chewing gum - 3
TRANSCRIPT
Polymer Engineering
Chewing Gum Manufacturing Process
Group 3: Ma Yijia A0078069R
Mikaela Verigin A0121045Y
History of Chewing Gums
Originally made of chicle, a natural latex
Replaced by butadiene-based synthetic rubber
Properties of Chewing Gum Rubber:
Non-toxicity
Inert to human saliva with kinds of enzyme
With viscosity around 1 Pa*s at 37 0C
Butadiene-based Synthetic Rubber
Isobutylene Isoprene
Isoprene as a diene, provides the extra
double bond that cross-link and inert
polymer chains
Synthesis Chewing Gum Rubber from Isobutylene and Isoprene
Step 1: Polymerization
Reactant: Isobutylene and isoprene in methyl chloride
Catalyst: Aluminum chloride
Reaction Temperature : -1000C
Step 2:Halogenation
Reactants: Butyl rubber and bromine
Advantages:
Highly resistant to acids, bases and
oxygen
Step 3: FinishingDrying and shaping process
Synthesis Chewing Gum Rubber from Isobutylene and Isoprene
Production of Chewing Gum from
Butadiene-based Rubber
Flow Chart Heating & Mixing
Extruding
Cooling
Flattening, Cutting& scoring
Cooling &
Drying
Coating
Packaging
Heating and Mixing Stage
Sigma Blade mixer:
for high viscosity materials with viscosities as high as 10 Pa*s
The blades pass the container walls
and each other at close clearances
(2-3 mm) resulting in homogenous
mixing
Power consumption:
45 to 75 kW/m3 of mix material
Material: Stainless steel
Capacity: 65 % of the mixer's total volume
Tip speed: 60 m/min
Extruding Stage
Create objects with a fixed cross sectional area
Pumps material at a specific temperature and pressure while mixing it and exposing it to shear forces
Extruding Stage Option: Single Screw
Poor Mixer
Homogeneous moisture content
and particle size required in feed
Feed must be
preconditioned/premixed
Requires less skill to operate
Lower Initial Cost
Single Screw:
Mix efficiently
Better Control on flow
Can have raw materials fed directly into it
(we are not using this method)
Co-rotating
High Speed (Max700RPM)
Counter-rotating
Better for high viscous materials
(explain c shape chamber of screws)
Slower Speed (Max 150RPM)
Extruding Stage Option: Double Screw
Twin Screw:
Extruding Stage
Three zones
Feed: Ensure that enough
material is fed to the screw
Compression: Material is
heated and kneaded
Two sub zones :
-plasticizing zone
-intensive kneading zone
Metering: Feed die (restricted
opening) with material
Feed Section
Flights cause volume to be
restricted and increase the
resistance of movement of
the gum material
Spaces between screw
flights get filled and
become compressed
Plasticizing
Frictional and additional hear
cause temperature rises to
700C
Sugars and flavors absorbed
Compression
Intensive kneading of gum
Metering
Final kneading of the Gum
Around 500C
High pressure drives flavors into
the gum and allows for the gum
to be forced out of the die
Has smallest flights (increases
pressure and shearing force)
High Pressure
High Temperature
Product in Extruder
T>Tb
Steam
At Room TemperatureSteam Leaves the Product
Moisture Content decreasesStructure Solidifies
Die
Extruding Stage: Extruder Product
Extruding Stage: Center filled Gum
Extruder Die shapes and sizes
can produce many different
products
Example: Center filled gum is
extruded as a hollow rope,
then liquid is the fed into the
hollowed area and the rope is
cut into bit sized pieces
Extruding Stage: Varying Die Shape
Stick Gum and Pillow
Gum Extrusion
Large sheets to be
cut and scored
Gum Ball Extrusion
Ropes to be cut and
Scored
Flattening, Cutting, Scoring, and
Cooling Stages
Flattening with giant rollers to
get gum material to the right
thickness
Cutting an scoring
Cuts the flattened material
into sheets and scored with a
single stick pattern
Cooling
Temperature:15-20 0C
Time : Around 24 hr
(Until hard enough to coat
without breaking/deforming
the piece of gum)
Coating Stage
Huge kettles/Pans filled with cooled
gum and coating with:
Gum Arabic (or other binder/glue
agent)
Sugar
Coated until required “crunch” is
achieved (around 80 coats)
Polished look achieved by
Rubbing against the pan and
against other pieces of gum
Wax added (i.e. beeswax)
Usually 8+ hours to complete process
Packaging Stage
Quality Control
Individual pieces of gum are separated and lined up so that
they can be packaged
Why is chewing gum illegal in Singapore?
Singapore The rest of the world
To keep public spaces clean
References
Made How. (2014) How Products are Made. [Online]. http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Chewing-Gum.html
Extruders
N.D. Frame, "Chewing Gum," in The Technology of Extrusion Cooking. USA: Aspen, 1993, pp. 225-226.
Leszek Moscicki, Extrusion-Cooking Techniques: Applications, Theory and Sustainability. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2011.
University of Georgia Food Science and Technology FDST 4060. (2010, May) Extruders. [Online]. http://server.fst.uga.edu/kerr/FDST%204060/pdf%20files/14%20Extruder.pdf
Aruna Y Kumari, "Theory Study Material Extrusion Technology," Food Science and Technology, ACHARYA N. G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,.
Mixer
Winkworth Group. Winkworth Explains the Chewing Gum Process. [Online]. www.winkworthgroup.com
SEPOR Group. Double Shaft Sigma Mixers.