Chapter 22 Section 3Chapter 22 Section 3Study GuideStudy Guide

The Spread of Enlightenment The Spread of Enlightenment IdeasIdeas

Discovery of “New World” broadens Europeans' worldview;

leads to even more questions…

i.e. “What else don’t we know?”

Ch 22 Sec 1 “The Scientific Revolution”>>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->>

NAME:

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

Classical manuscripts from the Byzantine Empire

reach western Europe;lead scholars to question

accepted learning

Printing Press spreads ideas more widely than ever before;

more brains are working on solving problems…

Discoveries of Copernicusand other scientists

challenge accepted thinking

Increasing contact with the Islamic world

(and eventually, Asia)broadens Europeans’

knowledge base

5 Core Concepts of the Enlightenment5 Core Concepts of the EnlightenmentReason: Truth can be discovered through reason; the philosophes defined reason as the absence of intolerance in one’s thinking.

Nature: Nature should be our model; what is natural is good & reasonable; just as there are natural laws of motion, so too were there natural laws of economics, politics; life, liberty, and property are our “natural rights"

Happiness: We don’t have to wait for an afterlife to find happiness, we can find it here on earth IF we use reason

Progress: Progress for society was not merely possible but inevitable, IF we use reason

Liberty: Individual freedoms, liberties, rights of speech, religion, trade, personal travel, etc., are what is most reasonable; these rights are the key to unleashing people to use their reason, their initiative, and their creativity.

Ch 22 Sec 2 “The Enlightenment”>>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->>

NAME:

Reason:

Truth can be discovered through reason; the philosophes

defined reason as the absence of intolerance in one’s thinking.

Nature:

Nature should be our model; what is natural is good & reasonable;

just as there are natural laws of motion, so too were there natural laws of economics,

politics; life, liberty, and property are our “natural rights"

Happiness:

We don’t have to wait for an afterlife to find happiness, we can find it here

on earth IF we use reason

Progress:

Progress for society was not merely possible but inevitable,

IF we use reason

Liberty:

Individual freedoms, liberties, rights of speech, religion, trade, personal travel, etc., are what is

most reasonable; these rights are the key to

unleashing people to use their reason,

their initiative, and their creativity.

Ch 22 Sec 2 “Core Concepts of The Enlightenment”>>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->>

NAME:

Core Concepts

ofthe Enlightenment

Mnemonic Device for 5 Core Concepts of the EnlightenmentMnemonic Device for 5 Core Concepts of the Enlightenment

Reason: RUNNINGRUNNING

Nature: NORMALLYNORMALLY

Happiness: HELPSHELPS

Progress: PEOPLEPEOPLE

Liberty: LIVELIVE

Ch 22 Sec 2 “The Enlightenment”>>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->>

NAME:

The role of salonsThe role of salons

► ParisParis Cultural & intellectual Cultural & intellectual

center of Europecenter of Europe

► Marie Theresa Marie Theresa Geoffrin's famous Geoffrin's famous salonssalons PhilosophesPhilosophes ArtistsArtists WritersWriters scientistsscientists

Denis DiderotDenis Diderot

► Diderot & his Diderot & his Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia, 17511751 Articles & essays onArticles & essays on

► Science & TechnologyScience & Technology► ArtArt► GovernmentGovernment

Banned by French Banned by French Gov't & Catholic Gov't & Catholic ChurchChurch

► Undermined royal Undermined royal gov'tgov't

► encouraged "moral encouraged "moral corruption, irreligion, corruption, irreligion, and unbelief…"and unbelief…"

"Neoclassical" art"Neoclassical" art

► Neoclassical Art Neoclassical Art

harkened back to the style harkened back to the style of ancient Greece and of ancient Greece and RomeRome

Art should move a person's Art should move a person's deepest feelings and teach deepest feelings and teach virtuevirtue

Art should serve the nationArt should serve the nation Patriotism & NationalismPatriotism & Nationalism Commenting on the Commenting on the

present using classical present using classical subjects & settings subjects & settings

"Death of Socrates" by Jacques Louis David, 1787

Call to duty and to stand against unjust authority

"The Sabine Women" by Jacques Louis David, 1796-1799

Romans v. Sabines. Theme: reconciliation

"Oath of the Horatii" by Jacques Louis David, 1784

Patriotism & Nationalism

"Classical Music""Classical Music"

►Franz Joseph HaydnFranz Joseph Haydn►Wolfgang Amadeus MozartWolfgang Amadeus Mozart►Ludwig von BeethovenLudwig von Beethoven►CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Structured, plannedStructured, planned symmetricsymmetric

Montesquieu's idea of checks and balances

In government

Newton's 3rd Law: for every action there is an equal reaction

Mozart's CompositionsArtists like

Jacques Louis David

Ch 22 Sec 2 “Values of the Enlightenment”>>--- a West & the World™ Prod’n -->>

NAME:

Symmetry, Order, BalanceSymmetry, Order, Balance

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots

► Frederick the Great:Frederick the Great:

"I must enlighten my "I must enlighten my people, cultivate people, cultivate their manners and their manners and morals, and make morals, and make them as happy as them as happy as human beings can human beings can be, or as happy as be, or as happy as the means at my the means at my disposal permit."disposal permit."

► Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria Religious toleranceReligious tolerance Legal reformsLegal reforms Freedom of pressFreedom of press Abolished serfdomAbolished serfdom Changes undone Changes undone

after his deathafter his death