HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON1

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Chapter 25Chapter 25 FROM NIXON TO CARTERFROM NIXON TO CARTER

Section 1:Section 1: The Nixon Years The Nixon Years

Section 2:Section 2: From Watergate to Ford From Watergate to Ford

Section 3:Section 3: Carter: The Outsider as President Carter: The Outsider as President

Section 4:Section 4: Life in the 1970s Life in the 1970s

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON2

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Objectives:Objectives: How did President Nixon’s policies differ from those of How did President Nixon’s policies differ from those of

Presidents Johnson and Kennedy?Presidents Johnson and Kennedy? How did President Nixon respond to economic problems?How did President Nixon respond to economic problems? What were the causes and effects of the energy crisis?What were the causes and effects of the energy crisis? What did Americans and the government do to help clean What did Americans and the government do to help clean

up the environment?up the environment? What beliefs guided Nixon’s foreign-policy decisions?What beliefs guided Nixon’s foreign-policy decisions?

Section 1: The Nixon YearsSection 1: The Nixon Years

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON3

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Differences between Nixon and Differences between Nixon and Johnson/KennedyJohnson/Kennedy Nixon pledge to cut back Democratic programs.Nixon pledge to cut back Democratic programs. The welfare system under the Great Society gave most aid in The welfare system under the Great Society gave most aid in

the form of services; Nixon wanted the Family Assistance the form of services; Nixon wanted the Family Assistance Plan, which would guarantee families a minimum income.Plan, which would guarantee families a minimum income.

Kennedy and Johnson both proposed and supported civil rights Kennedy and Johnson both proposed and supported civil rights legislation; Nixon delayed pressuring southern schools to legislation; Nixon delayed pressuring southern schools to desegregate and opposed the Supreme Court’s busing ruling.desegregate and opposed the Supreme Court’s busing ruling.

Section 1: The Nixon YearsSection 1: The Nixon Years

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON4

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Nixon’s response to economic problemsNixon’s response to economic problemsNixon responded to stagflation by ordering a Nixon responded to stagflation by ordering a temporary freeze on wages, prices, and rents.temporary freeze on wages, prices, and rents.

Section 1: The Nixon YearsSection 1: The Nixon Years

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON5

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Causes of the energy crisisCauses of the energy crisisU.S. dependence on foreign oilU.S. dependence on foreign oilU.S. support of IsraelU.S. support of Israelthe oil embargo and OPEC price hikesthe oil embargo and OPEC price hikes

Effects of the energy crisisEffects of the energy crisissupport for energy conservation; speed limit support for energy conservation; speed limit

reduced to 55mphreduced to 55mphoil pipeline from Alaskaoil pipeline from Alaskadevelopment of nuclear energydevelopment of nuclear energy

Section 1: The Nixon YearsSection 1: The Nixon Years

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON6

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Cleaning up the environmentCleaning up the environmentcreation of the EPAcreation of the EPApassage of the Clean Air Act, the Water Quality passage of the Clean Air Act, the Water Quality

Improvement Act, and the Endangered Species ActImprovement Act, and the Endangered Species ActEarth Day activitiesEarth Day activities

Section 1: The Nixon YearsSection 1: The Nixon Years

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON7

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Beliefs behind Nixon’s foreign policy Beliefs behind Nixon’s foreign policy decisionsdecisionsNixon and Kissinger believed in realpolitik, the Nixon and Kissinger believed in realpolitik, the proposition that national interests should take proposition that national interests should take precedence over ideals such as democracy or precedence over ideals such as democracy or human rights.human rights.

Section 1: The Nixon YearsSection 1: The Nixon Years

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON8

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Objectives:Objectives:What were the issues surrounding the Watergate What were the issues surrounding the Watergate

scandal?scandal?What role did the White House tapes play in President What role did the White House tapes play in President

Nixon’s resignation?Nixon’s resignation?Why was President Ford unable to achieve his Why was President Ford unable to achieve his

domestic-policy goals?domestic-policy goals?How did Ford attempt to continue Nixon’s foreign How did Ford attempt to continue Nixon’s foreign

policies?policies?

Section 2: From Watergate to FordSection 2: From Watergate to Ford

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON9

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Issues behind WatergateIssues behind WatergateNixon behaved as though there were no limits to his Nixon behaved as though there were no limits to his

power.power.Nixon shifted authority from the Senate-approved Nixon shifted authority from the Senate-approved

cabinet to his personal staff.cabinet to his personal staff.Nixon hid vital information from Congress and the Nixon hid vital information from Congress and the

public.public.Nixon engaged in a cover-up when Congress Nixon engaged in a cover-up when Congress

investigated him.investigated him.

Section 2: From Watergate to FordSection 2: From Watergate to Ford

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON10

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

The White House tapesThe White House tapesNixon refused to release the tapes and had the Nixon refused to release the tapes and had the

special prosecutor fired.special prosecutor fired.Americans were outraged and began to call for his Americans were outraged and began to call for his

impeachment.impeachment.Supreme Court ordered Nixon to release all tapes.Supreme Court ordered Nixon to release all tapes.The tapes were key to proving Nixon’s The tapes were key to proving Nixon’s

involvement in the cover-up.involvement in the cover-up.

Section 2: From Watergate to FordSection 2: From Watergate to Ford

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON11

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Ford and domestic policyFord and domestic policyFord’s approval rating dropped after he pardoned Ford’s approval rating dropped after he pardoned

Nixon.Nixon.Congressional Democrats blocked presidential Congressional Democrats blocked presidential

legislation; Ford vetoed their legislation.legislation; Ford vetoed their legislation.Congress failed to approve Ford’s budget cuts.Congress failed to approve Ford’s budget cuts.

Section 2: From Watergate to FordSection 2: From Watergate to Ford

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON12

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Ford and foreign policyFord and foreign policyretained Kissinger as secretary of stateretained Kissinger as secretary of statetried to maintain U.S. influence in Southeast Asiatried to maintain U.S. influence in Southeast Asiasupported anticommunist forces in Angolasupported anticommunist forces in Angolatried to continue the policy of détente toward the tried to continue the policy of détente toward the

Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Section 2: From Watergate to FordSection 2: From Watergate to Ford

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON13

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Objectives:Objectives: Why did voters think that Jimmy Carter was a different Why did voters think that Jimmy Carter was a different

kind of politician?kind of politician? How did President Carter’s handling of domestic issues How did President Carter’s handling of domestic issues

cause some Americans to lose faith in his administration?cause some Americans to lose faith in his administration? How did Carter’s foreign policy differ from that of Nixon How did Carter’s foreign policy differ from that of Nixon

and Ford?and Ford? How did Carter weaken U.S.-Soviet relations, and how did How did Carter weaken U.S.-Soviet relations, and how did

he help achieve peace in the Middle East?he help achieve peace in the Middle East?

Section 3: Carter: The Outsider as PresidentSection 3: Carter: The Outsider as President

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON14

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Carter’s differencesCarter’s differenceswas a Washington outsiderwas a Washington outsiderheld strong religious beliefsheld strong religious beliefsheld regular town meetings and call-in sessions to held regular town meetings and call-in sessions to

keep in touch with Americanskeep in touch with Americanswalked instead of riding in a limo on Inauguration walked instead of riding in a limo on Inauguration

DayDay

Section 3: Carter: The Outsider as PresidentSection 3: Carter: The Outsider as President

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON15

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Carter and domestic policyCarter and domestic policyPrograms failed to revive the economy.Programs failed to revive the economy.Energy proposals significantly changed by Congress.Energy proposals significantly changed by Congress.Response to Three Mile Island accident ignored Response to Three Mile Island accident ignored

doubts about nuclear power.doubts about nuclear power.

Section 3: Carter: The Outsider as PresidentSection 3: Carter: The Outsider as President

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON16

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Carter’s foreign policyCarter’s foreign policyrejected realpolitikrejected realpolitiktried to inject moral principles, especially about tried to inject moral principles, especially about

human rightshuman rightstried to improve U.S. image to developing worldtried to improve U.S. image to developing world

Section 3: Carter: The Outsider as PresidentSection 3: Carter: The Outsider as President

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON17

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Weakening of U.S.-Soviet relationsWeakening of U.S.-Soviet relationsCarter responded to the invasion of Afghanistan by Carter responded to the invasion of Afghanistan by cutting grain sales to the Soviet Union and boycotting cutting grain sales to the Soviet Union and boycotting the Moscow Olympics.the Moscow Olympics.

Support of peace process for the Middle EastSupport of peace process for the Middle EastCarter hosted meetings between Israelis and Egyptians Carter hosted meetings between Israelis and Egyptians at Camp David, and these led to the end of the 30-year at Camp David, and these led to the end of the 30-year state of war between the two countries.state of war between the two countries.

Section 3: Carter: The Outsider as PresidentSection 3: Carter: The Outsider as President

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON18

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Objectives:Objectives:How did the American population and family structure How did the American population and family structure

change during the 1970s?change during the 1970s?Why did some observers argue that Americans were Why did some observers argue that Americans were

self-absorbed?self-absorbed?What forms of entertainment were popular during the What forms of entertainment were popular during the

1970s?1970s?How did new technologies affect the lives of many How did new technologies affect the lives of many

Americans?Americans?

Section 4: Life in the 1970sSection 4: Life in the 1970s

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON19

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Changes in America during the 1970sChanges in America during the 1970simmigration from Asia and Latin Americaimmigration from Asia and Latin Americamovement to the Sunbeltmovement to the Sunbeltrise in single-person householdsrise in single-person householdsrise in divorcerise in divorcefew children per familyfew children per familyrise in single-parent householdsrise in single-parent households

Section 4: Life in the 1970sSection 4: Life in the 1970s

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON20

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Possible indications of self-absorption Possible indications of self-absorption rising divorce raterising divorce rateself-improvement fadsself-improvement fads

Section 4: Life in the 1970sSection 4: Life in the 1970s

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON21

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Entertainment in the 1970sEntertainment in the 1970smovies, especially blockbustersmovies, especially blockbustersrock music, disco, and punkrock music, disco, and punk

Section 4: Life in the 1970sSection 4: Life in the 1970s

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON22

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

New technologies in the 1070sNew technologies in the 1070s Space program raised national pride, improved relations with Space program raised national pride, improved relations with

the Soviet Union, and expanded people’s view of the universe.the Soviet Union, and expanded people’s view of the universe. Personal computers changed the way business was done and Personal computers changed the way business was done and

made the information revolution and the Internet possible.made the information revolution and the Internet possible. Video games, VCRs, and answering machines increased Video games, VCRs, and answering machines increased

convenience and changed habits and leisure time activities. convenience and changed habits and leisure time activities. Video games have negative potential impacts on children’s Video games have negative potential impacts on children’s social skills and health.social skills and health.

Section 4: Life in the 1970sSection 4: Life in the 1970s