enlightenment philosophers objective: describe the main ideas of the enlightenment philosophers
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Enlightenment Enlightenment PhilosophersPhilosophers
Objective: Describe the main Objective: Describe the main ideas of the Enlightenment ideas of the Enlightenment
philosophers.philosophers.
European PhilosophersEuropean PhilosophersEssential Question: How did European Essential Question: How did European
philosophers use reason to criticize social and philosophers use reason to criticize social and political institutions?political institutions?
Enlightenment ideas led to…Enlightenment ideas led to… Individual Right to Life, Liberty, & Individual Right to Life, Liberty, &
PropertyProperty Social Contract = agreement between Social Contract = agreement between
government and people government and people Freedom of Speech = 1Freedom of Speech = 1stst Amendment Amendment Separation of Powers = Judiciary, Separation of Powers = Judiciary,
Legislature, ExecutiveLegislature, Executive
John LockeJohn Locke
English PhilosopherEnglish Philosopher Power of government came from the Power of government came from the
peoplepeople Natural RightsNatural Rights: Rights to life, liberty, : Rights to life, liberty,
and property that people are born withand property that people are born with The role of government is to protect itThe role of government is to protect it’’s s
citizencitizen’’s natural rights natural right Author of Author of ““Two Treaties on GovernmenTwo Treaties on Governmen
tt ””
VoltaireVoltaire
French philosopherFrench philosopher Religious tolerance Religious tolerance Freedom of speech Freedom of speech ““I may not agree with I may not agree with
what you say, but I what you say, but I will defend to the will defend to the death your right to say death your right to say it.it.””
Author of Author of ““CandideCandide””
MontesquieuMontesquieu Separation of powersSeparation of powers: :
Government should be Government should be divided into three divided into three separate branches separate branches
Checks and balancesChecks and balances: : Each branch would keep Each branch would keep the other in checkthe other in check
Judiciary (Courts), Judiciary (Courts), Legislature (Laws), Legislature (Laws), Executive (President)Executive (President)
Author of Author of ““The Spirit of The Spirit of LawsLaws””
RousseauRousseau Government should be Government should be
decided by the peopledecided by the people Democracy was the best Democracy was the best
form of governmentform of government Opposed absolute Opposed absolute
monarchsmonarchs Believed all people are Believed all people are
created created equalequal Wrote Wrote ““The Social ContracThe Social Contrac
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Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft
English writerEnglish writer Women would help Women would help
create enlightened create enlightened families and should families and should have equal rights as have equal rights as menmen
Championed for Championed for women to be educatedwomen to be educated
Wrote Wrote ““A Vindication of A Vindication of the Rights of Womanthe Rights of Woman””
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes
English philosopherEnglish philosopher People are evil by People are evil by
nature and need nature and need governmentgovernment
Absolute Absolute sovereigntysovereignty
Wrote Wrote ““LeviathanLeviathan””
American FoundersAmerican FoundersEssential Question: How did American founders Essential Question: How did American founders
use Enlightenment ideas?use Enlightenment ideas?
Thomas Thomas JeffersonJefferson Used John LockUsed John Lock
ee ’’s ideas in the s ideas in the Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence
Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident, We hold these truths to be self-evident,
that all men are created equal, that they that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness; that to secure these rights, Happiness; that to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever consent of the governed; that whenever any Form of Government becomes any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government.and to institute new Government.
The Magna CartaThe Magna Carta King John of England King John of England
was forced to sign the was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215Magna Carta in 1215
This document was This document was the the beginning of beginning of democratic democratic governmentgovernment
Gave basic political Gave basic political rights to nobles and rights to nobles and showed no one, not showed no one, not even the king, was even the king, was above the lawabove the law
Original purpose: Original purpose: To limit the power To limit the power of the kingof the king
Gave English citizens Gave English citizens rights to…rights to… Jury TrialJury Trial Protection of the Protection of the
LawLaw No Taxation without No Taxation without
RepresentationRepresentation ((Benjamin Benjamin
Franklin later Franklin later used this used this principle to argue principle to argue for the 13 for the 13 colonies)colonies)