Chapter 9:

The Era of Thomas Jefferson

How did Jefferson and Madison deal with

unresolved problems?

Pictures from:http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/beacon/fall06images22-jefferson-bible/jefferson.jpgg and

http://www.worldbook.com/wb/Students?content_spotlight/lewis_and_clark/pushing_purchase and http://seanbyrnes.com/blog/wp-

content/uploads/2007/07/windowslivewriterpiratesandbusiness-cf29jolly-roger-the-pirates-flag-giclee-print-c102740096.jpg and

http://www.lexrex.com/bios/pics/madison.jpg

Section 1: Jefferson Takes Office

How did Jefferson chart a new course for

the government?

Pictures From: http://www.authentichistory.com/antebellum/manifest/1828_John_Marshall.jpg

Republicans Take Charge

• Election of 1800 Bitter Campaign

• Federalists even threatened Civil War

• Republicans slung accusations of Adams wanting to create a Monarchy

• Controversy arose because of the election process

• Both Jefferson and Aaron Burr received 73 electoral votes

Campaign Continued

• It became up to the House of Representatives to decide who would be president

• After 6 days and 36 times of voting Jefferson was elected

• 12th Amendment was added to the Constitution so president and VP would be voted separately

Jefferson Charts a New Course

• 1st president to be inaugurated in

Washington D.C.

• Ended custom of people bowing to the

president

• Believed govt. should have simple customs

• “We are all Republicans we are all

Federalists”

Jefferson Charts a New Course

• Jefferson thought of his election as the

“Revolution of 1800”

• Jefferson believed in limiting the federal

governments power over states and

citizens

• Laissez-faire- government should not

interfere in the economy

New Republican Policies

• Jefferson reduced the # of people in

government

• He fired all tax collectors

• Cut US diplomats

• Shrank the military

• Cut army‟s budget in half

• Cut size of army from 4,000 to 2,500

• Refunded people hurt under the Sedition Act

Federalist Policies That Remained

• Kept repaying national Debt

• Did not fire most of the Federalist Office

holders

Supreme Court & Judicial Review

• Adams had appointed several federal judges

including Marbury

• Jefferson took office and wanted these

people out

• Jefferson tells Madison (Secretary of State)

to cease work on the appointments

• Marbury then sued Madison

Marbury Vs Madison

• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the

Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional

• Marshall states that the courts power comes

from the Constitution, therefore Congress did

not have the rights to give power to the

Supreme Court in the Act

• This set in am important precedent

• Judicial Review- the authority of the Supreme

Court to strike down unconstitutional laws

Section 2:

The Louisiana Purchase

What was the importance of the purchase and

exploration of the Louisiana Territory?Pictures from: http://www.uoregon.edu/~kimball/images/1803.Louisiana.purchase.jpg , http://www.blackpast.org/files/blackpast_images/l_ouverture_toussiant.jpg

The Nation Looks Westward

• By 1800 more than 1 million settlers lived

between the Appalachian Mountains and the

Mississippi River

• The Mississippi River was very important to

farmers

• There were few roads and the farmers needed a

fast and inexpensive way to ship their goods

• Spain controlled the Mississippi River and New

Orleans and had threatened to close the port to

American ships

• 1795 US negotiates a treaty with Spain to

prevent this from happening

The Pinckney Treaty

•Guaranteed the US the right to ship their good

down the Mississippi River to New Orleans

•AND store the goods there until they could be

shipped out

Life was good…

For a while…

But then…

In 1801 Jefferson discovers that Spain secretly had

given New Orleans to France (Napoleon) and the

rest of the Louisiana Territory

Jefferson worried because Napoleon had already

set out to conquer Europe, was he going to do

the same in NA????????

Buying Louisiana

• President Jefferson was in an explosive situation war or not to go to war??

• Jefferson decided to first try and buy New Orleans from the French

• James Monroe and Robert Livingston were sent to make the deal

• They were told to buy New Orleans and West Florida

The insurrection/slave uprising by

Toussaint L‟Ouverture was a great surprise

and helped the mens‟ negotiations

Because of the slave uprising Napoleon no

longer needed the Louisiana Territory and

wanted to just focus his attention on Europe

Napoleon was willing to sell the territory

for very little

Livingston and Monroe agreed to the offer

of 15 Million Dollars

Louisiana Purchase

• Louisiana Purchase

• 15 Million Dollars (4 Cents and Acre)

• Included New Orleans

• All of the Louisiana Territory

• From the Mississippi River to the Rocky

Mountains and as far north as Canada

Jefferson’s Dilemma

• Should I or shouldn‟t I???

• Do I have the authority???

• No where in the Constitution does it say the President

has the power to buy land from a foreign country.

• Also, it would dramatically change the character of the

US

• It increases it 2X the size (More than Doubles the size)

Jefferson’s Dilemma

• In the end Jefferson says…

• YES he did have the authority because the

Constitution allowed the President to make

treaties

• The Senate approved the treaty and

Congress quickly voted to pay for the land

• Lewis and Clark were commissioned to

explore this new territory

• Congress agreed to give them $2,500

• Lewis and Clark were to report back on the

different animals, plants and people they

found

Pictures from: http://www.elizabethfoss.com/elizabethfoss/serendipity/along-the-american-history-trail/Lewis%20&%20Clark/lewis-and-clark-1.jpg ,

jradaker.wordpress.com/.../26/lewis-and-clark/

Lewis and Clark‟s Exploration

• Sacagawea was their Shoshone Indian guide

• Started in St. Louis Missouri in 1804 and

reached the Pacific in 1805

• Wintered there 1805/1806 and then started

back

• Returned in Missouri in October 1806

Pike‟s Expedition

• Zebulon Pike explored the Southern portion of

Louisiana Territory

• 1805-1807 (same time period Louis and Clark

explored)

• Led expedition through the Rocky Mountains

• Climbed 2/3‟s of the way to the top of a mountain

that later became known as Pike‟s Peak

• Return journey brought him through Spanish New

Mexico

• The group was arrested as spies but then released

Section 3: A Time of Conflict

How did Jefferson respond to threats to the

security of the nation?

Pictures From: http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2002_winter_spring/terrorism.htm ,

http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/11/1109_economy/source/2.htm

Defeating the Barbary States

• Trade was critical to the U.S. economy

• Pirates from the Barbary States begin attacking

U.S. ships

• Barbary States were: Tunisia, Morocco, Algiers,

and Tripoli

• Pirates invaded European and U.S. ships and

demanded bribes (tribute) for protection through

the area

Barbary States Cont.

• For a short time the U.S. agreed to pay tribute

• Jefferson sends Stephen Decatur to save the

Philadelphia

• Decatur and about 60 American sailors invade

Tripoli and burn the Philadelphia

• The following year a small group of Marines

marched across the Sahara desert and take Tripoli

• Importance: it shows and builds confidence that the

U.S. military can deal forcefully in foreign matters

American Neutrality Challenged

• Britain and France at war in 1803

• Both start impressment of American sailors

again

• In 1805 these attacks against American

merchant ships increase

• Jefferson needs to deal with this and wants

to avoid war

Jefferson Responds With an Embargo

• Embargo: a government order that forbids

foreign trade

• 1807 Congress passes Embargo Act

• This imposed a TOTAL EMBARGO U.S.

could NOT TRADE WITH ANY

FOREIGN COUNTRY

Embargo Act Cont.

• Who did it hurt?

• AMERICANS! It was intended to hurt Britain

and France to make them stop attacking merchant

ships

• In one year exports feel from $109 Million to

$25 Million

• HURT FARMERS and PLANTERS

• Jobs lost

Other Problems With Embargo

• Americans disliked it

• Many lost jobs

• Hurt economy

• Many turned to smuggling ( the act of

illegally importing or exporting goods

Repeal of Embargo Act

• 1809 Congress repeals Embargo Act

• Congress then passes the Non-Intercourse

Act

• Non-Intercourse Act allows the U.S. to

trade with ANY COUNTRY EXCEPT

BRITAIN AND FRANCE

Native Conflicts in the West

• Ohio became a state in 1803

• Settlers pile into Indiana Territory and further west

• Natives die of diseases and start to incorporate

many white customs and loose many Native

customs

• Settlers take over N-A hunting grounds

• Animals become scarce

Tecumseh and Prophet

• Shawnee leaders

• Brothers

• Urged N-A‟s to stop white settlement on the

frontier and to keep/preserve N-A customs

and traditions

• Tecumseh organized the N-A tribes into a

league to restore Indian lands

William Henry Harrison

• Governor of Indiana Territory

• Concerned about Tecumseh and Prophet‟s ideas

• Battle of Tippecanoe: Harrison attacks Shawnee

villages along the river while Tecumseh is out

seeking allies

• Harrison defeats the Shawnee

• The alliance declines in power after the battle

Section 4: The War of 1812

What were the causes and effects of the

War of 1812?

Pictures From: http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Everyone%20Else/images-2/war-of-1812-battle-of-new-orleans.jpg ;

http://www.polkcounty.org/timonier/

Battle of New OrleansUSS Constitution

The Move Toward War

• Americans were angry with England for giving

weapons and ammunition to the N-As

• Americans resented the British for impressing our

Sailors

• The War Hawks wanted control of Canada and

Florida

• Americans believed our honor and pride as a

country was at stake if we did not take action

The War Hawks

Henry Clay of KentuckyJohn C. Calhoun of

South Carolina

•These men and the other WAR HAWKS in government believed

in…

• NATIONALISM: Pride in one’s country!

•War Hawks were eager for war with Britain and wanted control

of Canada and Florida

Early Days of The War

• Britain was still at war with France in Europe

• This made things difficult for them

• Even though this was the case, Britain still did not

want to meet the demands brought forth by the

U.S.

• Britain wanted to continue to support the N-As

with weapons because this also protected Canada

from invasion

Early Days of The War Cont.

• America was not as prepared for War as

they thought

• Military was under budgeted Why?

• Navy only had 16 war ships

• British blockaded the U.S ports up and

down the East Coast and the Gulf of

Mexico

Map of Blockade War of 1812

USS Constitution

• “Old Ironsides”

• Nicknamed this because artillery bounced

off the hull when it hit the ship

• Most famous sea battle during the War of

1812 USS Constitution and Guerrie

#42: Look at the map on page 329 and

answer the following questions:

• A. What areas were affected by the British

blockade?

• The Atlantic Coast and Gulf of Mexico

• B. How did the blockade affect the economy of the

United States?

• It limited trade with other nations. As a result

American merchant lost profits. Also, Americans

had limited access to foreign goods they wanted.

The War in The West and South

• Americans wanted control of the Mississippi

River and Canada

• Native Americans supported both England and

The U.S.

Invasion of Canada

• War Hawks wanted control of Canada

• July 1812 general William hull invaded Canada

from Detroit

• Hull felt he did not have enough troops to be

successful so he retreated

• British Commander Isaac Brock took advantage

of this confusion and easily took over Hull with

the help of some N-A „s

Oliver Hazard Perry

• Oliver Hazard Perry was an American

Commander

• who switched ships during the battle of Lake

Erie

• “We have met the enemy and they are ours.”

• He took control of the lake and the British were

forced to retreat back to Canada.

Conflict in The South

• Creek N-As were attacking many settlers in

the South during the summer of 1813

• Andrew Jackson commanded troops in GA

• March 1814 Jackson defeated the Creeks at

the Battle of Horseshoe Bend

• The treaty that ended the war forced the

Creeks to give up millions of acres of land

Final Battles

• The British attack Washington and Baltimore

• August 1814 British new strategy is to attack

Washington

• British set fire to many buildings including the

Whitehouse

• Americans were shocked that the U.S. Army

could not defend Washington

Final Battles Cont.

• British move to Baltimore

• Sept. 13th 1814 the British bombard Fort

McHenry which defended the city‟s harbor

• Francis Scott Key sees this battle and write

The Star Spangled Banner

The War Ends

• 1814 Britain is broke and grows tired of

fighting

• Treaty of Ghent ends the War

• The treaty returns things back to the way

life was before the war

• Andrew Jackson fights one last battle The

Battle of New Orleans

Protest and Peace

• “Mr. Madison‟ s War” Why was it called

this?

• Hartford Convention meets in new England

• New England threatens to secede from the

Union

• War of 1812 is known as “The Second War

for Independence” Why?