era of social change latinos & native americans chapter 31, section 1
TRANSCRIPT
ERA OF SOCIAL ERA OF SOCIAL CHANGECHANGE
LATINOS & NATIVE LATINOS & NATIVE AMERICANS CHAPTER 31, AMERICANS CHAPTER 31,
SECTION 1SECTION 1
VOCABULARYVOCABULARY
CESAR CHAVEZCESAR CHAVEZ UNITED FARM WORKERS UNITED FARM WORKERS
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE (U.F.W.O.C.)(U.F.W.O.C.)
LA RAZA UNIDALA RAZA UNIDA AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT
(A.I.M.)(A.I.M.)
MAJOR DATESMAJOR DATES
1966: U.F.W.O.C. FOUNDED1966: U.F.W.O.C. FOUNDED 1968: 1968:
CONGRESS PASSES BILINGUAL CONGRESS PASSES BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACTEDUCATION ACT
A.I.M. FOUNDEDA.I.M. FOUNDED 1973: A.I.M. LEADS WOUNDED KNEE 1973: A.I.M. LEADS WOUNDED KNEE
STANDOFFSTANDOFF
AMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATIONAMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATION
BACKGROUND:BACKGROUND: ““LATIN” AMERICANS HAVE DIVERSE LATIN” AMERICANS HAVE DIVERSE
BACKGROUNDS:BACKGROUNDS: MEXICOMEXICO PUERTO RICOPUERTO RICO CUBACUBA C. AMERICAC. AMERICA S. AMERICAS. AMERICA
““LATINO” POPULATION HAS STEADILY GROWN IN LATINO” POPULATION HAS STEADILY GROWN IN U.S.U.S.
1960’s: LATINO POPULATION GROWS FROM 3 1960’s: LATINO POPULATION GROWS FROM 3 TO 9+ MILLIONTO 9+ MILLION
WHERE? SPECIFIC PARTS OF U.S. HAVE SEEN WHERE? SPECIFIC PARTS OF U.S. HAVE SEEN HIGHEST GROWTH; HIGHEST GROWTH; SEE GRAPH, P. 921SEE GRAPH, P. 921
CITIES: L.A., NYC, MIAMI, CHICAGOCITIES: L.A., NYC, MIAMI, CHICAGO OTHER AREAS: SOUTHWESTERN U.S.OTHER AREAS: SOUTHWESTERN U.S.
CA, AZ, NM, NV, TXCA, AZ, NM, NV, TX
AMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATIONAMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATION WHY? MANY REASONSWHY? MANY REASONS
ECONOMIC: EX.: 1940s/50s: MEXICAN LABORERS, ECONOMIC: EX.: 1940s/50s: MEXICAN LABORERS, BRACEROSBRACEROS, COME TO WORK U.S. AGRICULTURE, COME TO WORK U.S. AGRICULTURE
POLITICAL: EX.: CUBAN REVOLUTION FORCES MANY TO POLITICAL: EX.: CUBAN REVOLUTION FORCES MANY TO FLORIDAFLORIDA
WAR/CHAOS: EX.: C. AMERICAN REFUGEES FROM WAR/CHAOS: EX.: C. AMERICAN REFUGEES FROM DICTATORSHIPS / CIVIL WARSDICTATORSHIPS / CIVIL WARS
FAMILY: EX.: MEXICAN FAMILIES SETTLE IN U.S. FAMILY: EX.: MEXICAN FAMILIES SETTLE IN U.S. BORDER STATES / CITIESBORDER STATES / CITIES
PROBLEMS?PROBLEMS? YES:YES:
DIFFICULTY W/ LANGUAGE BARRIERDIFFICULTY W/ LANGUAGE BARRIER LACK OF TECHNICAL SKILLS / TRAININGLACK OF TECHNICAL SKILLS / TRAINING ETHNIC PREJUDICEETHNIC PREJUDICE
RESULT? UNEMPLOYMENT 50% HIGHER THAN WHITE RESULT? UNEMPLOYMENT 50% HIGHER THAN WHITE AMERICANSAMERICANS
JOB OPPORTUNITIES OFTEN APPEAR IN LOWER PAYING JOB OPPORTUNITIES OFTEN APPEAR IN LOWER PAYING OCCUPATIONSOCCUPATIONS
BARRIOSBARRIOS BECOME CULTURAL NEIGHBORHOODS BECOME CULTURAL NEIGHBORHOODS
AMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATIONAMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATION LATINO’S FIGHT FOR CHANGE:LATINO’S FIGHT FOR CHANGE:
WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS? 1960’s: LATINOS DEMAND MORE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY 1960’s: LATINOS DEMAND MORE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
& CULTURAL RESPECT& CULTURAL RESPECT CESAR CHAVEZCESAR CHAVEZ & DOLORES HUERTA ESTABLISH THA & DOLORES HUERTA ESTABLISH THA
NATIONAL FARM WORKERS UNION (1962)NATIONAL FARM WORKERS UNION (1962) 1966: 1966: UNITED FARM WORKERS ORGANIZING UNITED FARM WORKERS ORGANIZING
COMMITTEECOMMITTEE (U.F.W.O.C.) (U.F.W.O.C.) FOUNDEDFOUNDED WHAT DO THEY WANT?WHAT DO THEY WANT?
SOCIAL & ECONOMIC JUSTICE FOR FARM WORKERSSOCIAL & ECONOMIC JUSTICE FOR FARM WORKERS WANT U.F.W.O.C. TO BE THE BARGAINING AGENT FOR WANT U.F.W.O.C. TO BE THE BARGAINING AGENT FOR
FARM WORKERS, ESPECIALLY IN THE S.W.FARM WORKERS, ESPECIALLY IN THE S.W. DID WHAT?DID WHAT?
CHAVEZ BELIEVES IN NON-VIOLENT (LIKE MLK, Jr.) CHAVEZ BELIEVES IN NON-VIOLENT (LIKE MLK, Jr.) METHODS TO GET RESULTSMETHODS TO GET RESULTS
CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. ORGANIZE NATION-WIDE BOYCOTTS CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. ORGANIZE NATION-WIDE BOYCOTTS OF GRAPES & OTHER FARM PRODUCEOF GRAPES & OTHER FARM PRODUCE
RESULTS?RESULTS? 1970: GRAPE GROWERS OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZE 1970: GRAPE GROWERS OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZE
U.F.W.O.C. U.F.W.O.C. FARM WORKERS GET HIGHER WAGES & OTHER BENEFITSFARM WORKERS GET HIGHER WAGES & OTHER BENEFITS CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. BECOME POWERFUL CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. BECOME POWERFUL
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE LATINO COMMUNITYREPRESENTATIVES OF THE LATINO COMMUNITY
Cesar Chavez & RFKCesar Chavez & RFK Cesar Cesar Chavez Stamp Chavez Stamp
MIGRANT FARM WORKERSMIGRANT FARM WORKERS
OTHER CULTURAL EFFECTSOTHER CULTURAL EFFECTS CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. INFLUENCE OTHER CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. INFLUENCE OTHER
LATINO GROUPSLATINO GROUPS PUERTO RICAN COMMUNITY IN N.Y. MAKE PUERTO RICAN COMMUNITY IN N.Y. MAKE
EDUCATION DEMANDSEDUCATION DEMANDS EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?
BILINGUAL EDUCATION OPPORTUNITYBILINGUAL EDUCATION OPPORTUNITY LATINO CULTURE COURSESLATINO CULTURE COURSES
RESULT?RESULT? 1968: CONGRESS PASSES BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT1968: CONGRESS PASSES BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT ACT PROVIDES FUNDS FOR BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT PROVIDES FUNDS FOR BILINGUAL EDUCATION
PROGRAMSPROGRAMS OTHER CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS:OTHER CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS:
““CHICANOS”CHICANOS” : TERM USED BY MEXICAN-AMERICANS : TERM USED BY MEXICAN-AMERICANS FOR THEMSELVESFOR THEMSELVES
MORE EDUCATIONAL DEMANDS AT HIGH SCHOOLS & MORE EDUCATIONAL DEMANDS AT HIGH SCHOOLS & UNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITIES
LATINOS & POLITICSLATINOS & POLITICS LATINOS GET AND EXERCISE MORE POLITICAL POWERLATINOS GET AND EXERCISE MORE POLITICAL POWER WHEN? 1960’sWHEN? 1960’s HOW? LATINOS WORK TO WIN SUPPORT FOR LATINO HOW? LATINOS WORK TO WIN SUPPORT FOR LATINO
ISSUES & CANDIDATESISSUES & CANDIDATES EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?
MEXICAN AMERICAN POLITICAL ASSOCIATION MEXICAN AMERICAN POLITICAL ASSOCIATION (M.A.P.A.)(M.A.P.A.)
DID WHAT?DID WHAT? SPONSORED CANDIDATESSPONSORED CANDIDATES 1961: HELPED GET 11961: HELPED GET 1stst LATINO, HENRY GONZALEZ LATINO, HENRY GONZALEZ
(TX), ELECTED TO CONGRESS(TX), ELECTED TO CONGRESS REGISTERED VOTERSREGISTERED VOTERS LOBBIED FOR LEGISLATION THAT BENEFITS LOBBIED FOR LEGISLATION THAT BENEFITS
LATINOSLATINOS LA RAZA UNIDA (THE UNITED PEOPLE PARTY)LA RAZA UNIDA (THE UNITED PEOPLE PARTY) DID WHAT?DID WHAT?
WAS AN INDEPENDENT LATINO POLITICAL PARTYWAS AN INDEPENDENT LATINO POLITICAL PARTY RAN LATINO CANDIDATES FOR POLITICAL OFFICESRAN LATINO CANDIDATES FOR POLITICAL OFFICES
NATIVE AMERICAN ISSUESNATIVE AMERICAN ISSUES NATIVE AMERICANS HAVE WIDESPREAD NATIVE AMERICANS HAVE WIDESPREAD
DIVERSITY:DIVERSITY: EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:
IROQUOISIROQUOIS (EASTERN U.S.) (EASTERN U.S.) CHEROKEECHEROKEE (SOUTHERN PLAINS) (SOUTHERN PLAINS) SIOUXSIOUX (NORTHERN PLAINS) (NORTHERN PLAINS) NAVAJONAVAJO (SOUTHWEST) (SOUTHWEST)
NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCES EXIST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCES EXIST BETWEEN GROUPS (LIKE LATINO BETWEEN GROUPS (LIKE LATINO POPULATION)POPULATION)
PROBLEM?PROBLEM? MOST NATIVE AMERICANS SHARED A BLEAK MOST NATIVE AMERICANS SHARED A BLEAK
EXISTENCE, REGARDLESS OF THEIR GROUPEXISTENCE, REGARDLESS OF THEIR GROUP 1960’s: MANY N.A. GROUPS BEGIN TO 1960’s: MANY N.A. GROUPS BEGIN TO
DEMAND BETTER TREATMENT & CONDITIONSDEMAND BETTER TREATMENT & CONDITIONS
NATIVE AMERICAN ISSUESNATIVE AMERICAN ISSUES UNDER U.S. GOV’T., NATIVE AMERICANS UNDER U.S. GOV’T., NATIVE AMERICANS
EXPERIENCE MAJOR PROBLEMS:EXPERIENCE MAJOR PROBLEMS: EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?
THE HIGHEST POVERTY RATETHE HIGHEST POVERTY RATE THE HIGHEST UNEMPLOYMENT RATETHE HIGHEST UNEMPLOYMENT RATE MOST LIKELY TO SUFFER SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS MOST LIKELY TO SUFFER SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS
(ALCOHOLISM, TB, ETC.)(ALCOHOLISM, TB, ETC.) INFANT MORTALITY (2x NATIONAL AVERAGE)INFANT MORTALITY (2x NATIONAL AVERAGE) LOWER LIFE EXPECTANCY THAN AVERAGE AMERICANSLOWER LIFE EXPECTANCY THAN AVERAGE AMERICANS LOW EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTLOW EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EXTREMELY POOR LIVING CONDITIONS ON EXTREMELY POOR LIVING CONDITIONS ON
RESERVATIONSRESERVATIONS MORE PROBLEMS: MORE PROBLEMS:
1953: TERMINATION POLICY: EISENHOWER and HOG 1953: TERMINATION POLICY: EISENHOWER and HOG ADMINISTRATION ATTEMPTS RELOCATIONOF N.A. INTO ADMINISTRATION ATTEMPTS RELOCATIONOF N.A. INTO U.S. CITIESU.S. CITIES
COMPLETE FAILURECOMPLETE FAILURE
NATIVE AMERICAN OBJECTIVESNATIVE AMERICAN OBJECTIVES WHAT DO THE N.A. WANT?WHAT DO THE N.A. WANT?
DON’T WANTDON’T WANT FORCED FORCED ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION INTO INTO U.S. SOCIETYU.S. SOCIETY
DO WANT DO WANT MORE ABILITY TO CONTROL THEIR MORE ABILITY TO CONTROL THEIR OWN LIVESOWN LIVES
DO WHAT?DO WHAT? 1961: CHICAGO: REPS. OF 67 N.A. NATIONS 1961: CHICAGO: REPS. OF 67 N.A. NATIONS
SIGN SIGN DECLARATION OF INDIANDECLARATION OF INDIAN PURPOSEPURPOSE DOES WHAT? DOES WHAT?
CALLS FOR GREATER ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ON CALLS FOR GREATER ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ON RESERVATIONSRESERVATIONS
END TO ASSIMILATION POLICIESEND TO ASSIMILATION POLICIES EFFECT?EFFECT?
1965: LBJ’s GREAT SOCIETY PROGRAM ESTABLISHES 1965: LBJ’s GREAT SOCIETY PROGRAM ESTABLISHES NATIONALNATIONAL COUNCIL ON INDIAN OPPORTUNITYCOUNCIL ON INDIAN OPPORTUNITY
COUNCIL IS U.S. GOV’T. AGENCY TASKED WITH COUNCIL IS U.S. GOV’T. AGENCY TASKED WITH ADDRESSING N.A. ISSUESADDRESSING N.A. ISSUES
NATIVE AMERICAN PROTESTNATIVE AMERICAN PROTEST MANY N.A. ANGRY ABOUT SLOW PACE OF GOV’T. MANY N.A. ANGRY ABOUT SLOW PACE OF GOV’T.
REFORMREFORM 1968: MINNEAPOLIS, MN.: 1968: MINNEAPOLIS, MN.: AMERICAN INDIANAMERICAN INDIAN
MOVEMENT (A.I.M.)MOVEMENT (A.I.M.) FOUNDED FOUNDED A.I.MA.I.M.: PURPOSE?.: PURPOSE?
DEFENSE AGAINST POLICE BRUTALITYDEFENSE AGAINST POLICE BRUTALITY DEMANDING RESTORATION OF N.A. LANDS, BURIAL DEMANDING RESTORATION OF N.A. LANDS, BURIAL
GROUNDS, FISHING & TIMBER RIGHTSGROUNDS, FISHING & TIMBER RIGHTS MORE RESPECT FOR N.A. CULTUREMORE RESPECT FOR N.A. CULTURE
OTHER PROTEST GROUPS?OTHER PROTEST GROUPS? 1969: “INDIANS OF ALL TRIBES” SEIZE ALCATRAZ 1969: “INDIANS OF ALL TRIBES” SEIZE ALCATRAZ
ISLAND (CA)ISLAND (CA) CLAIMED ISLAND WAS N.A. LAND BY RIGHTCLAIMED ISLAND WAS N.A. LAND BY RIGHT
A.I.M. LOGOA.I.M. LOGO
A.I.M. FLAGA.I.M. FLAG
A.I.M. PROTESTSA.I.M. PROTESTS 2 MAJOR PROTESTS:2 MAJOR PROTESTS:
1972: “TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES”1972: “TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES” CALLED FOR RESTORATION OF 110 MIL. ACRES CALLED FOR RESTORATION OF 110 MIL. ACRES
OF N.A. LAND TO N.A. TRIBESOF N.A. LAND TO N.A. TRIBES 1973: WOUNDED KNEE, S.D.1973: WOUNDED KNEE, S.D. WHAT HAPPENED?WHAT HAPPENED?
SIOUX PROTESTED LIVING CONDITIONS ON SIOUX PROTESTED LIVING CONDITIONS ON RESERVATIONSRESERVATIONS
A.I.M. ACTIVISTS SEIZED THE TOWN, TOOK A.I.M. ACTIVISTS SEIZED THE TOWN, TOOK HOSTAGESHOSTAGES
10 WEEK STANDOFF10 WEEK STANDOFF SHOOTOUT W/ FBI; 1 KILLED, 1 WOUNDEDSHOOTOUT W/ FBI; 1 KILLED, 1 WOUNDED
RESULT? GOV’T. PROMISES TO REEXAMINE RESULT? GOV’T. PROMISES TO REEXAMINE N.A. RIGHTSN.A. RIGHTS
WOUNDED KNEE, 1973WOUNDED KNEE, 1973
Native American ProtestersNative American Protesters
FBI & PoliceFBI & Police
SharpshootersSharpshooters
RESULTSRESULTS N.A. DID ACHIEVE N.A. DID ACHIEVE SOMESOME REFORMS REFORMS EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?
1971: ALASKA NATIVE LANDS CLAIM SETTLEMENT1971: ALASKA NATIVE LANDS CLAIM SETTLEMENT 40 MIL. ACRES GIVEN TO N.A.40 MIL. ACRES GIVEN TO N.A. $962 MIL. PAID OUT TO N.A. PEOPLE IN CASH$962 MIL. PAID OUT TO N.A. PEOPLE IN CASH
1972: INDIAN EDUCATION ACT1972: INDIAN EDUCATION ACT 1975: INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION & 1975: INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION &
EDUCATION ASSISTANCE ACTEDUCATION ASSISTANCE ACT SO WHAT? N.A. GROUPS SLOWLY GAIN…SO WHAT? N.A. GROUPS SLOWLY GAIN…
FINANCIAL COMPENSATION FOR PAST WRONGS FINANCIAL COMPENSATION FOR PAST WRONGS LEGAL RECOGNITION OF TRIBAL LANDSLEGAL RECOGNITION OF TRIBAL LANDS
RESULTS?RESULTS? ““BROWN POWER” BROWN POWER” LATINO MOVEMENTS GAIN LATINO MOVEMENTS GAIN
POWERPOWER N.A. NATIONS GAIN MORE RIGHTS & N.A. NATIONS GAIN MORE RIGHTS &
OPPORTUNITYOPPORTUNITY