Ideas of Enlightenment spread

• Montesquieu - 3 branches . Separation of powers.

• Locke –natural rights. Rights to over throw

American Revolution

• Inspires people to gain rights

• Napoleon conquers Europe.

• Napoleon is defeated. Now what?

Europe in 1812Europe in 1812

Key Players at Vienna

Key Players at Vienna

The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich

(Aus.)

Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh

(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)

King Frederick William III (Prus.)

Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Ensure France would not become an aggressorRestore the “balance of power”The principle of compensationThe principle of legitimacyVictors expected to be rewarded

Metternich (1773-1859)

• Opposed democracy and nationalism

• Proposed principles of compensation and legitimacy

Key Principles Established at Vienna

Key Principles Established at Vienna

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy

V Compensation

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy

V Compensation

e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

Fate of Nationalism

• People had no say over territorial changes

• Language, nationality, and religion weren’t taken into consideration

• Ideas of democracy and self-government were rejected by European leadership

• Soon enough, concessions were made

V France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon.

V Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland).

V Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories.

V A Germanic Confederation of 30+ states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule.

V Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy.

V The House of Orange was given the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule.

Changes Made at Vienna (1)Changes Made at Vienna (1)

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

Quadruple and Holy Alliances

• Metternich desired to maintain the status quo and make the Vienna treaties permanent

• Quadruple Alliance of 1815– Austria, England, Prussia, and Russia– France joined in 1818– Pledged to put down democratic or nationalistic

revolts• Holy Alliance

– Organized by Tsar Alexander I of Russia– Most European monarchs joined– Pledged to govern with charity, justice, and peace

• But none of them did so

Changes Made at Vienna (2)Changes Made at Vienna (2)V Norway and Sweden were joined.V The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed.V Hanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom.V Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa,

and various other colonies in Africa and Asia.V Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy,

and Genoa.V The Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the

Two Sicilies.V The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie

Louise.V The slave trade was condemned (at British

urging).V Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for

many rivers.

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

What was the legacy

of the Congress of

Vienna?

What was the legacy

of the Congress of

Vienna?

Review Questions

• What countries made up the “Big Four” at the Congress of Vienna?

• What were the principles of compensation and legitimacy?

• How did the Congress of Vienna redraw the map of Europe?

• What was the purpose of the Quadruple Alliance?

• What were the results of the Congress of Vienna?

Results of the Congress of Vienna

• Concert of Europe – group of leading nations which periodically met to discuss issues regarding stability

• Temporary suppression of democratic and nationalistic ideals

• International peace – no general war in Europe until World War I a hundred years later– Crimean War (1854-1856)– Austro-Prussian War (1866)– Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Reactionaries

Let’s go back to the way things used to be!

Liberals

Let’s use the ideas of Enlightenment!

Concert of Europe• Oppose liberalism and Nationalism• Defend Monarchies

Crush those who protest!

Carl’s Bad DecreesThe pen is mightier than the sword!

- Strict censorship on all publications

- Limited freedom of speech

The Stable Political System was Soon Under Attack!

The nationalist feelings fostered by the French Revolution did not die.

Future?