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1 CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE BASIC CONCEPTS CURRENT and CURRENT DENSITY RESISTANCE and RESISTIVITY BATTERY INTERNAL RESISTANCE ENERGY AND POWER IN CIRCUITS

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Page 1: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

1  

CHAPTER 25 

CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND 

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE 

 

BASIC CONCEPTS 

 

CURRENT and CURRENT DENSITY 

 

RESISTANCE and RESISTIVITY 

 

BATTERY INTERNAL RESISTANCE 

 

ENERGY AND POWER IN CIRCUITS 

Page 2: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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CURRENT IS THE MOVEMENT OF CHARGE 

IN A MATERIAL 

 

 

In some cases the objects that are moving 

are positive. 

 

Page 3: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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In other cases, for example in metals, the 

objects are negative (electrons). 

 

  

 

Page 4: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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Current is the time rate of passage of the 

charge. 

 

 

 

 

Page 5: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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Consider that there are n moving charged 

particles per volume 

And 

The average drift velocity is vd  

Then in time dt 

 The particles move a distance of vddt 

 

In the volume, Avddt,  shown in the figure 

there will be nAvddt particles. 

 

Each particle has a charge q. 

 

Thus in time dt the charge, dQ, that will 

pass through the cylinder is 

Page 6: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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Current is        

 

Current density (current per unit cross‐

section of the conductor) is 

 

 

 

Note that current density is a vector  

 

 

 

Page 7: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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RESISTIVITY 

 

Resistivity, ρ, is a characteristic of a 

material. 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 8: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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RESISTIVITY 

Resistivity, ρ, changes with temperature.  

 

 

 

Where   is the value at 200 C. 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 9: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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For a metal: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 10: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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For Semiconductor: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 11: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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Some materials loose all resistivity – 

Superconductors: 

 

 

Discovered in 1911 by H. Kammerlingh 

Onnes. 

Page 12: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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RESISTANCE 

Resistance is a characteristic of an object. 

Resistance, R, is related to Resistivity, ρ, by 

 

 

 

Page 13: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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The longer the object the higher the 

resistance. 

 

The larger the cross‐section the smaller the 

resistance. 

 

If ρ is constant the total current through a 

conductor is proportional to the voltage 

across it. 

 

 

Or 

 

 

 

Page 14: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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The constant of proportionality is the 

resistance, R. 

 

 

 

Or 

 

 

This is Ohm’s Law. 

 

If a resistor obeys Ohm’s Law it is an Ohmic 

resistor. 

 

 

Page 15: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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Obeys Ohm’s Law: 

 

 

 

Page 16: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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Semiconductors are not Ohmic: 

 

 

 

 

Page 17: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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POWER DISIPATED WITH CURRENT FLOW. 

 

Remember 

 

                  

        q     

             

 

         V 

Change in energy   

 

 

 

 

Page 18: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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And       

 

Therefore   

 

Use Ohm’s Law 

 

 

Page 19: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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Or                 

 

          

             

 

   

Page 20: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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CALCULATE RESISTANCE 

 

A copper rod with cross section A has a 

length L what is its resistance?  Work for 

 and  . 

 

From Table 25.1   

 

Therefore 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 21: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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More difficult: Example 25.4 

A cylinder with resistivity ρ has length L, 

inner radius a and outer radius b.  Calculate 

the resistance for current flow from the 

inner to the outer walls. 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 22: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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Where   is the path length of the current 

flow. 

And   is the cross‐section for current flow. 

 

Now 

 

Consider a thin shell within the cylinder wall 

with radius  , thickness   and length  . 

 

The area of the shell is  .   

 

The path the current flows is  . 

Page 23: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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Then 

 

 

Integrate to get  . 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 24: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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CIRCUITS 

 

Circuit elements: 

 

 

Page 25: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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Other symbols will be added after we 

discuss magnetism. 

 

Internal Resistance 

 

Two points: 

 

If no current is in a circuit element there is 

no potential drop across the element. 

 

 

Batteries have internal resistance. 

 

 

Page 26: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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The figure is of a 12 V battery with no 

current in the circuit. 

 

The voltmeter will read 12 V. 

 

But if there is current: 

 

Page 27: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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The voltmeter will read less than 12 V. 

 

 

What is the current in the circuit? 

Page 28: CHAPTER 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCEpeople.physics.tamu.edu/adair/phys208/chapt25/CHAPTER 25.pdf · 5 Consider that there are n moving charged particles per volume

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What will the voltmeter read?