Chapter 23 Section 1 NotesChapter 23 Section 1 NotesEquality for Latinos and Native Equality for Latinos and Native

AmericansAmericans

Origin of Latinos in U.S.Origin of Latinos in U.S. LatinoLatino means anyone from Central Am. or Carribean means anyone from Central Am. or Carribean MexicansMexicans

Largest groupLargest group Mostly settled in SW U.S.Mostly settled in SW U.S. Arrived at various times throughout historyArrived at various times throughout history

Some were here when we added landSome were here when we added land Mexican – American warMexican – American war (1846 - 1848)(1846 - 1848)

Map on pg. 136Map on pg. 136 Some arrived during Mexican RevolutionSome arrived during Mexican Revolution

1910’s 1910’s (pgs. 363 – 365)(pgs. 363 – 365) BracerosBraceros arrived during WWII arrived during WWII

U.S. needed cheap agricultural laborU.S. needed cheap agricultural labor Some arrived during 1960sSome arrived during 1960s

Mexican economy was really badMexican economy was really bad

Other Latino Groups common in U.S.Other Latino Groups common in U.S. Puerto RicansPuerto Ricans

Became Became U.S. territory in 1898 (still is)U.S. territory in 1898 (still is) Treaty of Paris (end of Sp. – Am. War)Treaty of Paris (end of Sp. – Am. War)

New YorkNew York most populated city most populated city CubansCubans

Became Became U.S. territory in 1898U.S. territory in 1898 Independent Independent in 1930sin 1930s

Many arrive in 1959 to flee CommunismMany arrive in 1959 to flee Communism CastroCastro

MiamiMiami most populated city most populated city Variety of Central Am. Variety of Central Am. CountriesCountries

Why do people come to U.S?Why do people come to U.S? Civil War and povertyCivil War and poverty

Latino – Am. Problems in the 1960s & Latino – Am. Problems in the 1960s & 1970s1970s

Job DiscriminationJob Discrimination 50% higher unemployment and poverty rates than whites50% higher unemployment and poverty rates than whites

Housing DiscriminationHousing Discrimination Couldn’t afford to buy a houseCouldn’t afford to buy a house Many landlords wouldn’t rent to themMany landlords wouldn’t rent to them Had to live in Segregated Had to live in Segregated BarriosBarrios

Poorly constructed shacksPoorly constructed shacks Businesses deny serviceBusinesses deny service

Just like African - AmericansJust like African - Americans

Latino Activism in the 1960s & Latino Activism in the 1960s & 1970s1970s

Farm Worker MovementFarm Worker Movement Led by Led by Cesar ChavezCesar Chavez Believed workers needed a Believed workers needed a unionunion

Better wages and benefitsBetter wages and benefits Organized Organized boycottboycott of California Grape growers of California Grape growers

Mgmt. refused to recognize the unionMgmt. refused to recognize the union lasted 5 yearslasted 5 years nonviolentnonviolent (like MLK Jr.) (like MLK Jr.)

Eventually succeededEventually succeeded

Brown Power MovementBrown Power Movement Called for Called for Bilingual EducationBilingual Education

National law passed in 1968National law passed in 1968 Brown BeretsBrown Berets

Organized student walkouts in schoolsOrganized student walkouts in schools Called for improvementsCalled for improvements

Smaller class sizesSmaller class sizes More Latin Am. Role modelsMore Latin Am. Role models

teachers & administrationteachers & administration Courses on Latin Am. historyCourses on Latin Am. history

Political powerPolitical power elected mayors and members to Congress elected mayors and members to Congress

Native Am. Problems in the 1960s & Native Am. Problems in the 1960s & 1970s1970s

Highest unemployment rateHighest unemployment rate Highest poverty rateHighest poverty rate Highest infant mortality rateHighest infant mortality rate Suffered most from alcoholismSuffered most from alcoholism High rates of drug abuseHigh rates of drug abuse Lowest life expectancy rateLowest life expectancy rate MOST IF NOT ALL STILL TRUE TODAY!MOST IF NOT ALL STILL TRUE TODAY!

Native Am. Activism in the 1960s & Native Am. Activism in the 1960s & 1970s1970s

Declaration of Indian PurposeDeclaration of Indian Purpose (1961)(1961) Created by leaders of 90 Native American tribesCreated by leaders of 90 Native American tribes no more termination policyno more termination policy

Govt. funded attempts to assimilate (blend) Native Ams. with Govt. funded attempts to assimilate (blend) Native Ams. with society.society.

Main Goal = Wanted autonomyMain Goal = Wanted autonomy independence to make own decisions regarding their peopleindependence to make own decisions regarding their people

need govt. financial assistance on reservationsneed govt. financial assistance on reservations Govt. responds slowly… but does provide $Govt. responds slowly… but does provide $

President Kennedy with Native American Representatives Meeting the President. Washington: President Kennedy met with representatives of 90 American Indian tribes at the White House and was presented with the Declaration of Indian Purpose. During the ceremony, Kennedy described the American Indian as the "First Citizen" and said all Americans “have a strong obligation to improve the living conditions of the Indians”

American Indian MovementAmerican Indian Movement (begins in 1968)(begins in 1968) 2 Goals2 Goals

combat police brutality against Native Ams.combat police brutality against Native Ams. get land rights back (explain)get land rights back (explain)

Methods usedMethods used MarchesMarches

““Trail of Broken Treaties” on Wash. DCTrail of Broken Treaties” on Wash. DC Violent incidentsViolent incidents

Wounded Knee hostage situationWounded Knee hostage situation Occupation of the Bureau of Indian AffairsOccupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

Destroyed records Destroyed records Caused $2 million in damagesCaused $2 million in damages

The Wounded Knee incident began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 members of the American Indian Movement seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. The protest followed an unsuccessful attempt by a local tribe to impeach their leader, whom they accused of corruption and abuse of opponents. Additionally, protestors attacked the United States government's failure to fulfill treaties with Indian people and demanded the reopening of treaty negotiations.AIM activists controlled the town for 71 days while U.S. and local law enforcement agencies cordoned off the area. The activists chose the site of the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre for its symbolic value. Both sides were armed and shooting was frequent. 4 people were killed total… 1 govt. official, 2 Native Ams., and 1 Civil Rights activist on site to help. Due to damage to the houses, the small community was not reoccupied until the 1990s.The occupation attracted wide media coverage, especially after the press accompanied two U.S. Senators from South Dakota to Wounded Knee. The events electrified American Indians, who were inspired by the sight of their people standing in defiance of the government which had so often failed them. Many Indian supporters traveled to Wounded Knee to join the protest. At the time there was widespread public sympathy for the goals of the occupation, as Americans were becoming more aware of longstanding issues of injustice related to American Indians.

Native Am. VictoriesNative Am. Victories Gained power to control children’s educationGained power to control children’s education Got some land back from Govt. Got some land back from Govt. Got $ from Govt. for some land sold in the past to Got $ from Govt. for some land sold in the past to people for ridiculously cheap pricespeople for ridiculously cheap prices

LossLoss No $$$ back for wrongful deaths No $$$ back for wrongful deaths of ancestorsof ancestors