Chapter 24 Chapter 24 From Nixon to CarterFrom Nixon to Carter

By Amanda Sawyer, Danielle Floyd, By Amanda Sawyer, Danielle Floyd, livia Franco & Jacob Garcialivia Franco & Jacob Garcia

American DivisionAmerican Division

At the end of the 1960’s American society At the end of the 1960’s American society divided into hostile campsdivided into hostile camps

A decade of A decade of war & social change ripped war & social change ripped the nation apartthe nation apart

Conservatives vs. LiberalsConservatives vs. Liberals Workers vs. studentsWorkers vs. students Whites vs. blacksWhites vs. blacks Old vs. youngOld vs. young

Conservative BacklashConservative Backlash

Lots of riotsLots of riots BacklashBacklash – Sudden reaction against – Sudden reaction against

liberalism of the 1960’sliberalism of the 1960’s Middle classMiddle class working Americans working Americans resented resented

paying taxespaying taxes to to support federal programssupport federal programs They did this because they believed that They did this because they believed that

they they benefitted only the poorbenefitted only the poor and the and the minoritiesminorities..

Nixon’s New Nixon’s New ConservatismConservatism

NixonNixon becomes becomes president in 1968president in 1968 He was raised in a hard working middle class He was raised in a hard working middle class

familyfamily Divided Americans even further!Divided Americans even further! Nixon wanted to go Nixon wanted to go more conservativemore conservative Created= Created= New FederalismNew Federalism – a series of – a series of

programs that would “Reverse the flow of programs that would “Reverse the flow of power and resources from the states and power and resources from the states and communities to Washington and start power communities to Washington and start power and resources flowing back … the people”.and resources flowing back … the people”.

(cont.)(cont.)

Revenue sharing – Revenue sharing – a program which the a program which the federal government returns some of its tax federal government returns some of its tax money to local governmentsmoney to local governments

Family assistance plan (FAP) Family assistance plan (FAP) It was an It was an attempt to stream line the massive attempt to stream line the massive

federal agencies regulations & federal agencies regulations & caseworkers.caseworkers.

It was also a simple plan It was also a simple plan designed to give designed to give poor families a minimum annual income poor families a minimum annual income and then let them take responsibility for and then let them take responsibility for themselves. themselves.

Appealing to SouthAppealing to South

1969 FBI targeted the Black Panther party, 1969 FBI targeted the Black Panther party, police killed an estimated 28 Pantherspolice killed an estimated 28 Panthers

Hundreds more were arrested.Hundreds more were arrested. Nixon had adopted a ‘southern strategy’Nixon had adopted a ‘southern strategy’ Southern Strategy – Southern Strategy – A plan designed to A plan designed to

appeal directly to southern white appeal directly to southern white conservatives.conservatives.

He served as president untill 1974He served as president untill 1974

QU3$T10NZ QU3$T10NZ

What did the FAP stand for?What did the FAP stand for?

What was the Southern Strategy?What was the Southern Strategy?

What did the FAP do?What did the FAP do?

Détente PolicyDétente Policy

President NixonPresident Nixon and U.S. security advisor, and U.S. security advisor, Henry KissingerHenry Kissinger, believed that , believed that nations nations should pursue policies and make alliances should pursue policies and make alliances based on national interests, not on views of based on national interests, not on views of the world.the world.

Nixon and Kissinger created Nixon and Kissinger created Détente based Détente based on balance of power among nationson balance of power among nations

Used as Used as attemptattempt to to repair relationsrepair relations with with communist powers such as communist powers such as China and Soviet China and Soviet Union. Union.

President NixonPresident Nixon Henry KissingerHenry Kissinger

Republic of ChinaRepublic of China

U.S. wanted to U.S. wanted to split China and Soviet split China and Soviet UnionUnion in order in order to pressure Soviet to pressure Soviet Union to make negotiations on Union to make negotiations on limiting nuclear armslimiting nuclear arms

In April 1971, U.S. ended trade embargo In April 1971, U.S. ended trade embargo with China.with China.

In February 1972, Nixon went to China In February 1972, Nixon went to China and agreed to resume trade. and agreed to resume trade.

SALTSALT

Nixon signed the Nixon signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Strategic Arms Limitation TalkTalk agreement with Soviet Union. agreement with Soviet Union.

It It limited the number of missile defense limited the number of missile defense systems in each country. systems in each country.

There would be one in the capital city and one There would be one in the capital city and one in the main missile launching center. in the main missile launching center.

It did not limit long-range missiles or bombs It did not limit long-range missiles or bombs with multiple independently targeted warheads, with multiple independently targeted warheads, did not prohibit development of nuclear did not prohibit development of nuclear weapons. weapons.

Yom Kippur WarYom Kippur War

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel to get back Egypt and Syria attacked Israel to get back land the lost in the 1967 six day war. land the lost in the 1967 six day war.

To assume peace making role, Nixon and To assume peace making role, Nixon and Kissinger withheld and granted supplies to Kissinger withheld and granted supplies to Israel.Israel.

To protest aid to Israel, Arab oil producing To protest aid to Israel, Arab oil producing countries stopped shipments to U.S.countries stopped shipments to U.S.

U.S. fixed relations with Arabs and made new U.S. fixed relations with Arabs and made new cease fire deal October 26, 1973. cease fire deal October 26, 1973.

Lasting PeaceLasting Peace

Egypt and Israel signed a peace Egypt and Israel signed a peace agreement September 1975.agreement September 1975.

Egypt recognized Israel, and Israel Egypt recognized Israel, and Israel gave up part of Sinai peninsula.gave up part of Sinai peninsula.

U.S. promised military aid to both partiesU.S. promised military aid to both parties Nixon and Kissinger encouraged Soviet Nixon and Kissinger encouraged Soviet

Union to arm radical Arab factions.Union to arm radical Arab factions.

Land Given Back to Egypt Land Given Back to Egypt

Latin AmericaLatin America

When the worlds economy grew, Latin America When the worlds economy grew, Latin America prospered. prospered.

By By 1980 U.S. had $35 billion invested in 1980 U.S. had $35 billion invested in Latin American Industries.Latin American Industries.

Latin America borrowed money from U.S. Latin America borrowed money from U.S. banks in order to finance their economic banks in order to finance their economic growth. growth.

As the oil prices went up, they grew deeper in As the oil prices went up, they grew deeper in debt.debt.

U.S.-Latin America U.S.-Latin America RelationsRelations

Mexico welcomed American investments Mexico welcomed American investments and wanted to be able to keep crossing and wanted to be able to keep crossing the border for jobs. the border for jobs.

They did not want to make trade They did not want to make trade agreements with the U.S. agreements with the U.S.

They tried to create their own They tried to create their own industries so they could separate from industries so they could separate from Americas hold on their economics.Americas hold on their economics.

Allende in PowerAllende in Power

Salvador Allende ran for presidency of Salvador Allende ran for presidency of Chile in 1970.Chile in 1970.

Nixon and Kissinger feared with Nixon and Kissinger feared with Allende as president Chile would ally Allende as president Chile would ally with Soviet Union and Cuba, and with Soviet Union and Cuba, and communism would spread.communism would spread.

Before Allende could become president Before Allende could become president Nixon had him assassinated in 1973.Nixon had him assassinated in 1973.

Salvador Allende Salvador Allende

Election of 1972Election of 1972

Nixon won the re-election.Nixon won the re-election. It was rumored that he had played dirty It was rumored that he had played dirty

tricks, but it was never proven. tricks, but it was never proven.

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

What was the Détente policy?What was the Détente policy? What did Mexico depend on us for?What did Mexico depend on us for? Which two countries signed a peace Which two countries signed a peace

treaty?treaty?

President NixonPresident Nixon

Richard Nixon first took office in 1969Richard Nixon first took office in 1969 Isolated self with trusted and loyal aides Isolated self with trusted and loyal aides

such as such as H.R. HaldemanH.R. Haldeman Abused his powers in many ways:Abused his powers in many ways:

Impounded funds for federal programs he Impounded funds for federal programs he opposedopposed

Ordering troops to invade Cambodia Ordering troops to invade Cambodia without congressional approvalwithout congressional approval

Nixon White HouseNixon White House

Nixon protected self from criticism:Nixon protected self from criticism: Drawing up enemies list, asking FBI to spy on Drawing up enemies list, asking FBI to spy on

oppossers/discredit themoppossers/discredit them Huston Plan, plan to infiltrate antiwar groups by Huston Plan, plan to infiltrate antiwar groups by

tapping telephonestapping telephones CREEP (Committee to Re-Elect the President) CREEP (Committee to Re-Elect the President)

for operations to sabotage oppositionfor operations to sabotage opposition ““Plumbers”, stop security leaks from the Plumbers”, stop security leaks from the

presspress

Watergate CrisisWatergate Crisis

June 17, 1972 a team of “plumbers” June 17, 1972 a team of “plumbers” broke into Democratic National broke into Democratic National Committee headquarters, authorized by Committee headquarters, authorized by CREEP aide G. Gordon LiddyCREEP aide G. Gordon Liddy Wiretap phones and copy documents to Wiretap phones and copy documents to keep keep

tabs on Democratic strategiestabs on Democratic strategies

White House denied affiliationWhite House denied affiliation, but in trial , but in trial James McCord alleged their involvementJames McCord alleged their involvement

“Watch the Watergate”

The TapesThe Tapes

During the Senate Hearings of the Watergate During the Senate Hearings of the Watergate break-in, break-in, White House aide Alexander White House aide Alexander Butterfield told Senate Nixon had installed Butterfield told Senate Nixon had installed tape recording system in White House since tape recording system in White House since 19711971

Nixon refused Senate’s call for him to Nixon refused Senate’s call for him to surrender the tapes, later released edited surrender the tapes, later released edited tapestapes

Newly appointed Leon Jaworski called on Newly appointed Leon Jaworski called on Supreme Court, then unanimously ruled for Supreme Court, then unanimously ruled for Nixon to release tapes July 24, 1974Nixon to release tapes July 24, 1974

ImpeachmentImpeachment

Definition- charges of misconductDefinition- charges of misconduct Charged on 3 counts:Charged on 3 counts:

Obstructing justice by trying to cover up Obstructing justice by trying to cover up White House involvement in WatergateWhite House involvement in Watergate

Violating rights by using FBI, CIA, & IRS Violating rights by using FBI, CIA, & IRS to harass criticsto harass critics

Defying Congress by refusing to turn over Defying Congress by refusing to turn over the tapesthe tapes

ResultsResults

Nixon first American President ever to resign Nixon first American President ever to resign from officefrom office

Gerald Ford (V.P.) took office, and pardoned Gerald Ford (V.P.) took office, and pardoned (excused) Nixon for crimes he committed in (excused) Nixon for crimes he committed in White HouseWhite House

Congress created laws: War Powers Act of Congress created laws: War Powers Act of 1973, Congressional Budget and Impoundment 1973, Congressional Budget and Impoundment Act of 1974, & the Privacy ActAct of 1974, & the Privacy Act

All in order to protect constitutional law, All in order to protect constitutional law, which was threatened by Nixon White which was threatened by Nixon White HouseHouse

QuestionsQuestions

What were two main ways that Nixon What were two main ways that Nixon abused his powers while in office?abused his powers while in office?

What were the team of people that broke What were the team of people that broke into the Watergate complex called?into the Watergate complex called?

What is a pardon?What is a pardon?

Ford Follows NixonFord Follows Nixon

When Richard Nixon resigned as president his When Richard Nixon resigned as president his VP Gerald R. Ford was left during the national VP Gerald R. Ford was left during the national crisis.crisis.

His greatest obstacle in effort to restore public His greatest obstacle in effort to restore public faith in the govt. was his faith in the govt. was his inability to control inability to control economyeconomy

Industries began slowing down and Industries began slowing down and industrial productivity had slowed and the industrial productivity had slowed and the cost of goods went upcost of goods went up

Energy Crisis Is BornEnergy Crisis Is Born

U.S economic machine demanded huge U.S economic machine demanded huge amounts of oil.amounts of oil.

Saudi Arabia imposed an embargo, a Saudi Arabia imposed an embargo, a restriction of trade, on oil and shipped restriction of trade, on oil and shipped to Israel's allies, including the U.S.to Israel's allies, including the U.S.

The The embargo was lifted in 1974embargo was lifted in 1974, the , the economic effects continued through the economic effects continued through the end of the decade. end of the decade.

Wheels and Steel Wheels and Steel

The oil embargo had a big effect on the U.S The oil embargo had a big effect on the U.S auto and steel industriesauto and steel industries

American cars were produced in Detroit but American cars were produced in Detroit but the oil embargo price the oil embargo price increased and no one increased and no one wanted anything to do with the “gas wanted anything to do with the “gas guzzlers”guzzlers”

Many consumersMany consumers switched to foreign cars switched to foreign cars Because of the switch American auto plants Because of the switch American auto plants

closed and 300,000 workers lost their jobsclosed and 300,000 workers lost their jobs

President RespondsPresident Responds

President Ford decided the economy President Ford decided the economy could be could be revived by attacking inflation.revived by attacking inflation.

Inflation Inflation fell 6 percentfell 6 percent by 1976 by 1976 As a result industrial production As a result industrial production

plummeted and unemployment roseplummeted and unemployment rose 1 out of 10 were out of work1 out of 10 were out of work Country plunged to its worst recession, an Country plunged to its worst recession, an

economic slowdown economic slowdown

CarterCarter Was elected the 39Was elected the 39thth president president Tried to get economy out of recession by Tried to get economy out of recession by

cutting taxes and increasing govt. spending.cutting taxes and increasing govt. spending. Unemployment came down but inflation rose.Unemployment came down but inflation rose. Businesses, industries, and homeowners Businesses, industries, and homeowners

forced energy shortages.forced energy shortages. Carters approval ratings fell 26 % as a result to Carters approval ratings fell 26 % as a result to

the dramatic life changesthe dramatic life changes

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Carter created Carter created a foreign policya foreign policy based on based on the rights and freedoms he believed should the rights and freedoms he believed should be available to all the people around the be available to all the people around the world.world. Rights to choose leaders in fair and Rights to choose leaders in fair and

honesty electionshonesty elections the rights to a fair trialthe rights to a fair trial rights to worship and travel freelyrights to worship and travel freely rights to free expressionrights to free expression

PeacePeace

U.S and soviet leaders signed the U.S and soviet leaders signed the Second Second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALTII)Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALTII)

Limited number of missiles, bombers, and Limited number of missiles, bombers, and nuclear warheads to each side could have.nuclear warheads to each side could have.

U.S administration U.S administration cut military aid to South cut military aid to South and Central American dictatorsand Central American dictators & had an & had an agreement for agreement for control of the Panama canal.control of the Panama canal.

Senate ratified and gave the U.S the Senate ratified and gave the U.S the rightright to to defend the neutrality of the canal. defend the neutrality of the canal.

Camp David Accords Camp David Accords

Peace between Israel and EgyptPeace between Israel and Egypt Egypt’s President Anwar el-Sadet and Egypt’s President Anwar el-Sadet and

Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin met at Camp David and made Begin met at Camp David and made peace.peace.

Israel's Prime Minister Begin, U.S president Israel's Prime Minister Begin, U.S president Carter, and Egypt’s President Sadat. Carter, and Egypt’s President Sadat.

Iranian Hostage CrisisIranian Hostage Crisis

November 4November 4thth, an armed mob stormed the , an armed mob stormed the U.S embassy at the capital of Iran and U.S embassy at the capital of Iran and seized diplomats and military personalseized diplomats and military personal

April 1980 carter authorized a raid to rescue April 1980 carter authorized a raid to rescue hostageshostages

January 20, 1981 January 20, 1981 President Ronald President Ronald Reagan’s Inauguration day the hostages Reagan’s Inauguration day the hostages were free. were free.

Questions Questions

What was the Camp David Accords?What was the Camp David Accords? When Nixon resigned who became When Nixon resigned who became

president?president? When were the hostages of Iran freed? When were the hostages of Iran freed?