Chap. #24Chap. #24Nixon – Ford - CarterNixon – Ford - Carter

Nixon’s BackgroundNixon’s Background

Originally from Originally from CaliforniaCalifornia

Lawyer, Lawyer, Representative, Representative, SenatorSenator

Communist hunter in Communist hunter in the 1950’sthe 1950’s

VP under EisenhowerVP under Eisenhower

The Conservative BacklashThe Conservative Backlash

Nixon & Rep. Resent Nixon & Rep. Resent Liberalism of the 1960’s Liberalism of the 1960’s for:for:

*Vietnam War*Vietnam War*Social Unrest*Social Unrest*Warren Court: For *Warren Court: For

Coddling Criminals!Coddling Criminals!*Taxes that only helped the *Taxes that only helped the

poor and minorities!poor and minorities!

In office, Nixon sought to In office, Nixon sought to address the major address the major concerns of the silent concerns of the silent majority majority

Congress was controlled Congress was controlled by Democrats, limiting his by Democrats, limiting his domestic plansdomestic plans

Nixon had to compromise Nixon had to compromise with Congresswith Congress Boosted Social SecurityBoosted Social Security Expanded Job CorpExpanded Job Corp Established the EPA and Established the EPA and

OSHAOSHA

Nixon’s PresidencyNixon’s Presidency

Appealed to “Appealed to “The Un-black, The Un-young, The Un-black, The Un-young, & The Un-poor”!& The Un-poor”!

““New Federalism” = Less Federal New Federalism” = Less Federal Government!Government! Revenue sharing with the States they get Revenue sharing with the States they get

more power to decide where $ goes.more power to decide where $ goes. Welfare reform = roll back Great Society. Cut Welfare reform = roll back Great Society. Cut

$ and require work or lose welfare! $ and require work or lose welfare!

Nixon and Civil RightsNixon and Civil Rights

Nixon's “Southern Nixon's “Southern Strategy”Strategy” Appeal to discontent of Appeal to discontent of

southern white voterssouthern white voters Attempt to capture Attempt to capture

George Wallace's George Wallace's supporterssupporters

Nixon was cautious and Nixon was cautious and conservativeconservative delayed desegregation delayed desegregation

plansplans opposed extending opposed extending

Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965

Busing Controversy in BostonBusing Controversy in Boston

2626thth Amendment 1971 Amendment 1971 18 year olds can Vote!18 year olds can Vote!

Democrats = LikeDemocrats = Like Republicans = Republicans =

OpposeOppose Only 25% vote in 1972Only 25% vote in 1972

2004 = less than 15%.2004 = less than 15%.

Why?Why?

Supreme CourtSupreme Court

Appoints (4) in his first Appoints (4) in his first Term:Term: C.J. Warren BurgerC.J. Warren Burger Harry BlackmanHarry Blackman Lewis PowellLewis Powell William RehnquistWilliam Rehnquist

Conservative “Face”Conservative “Face”

Troubled EconomyTroubled Economy

““Stagflation” = high unemployment & Stagflation” = high unemployment & Inflation:Inflation: Caused by Deficit Spending Caused by Deficit Spending

1960’s.1960’s. International trade CompetitionInternational trade Competition Flood of new workers: women & Flood of new workers: women &

baby-boomersbaby-boomers Foreign Oil costsForeign Oil costs..

O.P.E.C. = Org. of O.P.E.C. = Org. of Petroleum Exporting Petroleum Exporting CountriesCountries

Yom Kippur War 1973Yom Kippur War 1973 Israel attacked by Israel attacked by

Egypt and Syria.Egypt and Syria. We supply IsraelWe supply Israel O.P.E.C. Embargo O.P.E.C. Embargo

against U.S.against U.S. 1 year later = oil is 4 1 year later = oil is 4

times highertimes higher

Energy CrisisEnergy Crisis

U.S. ReactionU.S. Reaction

Alaskan PipelineAlaskan Pipeline 55 M.P.H.55 M.P.H.

Gas WoesGas Woes

Richard Nixon – Foreign PolicyRichard Nixon – Foreign Policy

Kissinger and RealpolitikKissinger and Realpolitik

Kissinger is Nixon's most Kissinger is Nixon's most trusted foreign policy trusted foreign policy advisoradvisor

RealpolitickRealpolitick German political German political

philosophyphilosophy Foreign policy should be Foreign policy should be

based on power, not ideals based on power, not ideals or moral implicationsor moral implications

Practical politicsPractical politics Nations do what is in their Nations do what is in their

own best interestown best interest

Nixon and ChinaNixon and China

Nixon visits China after nearly 25 years if Nixon visits China after nearly 25 years if hostilityhostility

Nixon wants to open relations with China. Why?Nixon wants to open relations with China. Why? Scientific and cultural exchange, open marketsScientific and cultural exchange, open markets Nixon does not have to worry about being labeled Nixon does not have to worry about being labeled

“soft on communism”“soft on communism” Nixon hopes to play the world’s two largest Nixon hopes to play the world’s two largest

communist countries against anothercommunist countries against another

China VisitChina Visit

Ping-Pong Diplomacy Ping-Pong Diplomacy 1971.1971.

China VisitChina Visit

ImpactImpact

1971 China 1971 China admitted to U.N.admitted to U.N.

Taiwan is out!Taiwan is out!

Détente with the SovietsDétente with the Soviets

New era of U.S.- Soviet New era of U.S.- Soviet relationsrelations

Détente – relaxation of Détente – relaxation of tensions and attempt to tensions and attempt to repair strained relationsrepair strained relations

Cultural and scientific Cultural and scientific exchanges exchanges

Less worry of nuclear Less worry of nuclear warwar

Attempt to avoid further Attempt to avoid further 33rdrd world conflicts world conflicts

Moscow SummitMoscow Summit

3 months after visiting 3 months after visiting China, Nixon visits China, Nixon visits MoscowMoscow

Trade and military Trade and military agreements were madeagreements were made

SALT was signed – set SALT was signed – set limits on nuclear weaponslimits on nuclear weapons

Hope to stabilize the Hope to stabilize the arms race and lower arms race and lower defense costsdefense costs

U.S. agrees to sell U.S. agrees to sell U.S.S.R surplus U.S.S.R surplus agricultural productsagricultural products

Watergate:Watergate:

All The Presidents MenAll The Presidents Men

H.R. Haldeman ----Chief H.R. Haldeman ----Chief of Staffof Staff

John Ehrlichman----Chief John Ehrlichman----Chief Domestic AdvisorDomestic Advisor

John Mitchell----Attorney John Mitchell----Attorney GeneralGeneral

CREEP (CRP)CREEP (CRP)

Raised tens of Raised tens of millions $millions $

Engaged in “Dirty Engaged in “Dirty Tricks” campaign Tricks” campaign against Nixon Foes.against Nixon Foes.

The Break InThe Break In June 17June 17thth , 1972 at , 1972 at

Democratic National Democratic National Headquarters.Headquarters. 5 men arrested in 5 men arrested in

business suitsbusiness suits ““Bugs”, camera’s, $ on Bugs”, camera’s, $ on

them.them. Nixon feared a Ted Nixon feared a Ted

Kennedy run for Kennedy run for PresidentPresident

Nov. ’72 Nixon wins in Nov. ’72 Nixon wins in landslide over landslide over McGovern, S.D.McGovern, S.D.

Watergate FalloutWatergate Fallout White House "enemies list“White House "enemies list“

““Enemy Lists” = +200 F.B.I. told to Enemy Lists” = +200 F.B.I. told to discredit them / I.R.S. To Audit themdiscredit them / I.R.S. To Audit them

F.B.I. = Infiltrate S.D.S. & Black PanthersF.B.I. = Infiltrate S.D.S. & Black Panthers

Watergate FalloutWatergate Fallout

White House White House "plumbers unit""plumbers unit" created to plug up created to plug up leaks of confidential leaks of confidential informationinformation

““Plug Leaks”Plug Leaks” ““Dig up Damaging Dig up Damaging

information”information”

Watergate FalloutWatergate Fallout

Burglars G. Gordon Burglars G. Gordon Liddy & Howard Liddy & Howard Hunt = Employees Hunt = Employees of CREEPof CREEP

Nixon secretly Nixon secretly approves $460,000 approves $460,000 to keep Burglars to keep Burglars Quiet! Quiet!

Woodward & BernsteinWoodward & Bernstein

Washington Post Washington Post reporters who helped reporters who helped to break the to break the Watergate storyWatergate story

The TrialThe Trial

Jan. 1973 The burglars go on trialJan. 1973 The burglars go on trial James McCord admits he worked for James McCord admits he worked for

C.R.E.E.P. (hush $ given burglars to C.R.E.E.P. (hush $ given burglars to conceal White House Involvement)!conceal White House Involvement)!

Attorney General John Mitchell approved Attorney General John Mitchell approved the break inthe break in

Nixon denies knowing anything about the Nixon denies knowing anything about the “Break In”!“Break In”!

Senate HearingsSenate Hearings

April 30, 1973 April 30, 1973 Dean / Ehrlichman / Dean / Ehrlichman / Haldeman Resign.Haldeman Resign.

Archibald Cox = Archibald Cox = ProsecutorProsecutor

Dean says, Dean says, ““President Directed President Directed Cover-up!.Cover-up!.

Watergate FalloutWatergate Fallout

John Dean testified John Dean testified glibly and at great glibly and at great length as to the length as to the involvement of the involvement of the top echelons in the top echelons in the White House, White House, including the including the president, in the president, in the cover-up of the cover-up of the Watergate break-inWatergate break-in

The Great Tape ControversyThe Great Tape Controversy July 1973 Aide, Alexander Butterfield said, July 1973 Aide, Alexander Butterfield said,

that tapes exist in the White Housethat tapes exist in the White House ! ! for months Nixon flatly refused to produce the for months Nixon flatly refused to produce the

taped evidence claiming taped evidence claiming executive privilegeexecutive privilege U.S. v. NixonU.S. v. Nixon

forced to give up the tapesforced to give up the tapes

Other ProblemsOther Problems

Oct ’73 V.P. Spiro Oct ’73 V.P. Spiro Agnew ResignsAgnew Resigns / / Income tax evasionIncome tax evasion / / taking bribestaking bribes as as Governor of MarylandGovernor of Maryland

Nixon appoints Nixon appoints GeraldGerald Ford as new Ford as new V.P.V.P.

The Saturday Night MassacreThe Saturday Night Massacre

Archibald Cox was special Archibald Cox was special prosecutorprosecutor

Cox issued a subpoena for Cox issued a subpoena for relevant tapes and other relevant tapes and other documents from the White documents from the White HouseHouse

Nixon ordered the firing of Nixon ordered the firing of CoxCox A.G refused – resignedA.G refused – resigned Deputy AG refused- firedDeputy AG refused- fired Solicitor General finally Solicitor General finally

agreedagreed Many Americans saw Many Americans saw

Presidents attempt to block Presidents attempt to block the legal the legal process as proof of guiltprocess as proof of guilt

Tapes Tapes Nixon tries to release Nixon tries to release

transcripts only – transcripts only – Courts order tapes!Courts order tapes!

Tapes = Gaps!!! (18 Tapes = Gaps!!! (18 minutes on one tape)minutes on one tape)

Secretary Rosemary Secretary Rosemary Woods said, “it was her Woods said, “it was her fault”!fault”!

House begins House begins Impeachment HearingsImpeachment Hearings

Tapes RevealedTapes Revealed

1 of the tapes had 1 of the tapes had Nixon giving orders, Nixon giving orders, 6 days after the 6 days after the Watergate break-in, Watergate break-in, to use the CIA to to use the CIA to hold back an inquiry hold back an inquiry by the FBIby the FBI

The Unmaking of a PresidentThe Unmaking of a President

the House Judiciary the House Judiciary Committee pressed Committee pressed ahead with its articles ahead with its articles of impeachmentof impeachment

Republican leaders in Republican leaders in Congress made it clear Congress made it clear that Nixon would best that Nixon would best serve the nation, his serve the nation, his party, and himself by party, and himself by resigning with "honor"resigning with "honor"

Unmaking of a PresidentUnmaking of a President Andrew Johnson = Andrew Johnson =

Only President Only President impeached before impeached before Clinton!Clinton!

Aug. 9, 1974 Nixon Aug. 9, 1974 Nixon Resigns, Gerald Ford Resigns, Gerald Ford becomes President.becomes President.

11stst President in history President in history to Resign!to Resign!

Nixon ResignsNixon Resigns

Nixon choked back Nixon choked back his tears and his tears and announced his announced his resignation in a resignation in a dramatic television dramatic television appearance on appearance on August 8, 1974August 8, 1974

Analysis of Richard M. Nixon's Analysis of Richard M. Nixon's "Presidential Resignation""Presidential Resignation"

The following is offered as one possible The following is offered as one possible analysis of Richard M. Nixon's "Presidential analysis of Richard M. Nixon's "Presidential Resignation," particularly that portion of the Resignation," particularly that portion of the speech presented in paragraphs 5-15 of the speech presented in paragraphs 5-15 of the speech. This two-claim interpretation of speech. This two-claim interpretation of Nixon's argumentation is plausible, given his Nixon's argumentation is plausible, given his dual--and perhaps competing--objectives in dual--and perhaps competing--objectives in the speech, namely to perform the official the speech, namely to perform the official function of resignation and to praise his own function of resignation and to praise his own administration. administration.

I. To remain in office--------------------------------My resignation will------------------I am resigning. would be divisive help the country as President.and distracting. move forward. |

Ford's Presidency-------------can end division.

Ford will offer-----------------good leadership.

II..We ended the Vietnam---------------------------Achievements have been------------My administration has war. significant. been a time of achievement and challenge.

We opened relations----|----------with China.

We established ----------Friendly relations in the Middle East. -----

We collaborated with USSR to limit nuclear arms. ----

Around the world, many ----------------------------- Challenges remaining--- people lack needs of life

In America we must strive for full opportunity of every person

Nixon Leaves the White HouseNixon Leaves the White House

Effects of WatergateEffects of Watergate Americans Americans DisillusionmentDisillusionment with with ImperialImperial

PresidencyPresidency.. Americans lost confidence in Government.Americans lost confidence in Government. 1974, 1974, Freedom of Information ActFreedom of Information Act = =

Citizens given access to files Government Citizens given access to files Government may have on them!may have on them!

Ford Becomes PresidentFord Becomes President

Sept 1974 -Ford Sept 1974 -Ford pardons Nixonpardons Nixon desired to end the desired to end the

personal agony for personal agony for NixonNixon

only president to only president to never be elected never be elected Prez. or VPPrez. or VP

Assassination AttemptsAssassination Attempts

Twice Ford narrowly escaped deathTwice Ford narrowly escaped death Once by one of Charles Manson’s disciplesOnce by one of Charles Manson’s disciples

Economy Was TerribleEconomy Was Terrible

Worst Economic recession in 40 years.Worst Economic recession in 40 years.

Unemployment 10%Unemployment 10%

Inflation 10%Inflation 10%

Japanese car sales go from 17% in 1970 Japanese car sales go from 17% in 1970 to 37% in 1980, Over 50% foreign 2007 to 37% in 1980, Over 50% foreign 2007 No One Wants A “Gas GuzzlerNo One Wants A “Gas Guzzler””

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

Carry on DétenteCarry on Détente

1975 Cambodia 1975 Cambodia seizes Mayaguez seizes Mayaguez merchant shipmerchant ship 39 American’s Held39 American’s Held Rescue mission but Rescue mission but

42 troops die to save 42 troops die to save 39!39!

1976 Election1976 Election

Ford = Rep. / Carter = Dem.Ford = Rep. / Carter = Dem. Carter wins narrowlyCarter wins narrowly

I’ll never lie to the Am. I’ll never lie to the Am. PeoplePeople

Runs as a Washington Runs as a Washington outsider.outsider.

Doesn’t even work well Doesn’t even work well with the Democrats in with the Democrats in CongressCongress..

Carter’s AgendaCarter’s Agenda

Pardons draft Pardons draft dodgersdodgers

Created the Dept. of Created the Dept. of Energy –tax on gas Energy –tax on gas guzzling cars and guzzling cars and credits for alt. credits for alt. energyenergy

$18 billion tax cut$18 billion tax cut

Human rights for ForHuman rights for Foreign Policyeign Policy

Civil Rights IssuesCivil Rights Issues

More African Americans and Women in his More African Americans and Women in his administration than any before.administration than any before.

Andrew Young = U. S. Ambassador U.N.Andrew Young = U. S. Ambassador U.N.

1978 Supreme Court decision = 1978 Supreme Court decision = Affirmative Action = Unconstitutional in Affirmative Action = Unconstitutional in Allan Bakke vs. University of CaliforniaAllan Bakke vs. University of California

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems

Inflation = 14%Inflation = 14% Unemployment = Unemployment =

12% = worst since 12% = worst since Depression.Depression. U.S. Goes from U.S. Goes from

Manufacturing Jobs Manufacturing Jobs to Service Industry.to Service Industry.

(FYI – April 2008 Inflation (FYI – April 2008 Inflation =3.94% and =3.94% and Unemployment=5%)Unemployment=5%)

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Panama Canal Panama Canal Treaty 1977Treaty 1977 Turns Canal over to Turns Canal over to

Panama 12/31/1999Panama 12/31/1999 U.S. = Right to U.S. = Right to

Defend CanalDefend Canal

Détente Dies!Détente Dies! S.A.L.T II Dies when S.A.L.T II Dies when

Soviets invade AfghaSoviets invade Afghanistan nistan 19791979

Camp David Accords 1978Camp David Accords 1978

Key PlayersKey Players Carter – U.S.Carter – U.S. Sadat – EgyptSadat – Egypt Begin – IsraelBegin – Israel

promise for promise for peacepeace Israeli withdrawal Israeli withdrawal

from from Egypt would Egypt would

respect Israel’s respect Israel’s bordersborders

Iran Hostage CrisisIran Hostage Crisis Rebellion in Iran, Shah Rebellion in Iran, Shah

overthrownoverthrown Ayatollah Khomeini a Ayatollah Khomeini a

religious leader takes religious leader takes overover

Shah comes to U.S. for Shah comes to U.S. for Cancer TreatmentCancer Treatment

Nov. 4, 1979 Iranians Nov. 4, 1979 Iranians seize U.S. Embassy & seize U.S. Embassy & take 52 Americans take 52 Americans HostageHostage

Iran Hostage CrisisIran Hostage Crisis

the captured the captured Americans languished Americans languished in cruel captivityin cruel captivity

Iranian mobs burned Iranian mobs burned the American flag and the American flag and spit on /burned effigies spit on /burned effigies of Uncle Samof Uncle Sam

Iran Hostage CrisisIran Hostage Crisis Rescue mission failsRescue mission fails

Crisis hurts Carter’s Crisis hurts Carter’s chance for reelection!chance for reelection!

Hostages released Hostages released as Reagan’s being as Reagan’s being sworn in as new sworn in as new President 1/20/1981, President 1/20/1981, after 444 days of after 444 days of captivity.captivity.

Environmental ActivismEnvironmental Activism

Growing awareness Growing awareness of environmental of environmental pollutionpollution

Earth Day / O.S.H.A.Earth Day / O.S.H.A.

Earth Day April 22, Earth Day April 22, 1970.1970. RecyclingRecycling River clean upsRiver clean ups Highways / etc.Highways / etc.

O.S.H.A.O.S.H.A.

Environment ActionEnvironment Action

Environment Environment Protection Agency = Protection Agency = sets and enforces sets and enforces pollution standards.pollution standards.

1970 Clean Air Act.1970 Clean Air Act.

1970 Endangered 1970 Endangered Species Act.Species Act.

Love Canal CrisisLove Canal Crisis

Niagara Falls, N. Y.Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Homes had been built on Homes had been built on a toxic waste dump.a toxic waste dump.

People getting Sick.People getting Sick. Birth defects / Cancer.Birth defects / Cancer.

Abandonment!Abandonment!

http://http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/lcawww.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/lcanal/lctimbmb.htmnal/lctimbmb.htm

Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island

Harrisburg, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Nuclear Power Nuclear Power Plant came close to Plant came close to Meltdown!Meltdown!

In 1979, roughly 25,000 people lived within five miles of In 1979, roughly 25,000 people lived within five miles of the giant cooling towers that became symbols of the the giant cooling towers that became symbols of the

nation's worst commercial nuclear accident.nation's worst commercial nuclear accident.

After the March 28 accident, reporters from around the After the March 28 accident, reporters from around the world descended on the nuclear power station on the world descended on the nuclear power station on the Susquehanna River, 10 miles from the Pennsylvania Susquehanna River, 10 miles from the Pennsylvania

state capital in Harrisburgstate capital in Harrisburg

Workers from the nuclear power plant were checked Workers from the nuclear power plant were checked

for radiation exposure at the end of their shiftsfor radiation exposure at the end of their shifts

Pennsylvania Gov. Richard Thornburgh advised Pennsylvania Gov. Richard Thornburgh advised children and pregnant women to evacuate the area children and pregnant women to evacuate the area

around Three Mile Islandaround Three Mile Island

At a shelter in Hershey, Pa., evacuees waited for word At a shelter in Hershey, Pa., evacuees waited for word

on when they could return homeon when they could return home

Four days after the accident, President Jimmy Carter, Four days after the accident, President Jimmy Carter, educated as a nuclear engineer, rode a school bus to educated as a nuclear engineer, rode a school bus to

the damaged plant.the damaged plant.

Four years after the accident, a video camera lowered Four years after the accident, a video camera lowered into the Unit 2 reactor core showed that damage to its into the Unit 2 reactor core showed that damage to its

uranium fuel was more extensive than originally uranium fuel was more extensive than originally

thoughtthought

TMI-2 (on the left) has not been used since.TMI-2 (on the left) has not been used since.

Twenty percent of our nation's electricity is generated Twenty percent of our nation's electricity is generated by 103 nuclear reactors in 66 locations around the by 103 nuclear reactors in 66 locations around the

country. country.