Chapter 9The Era of

Thomas Jefferson

Section 1

Jefferson Takes Office

REPUBLICANS TAKE CHARGE Election of 1800 – bad blood during

campaign Federalists

Raised prospect of civil war if Jefferson won Republicans

Accused John Adams of wanting a monarchy Electoral votes

Alexander Hamilton Aaron Burr/Jefferson Adams/Pickney Jefferson and Aaron Burr – 73 votes each House had to vote for president Deadlocked for 6 days 36th vote – Jefferson won

RESULT WAS THE 12TH AMENDMENT Beginning in 1804 Electoral College would vote separately

for president and vice president

JEFFERSON’S INAUGURATION

First to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C. Believed government should be simple Walked to his inauguration Ended the custom of bowing to the

president Used his address by calling for all

Republicans and Federalists to unite for the country

JEFFERSON CHARTS A NEW COURSE First goal to limit the federal

government’s power over the states and citizens

Felt that federal government – too involved with economic affairs

Believed in laissez faire - government should not interfere in the economy

NEW REPUBLICAN POLICIES Reduced the number of people in

government Fired all tax collectors Cut the number of diplomats Cut the army from 4000 to 2500 Eliminated all Federal taxes except

tariffs Ended the Sedition Act

Refunded any fines Released those in prison

FEDERALIST POLICIES REMAIN UNDER JEFFERSON Believed that the US needed to pay off

debt

Did not fire Federalist office holders

Believed that they could keep jobs if they were loyal citizens

THE SUPREME COURT/JUDICIAL REVIEW

Adams appointed last hours of power Judge William MarburyAimed at maintaining Federalist powerJefferson ordered Madison (Secretary of

State) to cease work on the appointmentsSenate approval neededMarbury sued Madison citing

the Judiciary Act of 1789

MARBURY VS MADISON Chief Justice John Marshall ruled Judiciary Act was unconstitutional Power of Supreme Court came from

Constitution not from Congress Court decided it could not help Marbury

gain his commission in the court SIGNIFICANCE

Established the principle of judicial review – the authority of the Supreme Court to strike down unconstitutional laws.

Section 2

The Louisiana Purchase

THE NATION LOOKS WEST By 1800 – over a million people lived west of

the Appalachian Mountains & the Mississippi River Mostly farmers/Few roads Relied on the Mississippi River to ship grain and goods

to the world Spain owned New Orleans

Sometimes threatened to close the port to Americans Pickney’s Treaty with Spain

Allowed the American’s to use the port of New Orleans Store grain until it was loaded onto ocean-going ships

PROBLEMS ARISE1802 Spanish governor

Withdrew the right for Americans to ship through New Orleans

Farmers were outragedWent to Jefferson for helpJefferson was worriedCrisis – Spain secretly gave New Orleans to France

BALANCE OF POWER - FRANCE Lost Canada in the Treaty of Paris after the

French/Indian War Left with the large area west of the Mississippi

River Largely unexplored – home only to Native

Americans Left with Haiti –

Home to sugar/slave trade Revolution led by Toussaint L’Ouverture Drove the French from Haiti (French colony) France had looked to the US for help – none came Napoleon had to send troops to Haiti

No base for France to protect Louisiana

SURPRISE IN FRANCE War is looming again between France/Britain Napoleon Bonaparte needed money /

support his armySet to fight Britain Set to fight Russia Tried to invade Egypt

Jefferson decided to try to buy New Orleans from the French Robert Livingston, the American minister in

Paris Jefferson sent James Monroe to help Livingston

France offered to sell New Orleans and Louisiana for $15 million

LOUISIANA PURCHASE Knew they had to act fast Would take a long time to get word back to Jefferson Agreed to the deal Bargain price

$4 per acre Millions of acres Almost doubled the size of the US Control of the Mississippi River Full of natural resources

JEFFERSON’S DILEMMA Saw the importance of the purchase BUT Did the Constitution give the power to the

President to buy land from a foreign country??

Jefferson read and reread the Constitution Decided that the Constitution allowed him

to make treaties and the land purchase could be looked upon as a treaty

Senate approved the “treaty” and voted to pay for the land

LEWIS AND CLARK EXPLORE THE WEST Jefferson convinced Congress to approve

$2500 for an expedition to travel west of the Mississippi Chose two army officers – Meriwether Lewis and

William Clark to lead the exploration Ordered to report back on the geography,

plants, animals Find a waterway between the Mississippi River

and the Pacific Ocean Make contact with the Native Americans –

Jefferson wanted peaceful resolution with the Natives

Meriwether Lewis William Clark

INTO THE UNKNOWN Lewis and Clark left St. Louis in the spring of 1804 40 men including French Canadians/1 slave named

York Traveled by 3 boats up the Missouri River to Platte

River (Nebraska) Reached western edge of the Great Plains Late October – North Dakota territory of the

Mandan people Decided to winter there Joined by a French trader/Native American wife –

Sacagawea Shoshone Indian Agreed to travel with them and serve as translator

CROSSING THE ROCKIES Set out again in April of 1805 By summer they reached Montana August reached the Continental Divide

Place on a continent that separates river systems – flow in opposite directions

Disappointed that they hadn’t reached the Pacific

Instead they were faced with immense ranges of mountains

Met a group of Shoshone Indians – Sacagawea's brother who sold them horses needed to cross mts.

AT THE PACIFIC Finally reached the Columbia River Stopped to build canoes for the downriver

voyage Finally – early November – saw the Pacific Spent wet/gloomy winter near the Pacific

(Portland) Began journey back in 1806 Took a half year to return to St. Louis

ZEBULON PIKE’S EXPEDITION From 1805-1807 Pike explored the southern

part of the Louisiana Territory Expedition went due west into the Rockies Climbed Pike’s Peak – never making it to the

top because of deep snow Returned through New Mexico

Captured by Spanish troops – arrested as spies Feared that the Americans would want the

territory Released and escorted back to the US Pike’s report created interest in the area

Section 3

A Time of Conflict

Barbary States

BARBARY STATES

Wars between Muslims and Christians

North African Coast Morocco Algiers Tunisia Tripoli

DEFEATING THE BARBARY STATES Pirates!

After the Revolutionary War Arab countries/angry after the Crusades

Raided American/European ships In the Mediterranean Sea Took property Enslaved sailors/held for ransom

Tribute Countries paid money to these countries to

protect their ships In exchange, rulers left ships alone

JEFFERSON’S SOLUTION Paid tribute ($) for awhile then: Jefferson sent warships to the

Mediterranean to protect American merchant ships

Initial disaster Philadelphia ran aground near Tripoli Crew of 300 put in prison Stephen Decatur led 60 sailors and raided the harbor, burning the Philadelphia to keep it away from pirates

JEFFERSON FIGHTS BACK Next year Sent a small force of American marines

Marched 600 miles across the Sahara Captured Tripoli Gave US confidence

To deal forcefully with foreign powers

MORE SERIOUS THREAT

AMERICAN NEUTRALITY IS CHALLENGED

Britain and France – At WAR again US wanted to trade with both – stayed neutral

Part of France/Britain’s strategy was to cut off the other country’s trade

Between 1803-1807 France seized 500 American ships Britain seized 1000.

Britain started to impress sailors again. American trade was at risk.

EMBARGO!

JEFFERSON RESPONDS WITH AN EMBARGO Looked for peaceful solution Congress passed The Embargo Act in 1807

Embargo – government order that forbids foreign trade

Jefferson thought it would stop attacks Results were disastrous

Exports fell from $109 mil to $25 mil Crop prices declined Thousands of Americans lost their jobs Americans were outraged Turned to smuggling to evade the embargo

EMBARGO GETS REPEALEDCongress repealed the embargo in

1809Just before Jefferson left office

Passed a law reopening trade Less severeNo trade France/Britain until:

They respected American neutrality

TECUMSEHAND THEPROPHET

NORTHWEST TERRITORY Ohio gained statehood in 1803 More settlers moved into Indiana and

west Impact on Native Americans

Disease killed many Cleared forests for planting Drove away deer and other animals – food Population decreased Power of their leaders declined

NEW LEADERS TAKE CHARGE Shawnee nation – two brothers

Tenskwatawa – the Prophet Tecumseh

Organized a league of tribes to restore Indian lands

Traveled from Great Lakes to Florida to unite tribes

BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE William Henry Harrison

Governor of Indiana TerritoryLed 1000 soldiers against Shawnee

villages on the Tippecanoe RiverTecumseh was away recruitingDefeated the Native AmericansTecumseh’s alliances declines

Tecumseh continued the struggle for next several years

Later will align his forces with the British

NATIVE AMERICANS FIGHT BACK

Tenskwatawa Tecumseh William Henry Harrison

Section 4

The War of 1812AKA “The Second War

of Independence”

THE MOVE TOWARD WAR Jefferson decided not to run for a 3rd term James Madison won the 1808 Presidential Election Tensions with Britain were high

Americans were angry over impressment Country’s honor at stake Sense of Nationalism – pride in one’s country Nationalists

Henry Clay - Kentucky John C. Calhoun – South Carolina

Supporters – called War Hawks – those eager for war with Britain

Spring 1812 – British told US – continue impressment Native Americans began new attacks – support from

Britain

War Hawks

Henry Clay John C CalhounKentucky South Carolina

WAR! Congress declared war on Britain – June 1812 British – at war with France Not willing to meet American demands Used excuse that arming Natives protected Canada Americans were confident but

Jefferson weakened army with troop cuts Navy had 16 war ships

British set up a blockade of the coast By 1814 there were 135 warships blocking American

ports Reinforced troops – able to close all ports

FIRST MAJOR SEA BATTLE August 1812 – USS Constitution defeated

the British warship Guerriere Fierce battle “Old Ironsides”

Artillery fire seemed to bounce off the 2 ft. thick wooden hull

USS Constitution is currently in Boston Harbor

INVASION OF CANADA - DISASTER War Hawks demanded an invasion of Canada

expecting the Canadians to want freedom from Britain, too.

July 1812, General William Hull invaded Canada from Michigan – Hull retreated thinking he didn’t have enough soldiers (panicked)

British General Isaac Brock quickly surrounded Hull and forced him to surrender

Used Native American warriors to help British captured 2000 Americans – serious defeat

BETTER RESULTS ON LAKE ERIE Oliver Hazard Perry won a key battle at Put-In-

Bay on Lake Erie Lost his flagship and continued commanding

from another ship Famous quote “We have met the enemy and

they are ours”

Gave control to the Americans of the important lake

British were forced to leave Detroit and retreat back to Canada

TAKING ADVANTAGE OF SEA VICTORY British retreated William Henry Harrison chased the British

back into Canada Defeated them at Battle of the Thames Tecumseh among those killed – fighting with

the British

CONFLICT IN THE SOUTH 1813 Creek warriors (with support from

Britain) attacked Southern settlements Andrew Jackson took control Defeated Creeks at Battle of Horseshoe Bend Treaty with the Creeks forced them to give up

millions of acres of land

BATTLES OF WAR OF 1812 British finally beat Napoleon – 1814 Could send more troops to America Decided to attack the capital Marched into Washington Burned the Capitol and the White House Dolley Madison saved many artifacts Americans – shocked at the defeat

ON TO BALTIMORE Sailed on up the Potomac River Decided to bombard Fort McHenry all night The next morning the flag still flew over the

fort Frances Scott Key wrote the poem that

became “The Star Spangled Banner” Couldn’t defeat the US and take over this important fort

END OF WAR British tired of war – costly Delegates from US and Britain met at Ghent,

Belgium December 1813 signed the treaty News took awhile to get back to the US Battle of New Orleans was fought after the treaty

Andrew Jackson beat the British Fought after the end of the war

PROTESTS AND PEACE Mr. Madison’s War 2nd Revolutionary War

New Englanders were the most upset Economy of the Embargo hurt them the most New England trade damaged Hartford Convention

Idea about New England to secede from the US Debated idea Decided against it after the Treaty was signed Pride in the US at a new level