Chapter 22, Section 5:Chapter 22, Section 5: Other Americans Seek Other Americans Seek

JusticeJusticeMain Idea: African Main Idea: African

Americans and other Americans and other Americans created their Americans created their own communities and own communities and struggled for equality struggled for equality during the Progressive during the Progressive

Era.Era.

A. African AmericansA. African Americans Progressives didn’t give much attention to Progressives didn’t give much attention to

black problems. Reformers did little to help black problems. Reformers did little to help minorities.minorities.

South: Jim Crow laws segregationSouth: Jim Crow laws segregation North: prejudice & discrimination (more North: prejudice & discrimination (more

hidden) for housing & jobs (racist hidden) for housing & jobs (racist landlords/bosses)landlords/bosses)

Ida WellsIda Wells fought to end lynchings – blacks fought to end lynchings – blacks murdered by white mobs (over 1000 in 1890s)murdered by white mobs (over 1000 in 1890s)

GW CarverGW Carver – black scientist (peanuts, crop – black scientist (peanuts, crop rotation)rotation)

Madame CJ WalkerMadame CJ Walker – 1 – 1stst female millionaire female millionaire (hair care products for black women)(hair care products for black women)

Black-owned businesses, colleges & churches Black-owned businesses, colleges & churches existed to serve needs of black people that existed to serve needs of black people that weren’t being met by white society due to weren’t being met by white society due to racismracism

Lynchings in the United States by State

George Washington Carver

· scientist and teacher at the Tuskegee Institute

· discovered hundreds of new uses for Southern crops

Example: peanut butter

List of By-Products From Peanuts By George Washington Carver

B. Washington & DuBoisB. Washington & DuBois Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington – called on blacks & – called on blacks &

whites to live in harmony; taught that African whites to live in harmony; taught that African Americans should work patiently to move up in Americans should work patiently to move up in society; learn trades & earn $, then work for society; learn trades & earn $, then work for equality (“boot straps”)equality (“boot straps”)• Founded Founded Tuskegee InstituteTuskegee Institute (black college (black college

in AL)in AL) W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois – argued that instead of – argued that instead of

patiently accepting discrimination, blacks patiently accepting discrimination, blacks should fight it actively & demand equal rightsshould fight it actively & demand equal rights• Organized Organized NAACPNAACP (National Association for (National Association for

the Advancement of Colored People) in 1909 the Advancement of Colored People) in 1909 to work for equal rights for African Americans to work for equal rights for African Americans

* He believed that African Americans needed to learn trades and earn a decent income in order to achieve political and social equality.

Booker T. Washington

· wrote about his success in his autobiography Up From Slavery.

* He stressed living in harmony with whites.

· a former slave that taught himself how to read

· founded the Tuskegee Institute, still a leading black college today

* DuBois disagreed with Booker T. Washington’s acceptance of segregation.

W.E.B. DuBois

· African American professor, author and public speaker

· DuBois formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 with Jane Addams and Lincoln Steffens.

Washington v. DuBois

“When Mr. Washington apologizes for injustice, he does not rightly value the privilege and duty of voting, belittles the emasculating effects of caste distinctions, and opposes the higher training and ambition of our brighter minds…we must unceasingly and firmly oppose him.”

– W.E.B. DuBois

“The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremist folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing.”

- Booker T. Washington

C. Mexican AmericansC. Mexican Americans Many lived in Southwest US (CA, TX, AZ, Many lived in Southwest US (CA, TX, AZ,

NM) due to already being there when US NM) due to already being there when US acquired land & immigration (revolution acquired land & immigration (revolution & famine)& famine)

Many provided cheap manual labor in Many provided cheap manual labor in construction & farmingconstruction & farming

BarriosBarrios – Mexican neighborhoods that – Mexican neighborhoods that promoted Mexican culture & traditions promoted Mexican culture & traditions (Los Angeles)(Los Angeles)

MutualistasMutualistas – mutual aid groups that – mutual aid groups that worked to help Mexican immigrants worked to help Mexican immigrants &Mex- Americans by pooling $ to buy &Mex- Americans by pooling $ to buy insurance, legal advice & assist sick & insurance, legal advice & assist sick & needy needy

D. Asian AmericansD. Asian Americans Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act (1882) – banned (1882) – banned

Chinese immigrants from coming to USChinese immigrants from coming to US This increased Japanese immigration to US This increased Japanese immigration to US

(cheap labor). Settled mostly in Hawaii & on (cheap labor). Settled mostly in Hawaii & on West Coast (CA, OR, WA) & became successful West Coast (CA, OR, WA) & became successful fruit & vegetable farmersfruit & vegetable farmers

““Gentleman’s Agreement”Gentleman’s Agreement” • prejudice & jealousy by white farmers & workers led prejudice & jealousy by white farmers & workers led

to discrimination against Asian students & workers. to discrimination against Asian students & workers. • In 1907, President Roosevelt agreed to let Japanese In 1907, President Roosevelt agreed to let Japanese

women join their husbands who were already in the women join their husbands who were already in the US, but only if Japan agreed to stop sending more US, but only if Japan agreed to stop sending more workers to the US. workers to the US.

• Unfortunately, this did little to reduce anti-Japanese Unfortunately, this did little to reduce anti-Japanese feelings on West Coast & more steps to stop Asian feelings on West Coast & more steps to stop Asian immigration would folloimmigration would followw

E. Native AmericansE. Native Americans The Dawes ActThe Dawes Act

• divided reservations into family plots so that Native divided reservations into family plots so that Native Americans would learn to farm & become more like Americans would learn to farm & become more like white settlers. white settlers.

• This ended up being a disaster, because the land This ended up being a disaster, because the land they were given was so bad & because their culture they were given was so bad & because their culture emphasized hunting on open land (not farming in emphasized hunting on open land (not farming in separate plots), which made it hard to adjust. separate plots), which made it hard to adjust.

• In the end, many ended up selling their plot to white In the end, many ended up selling their plot to white settlers for practically nothing. Before long, Native settlers for practically nothing. Before long, Native Americans were cheated out of millions of acres of Americans were cheated out of millions of acres of reservation landreservation land

The Society of American Indians worked for social The Society of American Indians worked for social justice & tried to educate white Americans about justice & tried to educate white Americans about Indian life. But because it supported policies that Indian life. But because it supported policies that forced Indians off of reservations and into forced Indians off of reservations and into mainstream life, many Native Americans opposed mainstream life, many Native Americans opposed the Society and it ended shortly after.the Society and it ended shortly after.