
Sinks (carbon sequestration)
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 13/19
BENEFITS FROM CDM (CARBON FINANCE)
CDM Project
(e.g., alternate energy
production)
Additional
Energy
Production
Benefits to Host country(An Example)
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
Certified
Emission
Reductions
DirectForeign
Investment &
Revenue
Carbon Credits
(Developedcountry Buyer) Plus other Benefits
(Jobs, Clean Env.
Tech. Transfer)
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 14/19
CDM INCENTIVE FOR DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Developed countries have been subjected to legally binding
emission targets…..2008/12.
Due to un-localized nature of CO2…it does not matter forenvironment where reduction occurs.
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
Costs of abatement or reduction of emissions :Developed Countries : U$ 50-100/ton
Developing Countries : U$ 1-10/ton
Reductions of GHG is much cheaper in developing countries.
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 15/19
CDM INCENTIVES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Capitalize an “unvalued” commodity…… CER
“Additional” financing for local Sustainable Developmentpriorities and as such has potential of “Catalyzing” largeForeign Direct Investment (FDI) flows
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
Instrument for “appropriate” Tech. Transfer
Linkage with local environmental issues – (air pollutionetc.)
Financial viability ~ Carbon financing can increaseproject Internal Rate Returns (IRRs) between 0.5 to 50%(WB)
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 16/19
TYPE OF CDM PROJECTS
Unilateral, bilateral and multilateral CDM projects allowed in:
Energy- renewable/alternate energy,- energy efficiency/conservation and cogeneration
Waste Management
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
-
- recycling
Transportation- alternative fuel vehicles- mass transit systems, cleaner engines, CNG
Industrial processes (sugar, cement, fertilizer, textile)
Land, Land use and Forestry (A/F)
Agricultural and livestock practices
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 17/19
CC MITIGATION IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan adopted Kyoto Protocol in 1997 acceded to it in January2005.
Pakistan established a Designated National Authority for CDM inPakistan in 2005.
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
A Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Cell was established inAug. 2005.
Pakistan National Operational Strategy for CDM has been approvedin February 2006.
Pakistan granted Host Country Approval to Three (14) CDMProjects. Expected Emission reduction 3.33 million tonnes of CO2eqv. / yr
8/8/2019 Climate Change Mitigation and Pakistan- Saadullah Ayaz
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-mitigation-and-pakistan-saadullah-ayaz 18/19
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:http://www.ipcc.ch/
ONLINE RESOURCES
IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
www.cdm.unfccc.int
CDM Pakistan official Website:
http://cdmpakistan.gov.pk